esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What are geostationary satellite buses designed for?
Option 1: Geostationary satellite buses are designed for satellites that are placed in geostationary orbit, which is a circular orbit above the Earth’s equator where the satellite appears to be stationary relative to the ground.
Option 2: Geostationary satellite buses are designed for satellites in polar orbits, moving over the poles relative to Earth’s surface.
Option 3: Geostationary satellite buses are used only for low Earth orbit (LEO) missions below 2,000 km.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What are Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite buses specifically designed for?
Option 1: LEO satellite buses are designed for satellites operating in geostationary orbit at around 36,000 km altitude.
Option 2: Low Earth orbit satellite buses are designed for satellites that are placed in low Earth orbit.
Option 3: LEO satellite buses are intended for deep-space missions beyond Earth’s gravitational influence.
Option 4: LEO satellite buses are used exclusively for ground-based communication relay stations.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What are some of the key functions performed by On-Board Processing (OBP) in satellite systems?
Option 1: OBP recovers and reconstructs bits with minimal error, performs switching and routing, and remodulates data onto other RF carriers in the downlink.
Option 2: OBP only amplifies and retransmits incoming signals without any demodulation or routing functions.
Option 3: OBP is used solely for thermal management and power regulation of the satellite’s communication payload.
Option 4: OBP functions exclusively as an uplink power control mechanism, maintaining link stability.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What are STs and GWs to satellite links?
Option 1: STs and GWs are boundary
devices between the satellite and terrestrial links.
Option 2: STs and GWs are core network devices  between the satellite and terrestrial links.
Option 3: STs and GWs serve as user terminals for mobile devices.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: What are the characteristics of Non-terrestrial networks (NTN)  that require adaptations?
Option 1: Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) mainly require adaptations due to the high density of terrestrial users and interference from ground-based infrastructure, rather than motion or altitude.
Option 2: Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) have a number of characteristics that require adaptations that include Motion of the space/aerial vehicles, altitude, cell sizes, troposheric and ionospheric impacts.
Option 3: The main adaptations in non-terrestrial networks (NTN) are driven by variations in cloud cover and precipitation, with negligible effects from the ionosphere or troposphere.
Answer: Option2
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: What are the concepts around which the DVB-S2 standard is specified?
Option 1: The DVB-S2 standard has been specified around three key concepts: best transmission performance, total flexibility,  and reasonable receiver complexity.
Option 2: Maximum receiver complexity, fixed transmission performance, and minimal flexibility.
Option 3: Total flexibility, no concern for transmission performance, and unlimited receiver complexity.
Option 4: Minimal transmission performance, total receiver simplicity, and rigid modulation schemes.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What are the key characteristics and applications of the Ku-band in satellite communications?
Option 1: Ku-band supports high-capacity services with smaller antennas and is widely used for mobility and consumer applications.
Option 2: Ku-band requires very large antennas and is used primarily for deep-space scientific missions.
Option 3: Ku-band offers low-capacity links and is restricted to military-only operations.
Option 4: Ku-band cannot support mobile applications due to high signal attenuation.
Option 5: Ku-band is mainly used for submarine communication systems operating below the water surface.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: What are the key requirements for the RCSTs in a next-generation communications satellite system?
Option 1: The RCSTs for a next generation communications satellite system must be low cost and high-performance satellite terminals, and support IPv6.
Option 2: The RCSTs for next-generation communication satellite systems must be high-cost and low-complexity terminals that primarily support IPv4.
Option 3: The RCSTs for a next-generation satellite system are designed to exclude IP-based protocols, relying instead on proprietary link-layer addressing.
Option 4: The RCSTs for a next-generation communications satellite system must be low-cost but limited-performance terminals that do not require IPv6 compatibility.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What are the main advantages of using satellite links for communication services?
Option 1: Quick installation, fewer geographical constraints, cost-effective long-distance connections, especially for point-to-multipoint and broadcasting services.
Option 2: Require extensive physical infrastructure like fiber, making installation slow and costly.
Option 3: Only suitable for short-distance point-to-point connections.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: What are the main components of a satellite transponder and their functions?
Option 1: The satellite transponder consists only of antennas, with no filters or amplifiers.
Option 2: The satellite transponder consists IMUX and OMUX filter, and the TWTA which allows the correct reception, 
the amplification, and the transmission of the radio signal.
Option 3: The satellite transponder includes modulators and demodulators only, without TWTA or filtering.
Option 4: The satellite transponder consists of ground-based equipment, not onboard IMUX/OMUX filters or TWTA.
Option 5: The satellite transponder operates without amplification, relying solely on natural signal propagation.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What are the main factors that cause signal attenuation in multimedia satellite systems operating at high-frequency bands?
Option 1: Multimedia satellite systems operating at high frequency bands suffer a lot from attenuations caused by rain, tropospheric scintillations,
Gaussian noise.
Option 2: Solar panel efficiency and satellite altitude.
Option 3: Ground station temperature and antenna color.
Option 4: The number of users connected to the same satellite.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What are the main functions of a Node Gateway in a satellite network?
Option 1: It performs routing and traffic policing within the node, serving multiple users, and allows service distribution via LAN or MAN technologies.
Option 2: It only amplifies signals for transmission to end-users without routing.
Option 3: It manages only physical layer functions without traffic control.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What are the main responsibilities of a Management Station (MS) in a satellite communication system?
Option 1: Session control, on-demand or permanent connection management, dynamic capacity assignment, terminal management, and configuration of the On-Board Processor (OBP).
Option 2: Only amplifying satellite signals without managing connections or capacity.
Option 3: Replacing the satellite’s routing functionality for all data traffic.
Option 4: Handling only user authentication without capacity management.
Option 5: Performing physical layer error correction exclusively.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What are the popular applications of TCP?
Option 1: TCP is used by many popular applications, including web transfer (http, shttp), terminal access (telent, ssh, rlogin), file transfer (ftp, nfs) and email (smtp, pop, imap).
Option 2: TCP is used only for streaming video and audio.
Option 3: TCP is used exclusively by wireless sensor networks.
Option 4: TCP is used only for DNS queries, not for email or terminal access.
Option 5: TCP is rarely used in internet applications, as UDP is preferred for all web and file transfers.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What are the primary quality requirements for multicast DTV streams and voice traffic?
Option 1: DTV streams require minimal packet loss, while voice traffic requires minimal delay and jitter.
Option 2: DTV streams require minimal delay, while voice traffic can tolerate high packet loss.
Option 3: Both DTV and voice traffic only require high bandwidth, with no concern for loss, delay, or jitter.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What are the primary responsibilities of the satellite bus in terms of supporting satellite operations?
Option 1: The satellite bus is responsible for ground station routing, not onboard satellite functions.
Option 2: The satellite bus is responsible for providing power, propulsion, thermal control, and communication capabilities to the satellite.
Option 3: The satellite bus provides user applications and services directly, instead of managing satellite subsystems.
Option 4: The satellite bus is responsible for launch vehicle operations, rather than satellite functions.
Option 5: The satellite bus is responsible only for payload data processing, not for power or thermal control.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question: What are the two main components of noise power at an Earth Station (ES) in a satellite communication link?
Option 1: Noise generated by the satellite and amplified during transmission, and (2) noise generated by the Earth Station itself.
Option 2: (1) Noise from the antenna only, and (2) noise from the modulation process.
Option 3: (1) Noise from terrestrial interference only, and (2) noise from adjacent satellites.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: What are the two main types of space radiation effects on integrated circuits (ICs) in satellites?
Option 1: Total Ionizing Dose (TID), caused by accumulated exposure to ionizing radiation, and Single-Event Effects (SEE), caused by a single high-energy particle strike.
Option 2: Thermal runaway and electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Option 3: Electromigration and dielectric breakdown.
Option 4: Signal attenuation and phase noise.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What are the typical uses and characteristics of the K-band in satellite and radar systems?
Option 1: K-band offers short-range satellite links, for data transfer and broadcasting. It is also used in short-range weather radar, as it is more stable in humid conditions.
Option 2: K-band provides long-range interplanetary communication because it is least affected by atmospheric moisture.
Option 3: K-band is primarily used for underwater sonar applications rather than satellite links.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: What bandwidths does the DVB-S standard support for satellite transponders?
Option 1: DVB-S only supports a fixed bandwidth of 33 MHz, with no flexibility for other transponder bandwidths.
Option 2: DVB-S can support the use of different satellite transponder bandwidths, although a bandwidth of 33MHz is commonly used.
Option 3: DVB-S is designed to support ultra-wideband transponders above 100 MHz exclusively.
Option 4: DVB-S cannot operate on satellite transponders and is restricted to terrestrial links.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: What can cause an inter Access Router handover for a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS) using MIPv6?
Option 1: The MSS moves to a WiMAX Base Station (BS) connected to a new Access Router, triggering the handover.
Option 2: The MSS stays within the same base station coverage area.
Option 3: The MSS switches to a fixed wired Ethernet connection.
Option 4: The MSS performs a local DNS lookup only.
Option 5: The MSS disables IPv6 and uses IPv4 exclusively.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: What capabilities does DVB-S2 have regarding advanced audio-video formats?
Option 1: DVB-S2 is designed to handle a variety of advanced audio–video formats which the DVB Project is currently defining.
Option 2: DVB-S2 is designed to handle only standard-definition audio and video formats, without support for advanced formats.
Option 3: DVB-S2 is limited to text-based and data-only content, not audio or video.
Option 4: DVB-S2 is designed only for legacy MPEG-1 streams, not for current or advanced audio–video formats.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: What characteristics define receive-only broadcasting satellite systems?
Option 1: Receive-only broadcasting satellite systems are
unidirectional and can use a non-satellite return path.
Option 2: They are bidirectional, requiring satellite return links for all communications.
Option 3: They cannot operate without direct user terminal transmission to the satellite.
Option 4: They are restricted to narrowband voice services only, not broadcasting data.
Option 5: They require full-duplex satellite links for both forward and return paths.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What characterizes the interference component in the downlink caused by an adjacent transponder?
Option 1: It is delayed to introduce uncorrelation and frequency-shifted according to the transponder spacing.
Option 2: It is completely eliminated by the satellite before reaching the receiver.
Option 3: It is independent of transponder spacing and always perfectly correlated with the main signal.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Uplink
Question: What components form the basis of a DVB-S2 communication platform?
Option 1: An IP-to-DVB Encapsulator, Multiplexer, Modulator, and a remote DVB-S/RCS Hub that collects uplink data.
Option 2: Only a Modulator and Demodulator without any Hub involvement.
Option 3: A frequency converter and amplifier used for downlink only.
Option 4: A terrestrial router and Ethernet switch operating without modulation.
Option 5: A standalone antenna system without encapsulation or multiplexing.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What components typically make up a transmission line in a communication system?
Option 1: The transmission line consists only of optical fibers, without any coaxial cables or filters.
Option 2:  The transmission line consists of some combination of coaxial cables, surge suppressors, and possibly even bandpass filters used to connect the transceiver to the antenna.
Option 3: The transmission line includes only the antenna, with no cables or surge suppressors.
Option 4: The transmission line is made of amplifiers and modulators instead of coaxial cables and filters.
Answer: Option2
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: What do you mean by "non-terrestrial network"?
Option 1: The term “non-terrestrial network” often refers to the newer integration of terrestrial cellular communications with air-borne assets or satellite constellations, which largely operate in the rapidly expanding lower earth orbit (LEO).
Option 2: The term “non-terrestrial network” refers to the integration of underwater fiber-optic systems with terrestrial cellular networks operating in deep-sea environments.
Option 3: The term “non-terrestrial network” refers to legacy satellite systems in geostationary orbit (GEO) rather than newer lower earth orbit (LEO) constellations.
Option 4: The term “non-terrestrial network” is used to describe purely terrestrial cellular systems without any involvement of air-borne or satellite components.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What do you mean by Broadcast and unknown server (BUS)?
Option 1: the BUS is a multicast server that is used to flood
unknown destination address traffic and forward multicast and broadcast traffic to clients
within a particular ELAN.
Option 2: The BUS is a unicast server that forwards traffic only to a single destination within an ELAN, preventing multicast or broadcast distribution.
Option 3: The BUS is a multicast server that blocks unknown destination traffic, forwarding only packets with known MAC addresses.
Option 4: The BUS is used to flood unknown destination traffic across all ELANs in the network, rather than limiting it to a specific ELAN.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What do you mean by data rate?
Option 1: The amount of data transmitted per second, measured in kilobits per second (kbps).
Option 2: The total data stored in a device, measured in kilobytes (kB).
Option 3: The signal-to-noise ratio of a channel, indicating communication quality.
Option 4: The distance a signal travels per second, measured in kilometers per second.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What do you mean by insertion loss?
Option 1: A decrease in the signal 
level at its output relative to its input is known as insertion loss. 
Option 2: Insertion loss refers to an increase in signal level at the output relative to the input.
Option 3: Insertion loss is the power added by an amplifier in the transmission line.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What do you mean by loose integration?
Option 1: It only exists as a common management system for configuring
a terminal as transparent or regenerative.
Option 2: It only exists as a common management system for configuring multiple gateways rather than individual terminals as transparent or regenerative.
Option 3: It operates as an independent control network for managing satellite payload routing, not for terminal configuration.
Option 4: It serves as a common management system for configuring a terminal as bent-pipe or demodulation-based, instead of transparent or regenerative.
Option 5: It exists as a dedicated processing unit responsible for handling user traffic rather than configuration management.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: What do you mean by payload length?
Option 1: Payload length is simply the size of actual data being sent in a packet.
Option 2: Payload length is the total size of the packet including headers and trailers.
Option 3: Payload length is only the size of the packet header.
Option 4: Payload length is the combined size of data and error correction bits.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: What does 3GPP stand for?
Option 1: 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
Option 2: 3rd Generation Protocol Platform
Option 3: Triple Generation Packet Partnership
Option 4: 3rd Grade Processing Protocol
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: What does a gateway station possess in a satellite network? 
Option 1: Ground stations share a common broadcast address, and individual addressing is not used.
Option 2: In a satellite network each ground earth station
or gateway station has a physical address for circuit connections or packet transmissions.
Option 3: Gateway stations use only logical IP addresses, without any physical address for circuit or packet routing.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question: What does a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) indicate in a Wi-Fi network?
Option 1: A strong wireless signal and a stable connection with higher data rates.
Option 2: A weak signal that leads to frequent disconnections and slow speeds.
Option 3: High levels of interference compared to the signal strength.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does a higher receiver sensitivity imply?
Option 1: Better ability to detect weak signals
Option 2: Higher power consumption
Option 3: Lower noise figure
Option 4: Larger antenna size
Answer: Option 1
Topic: SNR
Question: What does a higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) indicate in communication systems?
Option 1:  A higher SNR value indicates a stronger signal relative to the noise, which is desirable in various applications for 
better quality and reliability. 
Option 2: A higher SNR means the noise level is dominant, resulting in degraded system performance.
Option 3: A higher SNR indicates the signal power is lower than the noise power, which improves efficiency.
Option 4: A higher SNR signifies that the system is more prone to interference and distortion.
Option 5: A higher SNR implies weaker transmission quality, as it reduces sensitivity to weak signals.
Answer: Option1
Topic: SNR
Question: What does a low SNR cause in received signals?
Option 1: Clear signals
Option 2: High bit error rates
Option 3: Lower attenuation
Option 4: Lower noise
Option 5: Faster transmission
Answer: Option 2
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What does a SatLife UT with a public IP address do?
Option 1: It can only send SIP messages, but cannot receive incoming voice or video calls.
Option 2: It is able to send and receive SIP voice/video calls being actively registered in the RSGW SIP Proxy.
Option 3: It is limited to data transmission and does not support SIP-based communication.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Beamforming
Question: What does BF stand for?
Option 1: Base Frequency
Option 2: Beamforming
Option 3: Best Fit
Option 4: Base Function
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: What does conditional triggering of measurement reporting mean in satellite or cellular networks?
Option 1: Measurement reporting is triggered based on specific conditions such as the UE’s location.
Option 2: Measurement reporting is always triggered periodically regardless of UE conditions.
Option 3: Measurement reporting is triggered based on network load balancing.
Option 4: Measurement reporting is triggered only when the UE detects handover failure.
Option 5: Measurement reporting is manually triggered by the network operator.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What does connectivity at the service level define in a satellite communication system?
Option 1: It defines the type of connection required between CPEs, network equipment, satellite terminals, or gateways to provide the service required by end users.
Option 2: It specifies only the physical antenna type, ignoring network-level connections.
Option 3: It defines satellite orbital parameters, unrelated to end-user service connections.
Option 4: It is concerned exclusively with RF power levels, not service-level connectivity.
Option 5: It determines the encryption algorithm used for secure communications, without specifying network connections.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question: What does coverage in a GPRS network rely on?
Option 1: Coverage in a GPRS network depends on the S/N (signal-to-noise ratio) and programme encryption rates.
Option 2: Coverage in a GPRS network depends on the S/N (signal-to-noise ratio) and data transmission
rates.
Option 3: Coverage in a GPRS network depends on the signal transmission
rates and the link budget. 
Answer: Option2
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: What does DVB-RCS security do during its first phase?
Option 1: During the first phase of DVB-RCS security, a security session key is agreed between the satellite
terminal and the NCC.
Option 2: During the first phase of DVB-RCS security, the session key is used for the encryption of all subsequent
messages between UES and NCC.
Option 3: During the first phase of DVB-RCS security, The NCC maintains a database of the cookie values of the
UES on its network.
Option 4: During the first phase of DVB-RCS security, Cookie values can be updated occasionally as dictated by security
policy, but they are less vulnerable than session keys.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does edge of coverage loss refer to in satellite communications?
Option 1:  Edge of coverage loss refers to the losses seen user at the edge of the coverage pattern, where the gain of the antenna (pattern) is lower and the signal also has a larger
 range to cover.
Option 2: It refers to losses at the center of the beam, where antenna gain is highest.
Option 3: It is the loss due to intermodulation interference, unrelated to coverage pattern or distance.
Option 4: Edge of coverage loss only occurs in terrestrial networks, not satellite systems.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What does five nines availability mean?
Option 1: 99.999% uptime
Option 2: 99.99% uptime
Option 3: 99.9% uptime
Answer: Option 1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What does GEO stand for in satellite terms?
Option 1: Geosynchronous Orbit
Option 2: Geostationary Earth Orbit
Option 3: Geocentric Orbit
Option 4: Geostationary Orbit
Option 5: Geomagnetic Orbit
Answer: Option 2