Monitoring of Vegetation Drought Index in Laibin City Based on Landsat Multispectral Remote Sensing Data  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.C.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.C.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Automation, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.C.) [PERSON]  
3 School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China; 1 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.C.) [PERSON]  
4 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China 455006, China 455006, China 555556, China 555556, China 555556, China 55556, China 55556, China 55556, China 55556, China 55556, China 55556, China 5556, China 5556, China 5556, China 5556, China  
industrial production and energy generation, further impacting socio-economic stability. In short, drought can cause significant damage to ecosystems and human society, leading to imbalances. Drought is usually categorized into four types: agricultural drought, hydrological drought, meteorological drought, and socio-economic drought [1,2]. Meteorological drought refers to a certain period when precipitation in an area is significantly low, resulting in dry air, reduced humidity, and increased evaporation. Agricultural drought, on the other hand, is the lack of soil moisture due to meteorological drought, affecting crop growth. This can lead to a decline in food production, impacting farmers' incomes and the country's food security. Hydrological drought refers to the lowering of water levels in rivers, lakes, and groundwater, and the reduction of water storage in reservoirs due to prolonged lack of precipitation and overuse of water. It reflects the reduction of water resources and has implications for water supply, power generation, ecology, and agricultural production. Socio-economic droughs are based on agricultural and hydrological droughs, affecting daily lives, industrial production, and socio-economic activities due to reduced water resources [3]. Given the severe effects of drought on the environment and society, drought monitoring is crucial for preventing natural disasters and minimizing damage to social activities. Traditional station-based drought detection is a time-honored method that uses historical meteorological data to assess drought conditions. It relies on meteorological information such as precipitation, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed collected at well-established weather stations.Drought monitoring stations are facilities specifically designed to monitor and evaluate drought conditions. Compared to meteorological stations, they place greater emphasis on monitoring soil moisture status, vegetation health, and drought severity. In these stations, the measurement of water transpiration is typically achieved through lysimeters, which can directly measure the water loss from the soil surface to the plant canopy. The measurement of water shortage relies on soil moisture sensors, which are buried in the soil and can continuously monitor the soil moisture content at different depths. By comparing the difference between soil moisture content and field water holding capacity, the soil water deficit can be estimated. Drought formation involves key parameters such as water transpiration and water deficit. Therefore, drought indicators based on station data can offer quantitative information on drought development. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), introduced by [PERSON] et al. [4], is an indicator used to describe and monitor precipitation anomalies. It can be computed on various time scales, but it does not account for the impact of temperature on drought.