## 4 Discussion  
The results of our study show that 88.4% of the near-miss incidents were crosswalks for the pedestrian crossing locations during both day and night. The percentages of traffic lights were high for pedestrians and vehicles. Those of medium and wide roads were also high. These results imply that near-miss incidents occurred at medium and large-sized intersections. [PERSON] et al. investigated the relationship between the lighting status of traffic lights and behaviors of pedestrians crossing roads [27]. Their results show that 45% of the pedestrians did not complete the crossing before the red-light display when they started crossing during green-light flashing. They also indicated that pedestrians who crossed roads dangerously had higher risks of getting involved in traffic accidents. In near-miss incidents, some pedestrians might behave dangerously even though they were crossing on crosswalks. Using near-miss incident data, we investigated dangerous traffic situations wherein vehicles turning right at intersections encountered pedestrians. The state-of-the-art reports the features of road environments of accidents between a right-turning vehicle and an oncoming vehicle from actual accident data in Japan [28]. They found that the intersections with traffic lights accounted for 72%, which is comparable to the results of vehicle/pedestrian-traffic lights with high percentages. For the road width, they showed that the highest rates of accidents occurred on medium roads (\(\geq\)5.5 m, \(<\)13 m) to and through intersections (41%), followed by medium roads to and wide roads through intersections (22%) and wide roads to and through intersections (19%). The road environments of medium and wide roads were similar to the ones in our results between a right-turning vehicle and a pedestrian. The collision-potential targets are different between the literature and this study, viz. oncoming vehicles and pedestrians. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the turning-vehicle collisions involving pedestrians using traffic accident data. As listed in Table 3, the range of \(\leq\)30 km/h for Right-Pedestrian (31.7%) was significantly higher than that for Left-Pedestrian (12.5%). The average of ego vehicle travel speeds for the Right-Pedestrian (17.1 km/h) was significantly faster than that for the Left-Pedestrian (13.4 km/h). The impact speed of the striking vehicle affects the rate of pedestrian death in vehicle-pedestrian crashes [29]. [PERSON] et al. revealed that the odds of pedestrian fatality increase by 11% for a 1 km/h increment [30]. The findings indicate that the width of intersections involving Right-Pedestrians is often greater than that involving Left-Pedestrians. On medium roads (\(\geq\)5.5 m, \(<\)13 m) to and through the intersection, Left-Pedestrians had the highest rates of incidents. In contrast, Right-Pedestrians had the highest rates on wide roads (\(\geq\)13 m) to and through the intersection (Figure 5). In Japan, medium roads have two lanes, with one lane in each direction, whereas wide roads have  
Figure 9: Lateral distances, forward distances, and relative angles between ego vehicles and pedestrians when the drivers applied the brakes: (**a**) lateral distances; (**b**) forward distances; (**c**) relative angles. at least four lanes, as shown in Figure 10. As the number of lanes increase, the size of the intersection increases. Typically, the turning speed of the vehicle at an intersection depends on the size of the intersection. Because of the higher vehicle speed and the longer distance between the ego vehicle and the Right-Pedestrian, ego vehicle drivers may take longer to recognize Right-Pedestrians than Left-Pedestrians. Furthermore, crossing the road takes longer when a pedestrian walks on a wide road (13 m). [PERSON] and [PERSON] found that, for a pedestrian density lower than 1.1 persons/m\({}^{2}\), the average pedestrian walking speed is approximately 1.4 m/s. For example, when the crossing distance for pedestrians is greater than 13 m, it takes 9.3 s or longer to cross [31].