Question: I am working with Keras and trying to analyze the effects on accuracy that models which are built with some layers with meaningful weights, and some layers with random initializations. Keras: I load VGG19 pre-trained model with include_top = False parameter on load method. model = keras.applications.VGG19(include_top=False, weights="imagenet", input_shape=(img_width, img_height, 3))  PyTorch: I load VGG19 pre-trained model until the same layer with the previous model which loaded with Keras. model = torch.hub.load('pytorch/vision:v0.6.0', 'vgg19', pretrained=True) new_base = (list(model.children())[:-2])[0]  After loaded models following images shows summary of them. (Pytorch, Keras)   So far there is no problem. After that, I want to add a Flatten layer and a Fully connected layer on these pre-trained models. I did it with Keras but I couldn't with PyTorch.  The output of new_model.summary() is that:  My question is, how can I add a new layer in PyTorch?

Answer: If all you want to do is to replace the classifier section, you can simply do so. That is : model = torch.hub.load('pytorch/vision:v0.6.0', 'vgg19', pretrained=True) model.classifier = nn.Linear(model.classifier[0].in_features, 4096) print(model)  will give you: Before: VGG( (features): Sequential( (0): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (1): ReLU(inplace=True) (2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (3): ReLU(inplace=True) (4): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (5): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (6): ReLU(inplace=True) (7): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (8): ReLU(inplace=True) (9): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (10): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (11): ReLU(inplace=True) (12): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (13): ReLU(inplace=True) (14): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (15): ReLU(inplace=True) (16): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (17): ReLU(inplace=True) (18): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (19): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (20): ReLU(inplace=True) (21): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (22): ReLU(inplace=True) (23): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (24): ReLU(inplace=True) (25): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (26): ReLU(inplace=True) (27): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (28): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (29): ReLU(inplace=True) (30): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (31): ReLU(inplace=True) (32): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (33): ReLU(inplace=True) (34): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (35): ReLU(inplace=True) (36): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) ) (avgpool): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=(7, 7)) (classifier): Sequential( (0): Linear(in_features=25088, out_features=4096, bias=True) (1): ReLU(inplace=True) (2): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False) (3): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=4096, bias=True) (4): ReLU(inplace=True) (5): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False) (6): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=1000, bias=True) ) )  After: VGG( (features): Sequential( (0): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (1): ReLU(inplace=True) (2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (3): ReLU(inplace=True) (4): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (5): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (6): ReLU(inplace=True) (7): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (8): ReLU(inplace=True) (9): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (10): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (11): ReLU(inplace=True) (12): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (13): ReLU(inplace=True) (14): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (15): ReLU(inplace=True) (16): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (17): ReLU(inplace=True) (18): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (19): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (20): ReLU(inplace=True) (21): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (22): ReLU(inplace=True) (23): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (24): ReLU(inplace=True) (25): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (26): ReLU(inplace=True) (27): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (28): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (29): ReLU(inplace=True) (30): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (31): ReLU(inplace=True) (32): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (33): ReLU(inplace=True) (34): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (35): ReLU(inplace=True) (36): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) ) (avgpool): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=(7, 7)) (classifier): Linear(in_features=25088, out_features=4096, bias=True) )  Also note that when you want to alter an existing architecture, you have two phases. You first get the modules you want (that's what you have done there) and then you must wrap that in a nn.Sequential because your list does not implement a forward() and thus you can't really feed it anything. It's just a collection of modules. So you need to do something like this in general (as an example): features = nn.ModuleList(your_model.children())[:-1] model = nn.Sequential(*features) # carry on with what other changes you want to perform on your model  Note that if you want to create a new model and you intend on using it like: output = model(imgs)  You need to wrap your features and new layers in a second sequential. That is, do something like this: features = nn.ModuleList(your_model.children())[:-1] model_features = nn.Sequential(*features) some_more_layers = nn.Sequential(Layer1, Layer2, ... ) model = nn.Sequential(model_features, some_more_layers) # output = model(imgs)  otherwise you had to do something like : features_output = model.features(imgs) output = model.classifier(features_output)