## 1 Introduction  
The advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized and improved communication, leading to an exponential increase in data traffic and data usage. According to Ericsson's report, mobile data usage per month per device is projected to increase significantly across different regions [1]. Considering the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), the mobile data traffic per smartphone is expected to grow annually at an average rate of 17% in North America, 16% in Western Europe, and 15% in Central and Eastern Europe from 2022 to 2029 [1]. Figure 1 shows the mobile data traffic per smartphone in GB for the same period. The growth in data consumption can be attributed to several factors. The increasing number of smart electronic devices such as smartphones, wearable electronics, and sensors significantly enhance data creation and use. The worldwide adoption of IoT devices, such as smart home appliances and industrial sensors, generates considerable data. Nowadays, cloud services are an integral part of crucial applications and provide benefits such as users being able to store data, run different applications, and access services in the cloud environment. These dependencies on cloud infrastructure enhance data consumption. The roll-out of the 5G cellular networks promises enhanced throughput and low latency that will support data-intensive activities like High-Definition (HD) video streaming, Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR). The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated remote work and online learning, which boosted data consumption. In summary, the convergence of technological enhancements, the growth of smart devices, and the changing behavior of users enhance the exponential growth of data consumption [2; 3; 4]. This tremendous growth in data traffic and data usage has compelled the development of more robust and efficient network infrastructures to support the increasing demand for data consumption. However, these advancements in telecommunication networks have also led to a significant increase in energy consumption, Carbon Dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emission, and climate change, posing a serious environmental threat. Telecom service provider Ericsson is proactively addressing climate change, a pressing global issue, by leveraging technology to reduce carbon emissions across their service portfolio, including telecommunication network infrastructure [5]. The ICT industry significantly contributes to global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, accounting for approximately 2% of total emissions [6]. This includes the energy consumption of data centers as well as the entire lifecycle of devices, networks, and infrastructure. The energy demand associated with ICT operations is substantial. Radio Access Networks (RANs), which form the backbone of cellular communication, play a crucial role and consume over 60% of the energy used by the entire ICT industry [6]. Figure 2 depicts the power consumption breakdown of various sections within a cellular network. The RAN of the cellular network consumes 73% of the total power and the rest of the components (i.e., core, data centers, etc.) consume 27% of the total power [7]. Optimizing RANs for efficiency is essential to reduce their environmental impact [6]. Therefore, the need for sustainable and green telecommunication networks is more pressing than ever. Figure 1: Mobile data traffic per smartphone, 2022 to 2029 [1]. Wireless communication is growing rapidly and is widely used to fulfill ongoing demands; however, most network deployment designs have not focused on being energy efficient to reduce CO2 emissions. That is where green communication comes in. Green communication, in the context of cellular technology, focuses on establishing environmentally sustainable and energy-efficient practices within cellular networks [8]. It aims to reduce energy consumption by optimizing cellular network components such as base stations, antennas, and data centers. Techniques include low power modes during idle periods and enhancing hardware efficiency.