# IoT Sensor Challenges for Geothermal Energy Installations Monitoring: A Survey
## 3 IoT Devices and Cloud Processing
### IoT in Geothermal Applications
IoT devices have the potential to revolutionize geothermal monitoring, but they also pose several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure reliable operation and minimize the generation of erroneous data. Here are some strategies to confront these challenges:  
1. Ensure reliable operation: To ensure reliable operation of IoT devices in geothermal installations, it is essential to choose devices that are designed to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of the installation. This includes selecting devices that are rated for high temperatures, humidity, and corrosion resistance. Additionally, regular maintenance and calibration of the devices can help ensure reliable operation [117]. 2. Prevent malfunctions due to exceeding recommended temperature ranges: IoT devices can malfunction if they are exposed to temperatures outside their recommended range. To prevent this, it is essential to monitor the temperature of the devices and the surrounding environment and take appropriate measures to prevent overheating. This can include installing cooling systems or using devices with built-in temperature sensors and automatic shut-off features. 3. Minimize the generation of erroneous data: IoT devices can generate erroneous data due to factors such as sensor drift, signal interference, and data loss. To minimize this, it is essential to use high-quality sensors and ensure that the devices are properly calibrated and maintained [118]. Additionally, data validation and error correction algorithms can be used to identify and correct erroneous data. 4. Transition from elementary sensors to more complex MCU-based IoT devices: The transition from elementary sensors to more complex MCU-based IoT devices can bring several implications, including increased complexity, higher costs, and the need for specialized expertise. To address these challenges, it is essential to carefully evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of using MCU-based IoT devices and ensure that the devices are properly designed, installed, and maintained. Additionally, training and support for personnel responsible for operating and maintaining the devices can help ensure their reliable operation. In summary, confronting the challenges posed by IoT devices in geothermal installations requires careful consideration of the devices' design, installation, and maintenance. Strategies such as ensuring reliable operation, preventing malfunctions due to exceeding recommended temperature ranges, minimizing the generation of erroneous data, and carefully evaluating the transition from elementary sensors to more complex MCU-based IoT devices can help ensure the successful implementation of IoT-based geothermal monitoring systems [119]. In the construction and electronic placement of geothermal IoT monitoring systems, careful consideration should be given to the potential high temperatures of an environment or a medium [120]. Geothermal environments can expose the equipment to extreme heat, which can pose challenges to the proper functioning of electronic components. It is crucial to protect the silicon parts used in these systems, as they have maximum temperature limits that should not be exceeded. Adequate measures and safeguards must be implemented to ensure the longevity and reliable operation of IoT devices in such high-temperature conditions [121]. The advance of IoT technology has brought about a push for standardization in various aspects of its implementation. Standardization includes the adoption of common LPWAN communication protocols, the use of standardized components on the cloud side, and the establishment of methodologies for creating IoT nodes [122]. This standardization effort aims to streamline and simplify the development and deployment process of IoT systems. In contrast, telemetry systems often lack standardization and are often proprietary, leading to increased expenses and longer development cycles.