esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: Wireless communication systems
Question: What does handoff mean in cellular wireless systems?
Option 1: Dropping a call
Option 2: Switching mobile to a new cell
Option 3: Switching off the device
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does implementation loss refer to in a communication system?
Option 1: Implementation loss refers to implementation losses in the receiver (e.g. detector effciency)
Option 2: Losses that occur only in the transmitter, unrelated to the receiver.
Option 3: Losses caused exclusively by atmospheric absorption, not by the receiver design.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does it mean when a signal travels through various types of channels in a communication link?
Option 1: The signal experiences different channel conditions, such as fading, multipath, and noise, along its path.
Option 2: The signal remains completely unaffected regardless of the medium or environment.
Option 3: The signal travels only through fiber-optic channels and ignores wireless propagation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: NTN
Question: What does LTE-M stand for?
Option 1: LTE-M stands for Long-Term Evolution machine type communications. 
Option 2: LTE-M stands for Long-Term Evolution for Mobile broadband.
Option 3: LTE-M stands for Low-Tier Evolution for Machine communications.
Option 4: LTE-M stands for Long-Term Evolution for Multimedia.
Option 5: LTE-M stands for Long-Term Evolution for Massive MIMO.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: What does NSA (Non-Standalone) operation between NTN and terrestrial networks (TN) imply?
Option 1:  NSA (Non standalone) operation between NTN and TN, such as 
running one leg connection with NTN and another leg connection with TN, 
is not precluded in standards, it can be potentially challenging.
Option 2: NSA operation is prohibited by all standards and cannot be implemented.
Option 3: NSA operation means both legs must use the NTN exclusively, with no terrestrial involvement.
Option 4: NSA operation is simple and poses no challenges, regardless of network configuration.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: What does PLATINE emulate?
Option 1: PLATINE emulates DVB-RCS and DVB-S2 transparent or regenerative satellite
systems.
Option 2: PLATINE emulates only DVB-S2 systems.
Option 3: PLATINE emulates DVB-C and DVB-C2.
Option 4: PLATINE emulates DVB-S and DVB-T transparent or regenerative satellite systems.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What does RTT stand for in TCP satellite communication?
Option 1: Real-Time Transfer
Option 2: Round-Trip Time
Option 3: Reliable Transmission Technique
Option 4: Real-Time Transmission
Option 5: Random Transfer Time
Answer: Option 2
Topic: SNR
Question: What does SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) analysis ensure in telecommunications?
Option 1: In telecommunications, SNR analysis ensures the clarity and reliability of voice and data transmission over networks.
Option 2: SNR analysis primarily measures the speed and latency of network connections.
Option 3: SNR analysis determines the encryption strength of transmitted data.
Option 4: SNR analysis is mainly used for allocating IP addresses in a network.
Option 5: SNR analysis ensures the compatibility of hardware components in telecommunication systems.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What does the Availability Ratio (AR) of a network connection represent?
Option 1: The portion of time that the connection is in the available state during an observation period, regardless of whether it is in use.
Option 2: The fraction of time the connection is actively transmitting data only.
Option 3: The percentage of packets successfully delivered over the connection.
Option 4: The signal-to-noise ratio of the connection
Option 5: The total bandwidth allocated to the connection.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: What does the Carrier-to-Noise-and-Interference ratio (C/(N+I)) represent in RF systems?
Option 1: The ratio of carrier or signal power to the total noise power (including white noise and interference) in a specified bandwidth, as measured on an RF spectrum analyzer or similar equipment.
Option 2: The absolute level of interference only, without reference to the carrier.
Option 3: The ratio of transmitted power to received power over a free-space path.
Option 4: The measure of signal phase distortion caused by propagation delay.
Option 5: The total transmitted energy over unlimited bandwidth, ignoring noise and interference.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does the free space propagation model tell about?
Option 1: As an EM wave propagates in free space, the power density per unit area 
decreases in proportion to the frequency and the square of the distance traveled. 
Option 2: As an EM wave propagates in free space, the power density per unit area decreases in proportion to the cube of the distance traveled.
Option 3: The power density of an EM wave increases with frequency as it propagates through free space.
Option 4: In free space, the power density remains constant regardless of the distance traveled, since there are no losses.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What does the hub segment consist of in a satellite communication network?
Option 1: The hub segment consists of the gateway interconnecting the satellite access network with the external networks, Internet, corporate, or private packet networks.
Option 2: The hub segment consists only of user terminals that provide end-user connectivity without external network access.
Option 3: The hub segment functions solely as a satellite repeater with no terrestrial network interfaces.
Option 4: The hub segment includes onboard satellite payload processors that manage inter-satellite routing.
Option 5: The hub segment is a purely local distribution node that connects multiple user terminals within a single LAN.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: What does the interactive satellite architecture comprise of?
Option 1: The interactive satellite architecture consists of a ground station (hub), one or more satellites
in the forward direction, a satellite interactive terminal (return channel satellite terminal,
RCST) at the user’s location and a satellite in the return direction.
Option 2: The interactive satellite architecture consists of a transport pocket, one or more satellites
in the forward direction, a satellite interactive terminal at the user’s location and a satellite in the return direction.
Option 3: The interactive satellite architecture consists of a ground station (hub), two polar transmission devices, a satellite interactive terminal (return channel satellite terminal,
RCST) at the user’s location and a satellite in the return direction.
Option 4: The ISA consists of several space stations (hub), one or more satellites
in the backward direction, a return channel satellite terminal, at the transmitter's location and a satellite in the return direction.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does the link power balance relationship consider and ignore?
Option 1: The link power balance relationship fully accounts for atmospheric losses, including absorption, scintillation, and rain attenuation, in addition to free-space loss.
Option 2: The link power balance relationship considers only the free-space loss and ignores the effects of the different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.
Option 3: The link power balance relationship considers only ionospheric and tropospheric effects, excluding free-space loss altogether.
Option 4: The link power balance relationship assumes that atmospheric effects dominate and that free-space loss has negligible impact on total received power.
Option 5: The link power balance relationship ignores free-space loss because it is compensated by antenna gain in most practical systems.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What does the Modulation Error Ratio (MER) quantify in a communication system?
Option 1: The ratio of average signal constellation power to average constellation
error power.
Option 2: The total transmitted power irrespective of signal errors.
Option 3: The bandwidth required for a modulated signal.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: What does the ratio of data rate to bandwidth (R/B) represent in a communication system?
Option 1: The spectral efficiency or bandwidth efficiency of the modulation.
Option 2: The propagation delay of the signal over a channel.
Option 3: The total transmitted power of the system.
Option 4: The modulation index of an amplitude-modulated signal.
Option 5: The packet loss rate in a network link.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What does the roll-off factor represent in communication systems?
Option 1: It is a parameter used in shaping the signal to minimize interference between adjacent channel with higher values increasing the required bandwidth.
Option 2: It is a measure of antenna gain, where higher values indicate narrower beamwidth and improved directionality.
Option 3: It defines the ratio of noise power to signal bandwidth, determining overall system sensitivity.
Option 4: It is a compression factor used in reducing data rates for efficient modulation.
Option 5: It refers to the attenuation rate of filters in dB per octave, unrelated to signal bandwidth.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What does the RSGW provide?
Option 1: It provides interconnection
with terrestrial networks (ISDN/POTS, Internet, and Intranet).
Option 2: It exclusively routes traffic within the satellite payload, without interfacing with external networks.
Option 3: It provides user terminal applications directly, bypassing terrestrial networks.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: What does the Shannon limit describe in communication systems?
Option 1: The maximum achievable data rate for a channel based on its bandwidth, carrier power, and noise level.
Option 2: The minimum bandwidth required for transmitting a signal without considering noise or power.
Option 3: The maximum transmission distance achievable without signal attenuation.
Option 4: The theoretical limit of error-free communication using only carrier power, ignoring bandwidth.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does the signal receiving equipment consist of?
Option 1: The receiving equipment consists of the receive antenna with gain Gr in the direction of the transmit equipment, connected by a feeder to the receiver Rx.
Option 2: The receiving equipment consists of the receive antenna without any gain, connected by a feeder to the receiver Rx.
Option 3: The receiving equipment consists of the receive antenna with gain Gr, but it is not connected to a receiver, only to a signal amplifier.
Option 4: The receiving equipment consists of the receive antenna with gain Gr, connected by a wireless link.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What does the stated coaxial cable loss represent?
Option 1:  The loss of the coaxial cable only and does not include the additional 
loss of any connectors used to construct a finished cable assembly.
Option 2: The loss of the coaxial cable includes all connector losses automatically.
Option 3: The loss measures only connector losses, ignoring the coaxial cable itself.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What does the term ‘three-axis stabilisation’ refer to in satellite attitude control?
Option 1: The term ‘three-axis stabilisation’ denotes an attitude control system in which the body of the
satellite maintains a fixed orientation with respect to the local coordinate system.
Option 2: It refers to a spin-stabilised satellite that continuously rotates around its longitudinal axis for stability.
Option 3: It describes a system where only the solar panels are stabilized, while the rest of the satellite drifts freely.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What does the term “broadband” commonly refer to in communications?
Option 1: Broadband, also referred to as wideband, is used frequently to indicate some form of high-speed access. 
Option 2: Extremely low-speed narrowband connections.
Option 3: Analog-only voice transmission channels.
Option 4: Point-to-point microwave links exclusively.
Option 5: Networks that operate without using any frequency spectrum.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: What does the term gateway refer to in satellite communications?
Option 1: The term gateway refer to a large ground station that is connected to other networks
such as the Internet.
Option 2: A gateway is a small user terminal used only for local area connections.
Option 3: A gateway is a satellite in orbit that directly connects to terrestrial routers.
Option 4: A gateway refers to a mobile handset that provides on-board processing.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question: What does the user segment in a satellite communication system typically consist of?
Option 1: Thousands to hundreds of thousands of remote terminals, each capable of providing broadband IP communications to remote sites through their IPoS satellite interface to the gateway.
Option 2: A single centralized hub that manages all data routing between satellites and terrestrial networks.
Option 3: Only the gateway stations that connect the satellite network to the Internet backbone.
Option 4: A collection of control centers responsible solely for monitoring satellite health and telemetry.
Option 5: A few large antennas dedicated exclusively to inter-satellite communication links.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Uplink
Question: What effect does rain attenuation have on uplink signals?
Option 1: Increases signal power
Option 2: Causes signal loss
Option 3: No effect
Option 4: Improves signal quality
Option 5: Reduces antenna gain
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: What effect does reliability of handover procedures have?
Option 1: Reliability of handover procedures impacts
heavily on the manufacturing of an integrated
system.
Option 2: Reliability of handover procedures impacts
heavily on the successful exploitation of an integrated
system.
Option 3: Reliability of handover procedures impacts
multi-hop transfers of an integrated
system.
Option 4: Reliability of handover procedures impacts
end-to-end delays in an integrated
system.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: What factors affect the amount of surviving signal components after reflection or scattering?
Option 1: The amount of surviving signal components depends on the surface and the incidence angle.
Option 2: Only the transmitted signal power, regardless of surface or angle.
Option 3: The modulation scheme of the transmitted signal exclusively.
Option 4: The color of the surface but not the incidence angle.
Option 5: Only the distance between transmitter and receiver, ignoring surface properties.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What form of diversity improves link availability?
Option 1: Frequency diversity
Option 2: Time diversity
Option 3: Space diversity
Option 4: All of the above
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: What happened to analog satellite TV broadcasting in the Ku band over time?
Option 1: It peaked in the mid-1990s, then continuously declined, and was completely suspended in 2010.
Option 2: It continuously grew from the 1990s and remains the dominant broadcast method today.
Option 3: It was never broadcast in the Ku band.
Option 4: It only declined after 2020 due to the rise of streaming.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What happens during an intra-beam handover when the subscriber’s current frequency becomes unavailable in a new geographic region?
Option 1: The system must assign a new frequency to maintain connectivity as the beam moves into the new region.
Option 2: The subscriber immediately loses connection until the satellite re-enters the same region.
Option 3: The subscriber switches to a different satellite automatically, without changing frequency.
Option 4: The beam continues operating on the same frequency regardless of regional allocation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What happens to the phase shift at very small grazing angles of incidence?
Option 1: The phase shift remains constant at 0°, regardless of the grazing angle.
Option 2: The phase shift in a ground-reflected, vertically polarized wavefront can approach 180° for very 
small, grazing angles of incidence. 
Option 3: The phase shift decreases to 90° as the grazing angle becomes smaller.
Option 4: The phase shift approaches 360°, indicating a complete in-phase reflection.
Option 5: The phase shift becomes random, depending solely on the surface conductivity of the ground.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: What happens to the plane of polarization in a circularly-polarized antenna?
Option 1: In a circularly-polarized antenna, the plane of polarization rotates in a
 corkscrew pattern making one complete revolution during each wavelength.
Option 2: It remains fixed in a single direction regardless of wavelength.
Option 3: It oscillates linearly back and forth without rotation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What happens to the signal in transmission line devices that do not provide gain?
Option 1: Each device in the transmission line that does not produce a signal gain 
(amplifier) will exhibit some degree of signal loss.
Option 2: Each device in the transmission line that does not produce gain will amplify the signal automatically.
Option 3: Devices without gain have no effect on signal strength, causing neither loss nor amplification.
Option 4: Devices without gain invert the signal phase, rather than affecting amplitude.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: What happens when a link up trigger is delivered in Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6?
Option 1: When a link up trigger is delivered, the MN sends an FNA (Fast Neighbor
Advertisement) message to the NAR to inform its existence.
Option 2: The MN immediately disconnects from all networks without notification.
Option 3: The MN sends a standard ICMP Echo Request instead of FNA.
Option 4: The NAR automatically updates its routing table without any message from the MN.
Option 5: The MN sends a FNA to all neighboring nodes, not just the NAR.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What happens when the optical attenuator is gradually tuned in a fiber-optic system?
Option 1: Both the BER and Q factor vary until the desired performance parameter values are achieved.
Option 2: The BER remains constant while the Q factor becomes infinite.
Option 3: Tuning the attenuator has no effect on BER or Q factor.
Option 4: Only the Q factor changes; BER is unaffected.
Option 5: The system immediately fails regardless of the attenuator setting.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: What happens when there is a delay in Handover indication? 
Option 1: The delay introduced by
the satellite hop may generate a time interval during which no
message blocks are received from both the MS and the fixed network side.
Option 2: The fixed assignment could be effectively modified in the cells by the delay where inter-system handovers more often take place.
Option 3: The handover execution
message is forwarded, through a Fast Associated
Control Channel (FACCH).
Option 4: The measurements
results are sent to the TBS on the Slow Associated
Control Channel (SACCH) to assist the handover
decision process.
Option 5: The handover request is issued to the Satellite MSC (S-MSC), which grants one of its available channels.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What is a defining characteristic of distributed routing algorithms in satellite networks?
Option 1: Each satellite exchanges network metrics and independently computes its own routing graph.
Option 2: A central hub computes all routes and distributes them to every satellite.
Option 3: Satellites follow fixed, pre-programmed routing tables that never change.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is a forward connection in a satellite communication system?
Option 1: A connection from a gateway, hub or feeder
station to a user terminal is called a forward connection.
Option 2: A connection from a user terminal to a gateway, representing the uplink path.
Option 3: A connection between two satellites in the same constellation.
Option 4: A connection within a ground-based LAN, unrelated to the satellite network.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: What is a key advantage of on-board processing in telecommunication payloads?
Option 1: Increased delay
Option 2: Reduced signal quality
Option 3: Reduced bandwidth needs
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: What is a key advantage of PMIPv6 in satellite or wireless networks?
Option 1: It avoids tunneling overhead over the air/satellite link and eliminates the need for the mobile host to participate in mobility management.
Option 2: It requires the mobile host to manage all handovers and mobility signaling.
Option 3: It only works with IPv4 networks and cannot handle satellite links.
Option 4: It increases tunneling overhead to ensure reliable mobility.
Option 5: It eliminates the need for routing protocols in the network.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: What is a key advantage of the UE knowing both the satellite ephemeris and its own location in an NTN system?
Option 1: It allows the UE to estimate the Timing Advance value and pre-compensate delay and Doppler shift for uplink transmissions.
Option 2: It enables the UE to avoid synchronization with the target gNB.
Option 3: It allows the UE to eliminate the need for any Doppler correction.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is a key advantage of using Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) in satellite networks?
Option 1: Satellites can communicate directly with each other by line of sight, reducing earth–space traffic and avoiding multiple hops.
Option 2: ISL increases the need for multiple earth–space hops, adding more traffic to the network.
Option 3: ISL only allows communication between satellites and ground stations, not between satellites.
Option 4: ISL eliminates the need for satellite antennas entirely.
Option 5: ISL reduces satellite communication to single-frequency operation only.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: What is a key advantage of using spot-beam satellites in communication networks?
Option 1: They improve the figure of merit (G/T) for earth stations and allow frequency reuse across multiple beams, increasing total network capacity without requiring additional bandwidth.
Option 2: They require significantly larger ground antennas to maintain link stability across beams.
Option 3: They eliminate the need for frequency planning since all beams operate on the same frequency.
Option 4: They reduce total network capacity by limiting frequency reuse between beams.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: What is a key benefit of analog beamforming?
Option 1: Multiple beams simultaneously
Option 2: Simplicity
Option 3: High flexibility
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is a key characteristic of a “traditional” VSAT network with a single hub?
Option 1: It uses a central hub to broadcast information to all VSAT terminals within the satellite beam.
Option 2: Each VSAT terminal communicates directly with every other terminal without a hub.
Option 3: The system relies on multiple independent hubs operating within the same satellite beam.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Uplink
Question: What is a key characteristic of a Reduced Rate STM (STM-R) uplink with STM-1 downlink system?
Option 1: It is a multi-destination system that requires significant on-board processing of SDH signals.
Option 2: It is a single-destination system with no on-board processing.
Option 3: It eliminates the need for SDH signal handling entirely.
Answer: Option1