esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What is a key characteristic of Gardner’s algorithm when used for clock recovery in DVB-S2 systems?
Option 1: It is a non–data-aided algorithm that performs well even with carrier frequency errors up to 0.1–0.2 times the symbol rate and is relatively insensitive to modulation format.
Option 2: It requires data-aided training sequences for every modulation scheme.
Option 3: It is highly sensitive to modulation format and fails under frequency offset conditions.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What is a key characteristic of new-generation satellites compared to earlier ones?
Option 1: New-generation satellites have onboard sophisticated communication systems including onboard switching.
Option 2: They rely entirely on ground stations for all signal routing and switching.
Option 3: They lack any onboard communication or processing systems.
Option 4: They can only relay analog signals without any digital processing.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What is a key characteristic of radio noise in communication systems?
Option 1:  Radio noise is
 Gaussian in its spectral power density.
Option 2: It has a uniform distribution across all frequencies regardless of power.
Option 3: It occurs only at discrete frequencies and not continuously.
Option 4: It can be completely eliminated by using any modulation scheme.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Wireless communication systems
Question: What is a key characteristic of wireless communication systems?
Option 1: Wired connectivity
Option 2: Use of electromagnetic waves
Option 3: Use of fiber optic cables
Option 4: Use of coaxial cables
Option 5: Fixed physical medium
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: What is a key difference between constellation satellite networks with and without inter-satellite links (ISL)?
Option 1: Without ISL, multiple satellite hops are needed for wide coverage, while with ISL, wide coverage is achieved via direct inter-satellite links; however, end-to-end delay can be highly variable due to dynamic routing.
Option 2: With ISL, multiple hops are always required, while without ISL, coverage is instantaneous.
Option 3: Without ISL, satellites communicate directly with each other to reduce hops.
Option 4: With ISL, the network eliminates any end-to-end delay variability.
Option 5: Both configurations have identical routing and delay characteristics.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is a key feature of self-hosted terminals in an IP over Satellite (IPoS) system?
Option 1: They operate independently without requiring an external PC.
Option 2: They must always be connected to an external PC to function.
Option 3: They are designed exclusively for military applications.
Option 4: They cannot support IP traffic.
Answer: Option1
Topic: BER
Question: What is a key feature of the OPTI system in fiber-optic communications?
Option 1: It is a standalone physical layer simulator that models fiber-optic communication systems realistically.
Option 2: It requires integration with multiple other simulation frameworks to function.
Option 3: It simulates only the network layer, ignoring physical layer effects.
Option 4: It is used exclusively for wireless communication simulations.
Option 5: It does not perform any realistic modeling of fiber-optic systems.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What is a key implication of using LLC/SNAP encapsulation in a network?
Option 1: All connections using LLC/SNAP terminate at the LLC layer in end systems, where packet multiplexing occurs.
Option 2: Connections bypass the LLC layer and are processed only at the physical layer.
Option 3: LLC/SNAP encapsulation eliminates the need for packet multiplexing entirely.
Answer: Option1
Topic: NTN
Question: What is a key limitation regarding the operation of terrestrial networks (TN) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)?
Option 1: TN and NTN cannot operate in a co-existence mode in the same frequency bands.
Option 2: TN and NTN can freely share spectrum without any interference concerns.
Option 3: NTN can only operate if TN is completely shut down.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What is a key trade-off when using software-based error correction in satellite or terrestrial communications?
Option 1: It reduces the bit error rate (BER) effectively but at the cost of lower data throughput.
Option 2: It increases throughput while eliminating all transmission errors.
Option 3: It requires no processing resources and has no impact on performance.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: What is a non-regenerative payload? 
Option 1:  A spaceborne/airborne platform with no on-board processing capabilities that changes the frequency carrier of the received uplink RF signal, filters and amplifies it before transmitting it on the downlink.
Option 2: A spaceborne/airborne platform with no on-board processing capabilities that demodulates and decodes the received uplink RF signal before retransmitting it on the downlink.
Option 3: A spaceborne/airborne platform with advanced on-board processing that analyzes, compresses, and re-encodes the uplink signal prior to transmission.
Option 4: A spaceborne/airborne platform that does not alter the frequency carrier of the received uplink RF signal and transmits it on the same frequency band.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is a PC-hosted satellite terminal, and what is its main characteristic?
Option 1: A terminal primarily for consumer applications that operates as a PC peripheral (e.g., USB) and requires significant support from the PC for operation.
Option 2: A standalone terminal that requires no PC support and works independently.
Option 3: A high-capacity enterprise terminal used for backbone network routing.
Option 4: A terminal that only supports broadcast television reception.
Option 5: A satellite terminal that connects directly to the cloud without any PC or peripheral interface.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What is a primary challenge in using TCP over satellite links?
Option 1: Low latency
Option 2: High packet loss and long RTT
Option 3: Unlimited bandwidth
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: What is a regenerative payload?
Option 1: A spaceborne platform that has on top of RF filtering, frequency conversion and amplification also on-board processing capabilities for demodulation/decoding, switching and/or routing, coding/modulation.
Option 2: A spaceborne platform that performs only RF filtering and amplification without any capability for demodulation, decoding, or routing.
Option 3: A spaceborne platform that relies entirely on ground stations for all signal processing, with no on-board frequency conversion or modulation.
Option 4: A spaceborne platform that performs optical image processing instead of handling communication functions such as switching or coding.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is a significant factor for packet loss in satellite IP networks?
Option 1: Weather interference
Option 2: Low power
Option 3: User movement
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: What is a transparent (or bent-pipe) satellite, and what is its main function?
Option 1: A satellite with a repeater that relays signals between terminals without processing; also called a bent-pipe or pent-pipe satellite.
Option 2: A satellite that performs full onboard processing of signals, including demodulation and regeneration.
Option 3: A satellite that only receives signals without retransmission.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: What is an advantage of a transparent satellite payload?
Option 1:  It has lower complexity as the satellites act as  
repeaters amplifying and forwarding  
signals.
Option 2: It performs complex signal processing onboard, increasing payload complexity.
Option 3: It allows the satellite to generate its own data, rather than forwarding received signals.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: What is an inter satellite link?
Option 1: Link between satellite and ground station
Option 2: Link between satellites orbiting
Option 3: Link inside satellite components
Option 4: Link between satellite and user terminal
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Uplink
Question: What is an uplink budget?
Option 1: Accounting of losses and gains in uplink transmission
Option 2: Satellite orbit calculations
Option 3: Ground station location mapping
Option 4: Downlink signal strengths
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: What is communication latency?
Option 1: Time to send data
Option 2: Time for data processing
Option 3: Delay from source to destination
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question: what is Earth station noise temperature?
Option 1: It is the level of sky noise temperature to system noise temperature, the effect of sky noise on the downlink signal-to-noise-ratio.
Option 2: It is the level of sky noise in the troposphere which is included in paths from higher altitude sites, impairments are less at high altitude.
Option 3: It is the signal attenuation by gas absorption, where the severity of tropospheric
impairments increases with frequency.
Option 4: It is the level of sky noise temperature to cloud noise
temperature having an effect of sky noise on the transmitter signal to noise ratio.
Option 5: It is the level of sky noise temperature and the amount and nature of the rainfall in the vicinity of the earth station.
Answer: Option1
Topic: NTN
Question: What is FWA?
Option 1:  A fixed wireless access service uses the cellular network to deliver ultra-fast broadband.
Option 2: A fixed wireless access service uses the satellite network to deliver ultra-fast broadband instead of relying on cellular infrastructure.
Option 3: A fixed wireless access service delivers broadband using the cellular network but is designed for mobile users rather than fixed locations.
Option 4: A fixed wireless access service provides connectivity through wired fiber backhaul only, without any use of cellular radio links.
Option 5: A fixed wireless access service uses the Wi-Fi network to provide ultra-fast broadband rather than the cellular network.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: What is Hybrid Beamforming in communication systems?
Option 1: It combines both analog and digital techniques, often used where a purely digital approach would be too costly or complex.
Option 2: It uses only analog beamforming, without any digital processing.
Option 3: It relies solely on digital beamforming, ignoring analog components.
Option 4: It refers to a mechanical steering of antennas, not involving signal processing.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is meant by fade margin?
Option 1: The level of received power in excess of that required for a specified minimum 
level of system erformance is referred to as the fade margin.
Option 2: The fade margin is the difference between transmitted and received power due to free-space loss.
Option 3: The fade margin refers to the total attenuation caused by rain, fog, and atmospheric gases.
Option 4: The fade margin is the minimum signal power required for link synchronization.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: What is meant by telemetry?
Option 1: Telemetry refers to the amplification of weak signals over short distances within a receiver.
Option 2: Telemetry, or telemetering is measurement at a 
distance. 
Option 3: Telemetry is the process of encoding and encrypting user data for secure transmission.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is mismatch loss in a communication system?
Option 1: A mismatch of impedances will result in a 
relative loss of radiated power referred to as mismatch loss.
Option 2: Mismatch loss occurs when the signal is amplified, increasing radiated power.
Option 3: Mismatch loss happens when antenna gain exceeds transmitter power.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is modulation loss in a communication system?
Option 1: The reduction in signal power from the maximum possible due to the use of a modulated signal.
Option 2: The increase in signal strength caused by amplifying the carrier before modulation.
Option 3: The loss that occurs when the antenna is misaligned with the satellite.
Option 4: The attenuation caused only by free-space propagation, independent of modulation.
Option 5: The power lost due to errors in digital encoding schemes.
Answer: Option1
Topic: NTN
Question: What is one main advantage of using Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites in NTN?
Option 1: They have shorter latency than GEO
Option 2: Highest altitude and coverage
Option 3: Lowest production cost
Option 4: No handoff needed
Option 5: They are fixed relative to the Earth
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is path loss?
Option 1: Path loss is the sum of free space loss plus additional losses induced by the interaction of the EM (electromagnetic) wavefront with the terrain and/or obstructions along 
the path of propagation.
Option 2: Path loss refers only to free space loss, ignoring terrain or obstruction effects.
Option 3: Path loss is the gain obtained from antenna focusing and beamforming.
Option 4: Path loss represents losses in the transmitter hardware, not propagation effects.
Option 5: Path loss is the reduction in signal due to receiver noise figure, independent of propagation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is system loss?
Option 1: System loss is the sum of the total insertion loss in the transmission line plus 
any loss due to an impedance mismatch with the antenna. 
Option 2: System loss refers only to the free-space path loss, ignoring transmission line or antenna effects.
Option 3: System loss is the loss caused by atmospheric absorption, excluding any hardware losses.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: What is the advantage of a regenerative satellite payload?
Option 1:  Better performance due to support of more advanced functions, such as resource coordination and routing.
Option 2: They provide better performance by removing resource coordination and routing, simplifying the system.
Option 3: They provide better performance by removing resource coordination and routing, simplifying the system.
Option 4: They improve performance by reducing the number of users, not by coordinating resources.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What is the advantage of RBDC (Rate-Based Dynamic Capacity) allocation compared to CRA (Constant Reserved Allocation) in satellite networks?
Option 1: RBDC provides a better trade-off between QoS guarantees and bandwidth efficiency at a lower cost.
Option 2: RBDC eliminates all QoS guarantees and maximizes cost.
Option 3: RBDC offers higher cost with no improvement in bandwidth efficiency.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: What is the advantage of using adaptive beamforming in antenna arrays?
Option 1:  Antenna arrays using adaptive beamforming techniques can reject interfering
 signals having a direction of arrival different from that of a desired signal. 
Option 2: It amplifies all incoming signals equally, regardless of direction.
Option 3: It eliminates the need for antennas entirely by using software-only solutions.
Option 4: It works only for single-antenna systems, not arrays.
Option 5: It reduces the desired signal strength to improve interference detection.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What is the benefit of full byte interleaving of the ATM cell payload?
Option 1: It reduces the undetected error rate by distributing burst errors across multiple AAL 3/4 payloads.
Option 2: It increases the raw transmission rate without any error reduction.
Option 3: It compresses the ATM cell payload to save bandwidth.
Option 4: It converts ATM cells into IP packets.
Option 5: It eliminates the need for any error detection or correction codes.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: What is the benefit of higher integration with the new Intersil devices in a telemetry and command system?
Option 1: Higher integration with the new Intersil devices enables a 2x increase in the number of telemetry inputs and command outputs.
Option 2: It reduces the number of telemetry inputs and outputs by half.
Option 3: It eliminates the need for telemetry inputs entirely.
Option 4: It only increases signal strength without affecting the number of inputs or outputs.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: What is the channel used for system information broadcast in LTE?
Option 1: DCCH
Option 2: PCCH
Option 3: BCCH
Option 4: MCCH
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: What is the condition for locating a user in the satellite system?
Option 1: The home of a user is located in the satellite
system if and only if it belongs to an area completely covered
by the terrestrial system.
Option 2: The home of a user is located in the satellite
system if and only if it belongs to an area not covered
by the terrestrial system.
Option 3: The home of a user is located in the satellite
system if it is visible only in the satellite's periphery.
Option 4: The a user is located in the satellite
system if and only if it belongs to the area covered by the earth station.
Option 5: The home of a user is located in the satellite
system only if it belongs to an area owned by the ground facility.
Answer: Option2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: What is the current focus of 3GPP regarding satellite communications?
Option 1: 3GPP is now concentrating 
on the normative work for support of 
LEO and GEO satellites using 5G. 
Option 2: Manufacturing 5G satellites for commercial deployment.
Option 3: Limiting satellite communications exclusively to 4G networks.
Option 4: Allocating frequency bands for terrestrial 5G only, ignoring satellites.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is the effect of increasing the antenna's effective aperture?
Option 1: Increased gain and improved link budget
Option 2: Decreased gain
Option 3: No effect
Answer: Option 1
Topic: SNR
Question: What is the effect of interference on SNR?
Option 1: Improves SNR
Option 2: No effect
Option 3: Reduces SNR
Option 4: Converts noise to signal
Option 5: Converts signal to noise
Answer: Option 3
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What is the effect of link errors on TCP over satellite?
Option 1: Causes unnecessary retransmissions
Option 2: Improves reliability
Option 3: Increases bandwidth
Option 4: Lowers latency
Option 5: Decreases window size
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is the effect of weather conditions like fog on link budget?
Option 1: No effect
Option 2: Slight attenuation
Option 3: Increase antenna gain
Option 4: Increase transmit power
Answer: Option 2
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: What is the forward link waveform based on?
Option 1: The forward link waveform uses a TDM access and is based on DVB-S2 standard
in ACM mode.
Option 2: The FMT loop allows control of modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate, but it cannot adjust the symbol rate dynamically
Option 3: The FMT loop allows control of modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate, but its purpose is solely to minimize power consumption.
Option 4: The FMT loop allows control only of the modulation type, without adjusting the code rate or symbol rate, to optimize spectral efficiency.
Option 5: The FMT loop allows control of modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate, but it is designed only for error correction tuning.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: What is the function of a modem in the telecommunication payload?
Option 1: Amplify signals
Option 2: Modulate and demodulate data signals
Option 3: Provide power
Option 4: Control satellite orbit
Option 5: Thermal management
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is the function of Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)?
Option 1: This acts as an interface between the 3G network and the external PS networks.
Option 2: The GGSN functions as a radio access controller, managing the handover between mobile base stations.
Option 3: The GGSN serves as an intermediate node between user devices and circuit-switched networks like PSTN.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is the function of the IPoS (Internet Protocol over Satellite) protocol?
Option 1:  The IPoS protocol is a multilayered peer-to-peer protocol providing the mechanisms to exchange IP traffic and signaling information between the entities in the central hub station and satellite remote terminals.
Option 2: The IPoS protocol is a hardware interface standard for connecting terrestrial routers to fiber-optic networks.
Option 3: The IPoS protocol is used exclusively for voice communication, not for IP-based data transfer.
Option 4: The IPoS protocol operates only between satellites, not involving ground terminals or hubs.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What is the function of the protocol field in a network layer header?
Option 1: The protocol field indicates the protocol data in the payload. It can be TCP or UDP. It is also possible to carry data of other transport layer protocols.
Option 2: It determines the physical medium (like fiber or copper) used for data transmission.
Option 3: It identifies the MAC address of the destination device.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is the function of the satellite return channel in an IP over Satellite (IPoS) system?
Option 1: To transmit data from the user terminal back to the hub via inroute satellite channels.
Option 2: To broadcast video and audio streams from the hub to all users.
Option 3: To provide only signaling information without carrying user data.
Option 4: To route terrestrial network traffic without involving the satellite.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: What is the function of the TT&C transponder onboard a satellite?
Option 1: Amplify user signals
Option 2: Send tone signals for range and rate measurements
Option 3: Encrypt telemetry data
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is the general unit of antenna effective area?
Option 1: Square meters
Option 2: Decibels
Option 3: Watts
Option 4: Hertz
Answer: Option 1
Topic: SNR
Question: What is the impact of increasing bandwidth on noise power in a communication system?
Option 1: Noise power decreases
Option 2: Noise power remains same
Option 3: Noise power increases
Option 4: Noise power becomes zero
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is the impact of multipath fading on link budget?
Option 1: Signal power increases
Option 2: Signal power fluctuates
Option 3: Signal power remains consistent
Option 4: Signal frequency increases
Answer: Option 2
Topic: SNR
Question: What is the impact of noise figure on SNR?
Option 1: Higher noise figure reduces SNR
Option 2: Higher noise figure improves SNR
Option 3: Noise figure does not impact SNR
Option 4: Noise figure affects bandwidth
Option 5: Noise figure affects transmit power
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is the intrinsic gain of a standard half-wave vertical dipole antenna relative to an isotropic radiator?
Option 1:  Relative to an isotropic radiator, a standard 
half wave vertical dipole antenna will exhibit an intrinsic gain of 2.15 dB in the horizontal.
Option 2: A half-wave vertical dipole has an intrinsic gain of 0 dB relative to an isotropic radiator.
Option 3: A half-wave vertical dipole has an intrinsic gain of -2.15 dB in the horizontal plane.
Option 4: A half-wave vertical dipole has an intrinsic gain of 10 dB, much higher than 2.15 dB.
Option 5: A half-wave vertical dipole’s gain is measured only vertically, not in the horizontal plane.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question: What is the key challenge for low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite user terminals?
Option 1: High latency
Option 2: Frequent handoffs
Option 3: Low bandwidth availability
Option 4: High power consumption
Answer: Option 2