eshangj/stackoverflow_q_and_a_sample huggingface dataset:
Question: When I write code in VS Code, beginning with: import os from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA from langchain.llms import OpenAI from langchain.document_loaders import TextLoader  I am met with the error: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'langchain' I have updated my Python to version 3.11.4, have updated pip, and reinstalled langchain. I have also checked sys.path and the folder C:\\Python311\\Lib\\site-packages in which the Langchain folder is, is appended. EDIT: Langchain import works when I run it in the Python console (functionality works too), but when I run the code from the VSCode run button it still provides the ModuleNotFoundError. Has anyone else run into this issue and found a solution?

Answer: I had installed packages with python 3.9.7 but this version was causing issues so I switched to Python 3.10. When I installed the langhcain it was in python 3.9.7 directory. If yo run pip show langchain, you get this Name: langchain Version: 0.0.220 Summary: Building applications with LLMs through composability Home-page: https://www.github.com/hwchase17/langchain Author: Author-email: License: MIT Location: /home/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages Requires: aiohttp, async-timeout, dataclasses-json, langchainplus-sdk, numexpr, numpy, openapi-schema-pydantic, pydantic, PyYAML, requests, SQLAlchemy, tenacity Required-by: jupyter_ai, jupyter_ai_magics  If you look at the Location property, you see this /home/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages. But since I am using Pyhton3.10 I had to make sure langchain is in the directory of Python 3.10. so installed the langhchain with python3.10 -m pip install langchain  now when I run, python3.10 -m pip show langchain I get this Name: langchain Version: 0.0.264 Summary: Building applications with LLMs through composability Home-page: https://www.github.com/hwchase17/langchain Author: Author-email: License: MIT Location: /home/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages Requires: aiohttp, async-timeout, dataclasses-json, langsmith, numexpr, numpy, openapi-schema-pydantic, pydantic, PyYAML, requests, SQLAlchemy, tenacity Required-by:  Now new Location is referring to Python3.10 directory
Question: The default cache path of huggingface is in  ~/.cache/huggingface, and in that folder, there are multiple cache files like models, and hub. The huggingface documents indicates that the default dataset cache location can be modified by setting the shell environment variable, HF_DATASETS_CACHE to a different directory as shown below: $ export HF_DATASETS_CACHE="/path/to/another/directory"  However, my objective is to alter the default cache directory for all HuggingFace data and not solely the dataset. I am facing difficulties in finding the respective shell environment variable in the HuggingFace documentation to accomplish this. Any help would be appreciated.

Answer: It seems that the variable is HF_HOME as this document indicates. So probably this terminal code should be the solution: export HF_HOME="/path/.cache/huggingface" export HF_DATASETS_CACHE="/path/.cache/huggingface/datasets" export TRANSFORMERS_CACHE="/path/.cache/huggingface/models"  p.s. If you want to make your change permanent, you should write these lines in your .bashrc(Can do with .bash_profile too) file using nano ~/.bashrc
Question: I need to interact with a language server (Eclipse JDT LS) implementing the Language Server Protocol (LSP), and I need it for a Python project that will be used to analyze different programming languages, starting from Java. I've been looking around for a client library in Python that would fit my purpose, any suggestions? If it was very easy I wouldn't mind writing one, but I feel the world doesn't need yet another library if a good one exists already.

Answer: I've discovered that, as of July 2023, there is a library named pygls (https://github.com/openlawlibrary/pygls) that is currently developing a usable client for the Language Server Protocol (LSP). While we wait for the first official release, I've included it in my setup.py file under "install_requires". This ensures it will be automatically installed during the setup of my project. Here's how I modified the file: install_requires=[ 'pygls @ git+https://github.com/openlawlibrary/pygls.git' ]  With this line of code, pygls will be directly fetched from the GitHub repository and installed into your environment.
Question: I've been learning Python for 2 month, and this error has never occurred to me once but all of a sudden I can't download CHROMEDRIVERMANAGER and whenever I get to its website to download it manually it says This XML file does not appear to have any style information. The document tree is shown below. The error: ` Access Denied Access denied.  We're sorry, but this service is not available in your location  This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it. The document tree is shown below.  Access denied  Access denied. We're sorry, but this service is not available in your location  ` this is the error that I am getting trying to download CHROMEDRIVER I believe its because my code requests to download CHROMEDRIVER the error pops up the same one that pops up when I try to download it My code import selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options import pyautogui from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager import random import numpy as np from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By options = Options() options.add_experimental_option("detach", True) driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install()), options=options) driver.get("https://www.pinterest.com/ideas/")  apparently, something is wrong with the line where I said what is the driver

Answer: Change the below line from: driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install()), options=options)  TO: driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(ChromeDriverManager(version="114.0.5735.90").install()),options=options)  Above should solve your issue. Having said that, with latest selenium(v4.6.0 or above), you don't really need ChromeDriverManager to download/handle browser drivers. Selenium's new tool known as SeleniumManager will do what ChromeDriverManager used to do. So the code now can be simplified as below: options = Options() options.add_experimental_option("detach", True) driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) driver.get("https://www.pinterest.com/ideas/")  References - Introducing Selenium Manager
Question: I need help with a python program. I am looking to obtain crs codes/definitions from Pyrpoj library, add them to a list, allow the user to select a crs from the list and print it out, but it does not seem to work. I have made sure to update the library to the latest version. I will be grateful if you guys can help me out here. Here is the code I tried. import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk import pyproj def get_crs_list(): # Get a list of available CRS codes from the pyproj CRS database crs_list = list(pyproj.database.get_codes("CRS")) return sorted(crs_list) def print_selected_crs(): selected_crs = combobox.get() print("Selected CRS:", selected_crs) # Create the main application window root = tk.Tk() root.title("CRS Selector") # Create a label and a drop-down list (Combobox) for selecting the CRS label = ttk.Label(root, text="Select a CRS:") label.pack(pady=10) crs_list = get_crs_list() combobox = ttk.Combobox(root, values=crs_list) combobox.pack() # Create a button to print the selected CRS button = ttk.Button(root, text="Print CRS", command=print_selected_crs) button.pack(pady=10) # Start the main event loop root.mainloop()  Error message:- line 7, in get_crs_list crs_list = pyproj.get_crs_list() AttributeError: module 'pyproj' has no attribute 'get_crs_list'   Found a solution that worked for me.  def get_crs_list(): crs_info_list = pyproj.database.query_crs_info(auth_name=None, pj_types=None) crs_list = ["EPSG:" + info[1] for info in crs_info_list] print(crs_list) return sorted(crs_list) Output: ['EPSG:2000', 'EPSG:2001', 'EPSG:2002', 'EPSG:2003', 'EPSG:2004',.......] 

Answer: As mentioned by @acw1668 in the comments, your error message looks different from the code you tried. However, if I run the same code you posted, I get the following error - TypeError: get_codes() takes at least 2 positional arguments (1 given)  Following the official documentation, the function "pyproj.database.get_codes()" requires atleast 2 arguments. These are "auth_name" and "pj_type" You can get the list of acceptable values for "auth_name" using - pyproj.get_authorities()  The output that I get from above is - ['EPSG', 'ESRI', 'IAU_2015', 'IGNF', 'NKG', 'OGC', 'PROJ']  Now, for "pj_type" you have mentioned to use "CRS", therefore, a fix for your problem would be - def get_crs_list(): # Get a list of available CRS codes from the pyproj CRS database # SOLUTION crs_list = list(pyproj.database.get_codes(auth_name="all", pj_type="CRS")) return sorted(crs_list)   After referring to the documentation, the modified final solution -  def get_crs_list(): crs_info_list = pyproj.database.query_crs_info(auth_name=None, pj_types=None) crs_list = ["EPSG:" + info[1] for info in crs_info_list] print(crs_list) return sorted(crs_list) Output: ['EPSG:2000', 'EPSG:2001', 'EPSG:2002', 'EPSG:2003', 'EPSG:2004',.......]  Thanks @Hanzo Hasashi for updating!
Question: I have a function that prints a somewhat random string to the console, for example: from random import choice def hello(): print(f"Hello {choice(('Guido', 'Raymond'))}!")  Please note that my actual function is more complicated than this. The random part is a request to a database that can either succeed or fail. This means that I cannot initialize a seed to have a constant outcome. What I have tried is to use the ellipsis, but I also need to add an ugly comment for doctest to recognize it. def hello(): """ >>> hello() # doctest: +ELLIPSIS Hello ...! """ print(f"Hello {choice(('Guido', 'Raymond'))}!")  Is there a better strategy in this situation? For example, instead of an ellipsis it would be great if I could test that the answer is one between Hello Guido! and Hello Raymond!.

Answer: You could use regex: Hello  followed by either Guido or Raymond followed by an exclamation point and newline: Hello (Guido|Raymond)!\n However, capturing the stdout and running the regex is a lot of noise for a doctest. So instead, it'd be better to give an example in the docstring but skip testing it, and use a different test system, like pytest, which has a builtin way to capture stdout. For example: from random import choice def hello(): """ >>> hello() # doctest: +SKIP Hello Raymond! """ print(f"Hello {choice(('Guido', 'Raymond'))}!")  import re def test_hello(capsys): hello() captured = capsys.readouterr() assert re.fullmatch(r'Hello (Guido|Raymond)!\n', captured.out)
Question: I have a type T, a namedtuple actually: from collections import namedtuple T = namedtuple('T', ('a', 'b'))  I have a function that accepts a list[T | None] and a list: def func(arg: list[T | None]): ... l = [T(1, 2), T(2, 3)] func(l) # Pylance error  l is of type list[T]. When I pass a l to the function I get an error from Pylance, that a list[T] is incompatible with list[T | None] because T cannot be assigned to T | None. Aside from manually specifying my list[T] is actually a list[T | None], what can I do to make this work without an error? Of course at runtime everything runs as expected.

Answer: The built-in mutable generic collection types such as list are all invariant in their type parameter. (see PEP 484) This means that given a type S that is a subtype of T, list[S] is not a subtype (nor a supertype) of list[T]. You can simplify your error even further: def f(a: list[int | None]) -> None: ... b = [1, 2] f(b)  int is obviously a subtype of int | None, but list[int] is not a subtype of list[int | None]. For the code above, Mypy is so kind as to present additional info telling us exactly that: error: Argument 1 to "f" has incompatible type "List[int]"; expected "List[Optional[int]]" [arg-type] note: "List" is invariant -- see https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/common_issues.html#variance note: Consider using "Sequence" instead, which is covariant  Aside from the obvious solution you mentioned of explicitly annotating your list as list[T | None] beforehand, maybe you could follow the advice from Mypy and instead change the type accepted by your function to something less specific that still offers the protocols you need, but also happens to be covariant in its type parameter, e.g. collections.abc.Sequence: from collections import namedtuple from collections.abc import Sequence T = namedtuple('T', ('a', 'b')) def f(a: Sequence[T | None]) -> None: pass b = [T(1, 2), T(2, 3)] f(b)  This should pass without errors.  PS: You did not mention, what exactly your function is doing with that list, but the solution with an immutable type like Sequence will obviously not work, if you intend to mutate it inside the function. Mutablity really is the issue here and the reason why list is declared to be invariant in the first place. The Mypy docs offer a really nice explanation for this reasoning. So while it is technically possible to for example define your own generic protocol with a covariant type variable that emulates the methods you need in that function, I am not sure that would be a good idea. Better to reconsider what you actually need from that function and what would be safe to call it with.
Question: I have a recurring problem with legends on many of my plots with legends. The legend often obscures part of the data. Reproducible example:  import seaborn.objects as so import numpy as np import pandas as pd res_df = pd.DataFrame( {'value': np.random.rand(20), 'cfg__status_during_transmit': ['OK']*5 + ['ERR']*5 + ['WARN']*5 + ['OTH']*5} ) ( so.Plot(res_df, y='value', x='cfg__status_during_transmit', color='cfg__status_during_transmit') .add(so.Dots(), so.Jitter(width=0.5)) .layout(size=(8, 4)) ).show()  I've tried elongating the plot. This is a hack and isn't convenient, especially since it makes everything a lot smaller. I've also tried plotting using .on() onto a matplotlib figure or axis, but the same problem persists. There's a related SO issue which advises that the legend properties are still in development. I would appreciate suggestions for how to get around this problem. Thanks.

Answer: Control over the legend using seaborn.objects might still be a work in progress according to this post. However, if I used plot() instead of show() I got a figure where the legend was placed outside the graph: import seaborn.objects as so import numpy as np import pandas as pd res_df = pd.DataFrame( {'value': np.random.rand(20), 'cfg__status_during_transmit': ['OK']*5 + ['ERR']*5 + ['WARN']*5 + ['OTH']*5} ) (so.Plot(res_df, y='value', x='cfg__status_during_transmit', color='cfg__status_during_transmit') .add(so.Dots(), so.Jitter(width=0.5)) .layout(size=(8, 4)) ).plot()  Output:
Question: I am trying to install the latest Tensorflow models 2.13.1 (pip install tf-models-official==2.13.1), with Python 3.11. There seems to be an issue with Cython and PyYAML not playing nice together since last week in Tensorflow models 2.13.0, so it won't install. But 2.13.1 is giving me an error that the corresponding tensorflow-text version 2.13.0 is not found. The error I am receiving is as follows: (tensorflow-env) username@DESKTOP:~/projects/tensorflow/models-master/research$ pip install tf-models-official==2.13.1 INFO: pip is looking at multiple versions of tf-models-official to determine which version is compatible with other requirements. This could take a while. ERROR: Ignored the following versions that require a different python version: 1.21.2 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.21.3 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.21.4 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.21.5 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.21.6 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.6.2 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.10; 1.6.3 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.10; 1.7.0 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.10; 1.7.1 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.10; 1.7.2 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.7.3 Requires-Python >=3.7,<3.11; 1.8.0 Requires-Python >=3.8,<3.11; 1.8.0rc1 Requires-Python >=3.8,<3.11; 1.8.0rc2 Requires-Python >=3.8,<3.11; 1.8.0rc3 Requires-Python >=3.8,<3.11; 1.8.0rc4 Requires-Python >=3.8,<3.11; 1.8.1 Requires-Python >=3.8,<3.11 ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement tensorflow-text~=2.13.0 (from tf-models-official) (from versions: 2.12.0rc0, 2.12.0, 2.12.1, 2.13.0rc0) ERROR: No matching distribution found for tensorflow-text~=2.13.0  But the release history on pypi.org shows that the 2.13.0 version of tensorflow-text is out: https://pypi.org/project/tensorflow-text/2.13.0/#history What am I doing wrong?

Answer: I resolved the issue, by installing Python 3.10 Tensorflow 2.13.0 tensorflow-text 2.13.0 tensorflow-models-official 2.13.1  Everything works with these versions, but I did not find a way to make it work with Python 3.11 atm. The issue is best described here (https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml/issues/724) and has to do with Cython and PyYAML 5.4 dependency issues.
Question: my docstring: def some_f(): """ 1. First story >>> str(5) if you want to see the value: >>> print(str(5)) 2. Another story bla bla """  When using doctest, I'm getting:  ValueError: line 6 of the docstring for File.Class.some_f has inconsistent leading whitespace: '2. Another story'  I've read (here and here) that this problem may occur when one use \n or other special character in the docstring, but it's not the case here. No idea why this is happenning and how to fix that. In fact it expects me to move the second point to the right, since this is working properly: def some_f(): """ 1. First story >>> str(5) if you want to see the value: >>> print(str(5)) 2. Another story bla bla """  But it's not what I want.

Answer: The question and title should include the clarification that this error occurs because you are running doctest.testmod(); otherwise Python doesn't care about your formatting. The problem is that doctest expects each line that appears to be an interactive prompt to be followed by the expected output for the doctest, and it considers a blank line or another appearance of >>> to be the end of the expected results. Leave a blank line to show the end of expected output, and it won't care about the whitespace of the next line.  def some_f(): """ 1. First story >>> str(5) '5' if you want to see the value: >>> print(str(5)) 5 2. Another story bla bla """ pass if __name__ == '__main__': import doctest doctest.testmod()  Without the line break after '5' that case would fail as doctest would include if you want to see the value: as part of the expected output from >>>str(5)
Question: I need to transform 140 .docx files into txt. I am using the following Python code that I found here in StackOverflow. I tried this: import os from docx import Document # Path to the folder containing .docx files input_folder = "C:/Users/XXXXX/Desktop/word" # Path to the folder where .txt files will be saved output_folder = "C:/Users/XXXXX/Desktop/Txt" # Get a list of all .docx files in the input folder files = [f for f in os.listdir(input_folder) if f.endswith(".docx")] # Loop through each .docx file and convert it to .txt for file in files: docx_path = os.path.join(input_folder, file) txt_path = os.path.join(output_folder, os.path.splitext(file)[0] + ".txt") doc = Document(docx_path) content = [p.text for p in doc.paragraphs] with open(txt_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as txt_file: txt_file.write("\n".join(content)) print("Conversion complete!")  But whenever I run the code, I get this error: --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ModuleNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last) Cell In[1], line 2 1 import os ----> 2 from docx import Document 4 # Path to the folder containing .docx files 5 input_folder = "C:/Users/XXXXX/Desktop/word" File ~\anaconda3\Lib\site-packages\docx.py:30 27 except ImportError: 28 TAGS = {} ---> 30 from exceptions import PendingDeprecationWarning 31 from warnings import warn 33 import logging ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'exceptions'  Do you know why am I getting this error and how could I solve this? Thank you!

Answer: The error can occur for multiple reasons:  Not having the python-docx package installed by running pip install python-docx.   Installing the package in a different Python version than the one you're using.   Installing the package globally and not in your virtual environment.   Your IDE running an incorrect version of Python.   Naming your module exception.py which would shadow the official module.   Declaring a variable named exceptions which would shadow the imported variable.  See this answer: https://bobbyhadz.com/blog/python-no-module-named-exceptions#:~:text=The%20Python%20%22ModuleNotFoundError%3A%20No%20module,pip%20install%20python%2Ddocx%20command.
Question: I'm trying to use functions when calling Azure OpenAI GPT, as documented in https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/create#chat/create-functions I use: import openai openai.api_type = "azure" openai.api_base = "https://XXXXXXXX.openai.azure.com/" openai.api_version = "2023-06-01-preview" openai.api_key = os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY") response = openai.ChatCompletion.create( engine="gpt-35-turbo-XXX", model="gpt-35-turbo-0613-XXXX" messages=messages, functions=functions, function_call="auto", )  but I get the error: openai.error.InvalidRequestError: Unrecognized request argument supplied: functions  Why?  Data to run the example code above (messages and functions need to be defined): messages = [{"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Hello!"}] functions = [ { "name": "fetch_pages", "description": "Fetch the content of specified pages from the document.", "parameters": { "type": "object", "properties": { "pages": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "number" }, "description": "The list of pages to fetch." } }, "required": ["pages"] } }, { "name": "fetch_section", "description": "Fetch the content of a specified section.", "parameters": { "type": "object", "properties": { "section_title": { "type": "string", "description": "The title of the section to fetch." } }, "required": ["section_title"] } }, { "name": "search", "description": "Search the document for a string query.", "parameters": { "type": "object", "properties": { "query": { "type": "string", "description": "The search term." } }, "required": ["query"] } } ] 

Answer: Function support with the Azure API was added in 2023-07-01-preview. The API version needs to be updated in your example: openai.api_version = "2023-07-01-preview"
Question: When I close the tkinter window while the worker thread is running I get this error after 10 seconds: RuntimeError: main thread is not in main loop probably because ROOT is destroyed. import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk import threading import time def worker(event_ready): event_ready.wait() progress_bar = ttk.Progressbar(ROOT, orient='horizontal', mode='indeterminate', length=280) progress_bar.grid(column=0, row=0, columnspan=2, padx=10, pady=20) progress_bar.start() time.sleep(10) progress_bar.stop() event_ready = threading.Event() worker_thread = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(event_ready,)) worker_thread.start() global ROOT ROOT = tk.Tk() ROOT.geometry('300x120') ROOT.title('TEST') ROOT.grid() event_ready.set() ROOT.mainloop()  How can stop worker thread a soon as I close window?

Answer: You simply only need to start the Thread as a daemon, at least in Windows. worker_thread = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(event_ready,), daemon=True)  Now when you close the Window, the program will terminate immediately.