eshangj/stackoverflow_q_and_a_sample huggingface dataset:
Question: i am programming a pythonscript with guizero. there is a PushButton and its command runs a function. This function ist build after a PomodoraTimer Tutorial i found on youtube. As far, it works, but i want it to stop, after the alarm is running. The Code is the following: #UserInterface, GPIO-Steuerung und Timer-Steuerung importieren from guizero import App, Text, TextBox, PushButton, Box, Window import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time import datetime #this is what gets triggered by the Pushbutton def startTimer(): global timer if (set_time_input.value == "" and set_time_input_min.value == ""): currentTimeLeft = "3" #60 #set timer to 1 minuit if textfield empty else: if (set_time_input.value != "" and set_time_input_min.value == ""): currentTimeLeft = int(set_time_input.value) else: currentTimeLeft = int(set_time_input_min.value) * 60 #Countdownanzeige timer = Text(timer_box, text="\r"+str(currentTimeLeft), size=30, color="red") timerbottom = Text(timer_box, text="\n Sekunden.") timer.repeat(1000, reduceTime) def reduceTime(): global timer if int(timer.value) > 0: timer.value = int(timer.value) -1 else: start_alarm_1() #this triggers a GPIO on my Raspi for 3 seconds #exit() #####this is just the rest of the app if ou want to build it and test it: #GPIO Steuerung initialisieren GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setwarnings(False) GPIO.cleanup() #Start Alarm -> i've got a remote alarm that works this way ;) def start_alarm_1(): GPIO.setup(20, GPIO.OUT) GPIO.output(20, GPIO.LOW) time.sleep(3) GPIO.output(20, GPIO.HIGH) #App-Fenster initialisieren app = App(title="OSCE Timer", width=800, height=400) #textfields to set timer time textfield_msg = Text(app, text="Timer in seconds:") set_time_input = TextBox(app) textfield_msg = Text(app, text="OR timer in Minutes:") set_time_input_min = TextBox(app) run_timer_button = PushButton(app, command=startTimer, text="start Countdown") #timer window in app timerTitle = Text(app, text="Time:\n") #Appwindow app.display()  My problem is: if in the reduceTime() the timer.value gets "0", then the alarm starts over and over again. this is because the timer.repeat() function is triggering the reduceTime() function over and over again - for ever. Now i had multiple ideas: build a while-loop around the repeat() function, add return -1 statements to different places, but none of it worked. I would be so happy if anyone could help me! (the problem with the while statment: it doesnt display my timer anymore because the function is stucked in the while loop obv.)

Answer: Damn, after hours of trying i posted this - and few seconds later I found a solution! I had to add the following line insted of the '#exit()' statement i also worked with: time.cancel(reduceTime)
Question: I have strings of the type: 1432_ott_457_blusp 312_fooob_bork_1234 broz_901_6453 kkhas_1781_LET_GROK_234 1781_234_kkhas  etc. In other words, each string contains multiple substrings delimited by _. The total number of substrings is variable. I look for a substring containing 4 digits, and another one containing 3 digits. As you can see, the two substrings can be located anywhere inside the string. A solution such as import re three_digits = re.findall('\d{3}')  doesn't work, because it will match both the 3 digits substring and the first 3 digits of the 4 digits one. A solution which assumes that both the 3 digits and the 4 digits substring exist is fine, but one that checks this precondition would be even better.

Answer: If you want to stick with regular expressions, you're almost there: import re input = """1432_ott_457_blusp 312_fooob_bork_1234 broz_901_6453 kkhas_1781_LET_GROK_234 1781_234_kkhas""" for s in input.splitlines(): print(re.findall(r'\d{3,4}', s))  This doesn't take advantage of the underscore delimiter rule so if you have input like 123abc_000_1111 it will trigger on the 123 as well. If you need to handle such input the regular expression gets a little more complicated: >>> re.findall(r'(?:_|^)(\d{3,4})(?=_|$)', '999_123abc_abc234_000_1111') ['999', '000', '1111'] # (?:_|^)(\d{3,4})(?=_|$) # ^^^^^^^---------------- non-capturing group that ensures the # digits start with either '_' or start-of-line # ^^^^^^^^^------- capture group for the digits you're looking for # ^^^^^^^ lookahead to ensure the digits end with either # '_' or end-of-line  The syntax used above (and much more!) is explained in the Regular Expression HOWTO guide.
Question: First, let's generate a compressed tar archive: from io import BytesIO from tarfile import TarInfo import tarfile with tarfile.open('foo.tgz', mode='w:gz') as archive: for file_name in range(1000): file_info = TarInfo(str(file_name)) file_info.size = 100_000 archive.addfile(file_info, fileobj=BytesIO(b'a' * 100_000))  Now, if I read the archive contents in natural order: import tarfile with tarfile.open('foo.tgz') as archive: for file_name in archive.getnames(): archive.extractfile(file_name).read()  and measure the execution time using the time command, I get less than 1 second on my PC: real 0m0.591s user 0m0.560s sys 0m0.011s  But if I read the archive contents in reverse order: import tarfile with tarfile.open('foo.tgz') as archive: for file_name in reversed(archive.getnames()): archive.extractfile(file_name).read()  the execution time is now around 120 seconds: real 2m3.050s user 2m0.910s sys 0m0.059s  Why is that? Is there some bug in my code? Or is it some tar's feature? Is it documented somewhere?

Answer: A tar file is strictly sequential. You end up reading the beginning of the file 1000 times, rewinding between them, reading the second member 999 times, etc etc. Remember, the "tape archive" format was designed at a time when unidirectional tape reels on big spindles was the hardware they used. Having an index would only have wasted space on the tape, as you would literally have to read every byte between where you are and where you want to seek to on the tape anyway. In contrast, modern archive formats like .zip are designed for use on properly seekable devices, and typically contain an index which lets you quickly move to the position where a specific archive member can be found.
Question: Gurobipy can apparently read the index of a list comprehension formulated within the parentheses of a function. How does this work? Shouldn't this formulation pass a generator object to the function? How do you read the index from that?  md = gp.Model() md.addConstrs(True for i in [1,2,5,3])  The output contains the indices that where used in the list comprehension formulation: {1: <gurobi.Constr *Awaiting Model Update*>, 2: <gurobi.Constr *Awaiting Model Update*>, 5: <gurobi.Constr *Awaiting Model Update*>, 3: <gurobi.Constr *Awaiting Model Update*>} 

Answer: I am not sure if I understand your question correctly, but if you are wondering how you can retrieve the iterator from generator expression, then that's by accessing <generator>.gi_frame.f_locals. The gi_frame contains the frame object corresponds to the generator expression and it has f_locals attribute which denotes the local namespace seen by this frame. >>> my_gen = (True for i in [1,2,5,3]) >>> type(my_gen) <class 'generator'> >>> my_gen.gi_frame.f_locals {'.0': <tuple_iterator object at 0x1003cfa60>} >>> my_gen.gi_frame.f_locals['.0'] <tuple_iterator object at 0x1003cfa60> >>> list(my_gen.gi_frame.f_locals['.0']) [1, 2, 5, 3]  You can even use the more direct API inspect.getgeneratorlocals. >>> import inspect >>> >>> inspect.getgeneratorlocals(my_gen) {'.0': <tuple_iterator object at 0x1003cfc70>}  But please do note that:  CPython implementation detail: This function relies on the generator exposing a Python stack frame for introspection, which isn’t guaranteed to be the case in all implementations of Python. In such cases, this function will always return an empty dictionary.
Question: I am using the Gemini API, and need some help. When I ran my code that I got from the docs it returned: <google.generativeai.types.generation_types.GenerateContentResponse> . Here is my code import pathlib import textwrap import google.generativeai as genai from IPython.display import display from IPython.display import Markdown def to_markdown(text): text = text.replace('•', ' *') return Markdown(textwrap.indent(text, '> ', predicate=lambda _: True)) genai.configure(api_key='AN API KEY WAS HERE') model = genai.GenerativeModel('gemini-pro') response = model.generate_content("What is the meaning of life?") print(response)  I ran this, and got the response above.

Answer: That's a google object of the response you are getting. You need to mention as response.text to get the actual text. Like this: print(response.text)
Question: My rust project uses a FFI to the C lib SuperLU, which is called superlu-sys. My rust code produces Python bindings with PyO3. As soon as the python bindings have a function calling SuperLU I get the following linker error on building: relocation R_X86_64_PC32 against symbol `stderr@@GLIBC_2.2.5' can not be used when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC  This is strange as -fPIC is enforced by build.rs of superlu-sys: run!(cmd!("make") .current_dir(&source.join("SRC")) .arg("NOOPTS=-O0 -fPIC -w") .arg("CFLAGS=-O3 -DNDEBUG -DPRNTlevel=0 -fPIC -w") .arg("DZAUX=") .arg("SCAUX=") .arg(&format!("SuperLUroot={}", source.display())) .arg(&format!( "SUPERLULIB={}", lib.join("libsuperlu.a").display() )));  Here is the full build.rs. On producing a minimum example I have found that it works as long as the PyO3 bindings are in the same crate in which SuperLu is built. I am under the impression that the adherence to the flags from build.rs is only given if it it the root of the crate tree. How can I modify build.rs to get consistent enforcement of -fPIC? This is a minimum example causing the issue: lib.rs: use pyo3::prelude::*; use std::os::raw::c_int; use superlu_sys; #[pyclass] pub struct Object {} #[pymethods] impl Object { pub fn test(&self) -> i32 { unsafe { *superlu_sys::intMalloc(1 as c_int) } } } #[allow(unused)] #[pymodule] fn bind_superlu(py: Python, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> { m.add_class::<Object>()?; Ok(()) }  cargo.toml: [package] name = "bind_superlu" version = "0.1.0" edition = "2021" [lib] name = "ress" crate-type = ["cdylib"] [dependencies] superlu-sys = "0.3.4" pyo3 = {version = "0.18.1", features = ["auto-initialize"]} 

Answer: I switched the buid.rs script to using the cmake rust crate instead of invoking make as a subprocess.
Question: I have two DataFrames: df1 and df2 import pandas as pd df1 = pd.DataFrame( { 'a': ['2024-01-01 04:00:00', '2023-02-02 20:00:00'], 'id':['a_1', 'a_2'] } ) df2 = pd.DataFrame( { 'a': [ '2024-01-01 4:00:00', '2024-01-01 05:00:00', '2024-01-01 06:00:00', '2024-01-01 07:00:00', '2024-01-01 08:00:00', '2024-01-01 09:00:00', '2023-02-02 21:00:00', '2023-02-02 23:00:00', ] } )  And this is the expected output. I want to merge id from df1 to df2:  a id 0 2024-01-01 04:00:00 a_1 1 2024-01-01 05:00:00 a_1 2 2024-01-01 06:00:00 a_1 3 2024-01-01 07:00:00 a_1 4 2024-01-01 08:00:00 NaN 5 2024-01-01 09:00:00 NaN 6 2023-02-02 21:00:00 a_2 7 2023-02-02 23:00:00 a_2  If you are familiar with candlesticks, df1.a is 4 hour candlestick. For example df1.a.iloc[0]is: 2024-01-01 04:00:00 2024-01-01 05:00:00 2024-01-01 06:00:00 2024-01-01 07:00:00 Basically it is a range from df1.a.iloc[0] to df1.a.iloc[0] + pd.Timedelta(hours=3). And I want to merge these ids by the range of hours that they cover. This is my attempt but I don't know how to merge by range of dates: df1['a'] = pd.to_datetime(df1.a) df2['a'] = pd.to_datetime(df2.a) df1['b'] = df1.a + pd.Timedelta(hours=3) 

Answer: If I understand correctly, you need a merge_asof with tolerance: df1['a'] = pd.to_datetime(df1['a']) df2['a'] = pd.to_datetime(df2['a']) out = (pd.merge_asof(df2.reset_index().sort_values(by='a'), df1.sort_values(by='a'), on='a', tolerance=pd.Timedelta(hours=3) ) .set_index('index').reindex(df2.index) )  Output:  a id 0 2024-01-01 04:00:00 a_1 1 2024-01-01 05:00:00 a_1 2 2024-01-01 06:00:00 a_1 3 2024-01-01 07:00:00 a_1 4 2024-01-01 08:00:00 NaN 5 2024-01-01 09:00:00 NaN 6 2023-02-02 21:00:00 a_2 7 2023-02-02 23:00:00 a_2
Question: I am attempting to retrieve the session ID of the current user session on Windows using ctypes in Python. My goal is to accomplish this without relying on external libraries. Here is the code I have so far: import ctypes from ctypes import wintypes def get_current_session_id(): WTS_CURRENT_SERVER_HANDLE = ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE(-1) WTS_CURRENT_SESSION = 0xFFFFFFFF session_id = ctypes.create_string_buffer(4) # Assuming a DWORD is 4 bytes server_handle = ctypes.windll.wtsapi32.WTSOpenServerW(None) if not server_handle: raise OSError("Failed to open server handle") try: result = ctypes.windll.wtsapi32.WTSQuerySessionInformationW( server_handle, WTS_CURRENT_SESSION, 0, ctypes.byref(session_id), ctypes.byref(ctypes.c_ulong()) ) if not result: raise OSError("Failed to query session information") finally: ctypes.windll.wtsapi32.WTSCloseServer(server_handle) session_id_value = struct.unpack("I", session_id.raw)[0] return session_id_value try: session_id = get_current_session_id() print("Current session ID:", session_id) except OSError as e: print(f"Error: {e}")  However, I am encountering an access violation error (exception: access violation reading). I suspect there might be an issue with memory access or the usage of ctypes. Can someone help me identify and correct the issue in the code? Additionally, if there are alternative approaches to achieve the same result using ctypes, I would appreciate any guidance. I would appreciate any insights into what might be causing the access violation error and any suggestions for correcting the code. What I Tried: I attempted to retrieve the session ID of the current user session on Windows using the provided Python script that utilizes ctypes. What I Expected: I expected the script to successfully retrieve the session ID without encountering any errors, providing the correct session ID as output. Actual Result: However, during execution, an access violation error (exception: access violation reading) occurred.

Answer: PROBLEM SOLVED: import ctypes from ctypes import wintypes def get_current_session_id(): ProcessIdToSessionId = ctypes.windll.kernel32.ProcessIdToSessionId ProcessIdToSessionId.argtypes = [wintypes.DWORD, wintypes.PDWORD] ProcessIdToSessionId.restype = wintypes.BOOL process_id = wintypes.DWORD(ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetCurrentProcessId()) session_id = wintypes.DWORD() if ProcessIdToSessionId(process_id, ctypes.byref(session_id)): return session_id.value else: raise ctypes.WinError() current_session_id = get_current_session_id() print(f"Current session ID: {current_session_id}")
Question: I have a DataFrame that has columns as datetime objects, and I would like to update specific values for a specific index based on a list of days. Here is an MRE that works: import pandas as pd start, stop = "2023-12-01", "2023-12-31" dates: pd.Index = pd.date_range(start, stop, freq="D") december = pd.DataFrame(columns = dates, index = ['ft', 'pt']) december.loc['ft', pd.to_datetime(['2023-12-04', '2023-12-06', '2023-12-11', '2023-12-12', '2023-12-27', '2023-12-28'])] = 'X'  In this example, I update the columns for the following dates: ['2023-12-04', '2023-12-06', '2023-12-11', '2023-12-12', '2023-12-27', '2023-12-28']  But ideally I would pass a list of days like [4, 6, 11, 12, 27, 28] to the .loc call.

Answer: Just do that using the day attribute and isin: december.loc['ft', december.columns.day.isin([4, 6, 11, 12, 27, 28])] = 'X'  If you also only want to target december (or a list of months): december.loc['ft', (december.columns.day.isin([4, 6, 11, 12, 27, 28]) &december.columns.month.isin([12]) )] = 'X'  Output:  2023-12-01 2023-12-02 2023-12-03 2023-12-04 2023-12-05 2023-12-06 2023-12-07 2023-12-08 2023-12-09 2023-12-10 2023-12-11 2023-12-12 2023-12-13 2023-12-14 2023-12-15 2023-12-16 2023-12-17 2023-12-18 2023-12-19 2023-12-20 2023-12-21 2023-12-22 2023-12-23 2023-12-24 2023-12-25 2023-12-26 2023-12-27 2023-12-28 2023-12-29 2023-12-30 2023-12-31 ft NaN NaN NaN X NaN X NaN NaN NaN NaN X X NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN X X NaN NaN NaN pt NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
Question: I am new to Python and need help creating one dictionary file using three lists. example: list 1 = ["private", "private"] list 2 = ["10.1.1.1", "10.11.11.11"] list3 = [ "sfc", "gfc"]  my code: dict = {} for s in range(len(list1)): dict[list1[s]] = {list2[s]: list3[s]} print(dict)  I am getting output as {'private': {'10.1.1.1': 'sfc'}} but I want output as {'private': {'10.1.1.1': 'sfc'}, {'10.11.11.11': 'gfx'}} Could somebody help me on how to get in this format?

Answer: list1 = ["private", "private"] list2 = ["10.1.1.1", "10.11.11.11"] list3 = ["sfc", "gfc"] my_dict = {} for s in range(len(list1)): if list1[s] not in my_dict: my_dict[list1[s]] = [] my_dict[list1[s]].append({list2[s]: list3[s]}) print(my_dict)  Output: {'private': [{'10.1.1.1': 'sfc'}, {'10.11.11.11': 'gfc'}]}  It checks for element with same name basically key if present instead of overwriting it appends and update the old one To get the output for Outer key, Inner key and value: my_dict = {'private': [{'10.1.1.1': 'sfc'}, {'10.11.11.11': 'gfc'}]} for key, value_list in my_dict.items(): for value_dict in value_list: for inner_key, inner_value in value_dict.items(): print(f"Outer Key: {key}, Inner Key: {inner_key}, Value: {inner_value}")  Output: Outer Key: private, Inner Key: 10.1.1.1, Value: sfc Outer Key: private, Inner Key: 10.11.11.11, Value: gfc  Please change it as per your need
Question: In FastAPI, I am using SQLAlchemy and Pydantic to return data. @router.get("/1", response_model=User) def read_user(db: Session = Depends(get_db)): db_user = user_module.get_user(db, user_id="1") if db_user is None: raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found") return db_user  This approach helps me standardize the returned model, but I want to unify the response format for all APIs to {"code": 0, "msg": "success", "data": {...}}, so that the User model from the original return model is placed within the "data" field, making it easier for frontend management. I attempted to use FastAPI middleware for implementation, but it doesn't recognize the User return model in Swagger and other documentation. If I redefine a generic Pydantic return model with nested models, I cannot manipulate the SQLAlchemy returned data model into the desired User model. Is there any way to solve my requirement or are there any better solutions? To unify the response format in FastAPI to {"code": 0, "msg": "success", "data": {...}}, while preserving Pydantic data models and ensuring proper recognition in Swagger and other documentation.

Answer: from pydantic import BaseModel, Field from typing import Generic, TypeVar, Type, Optional from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, APIRouter from sqlalchemy.orm import Session T = TypeVar('T') class GenericResponse(BaseModel, Generic[T]): code: int = Field(default=0, example=0) msg: str = Field(default="success", example="success") data: Optional[T] router = APIRouter() @router.get("/1", response_model=GenericResponse[User]) def read_user(db: Session = Depends(get_db)): db_user = user_module.get_user(db, user_id="1") if db_user is None: raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found") return GenericResponse(data=db_user)  declaring a generic response might be able to help you fix the structure and standardize the response in your required type.
Question: I have installed the Ruff extension and enabled it in VS Code, but it doesn't seem to be underlining my code at all and providing suggestions like my previous linters did. I did a clean install of VS Code, so most of the Python/Ruff extension settings are default. Is there an additional step I need to take to get it to start underlining my code and providing recommendations? Here is a screenshot:  It's highlighting the imports for not being used, but I would expect other things to be highlighted like the line length, the additional spaces at the end of the file, not having 2 spaces before function declaration, etc. Here is the sample code as requested: import pandas as pd import numpy as np print('kkkkkkkkjlskdjflksdjflsdjflkdsjflksdjflkjdslkfjsdlkjflsdjflsdjfldsjflsdkjflsdjflksdjflksdjflksdjflskdjflsdkjfklsdjkl') def test_func(x): y=x+1 return y 

Answer: Take another look at the ruff documentation. You must enable or disable your desired linter rules and/or your formatting rules. For example, if you create a ruff.toml configuration in the root of your project with [lint] select = ["ALL"]  the output looks more like what you expect.
Question: The code runs fine up until I click the button and It gives an error (included at top). The script still runs with the error but I need to fix it for hosting purposes. Thanks! class CollabButton(discord.ui.View): def __init__(self): super().__init__(timeout=None) self.add_item( discord.ui.Button(label='Accept', style=discord.ButtonStyle.green)) @client.event async def on_interaction(interaction): if interaction.type == discord.InteractionType.component: if is_moderator(interaction.user): collab_button_view = CollabButton() if not interaction.response.is_done(): await interaction.response.send_message( f"Hey {interaction.user.mention}!\nAn admin has accepted the collaboration offer!" ) else: if not interaction.response.is_done(): await interaction.response.send_message( "You do not have permission to use this button.", ephemeral=True) def is_moderator(user): #Role name can be changed to anything return any(role.name == 'Cadly' for role in user.roles)  I tried adding the if statement to verify if the response is done and I'm running out of ideas. Any insight helps!

Answer: This problem is happening because you are not filtering the desired interactions in the on_interaction event. As a result, interactions that are handled in other components are also being received by this event. It is highly recommended that you define a custom_id for the component you want to handle in this event and filter only interactions arising from it: class CollabButton(discord.ui.View): def __init__(self): super().__init__(timeout=None) button = discord.ui.Button( label='Accept', style=discord.ButtonStyle.green, custom_id="collab_button" ) self.add_item(button) @client.event async def on_interaction(interaction): item_id = interaction.data.get("custom_id") if item_id == "collab_button": if is_moderator(interaction.user): if not interaction.response.is_done(): await interaction.response.send_message( f"Hey {interaction.user.mention}!\nAn admin has accepted the collaboration offer!" ) else: if not interaction.response.is_done(): await interaction.response.send_message( "You do not have permission to use this button.", ephemeral=True)