# The Latest Advances in Wireless Communication in Aviation, Wind Turbines and Bridges
## 2 Wireless Communication and Protocols' Characteristics
### Wireless Communication Security Aspects  
It is not possible to communicate successfully only with a wireless (or wired) connection. It is necessary to use the protocols used to agree on the type and form of data transmission, sender, recipient, control bits, etc. Multiple protocols are available for the communication layer, the most important of which are TCP and UDP. The Internet mostly uses the TCP protocol, which is reliable and has a built-in check that the message has arrived. UDP does not have this, but it is much faster and is mainly used for telephony and video. The message layer works on the communication layer. It can be HTTP, HTTPS, REST, or MQTT (above TCP) or CoAP (above UDP). REST works above HTTP and HTTPS for network devices, and IoTivity is a protocol above UDP that recognizes connected devices. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **Standard** & **Maximum Bandwidth** & **Frequency** & **Range (Closed Space–Open Space)** & **License** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{WiFi [9; 10]} & IEEE 802.11b & 1–11 Mb/s & 2.5 GHz & 45–150 m & \\  & IEEE 802.11a & 1.5–54 Mb/s & 5 GHz & 51–200 m & \\  & IEEE 802.11g & 3–54 Mb/s & 2.4 GHz & 51–200 m & \\  & IEEE 802.11n & 72–600 Mb/s & 2.4/5 GHz & 70–240 m & \\  & IEEE 802.11 ac & 433–6933 Mb/s & 5 GHz & 70–240 m & \\  & IEEE 802.11 ax & 600–9608 Mb/s & 1–6 GHz & 70–240 m & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{ZigBee [11]} & \multirow{5}{*}{IEEE 802.15.4} & \multirow{5}{*}{250 Kb/s} & 784 MHz & \multirow{5}{*}{10–300 m} & \multirow{5}{*}{Yes} \\  & IEEE 802.15.4 & & 868 MHz & & \\  & IEEE 802.15.4 & & 915 MHz & & \\  & IEEE 802.15.1 v1 & 1 Mb/s & 2.4 GHz & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Bluetooth [12]} & IEEE 802.15.1 v1 & 1 Mb/s & & 100 m & \\  & IEEE 802.15.1 v2 & 3 Mb/s & & 100 m & \\  & IEEE 802.15.1 v3 & 24-40 Mb/s & & 100 m & \\  & IEEE 802.15.1 v4 & 24 Mb/s & & 300 m & \\  & IEEE 802.15.1 v5 & 2–50 Mb/s & & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{RFID [13]} & \multirow{5}{*}{ISO/IEC24791} & \multirow{5}{*}{\(<\)1 Mb/s} & 125 KHz & \multirow{5}{*}{3 m} & \multirow{5}{*}{No} \\  & & & 13.56 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 868 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 956 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 2.4 GHz & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{LoRa [14]} & \multirow{5}{*}{IEEE 802.15.4} & \multirow{5}{*}{27–50 Kb/s} & 433 MHz & \multirow{5}{*}{up to 13 km} & \multirow{5}{*}{No} \\  & & & 868 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 915 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 868 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 915 MHz & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{BigFox [14]} & \multirow{2}{*}{IEEE 802.15.4} & \multirow{2}{*}{100 b/s} & 433 MHz & \multirow{2}{*}{up to 40 km} & \multirow{2}{*}{No} \\  & & & 868 MHz & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 915 MHz & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{NB-IOT [14]} & \multirow{2}{*}{IEEE 802.15.4} & \multirow{2}{*}{240 Kb/s} & 800 MHz & \multirow{2}{*}{up to 10 km} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} \\  & & & & and LTE bands & \\ \hline WirelessHART [15] & IEEE 802.15.4 & 250 Kb/s & 2.4 GHz & up to 225 m & No \\ \hline ISA100.11a [16] & IEEE 802.15.4 & 250 Kb/s & 2.4 GHz & up to 150 m & No \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{WiMAX [17]} & IEEE 802.16 & 37 Mb/s & \multirow{5}{*}{2–11 Ghz} & \multirow{5}{*}{\(<\)10 km} & \multirow{5}{*}{No} \\  & IEEE 802.16-2009 & 83–141 Mb/s & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & IEEE 802.16 m & 110–365 Mb/s & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ultra-wideband (UWB) [18; 19]} & ETSI EN 302 065 & \multirow{2}{*}{50–100 Mb/s} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.1–10.6 GHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{10–150 m} & \multirow{2}{*}{No} \\  & IEEE 802.15.4 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{WAIC [20]} & IEEE 802.15.4 & \multirow{2}{*}{250 Kb/s–200 Mb/s} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.2–4.5 GHz} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(<\)100 m} & \multirow{2}{*}{No} \\  & IEEE C band & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of selected parameters of different wireless systems. Most protocols also regulate comprehensive message encryption (REST only guarantees encryption when running on HTTPS). With IoT, devices with (embedded) controllers can be connected, enabling these devices to use specific services on the Internet [21; 22; 23].