esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: Link availability
Question: How will you define link availability?
Option 1: Availability of a semi-permanent connection portion is defined as the fraction of time during which
the portion is able to support a transaction.
Option 2: Availability of  a link is defined as the fraction of time during which the network is in a down state.
Option 3: Link availability is defined as a model that uses two states corresponding to the ability or inability of the network to sustain a
connection in the available state.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In 3GPP specs, what is the purpose of HARQ?
Option 1: Reduce latency
Option 2: Increase throughput via retransmissions
Option 3: Enhance encryption
Option 4: Improve modulation
Option 5: Assign spectrum
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In 3GPP, the term E-UTRA refers to:
Option 1: Core network upgrade
Option 2: UMTS radio access protocol
Option 3: LTE radio access network
Option 4: Satellite access
Option 5: Wi-Fi extension
Answer: Option 3
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In 3GPP, what does IMS stand for?
Option 1: Internet Messaging Service
Option 2: IP Multimedia Subsystem
Option 3: Integrated Mobile System
Option 4: Intelligent Management Service
Option 5: Interactive Media Session
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In 5G NR, what does numerology refer to?
Option 1: Antenna type
Option 2: Subcarrier spacing
Option 3: Modulation coding
Option 4: User capacity
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: In a DVB-RCS-based Video on Demand (VoD) system, how are audio and video streams typically transmitted and processed?
Option 1: The VoD server sends IP-encapsulated video and audio using UDP for real-time transmission and TCP for session control; the DVB-RCST at the client side de-encapsulates IP traffic and forwards it to set-top boxes for decoding.
Option 2: The VoD server transmits all video and audio directly over TCP to ensure full reliability.
Option 3: The DVB-RCST performs video decoding and sends only analog signals to the set-top boxes.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: In a mobile network using a Soft Switch, how is a new Tracking Area Code (TAC) handled by a gNB?
Option 1: The gNB adds the new TAC in its system information and broadcasts both TACs simultaneously for a specified time.
Option 2: The gNB replaces the old TAC with the new TAC and stops broadcasting the old one.
Option 3: The gNB ignores the new TAC until all user devices are manually updated.
Option 4: The gNB broadcasts only one TAC at a time, alternating between old and new.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: In a multimedia satellite network, how are video and voice streams typically processed for distribution?
Option 1: Video streams are encoded in real-time using H.264 from a live source, while a VoIP gateway using H.323/SIP interfaces voice traffic to the public PSTN network.
Option 2: Video streams are transmitted raw without compression, and voice uses only analog switching.
Option 3: H.264 is used exclusively for voice encoding, while video uses H.323/SIP.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: In a satellite communication system, what is the main role of the hub station in the return channel path?
Option 1: It acts as a gateway connecting the satellite return channel to other satellite and terrestrial networks.
Option 2: It only amplifies the uplink signals for retransmission.
Option 3: It controls the user terminal’s transmission power levels.
Option 4: It handles only downlink traffic management.
Option 5: It converts analog signals to digital before satellite transmission.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: In a satellite link, what mechanism helps avoid excessive delay and resource usage caused by packet fragmentation and reassembly?
Option 1: Using a ‘Packet Too Big’ ICMPv6 message to notify when a packet exceeds the Satellite Link MTU.
Option 2: Ignoring the MTU limit and allowing packets to fragment automatically.
Option 3: Compressing packets at the physical layer.
Option 4: Increasing the packet size beyond the MTU.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: In a satellite network using TCP Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs), how is traffic typically managed?
Option 1: TCP data streams are intercepted and forwarded between connections using buffering, while non-TCP traffic passes through the PEPs without modification.
Option 2: All traffic, including TCP and non-TCP, is terminated and re-established at each PEP.
Option 3: Only UDP traffic is buffered and reassembled by the PEPs before forwarding.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In a SIP-based communication system, what are the typical functions implemented by a SIP server?
Option 1: Implementing localization, proxy, and registrar functions, and acting as a proxy or redirect server depending on configuration.
Option 2: Managing only authentication and encryption of SIP messages.
Option 3: Handling only DNS resolution for SIP endpoints.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: In communication systems, how are carriers typically used?
Option 1: Carriers are modulated by baseband signals conveying
information for communications purposes.
Option 2: Carriers are unmodulated constant signals used only for synchronization.
Option 3: Carriers directly generate baseband information without modulation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: In digital beamforming, the signal is processed at:
Option 1: RF front end
Option 2: Baseband
Option 3: Antenna
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: In IP-based satellite data communication, why are network layer handovers required?
Option 1:  for IP-based data communication using satellites as IP nodes, network layer handovers are also required. 
Option 2: Network layer handovers are unnecessary, as satellite IP communication is always static and fixed.
Option 3: Network layer handovers are only needed in analog voice transmission, not in IP-based data communication.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: In link budget calculations, how are the effects of transmission line devices and antenna mismatch typically treated?
Option 1: The small effects of transmission line devices are negligible and the mismatch specification of the antenna can be assumed to be the dominant factor.
Option 2: Transmission line device losses are always dominant, and antenna mismatch can be ignored.
Option 3: Transmission line effects are treated as amplifiers, increasing received power in the link budget.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: In link budgets, what does "C/N0" represent?
Option 1: Carrier to noise density power ratio
Option 2: Carrier to noise bandwidth
Option 3: Carrier to noise power ratio
Option 4: Carrier voltage
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: In LTE, handover is controlled by:
Option 1: UE only
Option 2: Source base station
Option 3: Target base station
Option 4: Core network
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In LTE, how many subcarriers are in a resource block?
Option 1: 10
Option 2: 12
Option 3: 14
Option 4: 15
Option 5: 20
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Downlink
Question: In LTE, maximum downlink data rate can reach up to:
Option 1: 150 Mbps
Option 2: 300 Mbps
Option 3: 600 Mbps
Answer: Option 3
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In NR, the PUCCH mainly carries:
Option 1: Paging
Option 2: Scheduling requests
Option 3: Data traffic
Option 4: Handover info
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In NR, what does beamforming mainly improve?
Option 1: Coverage
Option 2: Modulation
Option 3: Duplexing
Option 4: Bandwidth
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question: In radio astronomy, how does an astronomer quantify the quality of an observation?
Option 1: By measuring the power of the astronomical signal (S) and the background noise (N) to calculate the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).
Option 2: By only measuring the power of the noise (N) and ignoring the signal.
Option 3: By counting the number of stars in the telescope’s field of view.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: In satellite communication, what effect can the propagation channel have on the carrier wave?
Option 1: Beside the modulation signal, the satellite propagation channel conditions may also cause
changes to the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier wave.
Option 2: It completely eliminates the carrier wave before it reaches the receiver.
Option 3: It only affects the color or visual representation of the signal.
Option 4: It keeps the amplitude, frequency, and phase perfectly constant at all times.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: In satellite communications, typical CNR values are:
Option 1: 0-5 dB
Option 2: 5-15 dB
Option 3: 15-40 dB
Option 4: 40-60 dB
Answer: Option 3
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: In satellite IP, jitter refers to:
Option 1: Delay variation
Option 2: Packet loss
Option 3: Packet error rate
Option 4: Signal strength
Option 5: Latency
Answer: Option 1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: In satellite IP, the delay affects:
Option 1: Throughput
Option 2: Latency-sensitive applications
Option 3: TCP window size
Option 4: All of these
Answer: Option 4
Topic: SNR
Question: In satellite networking, why is the transmission from the satellite to the earth station typically considered power-limited?
Option 1: Because the satellite has restricted power resources and the downlink experiences propagation losses and noise.
Option 2: Because earth stations have limited antenna gain.
Option 3: Because satellites use optical instead of radio frequency communication.
Option 4: Because downlink transmissions are always bandwidth-limited rather than power-limited.
Option 5: Because the satellite transmits only during daylight hours to save energy.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: In TCP over satellite, what does the term window scaling refer to?
Option 1: Scaling packet size
Option 2: Adjusting the congestion window for large bandwidth-delay products
Option 3: Reducing retransmissions
Option 4: Increasing retransmissions
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: In terrestrial networks, how are tracking areas (TAs) defined?
Option 1:  As for terrestrial networks, tracking areas are defined as a set of cells.
Option 2: As a single cell only, with each TA corresponding to exactly one base station.
Option 3: As a random geographic area unrelated to network cells or coverage.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: In TT&C, what type of data does the telemetry subsystem transmit?
Option 1: User data only
Option 2: Sensor and health data
Option 3: Video signals
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Uplink
Question: In uplink, what is the purpose of a power amplifier?
Option 1: Increase signal resolution
Option 2: Amplify transmitted signal power
Option 3: Reduce signal power
Option 4: Change modulation
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: In what modes can NTN and TN operate between Satellite Network Operators (SNOs) and Terrestrial Mobile Network Operators (MNOs)?
Option 1: NTN and TN can operate in either roaming mode or sharing mode between Satellite Network Operator 
(SNO) and Terrestrial Mobile Network Operator (MNO).
Option 2: Exclusive mode only, with no sharing or roaming allowed.
Option 3: Roaming mode only, with no sharing possible.
Option 4: Sharing mode only, without any roaming functionality.
Option 5: Fixed mode, where both networks operate independently without coordination.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: In which 3GPP generation is beamforming fundamental?
Option 1: 2G
Option 2: 3G
Option 3: 4G LTE
Option 4: 5G NR
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Beamforming
Question: In which systems is beamforming widely used?
Option 1: Wi-Fi only
Option 2: Satellite only
Option 3: MIMO systems
Option 4: Bluetooth only
Option 5: Cellular only
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Inter satellite link can be:
Option 1: RF only
Option 2: Optical only
Option 3: RF or Optical
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Inter satellite links help in:
Option 1: Power saving
Option 2: Reducing ground station dependency
Option 3: Increasing latency
Option 4: Increasing interference
Option 5: Limiting coverage
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Inter satellite links improve:
Option 1: Coverage
Option 2: Reliability
Option 3: Throughput
Option 4: All of the above
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Inter satellite links reduce dependency on:
Option 1: User terminals
Option 2: Ground stations
Option 3: Weather conditions
Option 4: Other satellites
Option 5: Power consumption
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Inter-RAT handover means handover between:
Option 1: Same standard cells
Option 2: Different frequency channels
Option 3: Different radio access technologies
Answer: Option 3
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: IP fragmentation is needed when:
Option 1: Packet size > MTU
Option 2: Packet size < MTU
Option 3: No header
Option 4: No payload
Answer: Option 1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: IP over satellite typically suffers from:
Option 1: Low throughput
Option 2: High latency
Option 3: Frequent handover
Option 4: No signal loss
Answer: Option 2
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: IP packet overhead includes:
Option 1: Ethernet header
Option 2: IP header
Option 3: TCP header
Option 4: All of these
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Latency can cause issues in:
Option 1: Email delivery
Option 2: Streaming video
Option 3: Voice calls
Option 4: File storage
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Latency is measured in:
Option 1: Watts
Option 2: Seconds
Option 3: Hertz
Option 4: Bits
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Latency is most critical in:
Option 1: File downloads
Option 2: Real-time control
Option 3: Email transmission
Option 4: Bulk data transfer
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link availability
Question: Link availability affects:
Option 1: User experience
Option 2: Service reliability
Option 3: Business continuity
Option 4: All of the above
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Link availability
Question: Link availability is defined as the:
Option 1: Total operational time of a link
Option 2: Probability that a link is up and usable
Option 3: Signal to noise ratio
Option 4: Data throughput
Option 5: Frequency range
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link availability
Question: Link availability is reduced by
Option 1: High latency
Option 2: Congestion
Option 3: Atmospheric conditions
Option 4: Large bandwidth
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Link availability
Question: Link outages caused by equipment failure usually affect availability for:
Option 1: Milliseconds
Option 2: Seconds
Option 3: Minutes to hours
Option 4: Days
Answer: Option 3
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Maximum throughput is limited by:
Option 1: Bandwidth
Option 2: Latency
Option 3: Congestion control
Option 4: All of these
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: On what parameters can conditional handover in satellite-based NTNs be based?
Option 1: Time and UE location, which corresponds to satellite elevation angles.
Option 2: Only the user’s IP address, independent of location or time.
Option 3: Signal color and satellite manufacturer type.
Option 4: Frequency band alone, without considering UE position or time.
Option 5: Weather conditions exclusively, ignoring elevation angle and time.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Optimization techniques for IP over satellite include:
Option 1: TCP acceleration
Option 2: Header compression
Option 3: Link layer error correction
Option 4: All of these
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Path loss is dependent on which of the following?
Option 1: Signal power
Option 2: Wavelength
Option 3: Frequency
Option 4: Both wavelength and frequency
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Propagation delay depends mainly on:
Option 1: Distance and medium speed
Option 2: Processing power
Option 3: Packet size
Answer: Option 1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: Roll-off factors in DVB-S2X start as low as:
Option 1: 0.05
Option 2: 0.1
Option 3: 0.15
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: Satellite gateway security typically includes
Option 1: Data encryption and access control
Option 2: Physical protection only
Option 3: No security needed
Option 4: Only user authentication
Answer: Option 1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Satellite IP networks use:
Option 1: Fixed routing
Option 2: Dynamic routing
Option 3: No routing
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Signal-to-noise ratio
Question: SNR is typically expressed in which unit?
Option 1: Watts
Option 2: Volts
Option 3: Decibels (dB)
Option 4: Hertz
Option 5: Seconds
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Spatial multiplexing combined with beamforming enhances:
Option 1: Coverage
Option 2: Security
Option 3: Capacity
Option 4: Frequency reuse
Answer: Option 3
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: TCP performance degrades in satellite networks due to:
Option 1: Packet loss
Option 2: Congestion
Option 3: High latency
Option 4: All of the above
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Beamforming
Question: TDUs provide a constant phase shift across frequencies, eliminating beam squinting effects and maintaining consistent beam direction over a wide bandwidth.
Option 1: Why are True Time Delay Units (TDUs) preferred over phase shifters in wideband antenna array systems?
Option 2: TDUs introduce variable phase delays that increase beam squinting at higher frequencies.
Option 3: Phase shifters maintain constant delay across all frequencies, making them ideal for broadband operation.
Option 4: TDUs can only operate efficiently in narrowband systems due to their limited delay resolution.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: The availability of a link is usually measured over:
Option 1: One second
Option 2: One hour
Option 3: One day
Option 4: One year
Option 5: A selected measurement period
Answer: Option 5
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: The axial ratio of perfect circular polarization is:
Option 1: 0 dB
Option 2: 1 dB
Option 3: Infinity
Option 4: 3 dB
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is calculated by adding
Option 1: Transmit power and antenna gain
Option 2: Receiver gain and cable loss
Option 3: Transmit power and path loss
Option 4: Noise figure and antenna gain
Option 5: Receiver sensitivity and transmit power
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: The gain of an isotropic antenna is defined as
Option 1: 0 dBi
Option 2: 1 dB
Option 3: 10 dB
Option 4: Depends on frequency
Option 5: Variable
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: The handover margin helps avoid:
Option 1: Too frequent handovers
Option 2: Handover failures
Option 3: High power use
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: The key factor limiting range in a link budget is
Option 1: Transmitter power
Option 2: Path loss
Option 3: Receiver sensitivity
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Downlink
Question: The latency in downlink transmission is mainly affected by:
Option 1: Propagation delay
Option 2: Retransmission
Option 3: Processing delay
Option 4: All of these
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Beamforming
Question: The main drawback of analog beamforming is:
Option 1: Cost
Option 2: Complexity
Option 3: Limited flexibility
Option 4: High power
Option 5: Low gain
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: The main purpose of a handover procedure in mobile networks is to:
Option 1: Allocate IP addresses
Option 2: Change user location
Option 3: Maintain an ongoing call when moving
Option 4: Increase bandwidth
Answer: Option 3
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: The main role of GSL (Ground Station Link) in IP over satellite is:
Option 1: Provide routing
Option 2: Handle satellite control
Option 3: Connect satellite and terrestrial network
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Gateway station
Question: The quality of gateway station links affects:
Option 1: Latency
Option 2: Data rate
Option 3: Reliability
Option 4: All of these
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: The term "hand-off" in NTN means
Option 1: Changing frequency bands
Option 2: Switching ground stations
Option 3: Handoff between satellites or beams
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Transmission delay depends on:
Option 1: Distance
Option 2: Packet size and bandwidth
Option 3: Frequency
Option 4: Number of hops
Answer: Option 2
Topic: TT&C
Question: TT&C communication typically occurs over which frequency band?
Option 1: L-band
Option 2: S-band
Option 3: X-band
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: Typical telecommunication payloads use which modulation schemes?
Option 1: BPSK and QPSK
Option 2: FM and AM
Option 3: NDMA and CDMA
Option 4: FSK and ASK
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: Under what conditions can TCP perform effectively over GEO satellite links?
Option 1: If the right TCP options are used and congestion is light, TCP can work well for large file transfers even over GEO links.
Option 2: TCP automatically adapts to high latency in GEO links without any special configuration or options.
Option 3: TCP performs poorly regardless of configuration, since it cannot tolerate long propagation delays in any circumstance.
Option 4: TCP performance improves on GEO links only when packet loss is increased intentionally to trigger retransmissions.
Option 5: TCP is completely unsuitable for GEO links, and only UDP can be used for all types of data transfers.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What additional functions do OBP transponders perform in satellites?
Option 1: Digital signal processing (DSP), regeneration, and baseband signal processing before retransmitting the signal to the earth station.
Option 2: Only amplifying the received RF signal without any processing.
Option 3: Converting digital signals to analog only for terrestrial networks.
Option 4: Routing packets between different satellites in orbit.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: What advancements does DVB-S2X introduce compared to DVB-S2 in terms of coding and modulation?
Option 1: DVB-S2X uses combination of BCH and LDPC coding same as DVB-S2 but introduces higher order 
modulations: 64APSK, 128APSK and 256APSK and more FEC options to add more granularity.
Option 2: DVB-S2X eliminates BCH and LDPC coding, relying only on simple parity checks, while keeping the same modulation schemes as DVB-S2.
Option 3: DVB-S2X uses only QPSK modulation, reducing flexibility compared to DVB-S2.
Option 4: DVB-S2X removes FEC options entirely, focusing on raw high-rate transmission.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: What advantage does DVB-S2X offer for smaller transponders?
Option 1: Increased power
Option 2: Higher bit rates
Option 3: Greater flexibility
Option 4: Reduced noise
Answer: Option 3
Topic: SNR
Question: What are common sources of noise (N) that can affect recorded seismic data?
Option 1: Human activity, environmental factors, and electronic noise in the seismometer.
Option 2: Only cosmic radiation, with no influence from human or environmental sources.
Option 3: Noise arises exclusively from software errors, independent of physical factors
Option 4: Noise in seismic data is caused solely by radio frequency interference, not human or environmental activity.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What are Cubesat buses designed for?
Option 1: Cubesat buses: Cubesat buses are small satellite buses that are designed for cubesats, which are small, standardized satellites that are typically deployed in clusters. 
Option 2: Cubesat buses are large geostationary satellite platforms intended for heavy payloads.
Option 3: Cubesat buses are terrestrial ground stations that manage satellite constellations.
Option 4: Cubesat buses are used exclusively for deep-space exploration satellites beyond Earth orbit.
Answer: Option1