Question: I have a DataFrame like this: import polars as pl df = pl.DataFrame({"x": [1.2, 1.3, 3.4, 3.5]}) df # shape: (3, 1) # ┌─────┐ # │ a │ # │ --- │ # │ f64 │ # ╞═════╡ # │ 1.2 │ # │ 1.3 │ # │ 3.4 │ # │ 3.5 │ # └─────┘  I would like to make a rolling aggregation using .rolling() so that each row uses a window [-2:1]: shape: (4, 2) ┌─────┬───────────────────┐ │ x ┆ y │ │ --- ┆ --- │ │ f64 ┆ list[f64] │ ╞═════╪═══════════════════╡ │ 1.2 ┆ [1.2, 1.3] │ │ 1.3 ┆ [1.2, 1.3, 3.4] │ │ 3.4 ┆ [1.2, 1.3, … 3.5] │ │ 3.5 ┆ [1.3, 3.4, 3.5] │ └─────┴───────────────────┘  So far, I managed to do this with the following code: df.with_row_index("index").with_columns( y = pl.col("x").rolling(index_column = "index", period = "4i", offset = "-3i") ).drop("index")  However this requires manually creating a column index and then removing it after the operation. Is there a way to achieve the same result in a single with_columns() call?

Answer: Pure expressions approach (apparently slow) You can use concat_list with shift ( df .with_columns( y=pl.concat_list( pl.col('x').shift(x) for x in range(2,-2,-1) ) .list.drop_nulls() ) ) shape: (4, 2) ┌─────┬───────────────────┐ │ x ┆ y │ │ --- ┆ --- │ │ f64 ┆ list[f64] │ ╞═════╪═══════════════════╡ │ 1.2 ┆ [1.2, 1.3] │ │ 1.3 ┆ [1.2, 1.3, 3.4] │ │ 3.4 ┆ [1.2, 1.3, … 3.5] │ │ 3.5 ┆ [1.3, 3.4, 3.5] │ └─────┴───────────────────┘  There are a couple things to note here.  When the input to shift is positive, that means to go backwards which is the opposite of your notation. range can count backwards with (start, stop, increment) but stop is non-inclusive so when entering that parameter, it needs an extra -1. At the end of the concat_list you need to manually drop the nulls that it will have for items at the beginning and end of the series.  As always, you can wrap this into a function, including a translation of your preferred notation to what you actually need in range for it to work. from typing import Sequence def my_roll(in_column: str | pl.Expr, window: Sequence): if isinstance(in_column, str): in_column = pl.col(in_column) pl_window = range(-window[0], -window[1] - 1, -1) return pl.concat_list(in_column.shift(x) for x in pl_window).list.drop_nulls()  which then allows you to do df.with_columns(y=my_roll("x", [-2,1]))  If you don't care about static typing you can even monkey patch it to pl.Expr like this pl.Expr.my_roll = my_roll and then do df.with_columns(y=pl.col("x").my_roll([-2,1])) but your pylance/pyright/mypy/etc will complain about it not existing. Another approach that's kind of cheating if you're an expression purist You can combine the built in way featuring .with_row_index and .rolling into a .map_batches that just turns your column into a df and spits back the series you care about. def my_roll(in_column: str | pl.Expr, window): if isinstance(in_column, str): in_column = pl.col(in_column) period = f"{window[1]-window[0]+1}i" offset = f"{window[0]-1}i" return in_column.map_batches( lambda s: ( s.to_frame() .with_row_index() .select( pl.col(s.name).rolling( index_column="index", period=period, offset=offset ) ) .get_column(s.name) ) )  The way this works is that map_batches will turn your column into a Series and then run a function on it where the function returns another Series. If we make the function turn that Series into a DF, then attach the row_index, do the rolling, and get the resultant Series then that gives you exactly what you want all contained in an expression. It should be just as performant as the verbose way, assuming you don't have any other use of the row_index. then you do df.with_columns(y=my_roll("x", [-2,1]))