## 1 Introduction  
Currently, various systems, including fare collection, pollution measurement, passenger counting, vehicle system management, passenger information, advertisement management, and vehicle tracking systems are extensively utilized in public transportation. These systems may operate independently or in conjunction with one another. Public transportation networks are present in diverse settings such as buses, subways, trains, and trans. Within these contexts, the systems are subjected to harsh environmental conditions such as extreme temperature differences, continuous vibrations, rain, and sunlight. Moreover, the majority of devices within public transportation are inherently mobile systems. The Internet of Things (IoT) is being used in various domains, including smart cities, public transportation, industry, manufacturing, agriculture, and healthcare [1]. IoT entails a network wherein entities are connected with one another and with the broader Internet. Objects in this context encompass any unit capable of connecting to the Internet and exchanging information. In IoT, these entities are interconnected and capable of data exchange. Key advancements facilitating the evolution of IoT include the miniaturization of circuits, reduced energy consumption, and enhanced processor performance [2]. Nowadays, the utilization of IoT systems within public transportation has become increasingly prevalent. The challenges encountered in IoT-based public transportation systems closely resemble those observed in general IoT contexts. Heterogeneity stands out as a significant challenge in both public transportation IoT systems and their general IoT counterparts. Hardware and software components exhibit a high degree of interdependence, often resulting in platform-dependent code development, a common occurrence within these systems. Adapting developed code to run on a different platform performing the same function, even when employing the same programming language, proves to be notably challenging. This inherent issue is a common thread across both public transportation IoT systems and general IoT systems. Furthermore, IoT systems deployed within public transportation settings face additional challenges specific to this domain. These challenges encompass disparities among IoT systems, systems operating within dynamic physical environments, exposure to harsh environmental conditions, utilization of domain-specific System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies, adoption of domain-specific hardware, and adherence to domain-specific design standards [3]. Across all IoT-based public transportation systems, domain-specific standards govern communication, management, and control mechanisms among constituent units. Foremost among these standards is ITxPT, which fosters a standardized framework across public transportation systems [4]. The adoption of such standards distinguishes IoT-based public transportation systems from their general IoT counterparts. IoT-based public transportation systems encompass highly mobile infrastructures situated within urban environments. Given this mobile nature, the selection and management of wireless network systems have paramount importance. During system design, myriad challenges emerge, including connectivity issues inherent to mobile structures, as well as the management of system disconnections and reconnections. The establishment of solutions to address these challenges renders IoT-based public transportation systems distinct from general IoT systems [5]. Designing public transportation IoT systems necessitates consideration of operation within harsh temperature and vibration conditions. To ensure seamless long-term operation under such conditions, the use of domain-specific System-on-Chips (SoCs) and platforms becomes indispensable. While easily accessible platforms like Raspberry Pi and Arduino are prevalent in the market, they are unsuitable for operation within harsh environments.