esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# In Situ Transformation of Electrospun Nanofibers into Nanofiber-Reinforced Hydrogels
## 4 Discussion
The lower but pronounced antimicrobial effect of the pre-hydrated T-free scaffolds (GPP and zeinPEO-GPP) towards _S. aureus_ is related to the presence of PEI, which has previously been reported to be effective, mostly against Gram-positive bacterial strains, such as _S. aureus_[41; 44]. The fact that the dry scaffolds did not show any antimicrobial activity confirms a contact-based inhibition by PEI for the GPP and zeinPEO-GPP scaffolds. The loss of integrity of the GPP scaffold and, to a lesser extent, of zeinPEO-GPP upon hydration increased the antimicrobial effect as compared to the dry scaffolds because the sample spread further on the agar plate. Only a faint inhibition of _E. coli_ was observed for pre-hydrated GPP and zeinPEO-GPP (Figure A2), most likely due to the insufficient inhibition of _E. coli_ by PEI. It has indeed been shown in other studies that higher concentrations of PEI are necessary to inhibit _E. coli_ compared to _S. aureus_[41; 44]. Fibrous as well as hydrogel biomaterials should demonstrate biocompatibility [4; 13; 30]. The high cytotoxicity observed in the LDH and MTT assays for all samples, except for the samples from pristine G (Figure 7a,b), revealed that the nanofiber scaffolds require further optimization before they can be used for tissue regeneration. The cytotoxicity of the scaffolds is due to the presence of PEI as confirmed by pure PEI control samples. Various approaches are possible for an improving the cytocompatibility of the nanofiber scaffolds including using linear PEI or optimizing the crosslinking of branched PEI by increasing the exposure time to (NH4)2 CO3 [41]. Moreover, PEI can be replaced by other cationic polymers [65] providing a high antimicrobial effect and acceptable cell toxicity, such as antimicrobial polypeptides (\(\epsilon\)-polylysine [66]) or biodegradable antimicrobial polymers (cationic polycarbonates [67]). For instance, it has been shown in a previous study that a hybrid nanofibrous matrix composed of polycaprolactone and poly(citrate)-\(\epsilon\)-polylysine displays biomimetic elastomeric properties, robust antibacterial activity and excellent biocompatibility [66]. Another option is to replace PEI with other biocompatible crosslinkers without antimicrobial effect that have been described for gelatin, including genipin or transglutaminase [68]. While further work is needed to allow our fiber-reinforced hydrogels to be used in skin regeneration, the present study nevertheless provides a proof-of-concept demonstration that such materials may indeed be conveniently manufactured in a one-step approach allowing scale-up in production.
## 4 Methodology
### Extract 2D Vector Building Polygons  
Crowd-sourced datasets were initially investigated as a cost-effective solution for providing 2D polygons. For example, Open Street Map (OSM) building polygons could be used if the accuracy was sufficient; however, studies [47] have shown that the mean error between OSM and accurate reference data is 6.65 m and the maximum error can be as high as 31 m. This accuracy is clearly not  
Figure 5: Calculating satellite positions (**a**) prediction results from Trimble Planning for 10 min intervals over the test site (**b**) a 2D plot of pseudo satellites positions at 10 min intervals over Maynooth University between 10:00 and 17:00.  
sufficient for GNSS predictions surveys and therefore OSi digital mapping was selected to demonstrate the methodology. Although it is used under licence and, therefore, there is a cost involved, vector datasets such as these are a popular and accurate source of mapping in many countries, whether designed for fixed boundary, high accuracy cadastral mapping (Germany, Denmark) or non-conclusive boundary registration systems like Ireland [48].  
Using existing mapping avoids the need to pursue the time-consuming process of digitising each building from raster imagery or performing a topographic or aerial survey. All features except buildings were removed and the 2D polygons on the building layer were then imported into ArcMap. One issue with using the building polygons was that trees, street furniture and other infrastructure were not included. Trees are an important factor in GNSS prediction as they block satellite signals, particularly in the spring or summer as the vegetation canopy thickens, however surveying and digitising each tree on campus would be too time-consuming, and it was an important goal of the proposed methodology to avoid the need for pre-surveying an area.
## 4 Implementation-Process Strategies for Cultured Meat Products
### 3D Printing Process of Cultured Meat
#### 4.2.1 Starter Cells  
Self-renewing cells, including myofib, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes that build cells, are essential as a starting material to produce cultured meat [52]. For in vitro meat production, stem cells from embryonic or adult sources are used to fulfill the technical demand. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered the best origin because they have the capacity to differentiate and proliferate, without limit, to all  
Figure 3: A schematic representation of cultured meat production.  
types of cells essential for cultivated meat production [53]. However, ES cells have lower efficiency and a high chance of contamination with non-ES cells [41]. Therefore, advanced cell culture techniques have been used as an alternative.  
Adult stem cells, including adipose tissue-derived stem cells and satellite stem cells (mononuclear adult muscle stem cells), have been considered an alternative source of meat products [54; 55]. Adult cells are obtained from animal sources including pig and cattle [56].  
Myosatellite cells, myoblast cells, and satellite stem cells are described as the stem cells of matureed muscle tissues which have characteristic abilities, including population doublings (regeneration), repairing and recovering damaged tissues in the animal body. Satellite cells are purified through specific cell surface markers after isolation from the biopsy. Then, myoblasts are converted into myocytes upon triggering and ultimately transformed into myotubes, then myofiber [57].  
Adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells are considered unique due to their multi-component cells. They are developed from subcutaneous fat of the adipose tissues and transdifferentiated to adipogenic, myogenic, chondrogenic, or osteogenic cell lineages. These cells become immortalized due to high frequency and are converted into long-term cultures rapidly [56; 58].
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Effects of Precipitation Route of Laves Phase on Creep Behaviors
#### 3.4.1 Particle Effects in the Early Creep Stages  
It is generally considered in 9 Cr-based heat-resistant ferritic steels that their transient creep deformation is governed by the motion and disappearance of dislocations that are originated from the phase transformation from \(\gamma\) to \(\alpha\). The motion of the dislocations can be retarded by second-phase particles since dislocations must bypass or climb the particles. A main reason for the different particle effects will be the higher \(N\)s of CP particles than IP particles. The high \(N\)s of CP particles is assumed to be caused by heterogeneous precipitation on the dislocations [13]. The smaller effect of IP particles would also be caused by the sequence of precipitation with respect to the \(\gamma\to\alpha\) phase transformation. In the case of CP particles, the heterogeneous nucleation causes a situation where most of the particles act to disturb the dislocation motions. On the other hand, IP particles are precipitated independently of the dislocations since the \(\gamma\to\alpha\) precipitation occurred before the phase transformation. This allows us to imagine that a fraction of the dislocations may go through IP particles by the glide motion only, and the particles show low effectiveness to disturb the dislocation motions even with their high \(N\)s.  
The effect of ferritic microstructure on the creep rate should also be discussed. It is generally reported that smaller grain sizes tend to give faster minimum creep rates in the grain size range below 100 \(\upmu\)m [14; 15; 16]. The estimated size of the ferritic microstructures in the present case is between a few \(\upmu\)m and a few tens of \(\upmu\)m, and it is, therefore, not unreasonable to consider that the difference in the ferritic microstructure is not a primary reason for the reduced transient creep rate in the 0.09 Hf alloy. Much finer interparticle spacings than ferritic grain sizes also imply that the reduced creep rate is mainly caused by the particles.
# Comparing Application-Level Hardening Techniques for Neural Networks on GPUs
## 3 Proposed Evaluation Methodology
### Data Analysis
#### 3.2.2 HT Effectiveness Evaluation  
The adopted error models enable us to provide two distinct assessments (WSBF and NBER), allowing us to compare the HTs. Additionally, the adopted metrics (i.e., relative accuracy degradation (RAD), NN accuracy) are collected for all hardening strategies, subjecting each one to the same comprehensive evaluation framework. For WSBF FI campaigns, injected faults are classified into different categories depending on the severity of their impact on the application performance during inference. Inference is performed on a set of images, and in the end, an accuracy metric is used to evaluate the performance of the NN. The accuracy metric is defined as the percentage of correctly classified images over all the tested images. Consequently, during the fault classification stage, the framework uses the RAD to quantify the NN performance degradation. Mathematically, RAD is defined in Equation (6) [68].  
\[RAD=\frac{ACC_{fault-free}-ACC_{faulty}}{ACC_{fault-free}} \tag{6}\]  
where \(ACC_{fault-free}\) represents the golden accuracy, and \(ACC_{faulty}\) is the accuracy of the corrupted DNN. Therefore, after the inference of the corrupted model, the fault is labeled as _critical silent data corruption (critical SDC)_. If the NN prediction is different than the fault-free one, the corresponding predictions are compared with the ones generated in the fault-free scenario. The fault classified assigns the label _masked_ if they match (because the injected error does not change the inference output) or _safe silent data corruption (Safe SDC)_ (when the fault impacts the outputs but does not change the prediction). In case the fault has produced an invalid output (e.g., the prediction output is composed of only NaN values), it is classified as a _detectable unrecoverable error (DUE)_. On the other hand, for NBER FI, the corruption of multiple components simultaneously does not allow a fine-grained fault classification depending on the RAD.  
After running the WSBF FI campaign, the best outcome that we can obtain by implementing an HT on an NN is the decrease in critical SDCs, as well as the increase in masked labels (i.e., lower impact in NN accuracy). At the same time, after both WSBF and NBER FI campaigns, we also can see a reliability enhancement effect from the NN accuracy trend to have a more detailed and quantitative evaluation of HT effects with respect to fault class distribution (i.e., critical SDC, Safe SDC, masked and DUE).
# Optimized Design for NB-LDPC-Coded High-Order CPM: Power and Iterative Efficiencies
## 2 System Description  
The principle block diagram of NB-LDPC-coded high-order CPM is shown in Figure 1. At the transmitter side, mapping and demapping from binary to \(Q\)-ary are required because the NB-LDPC encoder input \(\mathbf{U}\) and output \(\mathbf{C}\) are non-binary. \(Q\) is assumed to be equal to the cardinality \(M\) (\(M\)-ary, for example, quaternary and octal) of CPM. Then, the encoded sequence \(\mathbf{C}\) is directly interleaved into \(\mathbf{C}_{I}\) as the CPM modulator input. Finally, the complex signal vector \(S(t,\alpha)\) produced by the \(M\)-ary CPMmodulator is divided as continuous phase encoder (CPE) and memoryless modulation (MM) [27] and transmitted over the AWGN channel.  
The demodulation and decoding of the receiver are accomplished through the iterations between CPM soft-input soft-output (SISO), which employs the maximum a posteriori (MAP)-like algorithm [28], and LDPC-SISO, which adopts the log-domain belief propagation (BP) with the fast Fourier transform algorithm [29; 30]. SISO calculates the extrinsic a posterior probabilities (APPs) from the information and code symbol priori probabilities, and the decision device determines the symbol with a maximum APP in the last iteration.
## 4 Experimental Validation
### Validation of Disturbance Force  
The same idea is adopted in this section that the disturbance force is enlarged artificially. External radial dynamic loading is applied by using a signal generator, power amplifier and electromagnetic vibrator [34]. A signal with known frequency is generated by the signal generator and amplified by a power amplifier to drive the electromagnetic vibrator to generate a dynamic disturbance force. A deep groove ball bearing, which is utilized to apply dynamic radial force to the SRB system, is mounted on the end of the rotor [34]. The error inside the load bearing can be omitted. A force sensor is used to measure the disturbance force in time domain. The schematic diagram and the experimental setup are shown in Figure 17.  
In order to eliminate the influence of whirling speed change, the speed is set at 300 rpm. The amplitude and frequency of disturbance force are changed manually. The sinusoidal signal generated by the signal generator ranges from 10 to 40 Hz. The amplitude of the disturbance force can be adjusted by using the voltage gain of the power amplifier, approximately between 50 to 100 N. The theoretical values of the dynamic rotational error caused by the disturbance force are calculated by using the actual values measured by the force sensor. The spindle synchronous errors of different exciting orders are shown in Figure 20.  
By changing the amplitude of the disturbance force, the synchronous and asynchronous errors caused by the disturbance force with different amplitudes and frequencies can be obtained, as shown in Figure 21. It can be seen that the amplitude of the disturbance force decreases as the increasing of frequency. So, the corresponding synchronous error also shows an overall downward trend. However, the asynchronous error does not take obvious change. This can be attributed to the fact that the range of disturbance force is not large enough. The experimental values of different amplitude forces are 1.39-1.02 and 1.82-1.32 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. The corresponding theoretical values are 1.22-1.03 and 1.52-1.29 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. The maximum difference occurs at 3 UPR for about 0.3 \(\upmu\)m. The comparison indicates that the experimental values agree with the theoretical values.  
Figure 20: Spindle synchronous errors induced by different order of disturbance force.
## 4 Experimental Setup, Results, and Discussion
### Experiments on Conv-TasNet with the VoiceBank-QIT Task  
This subsection is for the experimental results of the Conv-TasNet with a more challenging task: VoiceBank-QUT, in which the noise is non-stationary and unseen by the learned SE models, which are listed in Table 2. Compared with the previous table for the VoiceBank-DEMAND task, here, the three evaluation metric scores are significantly lower concerning the unprocessed baseline and the various SE methods. These degraded results  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Feature Domains**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Integration Manner**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**VoiceBank-DEMAND**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & **Metric Scores** & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **PESQ** & **STOI** & **SI-SNR** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Unprocessed baseline} & 1.970 & 0.921 & 8.445 \\ \hline Time & - & 2.618 & 0.943 & 19.500 \\ \hline Time and STFT [31] & - & 2.648 & 0.942 & 19.712 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Time and \\ one-level DWT \\ \end{tabular} } & Addition & 2.681 & 0.942 & 19.352 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Concatenation & 2.669 & 0.942 & 19.609 \\ \cline{2-5}  & One BPF and concatenation & 2.668 & 0.943 & 19.496 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Time and \\ two-level DWT \\ (concatenation) \\ \end{tabular} } & Two BPFs & 2.654 & 0.943 & 19.703 \\ \cline{2-5}  & One MPF with intra-channel softmax & 2.667 & 0.942 & 19.540 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & One MPF with inter-channel softmax & 2.690 & 0.942 & 19.378 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The evaluation results of Conv-TasNet using different domains of features for the test set in noise environment of “DEMAND”.  
seem to be expectable for the unseen and non-stationary noise scenario. Furthermore, even though these metric scores are varied when using different fusion features (STFT, one-level DWT, and two-level DWT), their difference is quite small and statistically insignificant, as shown in Table 15 in Appendix A.
## 1 Introduction
Some studies reported the retention and analysis of metformin using this technique [37; 38; 39]; however, delayed metformin retention time and the limited sensitivity of some methods are considered among the method's limitations [29; 40; 41]. One objective of this study was to achieve a cost-effective, rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the analysis of the ternary mixture of metformin, glipizide and gliclazide on the same chromatographic run and validate this method as per the International Conference of Harmonisation (ICH) [42]. The other objective was to investigate the uptake of metformin by an auditory cell line HEI-OC1 using this method and eventually to study the effect of metformin in these cells when exposed to simulated diabetes conditions. Previous in vitro studies on the auditory cell line HEI-OC1 have revealed the protective role of metformin against the ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosoide [43; 44; 45; 46] and platinum-based anti-cancer therapeutics [47; 48]. These protective effects of metformin could be attributed to the antioxidant effect of this biguanide [4]; however, the exact mechanism of metformin's action and its pharmacokinetics in the organ of [PERSON] are still unknown. Of importance, some histopathological reports and recent molecular and biochemical studies shed light on the deteriorating impact of diabetes on auditory function [49; 50]. Neuropathy and microangiopathy were reported as major etiologies of hearing malfunctioning in diabetes [49; 50]. However, the literature showed a dearth in knowledge about the vasoconstroprotective and neuroprotective effects of metformin in the diabetic inner ear in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to quantify metformin uptake by the auditory cell line HEI-OC1 in vitro and is the first to investigate the effect of this interesting biguanide in an in vitro diabetic inner ear model. This could potentially assist in designing a reliable and well-characterised in vitro diabetic model using the HEI-OC1 cell line to help investigate auditory malfunctioning caused by diabetes and give an insight into the role of metformin in auditory organ protection, the molecular mechanisms of metformin and its pharmacokinetics in the inner ear niche.
# The Role of Trees in Sand Dune Rehabilitation: Insights from Global Experiences
## 3 Results
### Local Experiences and Results in Sand Dune Afforestation Worldwide  
The case studies we identified on each continent reveal diverse yet converging afforestation strategies that are rooted in ecological, technical, and socio-economic factors. In Europe, the Deliblato Sands from Serbia show a long-term effort to stabilize dunes by using a mix of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), conifers, and grasses. Today, the dominance of Robinia demonstrates its role as a pioneer species characterized by rapid growth and great soil-binding [66]. In Asia, different responses to extreme environments were registered in several case studies. For example, in Pakistan's Cholistan Desert, afforestation works used rainwater and saline groundwater to introduce tree crops like Ziziphus and date palms, halting desertification and enhancing the local communities' livelihoods [93]. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia used an infrastructure strategy by combining mechanical barriers (dykes, ditches, concrete) with vegetation to protect railways [94]. In China's Hainan Island, _Casaurina equistifolia_ and seasonal planting were used to stabilize coastal sands, although this led to low survival rates in windy areas [95]. Finally, in India's Thar Desert, the indigenous Khejri tree (_Prosopis cineraria_) was used to demonstrate the importance of traditional ecological knowledge and species in addressing serric conditions [63; 96]. In Africa, the examples we have found highlight both a biophysical and community approach. For example, in North Sudan, agroforestry systems combined food crops with _Acacia senegal_ in rotations that restored degraded savannas [97]. Native Com
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cube Compressive Strength  
The cube compressive strength of SF, PVA-F, and hybrid fibre (HF) recycled concrete with different fibre volume admixtures are shown in Figure 10, where the RC compressive strength was 66.4 MPa. From Figure 10a, it can be seen that with the increase in the volume admixture of steel fibre, the overall compressive strength of recycled concrete showed an  
Figure 8: Failure patterns of test cube concrete.  
Figure 9: Failure patterns of flexural specimens.  
increasing trend, and when the volume admixture amount was in the range of 0.5% to 1.0%, the compressive strength was increased to a greater extent. The compressive strength increased by 6.0% compared to RC when the volume admixture of steel fibre was 1.5%. That indicates that steel fibre can improve the compressive strength of recycled concrete. That is because when initial cracks appeared in the specimens, the bond between the steel fibre and the matrix prevented the cracks from developing rapidly. At the same time, the steel fibre across the crack and near the crack tip transferred the stress to the concrete matrix on the upper and lower surfaces of the crack, relieving the degree of stress concentration at the crack tip.  
As can be seen from Figure (b)b, with the increase in the volume admixture of polyvinyl alcohol fibre, the overall compressive strength of the recycled concrete tended to decrease. When the volume admixture of polyvinyl alcohol fibre was 0.2%, the compressive strength decreased by 14.1% compared to RC, and thereafter, the compressive strength was basically unchanged. As the polyvinyl alcohol fibre mixed into concrete, it produced a certain air-entraining effect, leading to an increase in porosity between the cementitious material and the aggregates. Therefore, as the volume admixture of polyvinyl alcohol fibre increased, the encapsulation of the cementitious material gradually weakened, resulting in a large number of micro-cracks during compression; thus, the compressive strength of the recycled concrete was weakened.  
Figure (c)c shows the compressive strength of the hybrid fibre (HF) recycled concrete, where the RSP-1 specimen had the lowest compressive strength. The possible reasons for this are that the excessive incorporation of PVA fibre resulted in the fibre not being sufficiently encapsulated by the cement slurry, thus increasing internal defects of concrete, which is not conducive to compression, and the limited increase in compressive strength due to the low amount incorporation of steel fibre. The increase in compressive strength of the RSP-2 and RSP-3 specimens compared to the RSP-1 specimen was mainly due to the increase in the incorporation amount of steel fibre, which effectively restrained and prevented the expansion of cracks. The compressive strength of all three groups of hybrid fibre specimens was below RC. It can be inferred that the increase of compressive strength by steel fibre was not sufficient to offset the weakening of PVA fibre.