Question: Does it make sense to use Conda + Poetry for a Machine Learning project? Allow me to share my (novice) understanding and please correct or enlighten me: As far as I understand, Conda and Poetry have different purposes but are largely redundant:  Conda is primarily a environment manager (in fact not necessarily Python), but it can also manage packages and dependencies. Poetry is primarily a Python package manager (say, an upgrade of pip), but it can also create and manage Python environments (say, an upgrade of Pyenv).  My idea is to use both and compartmentalize their roles: let Conda be the environment manager and Poetry the package manager. My reasoning is that (it sounds like) Conda is best for managing environments and can be used for compiling and installing non-python packages, especially CUDA drivers (for GPU capability), while Poetry is more powerful than Conda as a Python package manager. I've managed to make this work fairly easily by using Poetry within a Conda environment. The trick is to not use Poetry to manage the Python environment: I'm not using commands like poetry shell or poetry run, only poetry init, poetry install etc (after activating the Conda environment). For full disclosure, my environment.yml file (for Conda) looks like this: name: N channels: - defaults - conda-forge dependencies: - python=3.9 - cudatoolkit - cudnn  and my poetry.toml file looks like that: [tool.poetry] name = "N" authors = ["B"] [tool.poetry.dependencies] python = "3.9" torch = "^1.10.1" [build-system] requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0"] build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api"  To be honest, one of the reasons I proceeded this way is that I was struggling to install CUDA (for GPU support) without Conda. Does this project design look reasonable to you?

Answer: 2024-04-05 update: It looks like my tips proved to be useful to many people, but they are not needed anymore. Just use Pixi. It's still alpha, but it works great, and provides the features of the Conda + Poetry setup in a simpler and more unified way. In particular, Pixi supports:  installing packages both from Conda channels and from PyPi, lockfiles, creating multiple features and environments (prod, dev, etc.), very efficient package version resolution, not just faster than Conda (which is very slow), but in my experience also faster than Mamba, Poetry and pip.  Making a Pixi env look like a Conda env One non-obvious tip about Pixi is that you can easily make your project's Pixi environment visible as a Conda environment, which may be useful e.g. in VS Code, which allows choosing Python interpreters and Jupyter kernels from detected Conda environments. All you need to do is something like: ln -s /path/to/my/project/.pixi/envs/default /path/to/conda/base/envs/conda-name-of-my-env  The first path is the path to your Pixi environment, which resides in your project directory, under .pixi/envs, and the second path needs to be within one of Conda's environment directories, which can be found with conda config --show envs_dirs. Original answer: I have experience with a Conda + Poetry setup, and it's been working fine. The great majority of my dependencies are specified in pyproject.toml, but when there's something that's unavailable in PyPI, or installing it with Conda is easier, I add it to environment.yml. Moreover, Conda is used as a virtual environment manager, which works well with Poetry: there is no need to use poetry run or poetry shell, it is enough to activate the right Conda environment. Tips for creating a reproducible environment  Add Poetry, possibly with a version number (if needed), as a dependency in environment.yml, so that you get Poetry installed when you run conda create, along with Python and other non-PyPI dependencies. Add conda-lock, which gives you lock files for Conda dependencies, just like you have poetry.lock for Poetry dependencies. Consider using mamba which is generally compatible with conda, but is better at resolving conflicts, and is also much faster. An additional benefit is that all users of your setup will use the same package resolver, independent from the locally-installed version of Conda. By default, use Poetry for adding Python dependencies. Install packages via Conda if there's a reason to do so (e.g. in order to get a CUDA-enabled version). In such a case, it is best to specify the package's exact version in environment.yml, and after it's installed, to add an entry with the same version specification to Poetry's pyproject.toml (without ^ or ~ before the version number). This will let Poetry know that the package is there and should not be upgraded. If you use a different channels that provide the same packages, it might be not obvious which channel a particular package will be downloaded from. One solution is to specify the channel for the package using the :: notation (see the pytorch entry below), and another solution is to enable strict channel priority. Unfortunately, in Conda 4.x there is no way to enable this option through environment.yml. Note that Python adds user site-packages to sys.path, which may cause lack of reproducibility if the user has installed Python packages outside Conda environments. One possible solution is to make sure that the PYTHONNOUSERSITE environment variable is set to True (or to any other non-empty value).  Example environment.yml: name: my_project_env channels: - pytorch - conda-forge # We want to have a reproducible setup, so we don't want default channels, # which may be different for different users. All required channels should # be listed explicitly here. - nodefaults dependencies: - python=3.10.* # or don't specify the version and use the latest stable Python - mamba - pip # pip must be mentioned explicitly, or conda-lock will fail - poetry=1.* # or 1.1.*, or no version at all -- as you want - tensorflow=2.8.0 - pytorch::pytorch=1.11.0 - pytorch::torchaudio=0.11.0 - pytorch::torchvision=0.12.0 # Non-standard section listing target platforms for conda-lock: platforms: - linux-64  virtual-packages.yml (may be used e.g. when we want conda-lock to generate CUDA-enabled lock files even on platforms without CUDA): subdirs: linux-64: packages: __cuda: 11.5  First-time setup You can avoid playing with the bootstrap env and simplify the example below if you have conda-lock, mamba and poetry already installed outside your target environment. # Create a bootstrap env conda create -p /tmp/bootstrap -c conda-forge mamba conda-lock poetry='1.*' conda activate /tmp/bootstrap # Create Conda lock file(s) from environment.yml conda-lock -k explicit --conda mamba # Set up Poetry poetry init --python=~3.10 # version spec should match the one from environment.yml # Fix package versions installed by Conda to prevent upgrades poetry add --lock tensorflow=2.8.0 torch=1.11.0 torchaudio=0.11.0 torchvision=0.12.0 # Add conda-lock (and other packages, as needed) to pyproject.toml and poetry.lock poetry add --lock conda-lock # Remove the bootstrap env conda deactivate rm -rf /tmp/bootstrap # Add Conda spec and lock files git add environment.yml virtual-packages.yml conda-linux-64.lock # Add Poetry spec and lock files git add pyproject.toml poetry.lock git commit  Usage The above setup may seem complex, but it can be used in a fairly simple way. Creating the environment conda create --name my_project_env --file conda-linux-64.lock conda activate my_project_env poetry install  Activating the environment conda activate my_project_env  Updating the environment # Re-generate Conda lock file(s) based on environment.yml conda-lock -k explicit --conda mamba # Update Conda packages based on re-generated lock file mamba update --file conda-linux-64.lock # Update Poetry packages and re-generate poetry.lock poetry update