esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: Link availability
Question: Which air interfaces are typically used in a DVB satellite system for uplink and downlink?
Option 1: A DVB-RCS air interface is used on the return link (uplink) while a DVB-S/S2
air interface is used on the forward link (downlink).
Option 2: DVB-S/S2 is used on both uplink and downlink, with no distinction.
Option 3: DVB-RCS is used exclusively for downlink, while DVB-S/S2 handles the uplink.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Which antenna type commonly generates circular polarization?
Option 1: Dipole
Option 2: Patch
Option 3: Yagi-Uda
Answer: Option 5
Topic: 3gpp
Question: Which band is covered by n78 NR band?
Option 1: 2 GHz
Option 2: 3.5 GHz
Option 3: 26 GHz
Option 4: 38 GHz
Option 5: 72 GHz
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Which beamforming uses phase shifters?
Option 1: Digital
Option 2: Analog
Option 3: Hybrid
Answer: Option 2
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Which challenge is commonly faced in IP over satellite networks?
Option 1: Low latency
Option 2: High bandwidth
Option 3: Long delay
Answer: Option 3
Topic: BER
Question: Which channel coding technique helps BER?
Option 1: Huffman coding
Option 2: CRC
Option 3: Turbo codes
Option 4: JPEG
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Which component controls direction in analog beamforming?
Option 1: DAC
Option 2: Phase shifter
Option 3: ADC
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: Which component in the payload amplifies the incoming signal before retransmission?
Option 1: Antenna
Option 2: Transponder
Option 3: Amplifier
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Which component is NOT part of noise figure calculation?
Option 1: Thermal noise
Option 2: Amplifier noise
Option 3: Antenna gain
Answer: Option 3
Topic: TT&C
Question: Which device onboard satellite assists in TT&C by providing position data?
Option 1: Star tracker
Option 2: GPS receiver
Option 3: Gyroscope
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: Which duplex method is not standardized for LTE?
Option 1: FDD
Option 2: TDD
Option 3: SDL
Option 4: SUL
Option 5: HDD
Answer: Option 5
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Which encapsulation is most commonly used in IP over ATM protocols?
Option 1: The LLC/SNAP encapsulation is the most common encapsulation used in the IP over ATM
protocols.
Option 2: The IPX/SPX encapsulation is most commonly used in IP over ATM.
Option 3: The Ethernet II encapsulation is standard for IP over ATM networks.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: Which end-to-end path characteristics most affect transport protocol performance, especially when a satellite channel is involved?
Option 1: Latency, bandwidth, packet loss due to congestion, and losses due to transmission errors.
Option 2: Encryption type, modulation scheme, antenna size, and IP version.
Option 3: Number of users online, device brand, operating system, and browser type.
Option 4: Fiber optic length, Wi-Fi frequency band, and cable shielding.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Which entity updates the UE with new cell parameters during handover?
Option 1: Source base station
Option 2: Target base station
Option 3: Core network
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Gateway station
Question: Which equipment is commonly present at a gateway station?
Option 1: Parabolic antenna
Option 2: Router
Option 3: Modulator
Option 4: Amplifier
Option 5: All of these
Answer: Option 5
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Which factor does NOT affect latency?
Option 1: Propagation delay
Option 2: Processing delay
Option 3: Transmission delay
Option 4: Power consumption
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Link availability
Question: Which factor most commonly reduces satellite link availability?
Option 1: Modulation
Option 2: Rain fade
Option 3: Power
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Which factor primarily affects quality of inter satellite link?
Option 1: Satellite size
Option 2: Distance and pointing accuracy
Option 3: Frequency only
Option 4: Antenna shape
Option 5: Power source
Answer: Option 2
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: Which factor significantly increases RTT in GEO satellite TCP connections?
Option 1: High transmission power
Option 2: Long propagation delay due to distance
Option 3: Low noise figure
Option 4: High bandwidth
Option 5: Network congestion
Answer: Option 2
Topic: BER
Question: Which factors affect quantization errors in digital communication systems?
Option 1: The accuracy of the analog modulation/
 demodulation process and the effects of filter
ing on signal and noise bandwidth also affect
 quantization errors.
Option 2: Quantization errors are affected only by the transmit power, independent of modulation or filtering.
Option 3: Quantization errors are determined solely by antenna gain, not by signal processing.
Option 4: Quantization errors are unaffected by filtering or modulation, as they depend only on the transmission medium.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: Which factors primarily affect the performance of transport protocols over an end-to-end path?
Option 1:  The main characteristics of the end-to-end path that affect transport protocol performance are latency, bandwidth, packet loss due to congestion, and losses due to transmission errors.
Option 2: The physical color of network cables and router casing design.
Option 3: The number of applications installed on the user’s device.
Option 4: Only bandwidth, since other parameters have no effect on performance.
Option 5: The operating system’s graphical interface speed.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: Which feature improves DVB-S2 efficiency over DVB-S?
Option 1: Higher modulation orders
Option 2: Adaptive coding and modulation
Option 3: Fixed coding rate
Option 4: Lower bandwidth
Option 5: No adaptive modulation
Answer: Option 2
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: Which feature is new in DVB-S2X compared to DVB-S2?
Option 1: New modulation schemes
Option 2: Adaptive coding
Option 3: Higher roll-off factors
Option 4: Support for linear modulation
Option 5: Optimized framing
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Which frequency band is commonly used for inter satellite links?
Option 1: UHF
Option 2: L-band
Option 3: S-band
Option 4: Ka-band
Option 5: X-band
Answer: Option 5
Topic: Downlink
Question: Which frequency band is typically used for downlink in LTE?
Option 1: 700 MHz
Option 2: 1800 MHz
Option 3: 2100 MHz
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Uplink
Question: Which frequency bands are commonly used for uplink?
Option 1: L and S bands
Option 2: C, Ku, and Ka bands
Option 3: VHF only
Option 4: S-band and X-band
Option 5: UHF only
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: Which frequency range is considered FR2 in 3GPP NR specs?
Option 1: 0.1-1 GHz
Option 2: 24-52 GHz
Option 3: 60-80 GHz
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Which handover type allows simultaneous connection to two base stations?
Option 1: Hard handover
Option 2: Soft handover
Option 3: Inter-frequency handover
Option 4: Inter-RAT handover
Option 5: No handover
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Link availability
Question: Which is NOT a common method to improve link availability?
Option 1: Redundancy
Option 2: Site diversity
Option 3: Increased transmit power
Option 4: Packet loss
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: Which is NOT a function of a satellite gateway?
Option 1: Data routing
Option 2: Signal modulation
Option 3: Satellite navigation
Option 4: Encryption
Answer: Option 3
Topic: SNR
Question: Which method is used to improve SNR in a noisy channel?
Option 1: Using higher modulation schemes
Option 2: Reducing transmitted power
Option 3: Using higher antenna gain
Option 4: Increasing noise
Answer: Option 3
Topic: BER
Question: Which modulation commonly reduces BER?
Option 1: QPSK
Option 2: BPSK
Option 3: 64QAM
Answer: Option 2
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: Which modulation in DVB-S2X provides the best power efficiency?
Option 1: QPSK
Option 2: 16APSK
Option 3: 32APSK
Option 4: 64APSK
Option 5: 128APSK
Answer: Option 1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: Which modulation scheme is not used in LTE?
Option 1: QPSK
Option 2: 16QAM
Option 3: 64QAM
Option 4: 128QAM
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: Which modulation type typically requires the least bandwidth for a given data rate?
Option 1: BPSK
Option 2: QPSK
Option 3: 16QAM
Option 4: 8PSK
Option 5: 64QAM
Answer: Option 1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: Which network type can 5G NTN extend coverage to?
Option 1: Urban
Option 2: Suburban
Option 3: Remote rural
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Non-Terrestrial Networks
Question: Which NTN component is primarily responsible for network coordination?
Option 1: Satellite payload
Option 2: Ground station gateway
Option 3: User equipment
Option 4: Network control center
Option 5: Modem
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Which of the following applications typically use the TCP/IP enhancement functionality in satellite networks to improve performance over large latency links?
Option 1: FTP and HTTP, since both rely on TCP connections between terminals or with Internet hosts.
Option 2: VoIP and real-time video streaming, since they use UDP and benefit from TCP acceleration.
Option 3: DNS and DHCP, as they require continuous TCP-based communication.
Option 4: ICMP and ARP, which are designed to operate only over TCP.
Option 5: SNMP and RTP, which are exclusively TCP-based services.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: Which of the following best describes how a network manages traffic when resources are limited?
Option 1: The network may queue traffic or assign priority levels to ensure efficient use of limited resources.
Option 2: The network always allocates full resources to every user, regardless of cost.
Option 3: The network drops all packets when congestion occurs to maintain fairness.
Option 4: The network drops all packets when congestion occurs to maintain fairness.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Which of the following best describes the purpose of a link budget in satellite communication?
Option 1: To calculate overall signal gain and loss from transmitter to receiver
Option 2: To measure antenna temperature
Option 3: To monitor only receiver noise figure
Option 4: To predict orbital decay of satellites
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Which of the following can cause signal attenuation in a wireless link?
Option 1: Rain
Option 2: Obstacles
Option 3: Atmospheric gases
Option 4: All of the above
Answer: Option 4
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Which of the following correctly describes analog beamforming in antenna arrays?
Option 1: Analog beamforming requires an RF signal adjustment at each antenna element to steer the beam in the desired direction. It is simpler, often cheaper, and lower power, but less flexible than digital beamforming.
Option 2: Analog beamforming processes signals digitally at each antenna element, providing maximum flexibility at higher cost.
Option 3: Analog beamforming does not require any adjustment of RF signals, as beam steering occurs automatically.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: Which of the following correctly describes the uses of the S-band in satellite communications?
Option 1: S-band is used for Telemetry, tracking and control (TT&C), mobile satellite communications, S-band payloads for aviation and rail safety, and multimedia delivery to handheld terminals.
Option 2: S-band is primarily used for direct-to-home TV broadcasting and large-scale Internet backhaul.
Option 3: S-band frequencies are reserved exclusively for deep-space exploration, not terrestrial or mobile applications.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Which of the following correctly identifies losses that may affect a link budget beyond free-space loss?
Option 1: Other losses in link budget could include polarization loss, and propagation-related losses not modelled by free-space loss calculations.
Option 2: Losses caused solely by the bandwidth of the transmitted signal.
Option 3: Losses automatically corrected by increasing transmission power, with no further impact.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Wireless communication systems
Question: Which of the following is a disadvantage of wireless communication?
Option 1: Mobility support
Option 2: Flexible installation
Option 3: Limited bandwidth
Answer: Option 3
Topic: NTN
Question: Which of the following is NOT a common NTN application?
Option 1: Disaster recovery communication
Option 2: Remote area connectivity
Option 3: Submarine communication
Option 4: Aviation communication
Option 5: IoT connectivity
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: Which of the following is NOT a satellite broadcasting standard?
Option 1: DVB-S
Option 2: ATSC
Option 3: MPEG
Option 4: DVB-T
Option 5: ISDB-T
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Wireless communication systems
Question: Which of the following is NOT a wireless communication system?
Option 1: Bluetooth
Option 2: GSM
Option 3: Fiber optic
Option 4: WiFi
Option 5: LTE
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question: Which of the following is NOT typically found in a satellite user terminal?
Option 1: Transmitter
Option 2: Receiver
Option 3: Antenna
Answer: Option 3
Topic: SNR
Question: Which of these improves SNR in a receiver?
Option 1: High noise figure
Option 2: Low noise figure
Option 3: Low antenna gain
Option 4: Higher bandwidth
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Which orbit types commonly use inter satellite links?
Option 1: GEO only
Option 2: LEO only
Option 3: GEO and LEO
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Which parameter is directly related to the quality of a digital communication link?
Option 1: Power consumption
Option 2: Bit Error Rate (BER)
Option 3: Modulation index
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: Which procedures and signaling are handled in higher layers like MAC, RLC, and PDCP in mobile networks?
Option 1:  In higher layers like the Media Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), idle mode and connected mode related procedures and signaling .
Option 2: Only physical layer RF power adjustments, with no relation to idle or connected modes.
Option 3: Satellite orbital control, unrelated to data link layer procedures.
Option 4: Exclusive antenna beam steering, with no involvement in idle or connected modes.
Option 5: Only user authentication at the core network, unrelated to MAC, RLC, or PDCP layers.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Which protocol is commonly used for IP transport over satellite?
Option 1: TCP
Option 2: UDP
Option 3: IP
Option 4: MPLS
Option 5: All of these
Answer: Option 5
Topic: NTN
Question: Which protocol layer handles mobility management in NTN?
Option 1: Physical Layer
Option 2: Network Layer
Option 3: Data Link Layer
Option 4: Application Layer
Option 5: Transport Layer
Answer: Option 2
Topic: TT&C
Question: Which subsystem sends commands to control satellite functions?
Option 1: Telemetry
Option 2: Tracking
Option 3: Command
Answer: Option 3
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: Which TCP mechanism is most affected by high RTT in satellite links?
Option 1: Slow start
Option 2: Congestion avoidance
Option 3: Retransmission timeout
Option 4: Window scaling
Option 5: Flow control
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: Which technology aims to reduce latency drastically in 5G?
Option 1: Beamforming
Option 2: Massive MIMO
Option 3: Edge computing
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: Which technology is commonly used for inter satellite communication?
Option 1: RF microwave
Option 2: Laser optical
Option 3: Infrared
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Which type of handover occurs when moving within the same cell?
Option 1: Intra-cell
Option 2: Inter-cell
Option 3: Soft handover
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Uplink
Question: Which type of modulation is often used for uplink signals?
Option 1: QPSK
Option 2: AM
Option 3: FM
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Circular Polarization
Question: Why are circularly polarized antennas often preferred in satellite and wireless communications?
Option 1: Because they transmit on all planes, increasing the probability of a successful link despite material-dependent signal absorption.
Option 2: Because they only transmit in a single plane, reducing interference.
Option 3: Because they absorb signals to prevent reflection.
Option 4: Because they eliminate the need for transponders in satellites.
Option 5: Because they only work with linear polarization systems.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: Why are countermeasures needed in broadcast networks like DVB?
Option 1: To protect against passive threats, such as intruders monitoring transmissions and extracting IP traffic.
Option 2: Because passive threats can only occur in terrestrial wired networks, not broadcast networks.
Option 3: Because all satellite transmissions are inherently secure and need no protection.
Option 4: To prevent interference from nearby satellites, which is unrelated to traffic monitoring.
Option 5: Because countermeasures are only needed for active attacks, not passive monitoring.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: Why are elements above the SI-SAP (Satellite Independent Service Access Point) easier to port to new satellite systems?
Option 1: Because they implement satellite-independent functions, making them less dependent on the underlying satellite system.
Option 2: Because they rely on satellite-specific hardware and cannot function independently.
Option 3: Because they handle only physical layer signal modulation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: Why are higher frequency bands more susceptible to degradation?
Option 1: They more susceptible to signal degradation due to ‘rain fade’, the absorption of radio signals by atmospheric rain, snow or ice.
Option 2: They are more susceptible to degradation because rain increases the transmission power, causing receiver overload.
Option 3: They are more susceptible to degradation because ice crystals reflect all radio signals perfectly, preventing transmission loss.
Option 4: They are more susceptible to degradation due to magnetic field interference.
Option 5: They are more susceptible because rain fade amplifies the signal strength, resulting in higher noise levels.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Why are inter-satellite handovers necessary in satellite communication systems?
Option 1: Because satellite coverage moves with the satellite, requiring links to be transferred to the next satellite.
Option 2: Because satellites remain stationary and never require handovers.
Option 3: Because inter-satellite handovers only occur in terrestrial networks.
Option 4: Because handovers are unnecessary if the satellite uses a fixed frequency.
Option 5: Because links are permanently established with a single satellite for the lifetime of the connection.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: Why are multi-hop links used in microwave communication systems?
Option 1: Multi-hop links are used for sending microwave signals over long distances using intermediate transponders,which can be particularly useful for creating over-the-horizon links.
Option 2: Multi-hop links are primarily used to shorten the distance between transmitter and receiver in local networks.
Option 3: Multi-hop links eliminate the need for intermediate transponders, sending signals directly over unlimited distances.
Option 4: Multi-hop links are only used for optical fiber networks, not microwave communication.
Option 5: Multi-hop links are designed to reduce signal reliability to test system robustness.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Why are phase shifters commonly used for beam steering despite their limitations?
Option 1: Because they are cost-effective and can electrically steer a beam by approximating time delay, even though they may cause understeering at higher frequencies and oversteering at lower frequencies.
Option 2: Because they perfectly replicate the behavior of true time delay units (TDUs) across all frequencies.
Option 3: Because they completely eliminate beam squinting regardless of system bandwidth.
Option 4: Because they provide identical steering performance at all operating frequencies without phase errors.
Option 5: Because they require no calibration or compensation across wide bandwidths.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Why are phase-scanned arrays not suitable for broadband operation?
Option 1: In narrow band operation, phase scanning is equivalent to time scanning, but
 phase scanned arrays are not suitable for broad band operation.
Option 2: Because phase scanning is always equivalent to time scanning regardless of bandwidth.
Option 3: Because broadband signals do not require antenna arrays.
Option 4: Because phase-scanned arrays cannot operate in any frequency band.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: Why are satellite networks considered for providing internet service to high-speed trains?
Option 1: Because they require fewer handovers compared to terrestrial wireless networks, making them more suitable for high-speed mobility.
Option 2: Because they eliminate propagation delays completely.
Option 3: Because satellites provide unlimited bandwidth without congestion.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: Why are TDUs preferred for systems operating with larger bandwidths?
Option 1: TDUs are preferred because they increase beam distortion, which improves error detection.
Option 2: For systems operating with a larger instantaneous bandwidth, TDUs may be a better choice to avoid beam distortion.
Option 3: TDUs are only used in narrowband systems, not in systems with larger bandwidth.
Option 4: TDUs eliminate the need for FEC, regardless of system bandwidth.
Option 5: TDUs are used primarily to reduce antenna gain, not to manage beam distortion.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: Why can TCP performance be suboptimal over satellite channels?
Option 1: Because satellite channels have higher bit-error rates (BER), and TCP mistakenly interprets packet drops as network congestion, reducing its window size unnecessarily.
Option 2: Because TCP cannot establish connections over satellite links.
Option 3: Because satellite channels always have zero propagation delay.
Option 4: Because TCP ignores packet loss entirely over satellite links.
Option 5: Because satellite channels always deliver packets in order without errors.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: Why did high-speed data networks need to be developed?
Option 1: Because the growth of computers as network terminals increased the demand for data communications, which traditional telecommunication networks could only partially meet.
Option 2: Because telecommunication networks had unlimited capacity for all types of data.
Option 3: Because data communications do not require network speed.
Option 4: Because computers reduced the need for networks entirely.
Option 5: Because high-speed networks were developed solely for voice communications.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: Why did the DVB-S2 standard eventually replace DVB-S as the primary standard for broadcasting SDTV channels in the C-band?
Option 1: Because DVB-S2 offered improved spectral efficiency and better error correction compared to DVB-S.
Option 2: Because DVB-S2 required more bandwidth, making it better suited for analog transmissions.
Option 3: Because DVB-S2 reduced the need for satellite transponders by eliminating modulation techniques.
Option 4: Because DVB-S2 was designed exclusively for audio transmission, improving voice quality.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: Why do Ground Earth Stations (GESs) use Ka-band tracking antennas?
Option 1: To follow satellites as they orbit the Earth, ensuring continuous communication.
Option 2: To communicate exclusively with terrestrial fiber networks.
Option 3: To avoid using any directional tracking and rely on omnidirectional coverage.
Answer: Option1