# Use of Binary Classification in Non-Invasive Load Monitoring
## 3 Electricity Consumers and Potential Identification Characteristics  
The research presented in this article involves the identification of 12 types of single-phase, two-state, and multistate electrical devices with a finite number of states and an infinite number of operating states (Table 2).  
The features used to describe the devices were obtained from measurements made with an Elspec BlackBox G4500 power quality analyzer. The Elspec is a device that is equipped with 11 measurement channels, which allows for the simultaneous measurement of voltages and currents in each phase. In each period, the voltage is sampled 1024 times and the current 256 times. Dedicated PQscada version 4.2 software allows for the transfer of measurement data from the analyzer to a database with an MS SQL engine. Full analysis of the data collected in the system can be performed using the dedicated PQInvestigator version 4.2 software. The application allows for the visualization and processing of the collected data, as well as their export in popular formats. Measurement data were collected from 11 sites (buildings) supplied by various transformer stations. Each class of equipment was represented by 4-5 different units; for each unit, many forced steady-state measurements were performed. The resulting data set was balanced.  
The measurement frequency was 51.2 kHz, making it possible to use a very wide range of potential identification features, including the following:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **No. Copies** & **Minimum Power [W]** & **Maximum Power [W]** \\ \hline Blender & 5 & 16 & 672 \\ Dryer & 11 & 142 & 1722 \\ Electric kettle & 6 & 1450 & 1900 \\ Grinder & 3 & 37 & 394 \\ Hoover & 12 & 450 & 110 \\ Iron & 8 & 1024 & 1786 \\ Laptop & 5 & 22 & 49 \\ Microwave & 5 & 210 & 1360 \\ Mixer & 7 & 20 & 103 \\ Soldering iron & 5 & 10 & 80 \\ TV & 6 & 20 & 206 \\ Toaster & 8 & 630 & 887 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: List of electricity consumers covered by the tests.  
Figure 2: Occurrence of data repositories in articles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [25]. Copyright 2023, [PERSON].  
* The rms values of the voltage:
* Total U;
* Higher harmonics U\({}_{\text{h}}\);
* 50-First harmonics U\({}_{1}\div\text{U}_{50}\).
* Rms values of the current:
* Total I;
* Higher harmonics I\({}_{\text{h}}\);
* 50-first harmonics I\({}_{1}\div\text{I}_{50}\).
* Active capacities:
* Total P;
* Higher harmonics P\({}_{\text{h}}\);
* 50-First harmonics P\({}_{1}\div\text{P}_{50}\).
* Passive powers according to [PERSON]:
* Total Q;
* Higher harmonics Q\({}_{\text{h}}\);
* 50-First harmonics Q\({}_{1}\div\text{Q}_{50}\).
* Apparent powers:
* Total S;
* Higher harmonics S\({}_{\text{h}}\);
* Of the primary component S\({}_{1}\).
* Power factors:
* Total PF;
* Higher harmonics P\({}_{\text{h}}\);
* Of the primary component P\({}_{1}\).
* Harmonic content ratios:
* In voltage THD\({}_{\text{u}}\);
* In the current THD\({}_{\text{I}}\).
* Peak factors:
* Voltages CF\({}_{\text{u}}\);
* Current CF\({}_{\text{I}}\).  
The selection of the harmonic spectrum used in the study considered the recommendations of EN 50160 [26] and IEC 61000-4-30 (EN-61000-4-30) [27], which present the measurement methodology and define the requirements for instruments used for power quality testing, including current and voltage distortion.