esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Energy Optimization in Hotels: Strategies for Efficiency in Hot Water Systems
## 2 State of the Art
### Heat Recovery in Water Chillers  
Waste heat recovery from thermal systems, such as refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps, has been recognized for years for its ability to reuse thermal energy that would otherwise be rejected. This process not only enables the production of hot water, but has also become an area of growing interest to companies because of its potential to improve energy efficiency [14]. Heat recovery is especially relevant today, as it contributes to refrigerant condensation and reduces operating costs and environmental emissions by taking advantage of a free energy source [15; 16].  
Recovered heat can be used in a variety of applications, including heating, domestic hot water, and industrial processes. It is critical to understand ASHRAE 90.1-2004, which sets specific requirements for heating and hot water service, as these can vary significantly. Centralized HVAC systems generate approximately 1.25 times the refrigerant effect in the form of condensing heat, which allows their simultaneous use for heating and hot water production, in contrast to traditional systems that operate independently [17].  
Domestic hot water production from condensing heat recovery can be achieved directly or indirectly depending on whether thermal energy storage is available or not. In these installations, the availability of heat for recovery is variable and, under certain operating conditions, is insufficient to meet the DHW demand, leading to the need for auxiliary heating and thus additional energy consumption [18].  
Figure 1: Bibliometric network of perspectives and trends in energy efficiency focused on air conditioning and heat recovery in hotel facilities.  
Typical DHW systems in Caribbean hotels with centralized air conditioning are composed of three pumping circuits, as shown in Figure 2.  
Primary hot water circuit (PHWC): by recirculating a certain volume of water, heat is partially recovered in the recuperator before passing to the condensation process. This volume of water passes as a hot fluid through a plate heat exchanger until it returns to the heat recovery unit of the chillers. In case the water temperature in the DHW circuit does not guarantee the set hot water temperature (60 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the water temperature in the DHW circuit itself is increased by means of a backup heater. Secondary hot water circuit (SHWC): a counterflow volume of water circulates through the plate heat exchanger from the room temperature water (AWT) that is replenished in the DHW system (equal to that consumed), plus the volume of service water that is not consumed and returns. Once the water gains heat in the plate heat exchanger, it is sent to the users for consumption. The return is stored in storage tanks. Recirculation circuit (RC): promotes the circulation of hot water through the network of service pipes distributed throughout the hotel.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Origin of Overpressure
#### 4.2.1 Logging Methods  
Overpressure exhibits distinct response characteristics in the AC, RT, and DEN logging curves, enabling the use of logging parameter charts to identify its causes. Commonly utilized logging curve charts include the resistivity-density intersection chart (Figure 5a) and the sonic velocity-density intersection chart (Figure 5b). It is generally accepted that both normal and unbalanced compaction points align with the loading curve. Overpressure resulting from fluid expansion is characterized by high RT and low sonic velocity, while overpressure due to chemical compaction or clay diagenesis is marked by high DEN. Furthermore, overpressure associated with tectonic compression presents characteristics of elevated RT and DEN, while overpressure resulting from transmission or composite causes shows significant variations in sonic velocity and density [15; 16; 35; 41; 42].  
Figure 4: The prediction results of pressure in Qiongzhusi Formation: (a) plane distribution of pressure coefficient; (b) A–A’ pressure coefficient profile.  
In this study, we utilized the resistivity-density intersection chart and the sonic velocity-density intersection chart to analyze the overpressure genesis of Z201 (Figure 5c,d), GS17 (Figure 5e,f), and WY1H (Figure 5g,h) within the Deyang-Anyue rift trough. The results indicate that the overpressure observed in the Qiongzhusi Formation in Well Z201 is primarily attributed to fluid expansion. Most overpressure points in the GS17 and WY1H wells coincide with the normal compaction curve, while some overpressure points result from fluid expansion. This finding suggests that disequilibrium compaction significantly contributes to the overpressure in both GS17 and WY1H wells. Thus, the overpressure in the Qiongzhusi Formation is predominantly due to fluid expansion and disequilibrium compaction.  
Figure 5: Overpressure identification chart and overpressure cause identification of Qiongzhusi Formation: (**a**) resistivity–density plate; (**b**) sonic velocity–density plate; (**c,d**) overpressure cause identification of Z201; (**e,f**) overpressure cause identification of GS17; (**g,h**) overpressure cause identification of WY1H.
# Aiding ICD-10 Encoding of Clinical Health Records Using Improved Text Cosine Similarity and PLM-ICD
## 6 Discussion
### Advantages and Limitations  
As discussed above, with the optimised values for the thresholds \(T_{1}\) and \(T_{2}\), the use of the improved Cosine method coupled to PLM-ICD can be advantageous, allowing to reach more TP while filtering out some possible FP that would slip through PLM-ICD alone and therefore affect precision.  
The Cosine method has one important characteristic, that it does not require training to specific data, for it is a deterministic model, so there is no learning bias. The multiple runs and bucket category methods are also deterministic, even though specific parameters can be adjusted for better performance.  
In future work, it will be useful to use not only the NER model for diseases and chemicals, as was performed, but for other biomedical terms too. The NER model used, \"en_ner_bc5 cdr_md\" ([[https://allenai.github.io/scispacy/](https://allenai.github.io/scispacy/)]([https://allenai.github.io/scispacy/](https://allenai.github.io/scispacy/)), accessed on 10 October 2023), only recognizes entities of diseases and chemicals. For example, the entity \"pregnancy\" is neither a disease nor a chemical. Nonetheless, it is present in some ICD-10 code descriptions and may be important for accurate code retrieval. It is not recognized by this NER model, thus not contributing to retrieve important ICD-10 codes when calculating the similarity between the EHR text and ICD-10 descriptions.  
In the Cosine method implementation, a few synonyms for diseases were considered, namely \"angiocetasia\" as \"angiodysplasia\", \"dyslipidemia\" as \"hyperlipidemia\", \"tobacco\" as \"nicotine\", and \"smoking\" as \"nicotine\", making it limited in the vocabulary and consequently in the results. A more comprehensive list of synonyms will most probably lead to better results, but it was out of the scope of the current project.  
Overall, PLM-ICD-C can be useful to provide code suggestions to the medical coders, and suggest more of the codes that the clinical record contains than PLM-ICD alone.  
The computation required to perform experiments with MIMIC-IV makes it difficult to optimise the values of the thresholds used. Additionally, the experiments described were just performed with one part of the whole MIMIC-IV dataset. Therefore, there may still be room for improvement.
## 4 Vettability Alteration Due to Rock Dissolution and Precipitation
### Wettability Alteration Due to Rock Dissolution
Notably, there is a similarity in the behavior of residual trapping and wettability with respect to porosity. In Ketton carbonate, a moderate but consistent decrease in residual trapping is observed with an increase in porosity (Figure 23). The dissolution of minerals primarily affects small pores, increasing their average size (Figure 21), which likely alters wettability. The trapping of the wetting phase occurs through layers on the walls of rock pores. As pressure on the wetting phase increases, these layers swell, aiding in the separation and isolation of individual droplets of the non-wetting phase. Conversely, in Estaillades carbonate, residual trapping remains virtually unchanged with increasing porosity, as shown in Figure 23.  
Figure 23: Changes in the Land trapping coefficient as a function of porosity for Ketton carbonates (**top**) and Estaillades carbonates (**bottom**) [71]. Figure 22: Changes in wettability index with respect to porosity during dissolution for the Estaillades sample. The dissolution process not only alters the pore structure but also creates changes in capillary barriers within the porous medium, which significantly affect two-phase displacement and wettability characteristics. Recent studies, such as those by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al., have investigated these dynamic interactions at the pore scale, focusing particularly on how changes in pore geometry influence the behavior of non-wetting and wetting fluids [82; 83]. These findings provide a broader context for understanding the role of dissolution in altering the fluid distribution and the overall wettability characteristics of the porous medium.
# Detection Model for 5G Core PFCP DDoS Attacks Based on Sin-Cos-bIAVOa
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Accuracy Comparison Evaluation Experiment
This indicates that the algorithm demonstrates high robustness and adaptability in detecting DDoS attacks. Additionally, most algorithms achieve high detection accuracy under short timeout values (15 s, 20 s), likely due to the ease of capturing traffic characteristics within short time windows. However, the performance of some algorithms declines in longer timeout values (120 s, 240 s), possibly due to the interference caused by data noise over extended time windows. The AVOA algorithm optimized using the sin-cos method demonstrates a higher detection accuracy compared to the original method. The Sin-Cos-bIAVOA algorithm maintains a high level of performance even at longer timeout values, demonstrating its strong capability in handling complex traffic patterns. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Timeout (s)** & **15 s** & **20 s** & **60 s** & **120 s** & **240 s** & **Average** \\ \hline Sin-Cos-bIAVOA & 0.9821 & 0.9769 & 0.9740 & 0.9749 & 0.9895 & 0.97948 \\ AVOA & 0.9168 & 0.9326 & 0.9391 & 0.9452 & 0.9079 & 0.92832 \\ BP & 0.9737 & 0.9760 & 0.9365 & 0.9713 & 0.9685 & 0.9652 \\ CNN & 0.9770 & 0.9692 & 0.9452 & 0.9427 & 0.9755 & 0.96192 \\ RBF & 0.9287 & 0.9342 & 0.9240 & 0.9229 & 0.9406 & 0.93008 \\ ELM & 0.9455 & 0.9345 & 0.9317 & 0.9337 & 0.9336 & 0.9358 \\ RF & 0.9786 & 0.9711 & 0.9711 & 0.9606 & 0.9720 & 0.97068 \\ SVM & 0.9488 & 0.9378 & 0.9308 & 0.9337 & 0.9231 & 0.93484 \\ LSTM & 0.9494 & 0.9313 & 0.9423 & 0.9444 & 0.9650 & 0.94648 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Results on balanced PFCP session DDoS attack dataset. Figure 10: Results on balanced PFCP session DDoS attack dataset.
# Evolution of Flow and Streaming in Exponential Variable Cross-Section Resonators
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Shape Parameter  
Figure 5 shows the pressure fluctuation for eight \(m\) exponential ducts (\(m=0\), 0.6, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 3.0) near position (\(x=0\), \(r(x)=0\)), with piston driving amplitude \(l=100\)\(\upmu\)m. Figure 5 shows that the pressure waveform and amplitude are strongly influenced by the shape parameter \(m\). The value \(m\) producing highest pressure amplitude can also be estimated from Figure 5. A periodic shock wave appears in the exponential ducts of \(m=0\) (\(s_{L}/s_{0}=1\), cylindrical tube) and up to \(m=0.6\) (\(s_{L}/s_{0}=3\)). A shock-free and smooth sine wave can be obtained in the exponential duct with \(m=2.0\) to 3.0. A shock-free and high-amplitude resonance with nearly equal amplitude can be observed with \(m=2.1\) and 2.2. In other words, the amplitude of the pressure wave increases with the increase of \(m\) when \(m\)\(\leq 2.2\) (\(s_{L}/s_{0}\leq 81\)), but decreases with the increase of \(m\) when \(m\geq 2.3\) (\(s_{L}/s_{0}\geq 100\)). [PERSON] [21] also reported that shock waves appear in exponential ducts up to \(s_{L}/s_{0}=2\), and the pressure amplitude increases with increasing area contraction ratio when \(s_{L}/s_{0}\leq 100\).  
As we know, the non-linear effect in propagating shock waves suppresses the growth of the pressure amplitude by the so-called acoustic saturation phenomenon. Therefore, in order to obtain high-intensity sound, the shock wave must be suppressed. The results shown in Figure 5 indicate that some exponential tubes are more suitable for this task. These results also show that, for the exponential tube, the optimal shape parameter was 2.2, with which the highest value of the pressure amplitude can be produced. An earlier study [29] also revealed that the \(m=2.2\) exponential tube has a better energy-gathering ability and shock-suppression effect.
# Using Ground-Based Passive Reflectors for Improving UAV Landing
## 5 Discussion  
The results obtained in the course of mathematical modeling made it possible to evaluate the main accuracy operation characteristics of the UAV's onboard radar during its landing.  
Figure 12: Marks deviations from the calculated trajectory in the vertical plane.  
Figure 13: Marks deviations from the calculated trajectory in the horizontal plane.  
The use of angle reflectors placed on the runway plane allowed only an inaccurate landing approach, that is, an approach without an estimate of the true UAV height. To overcome this disadvantage, the following approaches can be used: First, install a low-altitude radio altimeter on the UAV with a measurement range from 0 to 150 m, which allows to specify the true UAV height at the final stage of push down. Secondly, to increase the accuracy of estimating the UAV coordinates, it is advisable, given the sufficiently high level of the one-time measurements dispersion of the current coordinates, to use filtering algorithms for estimating the current location, for example, based on the Kalman filters or \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) filters. In addition, information about the required trajectory of the UAV push down during landing can be introduced into the model of these filter's functions. The third approach is to increase the accuracy of determining the UAV's location by expanding the band of the probing signal to several tens of megahertz, which would further reduce the errors of primary distance measurements to the reflectors. Furthermore, implementing such a landing method in the coherent mode of UAV radar operation, it is possible to introduce procedures for evaluating the components of the UAV velocity vector into the signal processing algorithms with the further use of the obtained estimations in filtering algorithms for smoothing the estimates of primary systems. To reduce the fluctuation primary measurement components by analogy with satellite radio navigation systems, tracking loops for the delay for the signals of each reflector can be implemented. Given the increase in multipath interference as the height of the UAV's push down, there is a need for the use of additional algorithms for processing input radio signals and primary distance measurements.
# DDS: A Delay-Constrained Duty-Cycle Scheduling Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
In order to achieve low energy consumption while satisfying the delay bound requirements in duty-cycled WSNs, this paper proposes a novel scheduling algorithm. Using the network topology information collected by the sink, the one-hop delay distribution was derived as a function of the duty cycle interval, delay bound, and deadline success ratio. Then, the E2E delay distribution was estimated using the obtained one-hop delay and the Lyapunov central limit theorem. The duty cycle interval was determined using the obtained E2E delay distribution, with an objective of minimizing energy consumption while satisfying the delay bound requirement.  
Unlike existing studies, our algorithm does not require the one-hop delays of groups to be identically distributed, which makes the algorithm applicable to various practical node-deployment scenarios. In addition, our work does not require time synchronization between nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can satisfy the given delay bound requirements and outperforms existing algorithms in terms of the achieved deadline success ratio, total energy consumption, and the average E2E delay.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.Y. and D.-S.V.; methodology, D.-S.V. and S.Y.; software, D.-S.V.; validation, D.-S.V., S.Y., and T.-N.D.; formal analysis, D.-S.V., T.-N.D., and S.Y.; investigation, D.-S.V. and S.Y.; resources, S.Y.; data curation, D.-S.V.; writing-original draft preparation, D.-S.V., T.-N.D., and S.Y., writing--review and editing, D.-S.V., S.Y., and T.-N.D.; visualization, D.-S.V. and S.Y.; supervision, S.Y.; project administration, S.Y.; funding acquisition, S.Y.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the 2018 Research Fund of University of Ulsan.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank all editors and reviewers for their valuable comments, which have helped improve the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 6: Effects of event rate on the achieved DSR, total energy consumption in the network, and average E2E delay with delay bound \(\theta=30\) s and required DSR \(\gamma=95\%\).
# SCM-IoT: An Approach for Internet of Things Services Integration and Coordination
## 3 Methodology
### Platform Independent Computational Model
#### 3.2.2 Notify  
The subscription service for receiving notifications allows resuming the activities of those subscribers waiting for the emergence of data of interest generated by the editor. Subscription is a service that corresponds to the pattern given by the CPN in red, as shown in Figure 3a,b. The subscription request \"SUBSCRIBE(u)\" is marked in place S, which enables the SS transition that, when triggered, marks the NS place with the subscription note that contains only the subscriber identifier \"u\". The subscription ends with this marking in the US place, allowing all subscribers listed here to receive notifications eventually.  
The subscription for notifications service has the behavior pattern described by transition N. The notebook for edition is represented by place H, where relevant data is expected to arise. The input arc with annotation \"(u, \(p\), T, h, g, c, v, A)\", retrieves all tokens from H and binds the variables appearing in the annotation with values.  
As shown in Figure 3a, the enabling and triggering of transition N can be described by the ECA rule:  
1. ON detecting (u,\(p\),T,h,g,c,v,A) at H AND detecting u at US;
2. IF \(p\) = ON andalso T = LOW andalso c = OFF;
3. DO remove (u,\(p\),T,h,g,c,v,A) from H; insert (u,\(p\),T,h,g,ON,v,A) to H.  
Notifications are performed by firing transition N, where H is an input and an output place for N, as shown in Figure 3b.  
The same tuple expression \"(u,\(p\), T, h, g, c, v, A)\" is annotated in the input and output input arcs, indicating that no field is modified during notification. Though the values assigned to the variables are used to evaluate the logical condition on N. The condition \"[\(p\) = SI, T = BA], and c = NO]\" establishes the values that the variables \"\(p\)\", \"T\", and \"\(c\)\" must take to verify it. In this way, transition N is enabled when there is a token such as \"(COC, TES, LOW, NO, NO, NO, NO, NO)\" in H because it assigns the values \"YES\", \"LOW\", and \"NO\" to the variables \"\(p\)\", \"T\", and \"\(c\)\", respectively. Once this transition is enabled, it can be triggered as long as no collection request applies to this token since it has a higher priority of attention. When this enabled transition is eventually triggered, a notification is sent to the subscribed client to receive it. The output arc from N to NC with the notation \"(u, S)\" indicates this action.  
The notifications do not alter the notebook's content or the list of subscribers, so each subscriber may continue to receive more notifications from time to time. Likewise, since there is a notification when allowing the resumption of the actions of a subscriber who can potentially modify the contents of the notebook, its interleaved execution during the execution of the collection service is not allowed.
# Composite Films of Polydimethylsiloxane and Micro-Graphite with Tunable Optical Transmittance
## 1 Introduction  
Composite optical materials are designed to have enhanced optical properties that are superior to those of their individual component materials [1; 2; 3]. At present, composites are used in a wide range of applications, including strain sensors, electronic displays, optical attenuators and smart windows [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Composites, which use carbon materials in high-performance applications, have been widely used owing to their strengthening effect, high stiffening and feasible preparation, such as graphene oxide-silica nanohybrid [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16], graphene/polydimethylsiloxane [17; 18] and polylactic acid (PLA) as a host polymer and different forms of carbon fillers [19; 20]. Considerable progress has already been made in these fields. Composites have also been designed to have tunable transparency under specific electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal and chemical driving conditions but most industrially available devices of this type are costly and bulky [21]. There is thus a need for novel mechanisms to allow tunable composites to be realized.  
Recently, many researchers have reported on their efforts to develop devices based on lightweight elastomers [22] such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). PDMS is a macromolecule compound that is widely used in numerous fields because of its superb characteristics, which include good elasticity, optical properties, breathability, insulation properties and stability, along with a low glass transition temperature. PDMS-based devices thus have obvious advantages and increasing numbers of researchers are fabricating and integrating optical components using this flexible material [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. In particular, a number of researchers have been considering the use of PDMS composites. By controlling the dopants that are added to the PDMS, they can control many of the properties of the resulting composites, including optical, electrical and mechanical properties [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. However, these composites must be fabricated with high precision using vacuum deposition or evaporation or even by implantation viaaerodynamic acceleration. While these methods have advantages, the fabrication techniques can be both complex and costly.  
In this work, we propose a PDMS composite that can be fabricated using a simple production process and that offers flexibly tunable optical transmittance. We fabricated thin films of PDMS mixed with microcrystalline graphite powder, which can alter the transparency of the samples. By varying the concentration of the microcrystalline graphite powder and the sample thickness, we were able to control the transmittance of the resulting composite film. In addition, we tailored samples of the composite into various trapezoidal shapes and stretched them to tune their optical transmittance.