## 2 A Spoon of (African) Sugar?
### Common Knowledge about Polysaccharides
for** \\  & & & & **(Organism, Part of the Plant,... )** & **Instance** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Plants} & Arabinogalactan & \(\beta\)-(1,4)-d-arabinogalactan (type I) & Cactus (cladodes) & [22] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Arabinoxylan & Branched \(\beta\)-(1,3)-d-arabinoxylan & Plant seeds & [23] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Cellulose & \(\beta\)-(1,4)-d-glucan & Grains, fruits, vegetables, & [21] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Galactomannan & \(\beta\)-(1,4)-d-mannan randomly substituted at & & & \\  & O-6 position with \(\alpha\)-Gal\(p\) & Plant seeds & [24] \\ \cline{2-5}  & B-Glucans & \(\beta\)-(1,4)-d-glucan & & & \\  & \(\beta\)-(1,3)-d-glucan & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & \"Gums\" & (Arabinogalactan, xylan, xyloglucan, & & & \\  & glucuronic mannan type & & & seeds & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Hemicellulose & Xylan, mannan, \(\beta\)-glucan and xyloglucan & Vegetative and storage tissues & [27] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & Highly branched \(\beta\)-(1,3)-D-Xylp and & & & \\  & & \(\beta\)-(1,4)-D-Xylp backbone & Plant seeds & [28] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Inulin & \(\beta\)-(1,2)-d-fructan & Onion, root, wheat & [29] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & \(\alpha\)-(1,4)-d-GalA and RhoA backbone, Ara, Gal, & Plant primary cell wall, leaves, & \\  & & Xyl side chains & soft tissues of fruit and vegetable & [30] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Xyloglucan & \(\beta\)-(1,4)-d-glucan backbone with & & & \\  & & \(\alpha\)-(1,6)-d-xylose branches & Tree fruits, seeds & [31] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Macroalgae} & Alginate & \(\alpha\)-t-guluronate (G)/ \(\beta\)-d-manuronate (M) & Brown algae & [32] \\ \cline{2-5}  & block structure & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Glucan & Cellulose, laminaran, starch & Brown/Green algae & [33] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & Alternating \(\beta\)-(1,3)-linked-d-Gal units and & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Porphyan & \(\alpha\)-(1,4)-linked -d-Gal, (1,6)-sulfate, or & Red algae & [34] \\  & & \(3\)-d-snhydro-d-t-cal units & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sulfated fucoidan & Branched \(\alpha\)-(1,3), \(\alpha\)-(1,4)-t-fucan, O-2, O-3, & Brown algae & [32] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & \(\alpha\)-4 sulfation & Brown algae & [32] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & Backbone of alternating \(\beta\)-(1,3)-linked & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sulfated galactan & D-Gal units and \(\alpha\)-(1,4)-linked -d-Gal, & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sulfated galactan & (1,6)-sulfate or \(3,6\)-snhydro-\(\alpha\)-t-cal units. & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & D-Gal units linked on C-3 and C-6, and & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sulfated polysaccharides & (1,3(6))-linked Gal, (1,3(4))-linked Ara, & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sulfated polysaccharides & (1,4)-linked Glc and T-Glc, (1,4)-linked Xyl & Green algae & [36] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sulfated rhamn & (1-2)-L-thmann substituted by sulfate & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & groups at C-3, & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & and/or C-4 & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Ulvan & Repeating disaccharide ulvanobiouronic & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & acid with Xyl, Glc, RhoA, and sulfate groups & Green algae & [38] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Xylan & \(\beta\)-(1,3)-xylan & Green algae & [15] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & &  
Today, tool-assisted extractions (including the use of enzymes) are a classic for obtaining biomolecules (including carbohydrates), such as microwaves, high-pressure systems, or ultrasounds. It results in extracting polysaccharides faster, at lower-water temperatures while conserving the polymer structural features [39]. Ultrasound disrupt the cell walls of plants and enhance mass transfer of cell content [40]. The method is used to minimize the waste of polysaccharides in plants that might be an interesting resource of molecules [41]. It might also facilitate the drying process of aqueous ethanolic extracts. Tool-assisted extractions are generally dedicated for recovering non-polysaccharide structures (polyphenols, terpen, etc.)