## 1 Introduction  
According to reports, the estimated size of the worldwide connected car market was $33.73 billion in 2022, with a projected growth to approximately $136.11 billion by 2032. This expansion is anticipated to occur at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15.5% from 2023 to 2003 [1]. This sizeable market growth is driven by 5G connectivity. Based on the environment in which they operate, Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communication can take various forms, such as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) as depicted by the Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) landscape in Figure 1[2]. Traffic dynamics in the V2X scenario change every moment due to the dynamically changing wireless and physical environment. A huge amount of data is generated and exchanged among various types of C-ITS nodes every second. Multiple short-range (C-V2X PC5, IEEE 802.11p-based Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)/ITS-G5) and long-range (C-V2X Uu) technologies exist for communication between V2X nodes. With the advancements in Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP)-based cellular communications in the last decade, V2X communication is becoming a reality. Connected, autonomous and teleoperated vehicles are changing the dynamics of the vehicular communications. Additionally, connected vehiclescan improve traffic efficiency by better managing their flow on the roads and reducing fuel consumption. Currently, it is believed that approximately 95% of all road traffic accidents in the European Union are caused by human errors [3]. The use of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), teleoperation and platooning are expected to lead to a significant reduction in accidents and fatalities on the roads. This is largely because these technologies are designed to enhance safety for all road users. For example, many vehicles nowadays are equipped with a number of sensors and systems that allow them to detect potential hazards on the road, such as other vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles. They can also communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure, such as traffic lights and road signs, to better coordinate traffic flow and avoid potential collisions. Various messages are used in C-ITS to communicate information using short-range and/or long-range V2X technologies. A Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM) serves as one of the messages transmitted among interconnected vehicles, containing vital details regarding a vehicle's state and behavior, encompassing its position, speed, heading, acceleration, and pertinent data. CAMs facilitate mutual awareness among vehicles, enabling them to comprehend each other's presence and movements. This, in turn, fosters collaborative actions aimed at enhancing both road safety and traffic efficiency. Another noteworthy message category is the Decentralized Environmental Notification Message (DENM), designed to disseminate information about the immediate traffic environment, potential disruptions, or hazards. The primary objective of DENM is to furnish real-time notifications pertaining to various events, such as road closures, accidents, adverse weather conditions, and other crucial information impacting traffic safety and efficiency. Through the dissemination of decentralized environmental notifications, vehicles can promptly receive updates concerning their surroundings, empowering them to adapt to dynamic conditions and undertake suitable actions. The term \"Hybrid vehicular communication\" refers to the use of a combination of short-range and long-range V2X communication technologies and protocols to facilitate communication between vehicles and their surrounding infrastructure. This approach leverages both dedicated short-range communication (C-V2X-based PC5, IEEE 802.11p-based DSRC/ITS-G5) and cellular networks (4G/5G) to provide reliable and efficient communication between V2X nodes.