# Smart Home Technology Solutions for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results  
We retrieved 2462 articles for the applied search key from the database. Upon removing duplicates, 1760 articles were there for full-text review. Furthermore, we screened the electronically obtained titles and abstracts for the relevance of selection criteria. The selected 36 articles were further accessed, assessed, and matched with the study's objectives. At each level of article screening, we excluded review articles such as systematic review and meta-analysis [45], literature reviews [46; 47], perception survey [48], protocols [49] and similar articles. We further screened for non-human subjects [50] and other irrelevant articles to the objective, such as home telecare service consumption [51], HF treatment [52], database analysis [53], training coronary patients [54], and cardiac rehabilitation program [55]. Likewise, we eliminated studies undertaken on economic impact [56], among children [57], prototypes not evaluated on human subjects [58], and providing information and advice but lacking sensors to capture vital recordings in real time [59; 60]. In addition, we excluded interviews to evaluate patient perspectives [61], improving knowledge [62], and multiple articles on a single study, e.g., My Heart [63; 64], studies in healthy adults [65] and those lacking analytical results [66]. Finally, we included five studies comprising various inte  
Figure 2: Flow diagram for selection of articles (adapted from reference [30]). grated SHTs to monitor and assist CVD patients in home settings in this review, and Table 2 represents the characteristics of the included studies. The five included studies comprised 409 CVD patients, with a mean age of \(\approx\)63 years and \(\approx\)62% male participants [67; 68; 69; 70; 71]. The participant's medical conditions differed between the studies; for example, three studies included patients with HF [66; 68; 69], whereas two other studies had congestive HF (CHF) patients [67; 69]. The studies with CHF participants had ten [67] and thirty elderly participants [69]. Likewise, studies with HF patients had one hundred and eighty participants [68], one hundred and eighty-one participants [71], and eight participants [70]. Moreover, a study did not mention the proportion of males and females [69], whereas other studies had predominant male participants [65; 66; 68; 69]. The duration of the studies varied, i.e., from one day to 31 months. Three studies monitored the participants continuously for over a month [66; 67; 69], and one study monitored for six months [70]. In contrast, a study monitored participants for a short time in a day [67]. The studies were undertaken in different international settings, including two studies in Italy [67; 69], one study each in Japan [71] and the United States of America [70], and a study in eight locations in Asia [68]. The objectives of the SHT differed between the studies; however, the developed systems effectively delivered the intended functionalities with acceptable accuracies. For example, a system developed to monitor CHF patients' HR, RR, and other parameters was generally well accepted irrespective of the sensors and protocols used, although they encountered minor difficulties [67]. In contrast, a study demonstrated that chronotropic incompetence (CI), typical in HF patients and associated with worsening outcomes, could be detected and tracked by capturing and analysing participants' HR, RR, PA, and body fluid at regular intervals [68]. Likewise, for early detection and minimised hospitalisation among CHF patients, their vital parameters, including ECG, SpO2, BP, and weight, were non-invasively captured and analysed in the permissible range and sent to hospitals regularly [69]. Moreover, a study undertaken to provide a personalised mHealth system to support HF patients effectively concluded that understanding users' requirements combined with physician and nurse requirements can yield a feasible telehealth system that effectively supports HF self-care [70].