esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: SNR
Question:  Which is a common source of noise in communication systems?
Option 1: Thermal agitation
Option 2: Cosmic background radiation
Option 3: Man-made interference
Option 4: Electrical circuit noise
Option 5: All of the above
Answer: Option 5
Topic: 5G NTN
Question:  Which is a main challenge for NTN integration?
Option 1: Rain fade
Option 2: High mobility
Option 3: Low latency
Option 4: Interference immunity
Option 5: Global spectrum
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question:  Which is NOT considered a loss in link budget?
Option 1: Free space loss
Option 2: Atmospheric absorption
Option 3: Antenna gain
Option 4: Cable loss
Option 5: Fade margin
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question:  Which modulation scheme is commonly used in satellite user terminals for efficient bandwidth usage?
Option 1: ASK
Option 2: FSK
Option 3: QPSK
Option 4: PAM
Option 5: PWM
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Link Budget
Question:  Which of the following best describes link margin?
Option 1: Difference between transmitted and received power
Option 2: Extra received power over minimum required
Option 3: Power lost in cables
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question:  Which of the following can improve SNR?
Option 1: Increasing noise power
Option 2: Decreasing signal power
Option 3: Increasing signal power
Option 4: Adding interference
Option 5: Decreasing signal bandwidth only
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Onboard processing
Question:  Which of the following is a benefit of on-board processing?
Option 1: Increased data storage needs
Option 2: Reduced data transmission bandwidth
Option 3: Longer satellite lifespan
Option 4: Increased power consumption
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Satellite bus
Question:  Which of the following is a common propulsion type in satellite buses?
Option 1: Chemical rockets
Option 2: Ion thrusters
Option 3: Wind power
Option 4: Jet engines
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question:  Which of the following is a key component in a satellite gateway?
Option 1: Modem
Option 2: Rocket booster
Option 3: Solar panel
Option 4: Antenna
Option 5: Thermal radiator
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question:  Which of the following is a major challenge for Non-Terrestrial Networks?
Option 1: High atmospheric interference
Option 2: Long propagation delay for GEO satellites
Option 3: Limited coverage
Option 4: Static topology
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Uplink
Question:  Which of the following is a technique to reduce uplink interference?
Option 1: Using wider frequency bands
Option 2: Employing directional antennas
Option 3: Increasing transmit power
Option 4: Decreasing modulation order
Option 5: Increasing antenna size randomly
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question:  Which of the following is included in a complete link budget?
Option 1: Transmitter power
Option 2: Antenna gains
Option 3: Path losses
Option 4: Receiver sensitivity
Option 5: All of the above
Answer: Option 5
Topic: Satellite bus
Question:  Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the satellite bus?
Option 1: Providing structural support
Option 2: Facilitating communication between Earth stations
Option 3: Controlling satellite attitude
Option 4: Power management
Option 5: Command and data handling
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question:  Which of the following is NOT an input in a link budget calculation?
Option 1: Receiver gain
Option 2: Data rate
Option 3: Path loss
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 5G NTN
Question:  Which orbit is closest to Earth?
Option 1: GEO
Option 2: VLEO
Option 3: LEO
Option 4: HEO
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 5G NTN
Question:  Which organization standardizes 5G NTN?
Option 1: IETF
Option 2: 3GPP
Option 3: ETSI
Option 4: IEEE
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question:  Which parameter is used to improve signal quality in link budgets?
Option 1: BER (Bit Error Rate)
Option 2: Voltage
Option 3: Current
Option 4: Resistance
Answer: Option 1
Topic: SNR
Question:  Which parameter is used to measure noise power in communications systems?
Option 1: Thermal noise
Option 2: Background noise temperature
Option 3: Noise figure
Option 4: All of the above
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Satellite bus
Question:  Which power source is commonly used in satellite buses?
Option 1: Nuclear
Option 2: Solar panels
Option 3: Coal
Option 4: Batteries only
Option 5: Wind turbines
Answer: Option 2
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question:  Which protocol is often used to improve TCP performance over satellite?
Option 1: UDP
Option 2: FTP
Option 3: Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP)
Answer: Option 3
Topic: NTN
Question:  Which satellite constellation is designed specifically for broadband NTN services?
Option 1: GPS
Option 2: Iridium
Option 3: Starlink
Option 4: Galileo
Option 5: GLONASS
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Bit error rate
Question:  Which statement about BER and latency is true?
Option 1: Lower BER means higher latency
Option 2: Higher BER means higher latency
Option 3: BER and latency unrelated
Option 4: Both proportional
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Satellite bus
Question:  Which subsystem is NOT typically part of a satellite bus?
Option 1: Structure
Option 2: Payload
Option 3: Power
Answer: Option 2
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question:  Which technique helps reduce the effect of long RTT in TCP satellite links?
Option 1: Increasing window size
Option 2: Decreasing window size
Option 3: Using smaller packets
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question:  Which type of orbit is typically used in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks?
Option 1: Geostationary Orbit
Option 2: Medium Earth Orbit
Option 3: Low Earth Orbit
Option 4: Highly Elliptical Orbit
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Downlink
Question: A 64-QAM downlink transmission carries how many bits per symbol?
Option 1: 4
Option 2: 6
Option 3: 8
Option 4: 16
Option 5: 64
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Gateway station
Question: A gateway station in satellite communications is primarily used to:
Option 1: Send user data to satellite
Option 2: Receive satellite signals and route to internet
Option 3: Amplify signals
Option 4: Control satellite orbit
Option 5: Encrypt data
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: A hard handover is also called:
Option 1: Make-before-break
Option 2: Break-before-make
Option 3: Seamless handover
Option 4: Soft handover
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Beamforming
Question: A primary goal of beamforming is to:
Option 1: Reduce noise
Option 2: Increase bandwidth
Option 3: Increase coverage
Option 4: Maximize signal at receiver
Option 5: Minimize error
Answer: Option 4
Topic: BER
Question: An ideal communication channel has BER:
Option 1: 1
Option 2: 0.1
Option 3: 0.01
Option 4: 0
Option 5: Infinity
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: An inter satellite link within LEO constellation provides:
Option 1: High latency
Option 2: Low latency
Option 3: No latency
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Downlink
Question: At approximately what frequency does the Broadcasting Satellite Service (BSS) typically operate for its downlink?
Option 1: The BSS downlink operates primarily at 4 GHz, within the traditional C-band range.
Option 2: The broadcasting satellite service makes use of downlinks at about 12 GHz.
Option 3: The BSS downlink uses frequencies near 2 GHz, similar to mobile satellite services.
Answer: Option2
Topic: NTN
Question: At what altitude do geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate?
Option 1: Geostationary earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of approximately 35,786 km 
directly above the equator.
Option 2: Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of about 35,786 miles, maintaining a fixed position relative to the Earth’s poles.
Option 3: Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of approximately 42,164 km from the Earth’s surface, which places them beyond the geostationary belt.
Option 4: Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of about 35,786 km, but are positioned at various inclinations rather than directly above the equator.
Answer: Option1
Topic: SNR
Question: Based on regular estimations of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) what does the FMT loop do?
Option 1: the FMT loop
allows to control the modulation type, the code rate and the symbol rate, to optimize
the spectral efficiency on the transmission.
Option 2: The FMT loop allows control only of the modulation type, without adjusting the code rate or symbol rate, to optimize spectral efficiency.
Option 3: The FMT loop allows control of modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate, but it cannot adjust the symbol rate dynamically.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Beam squint is an effect mainly in:
Option 1: Narrowband systems
Option 2: Wideband systems
Option 3: Analog systems only
Option 4: Digital systems only
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Beamforming can be classified into:
Option 1: Two types
Option 2: Three types
Option 3: Four types
Option 4: One type
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Beamforming primarily improves:
Option 1: Power consumption
Option 2: Data rate
Option 3: Signal directionality
Option 4: Security
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Beamforming uses constructive interference to:
Option 1: Minimize signal
Option 2: Maximize power
Option 3: Randomize phase
Option 4: Increase error
Option 5: Reduce power
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Beamforming weights adjust:
Option 1: Amplitudes only
Option 2: Phases only
Option 3: Phases and amplitudes
Option 4: Frequency
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Beamforming weights of an N-element array are complex and control:
Option 1: Frequency
Option 2: Delay
Option 3: Phase and amplitude
Option 4: Speed
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: BER increases when signal power is halved while noise power stays constant.
Option 1: TRUE
Option 2: FALSE
Option 3: Depends on modulation
Option 4: Depends on bandwidth
Answer: Option 1
Topic: BER
Question: BER is critical in evaluating:
Option 1: Data compression
Option 2: Link quality
Option 3: Throughput only
Option 4: Signal modulation
Option 5: Channel bandwidth
Answer: Option 2
Topic: BER
Question: Bit error rate measures:
Option 1: Power lost
Option 2: Number of errors per trillion bits
Option 3: Percentage of bits with errors
Option 4: Probability of a bit being in error
Option 5: Ratio of errored bits to total bits
Answer: Option 5
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Circular polarization describes a wave with:
Option 1: Constant amplitude
Option 2: Rotating electric field
Option 3: Constant frequency
Option 4: Linear magnetic field
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Circular polarization is commonly used in:
Option 1: Fiber optics
Option 2: Satellite communication
Option 3: Copper cables
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Circular polarization power splits equally into two:
Option 1: Frequency bands
Option 2: Orthogonal linear polarizations
Option 3: Time slots
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Circular polarization reduces the impact of:
Option 1: Multipath fading
Option 2: Thermal noise
Option 3: Frequency shift
Option 4: Phase delay
Option 5: Modulation errors
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Codebook-based beamforming uses:
Option 1: Fixed patterns
Option 2: Random weights
Option 3: Dynamic patterns
Option 4: No weights
Answer: Option 1
Topic: NTN
Question: describe NR-NTN in mobile communication systems?
Option 1: NR-NTN is part of the 5G NR radio interface family.
Option 2: NR-NTN is a legacy 3G standard used exclusively for terrestrial networks.
Option 3: NR-NTN is part of the Wi-Fi 6E standard for unlicensed spectrum.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: Describe the primary uses of the L-band in satellite communications?
Option 1: It is used for GPS navigation, satellite phones, aviation tracking, and maritime communications.
Option 2: It is primarily used for high-definition television broadcasting and ultra-high-speed internet only.
Option 3: It is exclusively reserved for deep-space communications beyond the solar system.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: describe the structure and characteristics of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?
Option 1: ATM is a fast packet-oriented transfer mode based on asynchronous time division multiplexing
and it uses fixed-length (53 bytes) cells, each of which consists of an information field (48 bytes) and a header (5 bytes).
Option 2: ATM transmits variable-length packets with a 64-byte header and no information field.
Option 3: ATM uses synchronous time division multiplexing with dynamically sized frames.
Option 4: ATM is a circuit-switched protocol that does not use packet-based transfer.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: describe the types of networks included in the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) family?
Option 1: The NTN family includes satellite communication networks, high 
altitude platform systems (HAPS), and air-to-ground networks.
Option 2: Only terrestrial fiber-optic networks and cellular base stations.
Option 3: Underwater acoustic networks exclusively.
Option 4: Satellite networks but excluding HAPS and air-to-ground links.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Digital beamforming operates in which domain?
Option 1: Analog
Option 2: Optical
Option 3: Digital
Option 4: RF
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Downlink
Question: Downlink control information is sent via:
Option 1: PUSCH
Option 2: PDCCH
Option 3: PBCH
Option 4: PCFICH
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Downlink
Question: Downlink refers to data transfer:
Option 1: From user to base station
Option 2: From base station to user
Option 3: Between base stations
Option 4: Between users
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Downlink
Question: Downlink throughput depends on:
Option 1: UE speed
Option 2: Base station transmit power
Option 3: Channel quality
Option 4: Modulation scheme
Option 5: All of these
Answer: Option 5
Topic: TT&C
Question: During which phases of a satellite launch is tracking particularly important?
Option 1: Tracking is important during the transfer and drift orbital 
phases of the satellite launch. 
Option 2: Tracking is only necessary after the satellite reaches its final orbit, as earlier stages rely entirely on preprogrammed trajectories.
Option 3: Tracking is not required during the transfer orbit, since ground control cannot communicate with the satellite during this phase.
Option 4: Tracking is performed only during the launch vehicle ascent, not during orbital maneuvers.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: DVB-S2 frame length usually is:
Option 1: 64800 bits
Option 2: 16200 bits
Option 3: 8100 bits
Answer: Option 1
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: DVB-S2 is a standard for:
Option 1: Terrestrial TV
Option 2: Satellite TV
Option 3: Cable TV
Answer: Option 2
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: DVB-S2 standard is often used for:
Option 1: Satellite TV only
Option 2: IP over satellite
Option 3: Voice over IP
Answer: Option 2
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: DVB-S2 supports which roll-off factors?
Option 1: 0.15, 0.20, 0.25
Option 2: 0.10, 0.15, 0.30
Option 3: 0.20, 0.25, 0.35
Option 4: 0.10, 0.20, 0.30
Answer: Option 1
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: DVB-S2 uses which error correction code?
Option 1: Reed-Solomon
Option 2: Turbo Codes
Option 3: LDPC codes
Option 4: BCH codes
Answer: Option 3
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: DVB-S2X allows:
Option 1: Variable coding rates only
Option 2: Variable modulation orders only
Option 3: Variable coding and modulation
Answer: Option 3
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: DVB-S2X codec offers:
Option 1: Fixed frame length
Option 2: Short and long frame lengths
Option 3: Only short frames
Answer: Option 2
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: DVB-S2X is an extension of which standard?
Option 1: DVB-S
Option 2: DVB-T2
Option 3: DVB-C
Option 4: DVB-H
Option 5: DVB-RCS
Answer: Option 1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: DVB-S2X supports channel bonding up to:
Option 1: 72 MHz
Option 2: 108 MHz
Option 3: 216 MHz
Answer: Option 4
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: DVB-S2X supports modulation up to:
Option 1: 8PSK
Option 2: 16APSK
Option 3: 32APSK
Option 4: 64APSK
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Edge computing reduces latency by:
Option 1: Moving data closer to user
Option 2: Increasing bandwidth
Option 3: Using satellites
Option 4: Increasing processing power centrally
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Elliptical polarization is a general case of circular polarization when:
Option 1: Axial ratio = 1
Option 2: Axial ratio ≠  1
Option 3: Axial ratio = 0
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question: For a highly reliable, mission-critical RF telemetry link, what is the recommended minimum fade margin?
Option 1: If a highly reliable, mission critical RF telemetry link is required, the design 
goal should be for a minimum fade margin of 20 to 30 dB.
Option 2: 0 to 5 dB, as minimal fade margin is sufficient for mission-critical links.
Option 3: 5 to 10 dB, because mission-critical links require only slight redundancy.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: For circular polarization, phase difference between orthogonal components is:
Option 1: 0⁰
Option 2: 45⁰
Option 3: 90⁰
Option 4: 180⁰
Answer: Option 3
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: For DVB-S2X, spectral efficiency increases by approx what percentage over DVB-S2?
Option 1: 5%
Option 2: 10%
Option 3: 15%
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: For which type of channel is the Nyquist capacity applicable?
Option 1: The Nyquist capacity is for a single noiseless or a single-in, single-out (SISO) channel.
Option 2: Any multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) channel without modification.
Option 3: Only channels with infinite noise power.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: Gateway handover management is required in
Option 1: Mobile satellite networks
Option 2: Fixed satellite networks
Option 3: IPTV networks
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: Gateway IT infrastructure primarily deals with
Option 1: Satellite payload control
Option 2: Data processing, routing, and management
Option 3: Propulsion
Option 4: Thermal management
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Gateway station
Question: Gateway site diversity is used to:
Option 1: Increase satellite range
Option 2: Provide redundancy and improve reliability
Option 3: Increase transmit power
Option 4: Reduce interference
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Gateway station
Question: Gateway stations can support:
Option 1: Single satellite
Option 2: Multiple satellites
Option 3: Only uplink
Option 4: Only downlink
Option 5: User mobility
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Gateway station
Question: Gateway stations typically connect satellite networks to:
Option 1: Mobile phones
Option 2: Terrestrial networks
Option 3: Spacecraft
Option 4: User terminals
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Handover decision is mostly based on:
Option 1: Signal strength and quality
Option 2: User location
Option 3: Packet size
Option 4: Frequency
Option 5: Modulation scheme
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question: How are communications between users typically set up in a terrestrial network?
Option 1: Through user terminals consisting of equipment such as telephone sets, fax machines, and computers, which are connected to the terrestrial network.
Option 2: Directly between satellites, without any user terminal involvement.
Option 3: Using only RF signal repeaters, with no terminal devices.
Option 4: Exclusively via analog switches in the network core, ignoring user equipment.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: How are NSA-based aspects like Xn mobility between NTN and terrestrial gNBs treated in 3GPP Release-17?
Option 1: They are considered low priority compared to other 5G and NTN enhancements.
Option 2: They are the highest priority and are fully implemented before any other features.
Option 3: They are completely ignored and removed from the 3GPP specifications.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: How can a satellite network compensate for propagation delay differences experienced by a user equipment (UE)?
Option 1: By adjusting the UE measurement window through system information or using dedicated signaling for each UE.
Option 2: By increasing the satellite transmission power to overcome the delay.
Option 3: By only reducing the bandwidth of the satellite link.
Option 4: By moving the satellite to a lower orbit to reduce all delays.
Answer: Option1
Topic: BER
Question: How can BER be reduced in satellite communication?
Option 1: The Bit-error-ratio can be reduced  by using FEC within the modem, a feature that takes advantage of custom VLSI and DSP chips.
Option 2: BER is reduced by operating the system in burst
mode, meaning that the demodulator must acquire and reacquire the signal rapidly to capture data from different Earth stations operating on the same frequency.
Option 3: Bit-error-ratio is decreased by introducing a second data communication cable that allows upstream communications.
Option 4: BER is reduced by doubling the number of bits per second that are carried within a given amount
of bandwidth.
Answer: Option1
Topic: SNR
Question: How can forward error correction (FEC) help with low SNR conditions?
Option 1: By increasing noise power
Option 2: By enabling error detection and correction
Option 3: By increasing signal power
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: How can increased delays affect CQI reporting and MCS assignment in satellite or wireless systems?
Option 1: They can cause delays in CQI reporting and MCS updates, leading to mismatches with current channel conditions like rain fade on downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).
Option 2: They eliminate the need for CQI reporting since channel conditions become stable.
Option 3: They improve MCS assignment accuracy regardless of changing channel conditions.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: How can Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) interact with existing terrestrial mobile networks?
Option 1: It is anticipated that NTN can interact with 5G, 4G or 
even 3G terrestrial networks via legacy inter-RAT (radio access technology) procedures.
Option 2: NTN operates completely independently and cannot interface with any terrestrial network technology.
Option 3: NTN can interact only with future 6G networks, not with existing 3G, 4G, or 5G systems.
Option 4: NTN uses optical fiber connections exclusively for inter-network communication, bypassing radio access procedures.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: How can Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) support societal applications?
Option 1: NTN can facilitate broadband access to healthcare infrastructure and online learning platforms.
Option 2: NTN provides broadband only for entertainment services, not for healthcare or education.
Option 3: NTN is used exclusively for military communications, not for civilian applications like healthcare or education.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: How can spectral noise density be lowered in a communication system?
Option 1: One way to lower the spectral noise density is to
 reduce the bandwidth, but we are limited by the band
width required to transmit the desired bit rate.
Option 2: Spectral noise density can be lowered by increasing bandwidth, with no limitations from the bit rate.
Option 3: Spectral noise density is independent of bandwidth and cannot be lowered by any means.
Option 4: Reducing bandwidth always increases noise density, making the link unusable.
Answer: Option1
Topic: BER
Question: How do quantization errors impact digital communication systems?
Option 1: Quantization errors reduce BER performance by causing incorrect or ambiguous reconstruction of the digital waveform.
Option 2: Quantization errors improve BER performance by averaging out signal fluctuations.
Option 3: Quantization errors only affect analog signals, not digital waveforms.
Option 4: Quantization errors are fully eliminated by modulation techniques.
Answer: Option1