esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa huggingface dataset:
Topic: Uplink
Question: What is the main advantage of allowing earth stations in any uplink beam to communicate with earth stations in any downlink beam using a single carrier?
Option 1: It offers added flexibility and improves ground-link performance by enabling cross-beam communication with only a single carrier.
Option 2: It eliminates the need for frequency planning across beams.
Option 3: It requires each earth station to transmit multiple carriers simultaneously.
Option 4: It reduces the total capacity of the satellite network.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Downlink
Question: What is the main advantage of using a reduced-rate STM (STM-R) uplink with STM-1 downlink in a point-to-multipoint satellite system?
Option 1: It allows flexible transponder usage for network operators despite requiring considerable on-board SDH processing.
Option 2: It simplifies on-board processing by reducing SDH signal handling.
Option 3: It eliminates the need for multi-destination transmission.
Option 4: It ensures that each uplink operates at the full STM-1 rate.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: What is the main cause of power loss in a satellite link over long distances?
Option 1: The free-space loss is the major power loss due to long propagation of the satellite link.
Option 2: Only antenna misalignment, independent of distance.
Option 3: Terrestrial interference, which dominates all satellite links.
Option 4: Free-space loss is negligible and does not affect satellite links.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Gateway station
Question: What is the main challenge for gateway stations in busy orbital slots?
Option 1: Power consumption
Option 2: Frequency coordination
Option 3: Cooling systems
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Downlink
Question: What is the main characteristic of a satellite-terrestrial hybrid network configuration where the satellite provides a high-speed downlink?
Option 1: The satellite provides a shared high-speed downlink, while a lower-speed terrestrial link serves as the return path, giving the client direct access to the satellite network.
Option 2: Both uplink and downlink are provided exclusively via terrestrial links.
Option 3: The satellite link is used only for uplink traffic.
Option 4: The client cannot directly access the satellite network in this configuration.
Option 5: The terrestrial link handles all high-speed data while the satellite link is idle.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What is the main characteristic of a split TCP connection used in satellite networks?
Option 1: It terminates the TCP connection from the client and establishes a new TCP connection to the server, effectively dividing the end-to-end connection into two parts.
Option 2: It keeps the TCP connection continuous end-to-end between client and server without any intermediate termination.
Option 3: It replaces TCP with UDP to reduce latency in long-delay links.
Answer: Option1
Topic: NTN
Question: What is the main focus of 3GPP Release 17 regarding Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)?
Option 1: Introducing new network topologies, including high-altitude platforms and LEO/GEO satellites.
Option 2: Replacing all terrestrial network components with satellite-based links.
Option 3: Limiting NTN development to only geostationary satellites.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What is the main function of a satellite bus?
Option 1: To provide communication payload only
Option 2: To support and house all satellite subsystems
Option 3: To launch the satellite
Option 4: To process user data
Option 5: To serve as ground control
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Handover procedure
Question: What is the main function of the Fast Handover Protocol (FMIPv6)?
Option 1: The Fast Handover Protocol is an extension of Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) that anticipates the layer 3 handover based on layer 2 triggers.
Option 2: To replace Mobile IPv6 and eliminate the need for handovers entirely.
Option 3: To perform handovers only at the physical layer without considering IP addresses.
Option 4: To enable handovers exclusively for fixed wired networks.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What is the main goal of the SATSIX project in satellite network design?
Option 1: To enable convergence of multiple satellite network scenarios, exploiting regenerative or transparent connectivity only for services or applications that require them.
Option 2: To mandate that all satellite services use regenerative payloads, regardless of application requirements.
Option 3: To focus solely on transparent payloads and eliminate regenerative capabilities entirely.
Option 4: To provide a framework for purely terrestrial networks, ignoring satellite connectivity.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: What is the main idea behind the fixed tracking area concept proposed by 3GPP?
Option 1: The tracking area has a fixed geographical location on Earth and does not move with the user or satellite.
Option 2: The tracking area moves dynamically with each user’s location.
Option 3: The tracking area changes based on satellite orbit only.
Option 4: The tracking area is redefined for every data session.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Inter satellite Link
Question: What is the main purpose of adapting SatIPSec in conjunction with ULE?
Option 1: To provide link-layer security specifically for unidirectional satellite links using ULE.
Option 2: To replace ULE with a terrestrial TCP/IP protocol for faster communication.
Option 3: To encrypt only the physical layer without affecting the data link layer.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question: What is the main purpose of broadband networks in modern communication systems?
Option 1: To support the convergence of telephony, data, and broadcasting services into a unified network.
Option 2: To separate telephony, data, and broadcasting services into distinct infrastructures.
Option 3: To replace all existing terrestrial and satellite communication systems.
Option 4: To provide only high-speed data services without telephony integration.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: What is the main purpose of flexible satellite payloads?
Option 1: To provide tunable performance and allow operators to adapt to new business opportunities across domains like orbit location, coverage, frequency plan, allocation, routing, and waveform.
Option 2: To fix satellite parameters permanently, preventing any operational changes.
Option 3: To restrict coverage to a single fixed area without any frequency adjustment.
Option 4: To allow only mechanical re-orientation of the satellite without affecting payload functionality.
Option 5: To eliminate the need for RF switching and waveform management entirely.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Beamforming
Question: What is the main purpose of hybrid beamforming in 5G mmWave networks?
Option 1: To combine analog and digital beamforming, reducing RF chain complexity and overall system complexity.
Option 2: To use only digital beamforming for all antenna elements.
Option 3: To eliminate the need for beamforming entirely by relying on omnidirectional antennas.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: What is the main purpose of TCP/IP enhancement functionality in satellite communication systems?
Option 1: To accelerate TCP connections by mitigating the effects of large latency in satellite links.
Option 2: To convert TCP traffic into UDP for faster transmission.
Option 3: To eliminate the need for acknowledgements in TCP communication.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is the main purpose of the LAN Emulation (LANE) protocol in ATM networks?
Option 1: To emulate a local area network on top of an ATM network, allowing network layer packets to be carried across it.
Option 2: To convert ATM cells directly into optical signals for fiber transmission.
Option 3: To replace IP routing functions in local area networks.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What is the main purpose of thermal control in a satellite bus?
Option 1: To heat the satellite only
Option 2: To keep electronic components within operating temperatures
Option 3: To cool the payload only
Option 4: To provide power
Answer: Option 2
Topic: 3gpp
Question: What is the main role of 3GPP in mobile communications?
Option 1: 3GPP is a primary international body responsible for defining the technical 
specifications for mobile wireless networks.
Option 2: It manufactures mobile phones and network hardware.
Option 3: It provides internet services directly to end users.
Option 4: It regulates spectrum allocation and enforces national telecommunications laws.
Option 5: It operates satellites for global mobile coverage.
Answer: Option1
Topic: DVB-S2X
Question: What is the maximum codeword length in DVB-S2X?
Option 1: 64800 bits
Option 2: 128000 bits
Option 3: 16200 bits
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What is the minimum requirement for the aircraft router regarding its IPv4 interface?
Option 1: The aircraft router must have, at least, one IPv4 interface
with a public IPv4 address connected to the satellite.
Option 2: The aircraft router must have, at least, one IPv6 interface with a public IPv6 address connected to the satellite.
Option 3: The aircraft router must have a private IPv4 address connected to the satellite to ensure security and address conservation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Carrier-to-noise ratio
Question: What is the other name for Phase and frequency modulation?
Option 1: Phase modulation and frequency modulation are also called as angle modulation.
Option 2: Phase modulation and frequency modulation are also called amplitude modulation.
Option 3: Phase modulation and frequency modulation are collectively referred to as linear modulation.
Option 4: Phase modulation and frequency modulation are called pulse modulation.
Answer: Option1
Topic: NTN
Question: What is the power budget primarily concerned with in NTN links?
Option 1: Accounting for signal power losses and gains
Option 2: Calculating satellite altitude
Option 3: Determining handoff frequency
Option 4: Assessing user data rates
Option 5: Estimating modulation efficiency
Answer: Option 1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What is the primary function of a multicast forward VCC in an ATM LAN Emulation (LANE) environment?
Option 1: It provides a unidirectional point-to-multipoint connection from the BUS to LECs, with each LEC acting as a leaf.
Option 2: It establishes a bidirectional point-to-point connection between two LECs.
Option 3: It carries only control signals without any data traffic.
Option 4: It connects LECs directly to the LECS for configuration only.
Option 5: It merges multiple VCCs into a single point-to-point connection.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is the primary function of a Node Gateway in a network node?
Option 1: It handles routing and traffic policing within the node while supporting service distribution through LAN or MAN technologies.
Option 2: It only amplifies signals between wireless access points.
Option 3: It acts solely as a storage device for network configuration files.
Option 4: It manages only physical layer modulation and demodulation tasks.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: What is the primary function of a telecommunication payload?
Option 1: Satellite propulsion
Option 2: Signal processing and transmission
Option 3: Power generation
Answer: Option 2
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is the primary function of an application gateway in a network?
Option 1: To inspect and control higher-layer protocol data such as TCP, UDP, email, and web (WWW) traffic between routers.
Option 2: To route packets purely based on IP addresses without examining higher-layer data.
Option 3: To manage only physical layer connections and hardware interfaces.
Option 4: To replace routers by handling all lower-layer forwarding functions.
Option 5: To encrypt all network traffic automatically without protocol inspection.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite bus
Question: What is the primary function of the Attitude Control system in a satellite?
Option 1: To stabilize and orient the satellite using gyroscopes, reaction wheels, or thrusters to ensure correct positioning.
Option 2: To provide power to the satellite using solar panels.
Option 3: To handle data routing between the satellite and ground stations.
Option 4: To compress and encrypt communication payloads.
Option 5: To deploy the satellite’s antennas and solar arrays mechanically only.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: What is the primary function of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service (BSS)?
Option 1: To transmit or retransmit signals by satellites for direct reception by the general public using a TV receiving-only antenna (TVRO).
Option 2: To provide point-to-point communication between two ground stations only.
Option 3: To support secure military satellite communication exclusively.
Option 4: To manage inter-satellite data routing within LEO constellations.
Option 5: To transmit telemetry and tracking data between spacecraft and mission control.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Telecommunication Payload
Question: What is the primary function of the SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly) sublayer in ATM networks?
Option 1: It segments higher-layer data into sizes suitable for ATM cell payloads and reassembles them at the receiver.
Option 2: It only encrypts the ATM cells without changing their size.
Option 3: It handles physical layer modulation and demodulation of the signal.
Option 4: It routes ATM cells between different virtual connections.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What is the primary purpose of queues in network links?
Option 1: To provide output buffering that smooths traffic bursts and matches link bandwidth.
Option 2: To permanently store all network traffic without forwarding it.
Option 3: To reduce the physical bandwidth of the link.
Option 4: To only process control packets while ignoring user data.
Option 5: To eliminate congestion completely without any delays.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TCP over satellite
Question: What is the primary purpose of TCP/IP enhancement for satellite links?
Option 1: The purpose of the TCP/IP enhancement functionality is to speed up TCP connections over a large latency satellite link.
Option 2: To slow down TCP connections to match the satellite propagation delay.
Option 3: To replace TCP with a connectionless protocol for all traffic.
Option 4: To reduce the satellite’s transmission power without affecting latency.
Option 5: To convert TCP traffic into UDP traffic exclusively.
Answer: Option1
Topic: TT&C
Question: What is the primary purpose of telemetry in TT&C?
Option 1: To send commands to the satellite
Option 2: To monitor health and status of the satellite
Option 3: To control satellite orbit
Answer: Option 2
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: What is the primary purpose of the DVB-S standard?
Option 1: The DVB-S standard is intended exclusively for satellite backbone links between gateways, not for consumer reception.
Option 2: The DVB-S standard is intended for direct-to-home (DTH) services to consumer integrated
receiver decoders (IRD).
Option 3: The DVB-S standard is designed only for terrestrial cable distribution, not satellite transmission.
Option 4: The DVB-S standard provides mobile satellite services for handheld devices exclusively.
Option 5: The DVB-S standard is used only for transmitting internet data, not broadcast TV content.
Answer: Option2
Topic: Bit error rate
Question: What is the primary purpose of the HEC (Header Error Check) field in an ATM cell?
Option 1: To detect errors in the VPI/VCI values and prevent the cell from being delivered to the wrong destination.
Option 2: To encrypt the payload data for secure transmission.
Option 3: To increase the payload size of the ATM cell.
Option 4: To provide error correction for the cell’s data payload only.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link Budget
Question: What is the primary purpose of using multi-hop links in microwave communication systems?
Option 1:  Multi-hop links are used for sending microwave signals over long distances using intermediate transponders, which can be particularly useful for creating over-the-horizon links.
Option 2: Multi-hop links are designed to reduce transmission delay by eliminating intermediate relay stations entirely.
Option 3: Multi-hop links increase signal attenuation by forcing the signal to pass through multiple unamplified stages.
Option 4: Multi-hop links are used only for short-range communication, where line-of-sight is always available.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite gateway
Question: What is the primary role of the Reference and Synchronization Subsystem (REFS) in a satellite gateway?
Option 1: To receive GPS time signals and provide synchronization and timing for gateway subsystems.
Option 2: To amplify RF signals for uplink transmission.
Option 3: To route data packets between user terminals and the internet.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 3gpp
Question: What is the primary scope of 3GPP Release 15?
Option 1: GSM evolution
Option 2: LTE-A upgrade
Option 3: Initial 5G specifications
Option 4: VoIP support
Answer: Option 3
Topic: Communication Latency
Question: What is the purpose of a Data Direct Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) in an ATM-based LAN Emulation (LANE) environment?
Option 1: It is a bi-directional point-to-point VCC established between two LECs for direct data exchange.
Option 2: It is a unidirectional control channel used only for address resolution.
Option 3: It connects an LEC to the Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS) for multicast transmission.
Option 4: It provides a physical layer connection between ATM switches.
Answer: Option1
Topic: IP over satellite
Question: What is the purpose of a Forward Link Subsystem?
Option 1: It encapsulates IP packets in MPEG-2 frames and
transmits these frames on a TDM carrier, base-band modulated.
Option 2: It encapsulates MPEG-2 frames in IP packets and sends them using FDMA with frequency hopping.
Option 3: It encapsulates IP packets in audio streams, transmitting them over an analog FM carrier.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Onboard processing
Question: What is the purpose of a Satellite Emulator?
Option 1: The satellite emulator (SE) can act as a transparent or a regenerative satellite.
Option 2: The satellite emulator (SE) can act only as a regenerative satellite.
Option 3: The satellite emulator (SE) can act as a ground-based terrestrial network emulator.
Option 4: The satellite emulator (SE) can act as a hybrid optical-radio system.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite User terminal
Question: What is the purpose of a user terminal?
Option 1: User terminals provide services and applications directly to users.
Option 2: User terminals function as satellite payloads, managing frequency conversion and amplification.
Option 3: User terminals generate and manage network protocols.
Option 4: User terminals are used exclusively for network monitoring.
Option 5: User terminals only relay signals between satellites and gateways.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What is the purpose of Admission Control (AC) in a core transport network?
Option 1: To verify the actual availability of requested resources in the network, as requested by the Policy Control Function (PCF).
Option 2: To encrypt all user data before transmission.
Option 3: To prioritize voice traffic over video traffic exclusively.
Option 4: To physically reroute the network cables for optimal throughput.
Option 5: To monitor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without checking resource availability.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: What is the purpose of appending a base-band header (BBFRAME) to a data block in satellite communication?
Option 1: To notify the receiver of the input stream format, mode adaptation type (single/multiple input streams, generic/TS), coding and modulation (CCM/ACM), and other configuration details.
Option 2: To encrypt the data block for secure transmission.
Option 3: To compress the payload to reduce bandwidth usage.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: what is the purpose of applying square-root raised cosine baseband filtering and quadrature modulation, and what are the typical roll-off factor values?
Option 1: To shape the signal spectrum and generate the RF signal; roll-off factors are 0.35 (DVB-S), 0.25, and 0.20.
Option 2: To amplify the RF signal without filtering; roll-off factors are 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8.
Option 3: To convert RF signals directly into digital packets; roll-off factor is irrelevant.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite broadcasting
Question: What is the purpose of Conditional Access in satellite broadcasting?
Option 1: Conditional access (CA) is a service that allows broadcasters to restrict certain programming
products to certain viewers, by encrypting the broadcast programmes.
Option 2: Conditional access (CA) is a service that allows transmitters to restrict certain programming codes to certain viewers, by encrypting the broadcast programmes.
Option 3: Conditional access (CA) is a service that allows broadcasters to reveal certain programming
products to certain buyers, by decrypting the broadcast programmes.
Option 4: It a service that does not allow broadcasters to restrict certain programmes to certain receivers, by encrypting the broadcast programmes.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Link availability
Question: What is the purpose of DAMA Controller algorithm?
Option 1: Aimed at deciding the capacity shares to be
assigned to the RCST on-demand, and the time-slot allocation on the uplink
frame.
Option 2: It is aimed at assigning fixed bandwidth equally to all RCSTs regardless of demand.
Option 3: It is used to determine downlink power levels, not time-slot allocation.
Option 4: It decides only the frequency band selection, ignoring capacity distribution.
Option 5: It focuses on modulation scheme optimization, not on-demand capacity assignment.
Answer: Option1
Topic: Satellite Bandwidth
Question: What is the purpose of DSL in network transfers?
Option 1: DSL has been installed in developing countries to rapidly
turn up telephone services on the local loop.
Option 2: DSL adds the baseband bandwidth needed to allow bidirectional
transfer speeds of 100 Kbps to as much as 1 Mbps over copper twisted-pair.
Option 3: DSL is used to support
Internet access at 56 Kbps depends on the degree of compression used to provide
sufficient channel capacity.
Option 4: DSL operates exclusively over fiber optic cables, not copper twisted-pair.
Option 5: DSL functions as a satellite link technology, unrelated to copper twisted-pair lines.
Answer: Option2
Topic: DVB-S2
Question: What is the purpose of fine phase recovery in satellite communication systems?
Option 1: To further reduce the residual phase error of the coarse phase estimator, especially for high-order, phase-jitter-sensitive modulations like 16APSK and 32APSK.
Option 2: To convert analog signals into digital signals.
Option 3: To increase the modulation order without considering phase errors.
Answer: Option1
Topic: 5G NTN
Question: What is the purpose of HAPS?
Option 1: High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) serve as International Mobile Telecommunications base stations, providing connectivity to areas that are difficult to reach with terrestrial networks or satellites.
Option 2: High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) serve as broadband Wi-Fi hotspots only, and cannot function as International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) base stations.
Option 3: HAPS provide connectivity exclusively to urban centers, rather than to hard-to-reach or rural areas.
Option 4: High Altitude Platform Stations are used primarily as satellite relay stations and do not directly serve as mobile base stations.
Option 5: HAPS operate at low altitudes within the troposphere, making them unsuitable for wide-area coverage compared to terrestrial networks or satellites.
Answer: Option1