Question: I am trying to figure out how to print the word "hello" 121 times in python. I need to use a function without conditionals or loops, no new lines, and no multiplying the string by an integer. I thinking something like: print_hello(): print('hello') print_hello() print_hello()  but I can't seem to find a way to limit the recursive output without conditionals. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Update Here are all of the constraints to the challenge, it's possible recursion isn't the right approach.  max 20 lines of code no inputs to a function. no imports or modules no if statements no loops (for or while) no new line characters (\n) can't do something like: print("hello\n"*121) no semi colons or tuples can't use exec functions 

Answer: (Note: I've edited the message. So see better solution at the end) If we don't try to find a silver bullet, using a trick that would have been forgotten in the restrictions (global variables to bypass parameters interdiction, and/try to bypass if interdiction, multiplying list to bypass multiplication of string interdiction, ...), as I understand the question, it is about finding a correct splitting in functions/subfunctions to have 20 lines of code (no semicolon) For example, if we had to print 32 hello, we could, as geeks used to reason in power of 2, def h2(): print("hello") print("hello") def h4(): h2() h2() def h8(): h4() h4() def h16(): h8() h8() h16() h16()  Which are 14 lines. But the def parts complicates things, and complicates what is optimal. For example, here, since we don't use h2 elsewhere that in h4, it would be shorter to directly print hello 4 times in h4. Likewise, for h16 def h4(): print("hello") print("hello") print("hello") print("hello") def h16(): h4() h4() h4() h4() h16() h16()  which are only 12 lines. Now, here, number is 121. That is a specific number. Which is even the reason why I believe that this is the kind of expected solution: it is not easy to decide what intermediate function we need to create. That would be an interesting problem per se: create a code, that optimize the number of lines needed, using this kind of subfunctions encapsulation. But one combination that fit in 20 lines is def h3(): print("hello") print("hello") print("hello") def h7(): h3() h3() print("hello") def h15(): h7() h7() print("hello") def h60(): h15() h15() h15() h15() h60() h60() print("hello")  I know it is way less smart (and, even, "smart ass") than all the other solutions that were proposed. But I am really convinced that this is the kind of expected solution. It may seem too simple and naive. But it is not that an easy problem to decide which h?? to write (well, it is not that hard if the constraint is just "fit in 20 lines". But I would have a harder time if the constraint was "use the smallest number of lines possible") Edit I couldn't resist, so I wrote a code that optimize this def size(n, l): ml=max(k for k in l if k<=n) nm=n//ml r=n-nm*ml if r==0: return nm else: return nm+size(r, l) def sizefn(l): return sum(size(k, [x for x in l if x<k])+1 for k in l if k>1) def totsize(n,l): return size(n, l) + sizefn(l) rec=1000 def compute(l, k): global rec if k>120: return False sfn =sizefn(l) if sfn+2>=rec: return False f = size(121, l) if sfn+f<rec: rec=sfn+f print(f'{sfn+f} ({sfn}+{f}) :', l) compute(l+[k], k+1) compute(l, k+1)  What it does is just try all possible combinations of intermediate functions. So, that is, theoretically 2¹²⁰ combinations (all intermediate function h? may exist or not), and count how many line of code that would be, and keep the best. Except that I do it with Branch&Bound, allowing to avoid examination of whole subsets of the set of all combination. Result is 121 (0+121) : [1] 64 (3+61) : [1, 2] 47 (6+41) : [1, 2, 3] 40 (9+31) : [1, 2, 3, 4] 37 (12+25) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 36 (15+21) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] 35 (31+4) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 39] 34 (28+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 23] 33 (28+5) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 30] 32 (28+4) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 39] 31 (25+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 23] 30 (25+5) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 30] 29 (25+4) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 39] 28 (22+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 24] 27 (22+5) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 30] 26 (20+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 23] 25 (19+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 24] 24 (19+5) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 30] 23 (17+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 24] 22 (16+6) : [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 24] 21 (16+5) : [1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 30] 20 (14+6) : [1, 2, 3, 6, 24] 19 (13+6) : [1, 2, 4, 8, 24] 18 (12+6) : [1, 2, 6, 24]  And it ends there. Meaning that there is no better solution that the one with h2, h6, and h24 (h1 is just print(hello)) For a total of 18 lines Which gives def h2(): print("hello") print("hello") def h6(): h2() h2() h2() def h24(): h6() h6() h6() h6() h24() h24() h24() h24() h24() print("hello")