## 3 Results
### Spatial Access Disparities to the MOH Healthcare Centers: Analysis of 2 SFCA Results
The analysis indicates that the data distribution is greatly skewed negatively with a high kurtosis. According to [PERSON] [61] and [PERSON] [35], this high kurtosis is a significant indication that there is a profusion of outliers derived from multivariate data within the large dataset, where the data have a greater peak than the normal distribution, and the distribution has more values in the tails compared to the normal distribution. Thus, the result was a high frequency of incidences around the mean, with a long left tail containing sets of incidences away from the mean. This high frequency of incidences, especially on the right side of the mean, is attributed to the presence of a large portion of central districts in the highest indexed accessibility score that reflects the higher provider-to-population ratios, where this part contains many districts with a small area and high population density. On the other hand, the low frequency of incidences away from the mean, especially on the left side of the mean, is attributed to the low provider-to-population ratios within the indexed score, reflecting the presence of districts that are large in area and less in number and population density \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Statement** & **Total** & **(\%) of Total** \\ \hline Districts with accessibility & 99 & 87.61\% \\ \hline Districts without accessibility & 14 & 12.39\% \\ \hline Population with accessibility & 3,941,169 & 97.51\% \\ \hline Population without accessibility & 100,715 & 2.49\% \\ \hline Area with accessibility (km\({}^{2}\)) & 949.55 & 75.74\% \\ \hline Area without accessibility & 303.71 & 24.22\% \\ (km\({}^{2}\)) & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Districts and population with spatial accessibility using 2 SFCA. half of the world's population has a difficulty of accessing healthcare; thus, communities will not be able to perform their functions efficiently, which negatively affects social and economic development over time. Therefore, studying the reality of the healthcare system and how to improve its performance in populated areas has attracted the attention of many researchers and city planners recently, especially with the development of computer technologies (e.g., GIS technology). One of the most important healthcare planning issues is how to reduce the spatial disparities in access to healthcare. This issue results from the unbalanced spatial distribution of health resources, which contributes to the emergence of communities having poor spatial access to healthcare compared to others. Therefore, it is important to identify and analyze the spatial disparities in access to healthcare within the populated areas to give answer to where the healthcare services should be allocated. This will eventually minimize such disparities and ensure that spatial access to healthcare is given to all individuals equitably. Hence the importance of this study, which aimed to identify and analyze spatial disparities in access to the MOH healthcare centers in Jeddah city. Using GIS, the 2 SFCA method was used to measure spatial accessibility to healthcare centers based on a 30-min drive time. There is an extensive use of travel time in studies concerned with measuring spatial accessibility to healthcare than a travel distance, where the travel time can provide a better indication of spatial barriers to healthcare. Using GIS, the travel time can be estimated for each line segment within the road network based on (1) the speed limit specified for each segment and (2) the physical barriers [62]. In this study, the road network of Jeddah was used to estimate the travel time (impedance measure) in preparation for using a car-based drive-time threshold to measure the spatial accessibility to healthcare centers in Jeddah. The private car is the dominant mode of transportation, which is used more than buses, bikes, or even walking in Jeddah. It represents 95% of all trips within the city, and there is a lack of public transportation [52].