esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Vibration Test Scheme  
#### 2.3.1 Arrangement of Measurement Points  
To investigate the influence of the main excitation components of a rice combine harvester on the vibration characteristics of its chassis frame and to accurately identify the contribution of each excitation source to the frame's vibration, this study designed a systematic vibration test scheme. The vibration measurement points were divided into two main categories: excitation source points and target response points on the chassis frame. Triaxial acceleration sensors were used at all measurement points to acquire vibration data in the X, Y, and Z directions.  
1. Input Measurement Points: A total of five measurement points were established near the primary excitation sources to capture the vibration input signals from each source. The specific installation locations were the connection point between the cutting header and the conveyor trough (A1); the connection point between the conveyor trough and the threshing frame (A2); the connection between the cutting header's lifting hydraulic cylinder and the chassis frame (A3); the mounting side plate of the threshing cylinder (A4); and the outer frame of the vibrating screen (A5). These locations are illustrated in Figure 5.
2. Target Response Points on the Chassis Frame (Output Points): A total of six measurement points (numbered 1 to 6) were established at key locations around the outer frame of the chassis. These points were symmetrically distributed on the front, middle, and rear sections of both the left and right sides of the chassis frame to capture its overall vibration response. A schematic diagram showing the specific installation locations of the test points is presented in Figure 6.
# WRTU-16T: Write-Enhanced Low-Power Radiation-Tolerant SRAM for Space Applications
## 3 Implementation Results and Analysis
### Area  
The WRTU-16T applied various design techniques at the circuit and layout levels to be robust to soft errors even in environments vulnerable to radiation. In particular, to prevent SEMNU, the spacing between the two sensitive nodes, Q and S0, was secured to a maximum of 3.11 \(\upmu\)m or more in the layout. This physical separation is effective in reducing the possibility of data inversion due to simultaneous charge inflow to both nodes.  
Figure 12: Comparison of critical charge (Qc) with other SRAMs.  
Figure 13: Recovery waveforms at sensitive nodes following a single-node upset: (**a**) at Node Q. (**b**) at Node S0.  
The total cell area is 24.51 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) and consists of a total of 16 transistors. Eight of them were designed with the minimum size allowed by the process to minimize the cell area, and the remaining eight consist of four transistors included in the SEU recovery circuit, and four access transistors with increased width for stable operation.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Weather Conditions for the Study Period  
The study area has a temperate continental climate, with a long-term (1981-2010) mean annual daily air temperature (T\({}_{\text{a}}\)) of \(\sim\)15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and mean annual rainfall of \(\sim\)925 mm [40]. Monthly T\({}_{\text{a}}\) and rainfall for the study period (2015-2021) are compared with the 30-year means in Figure 1. The 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 non-growing seasons (November through March of the following year) were cooler (daily average T\({}_{\rm a}\) of 4.52 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5.60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively), while the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 non-growing seasons were warmer (daily average T\({}_{\rm a}\) of 7.44 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 7.85 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively) as compared to the 30-year mean of 6.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Temperatures during February-March were warmer in 2016 and 2017 and cooler in 2019 and 2020. February was unusually cooler in 2021 (monthly average T\({}_{\rm a}\) of \(-\)1.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 30-year mean of 5.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and March was unusually cooler in 2019 (monthly average T\({}_{\rm a}\) of 7.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 30-year mean of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The sites received 88, 78, 22, 70, 107, and 63%, respectively, of the 30-year mean rainfall (266 mm) during November-March of 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, and 2020-2021. February-March 2017 was the wettest (1.28 times the 30-year mean of 128 mm for the same period), while February-March of 2018 and 2021 received only 38 and 27% of the 30-year mean rainfall for the same period. Overall, the February-March period was both warmest and wettest in 2017, warmer but relatively drier in 2016, and both cooler and drier in 2019 and 2021.  
When monthly average solar radiation (MJ m\({}^{-2}\) d\({}^{-1}\)) was compared during dormant seasons for the study period, the range was smaller during November-January across years: 10.1-11.5 in November, 8-9.1 in December, and 9.5-11.8 in January (Figure 2). In contrast, the range was relatively larger during February (from 9.6 in 2019 to 15.3 in 2016) and March (from 15.2 in 2020 to 18.1 in 2016). The sites received the highest solar radiation in 2016 and the lowest in 2019 during February-March.  
Figure 1: Monthly average air temperature (T\({}_{\rm a}\)) (**a**) and cumulative rainfall (**b**) during the non-growing season (November–March) of native prairie for the study period (2015–2021) as compared to 30-year (1981–2010) means at the El Reno Mesonet station.
## 4 Conclusions  
The following conclusions are drawn based on the tested data and the simulation of the compression strength of concrete at 483 different ratios between the water and the cement, polymer content, and curing ages.  
1. The compression strength of cement increased from 84% to 250%, depending on the mix proportion. Based on NLR parameters, polymer RC897 had the highest impact on increasing the compression strength of concrete as compared to polymer SP62 and PC180. This improvement in compression strength was due to the dispersion of cement particles and increasing the friction between the particles, reducing the void ratio and increasing the density of concrete.
2. With a cement content of 300 kg, the polymer PC180 had the highest effect on reducing the water content of the other two types of the polymer by 43.5%, while, at a cement content of 400 kg, the polymer RC 897 had the highest effect on reduction in water content compared with the other two polymers, by 46.7%.
3. The compressive strength of the concrete mixes was calculated using NLR and M5P-tree models. The correlation of the coefficient (R\({}^{2}\)) and the root mean square error (RMSE) are used as assessment criteria. The order of the models was M5P-tree and NLR; the M5P-tree was the best model offered in this study, based on data obtained from the experimental work, and provided a higher R\({}^{2}\) and a lower MAE and RMSE.  
Investigation, Writing an original draft, A.S.M. and W.E., Methodology, Supervision, R.K. and K.G., Conceptualization, W.S.Q. and R.K.F., Conceptualization, Methodology, A.S.M. and R.K., Methodology and Supervision, W.E., Validation and Funding acquisition, K.G., Editing, Supervision, R.K.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Security Enhancement for Data Migration in the Cloud
## 2 Background Preliminaries
### Information Dispersal Algorithm  
An IDA is the art of splitting a file and data packet into pieces at a bit level so that they are unrecognizable as they sit in storage arrays or traverse the network. Data can be reassembled at the receiving end user or device using the right key.  
First considered by [PERSON] [8], his schemes are intended to break a file \(F\) of length \(L=|F|\) into \(n\) pieces \(F_{i}\), and each length \(|F_{i}|=L/m,1\leq i\leq n\), so that every \(m\) pieces suffice for reconstructing \(F\). IDA can address better issues of confidentiality, integrity and availability of data.  
Basically, an information dispersal scheme can be implemented in a variety of ways, all corresponding to the notion of erasure codes in the theory of error correcting codes. An IDA that adopts erasure code has strong confidentiality, whereas IDA with an arbitrary non-systematic erasure code may fall into weak confidentiality [9]. IDA has numerous applications to secure and reliable storage of information in computer networks and even on single disks. Nowadays, vendors such as CleverSafe, Tahoe-LAFS, among others, have their technology relying on IDA.
## 3 Experimental Program
### SB/GB Ratio Test  
The SB/GB tests were conducted to evaluate the pedestrian serviceability of the soil brick when applied onsite. The ground reaction force of the soil bricks was compared with different stabilizer and wood chip contents using SB/GB tests. The test results were presented in terms of SB and GB factors as defined by Equation (2). During the SB/GB tests, the height of rebound of a one inch steel ball (66.7 g) and a golf ball (45.9 g) were measured after they were dropped from a height of 100 cm (free fall). Figure 3 illustrates the schematics of the SB/GB tester and illustrates the procedure of the test. The experiment was conducted multiple times for each paving material, specifically five repetitions. From these repetitions, the three rebound heights that exhibited the most similarity were chosen for further analysis. The mean value of these selected rebound heights, denoted as \(H_{0}\), was calculated. Using Equation (2), the SB and GB factors were then determined based on the calculated \(H_{0}\) value.  
\[\text{SB or GB factor}\left(\%\right)=\frac{H_{0}}{H}\times 100 \tag{2}\]  
The GB factor is considered to reflect the ability of a material to absorb impact, while the SB factor represents its resilience in rebound. Generally, smaller values of these factors indicate reduced bodily impact on pedestrians. A smaller value of SB and GB factors indicates less impact on a pedestrian's body [17]. All the tests were conducted following the guidelines outlined in the Handbook of Pavement Survey and Testing [25].  
As per the findings reported by the PWRI (Public Works Research Institute) [27], the values of the SB/GB factors for different types of surfaces were determined. The SB/GB factor is a measure of the dynamic interaction between a tire and a pavement surface, where SB represents the braking force and GB represents the grip force. For natural stone surfaces, the SB/GB factor is in the range of 55-85 and 77-87, respectively. Concrete surfaces exhibit a lower SB factor range of 25-35 but a wider GB factor range of 75-92. Asphalt concrete surfaces have even lower SB factors, ranging 5-12, but a higher GB factor range of 57-72. On the other hand, soil pavement using stabilizer has a relatively lower SB factor range of  
Figure 3: SB/GB factor test: schematics [26] (**left**) and photos (**right**).  
Figure 2: Test setup for measuring dynamic elasticity.  
3-8 but a higher GB factor range of 50-62. The lowest SB factor range, 3-12, was observed for natural soil surfaces, along with a minimal GB factor range of 7-27. These findings provide valuable insights for pavement design and selection of materials based on their expected performance in terms of tire-pavement interaction. It should be noted that the reported ranges are based on the data provided by PWRI [27].
# The Current Development Status of Agricultural Machinery
## 5 Summary and Future Perspectives
### Innovative Multi-Modal Mobility Mechanisms
#### 5.1.1 Terrain-Adaptive Mechanism Optimization  
The complex operating conditions in hilly and mountainous regions--characterized by undulating terrain and heterogeneous soft soil--necessitate the optimized design of adaptive mechanisms for agricultural machinery. To address environmental uncertainties, a hybrid modeling approach can be employed that integrates physical dynamics models (e.g., track-soil thrust equations and tire slip ratio models) with empirical terrain data (e.g., 3D point cloud elevation maps and soil moisture distribution). This enables the construction of high-fidelity digital terrain fields, which support predictive decision-making for multi-degree-of-freedom suspension adjustments.  
By developing a multi-degree-of-freedom suspension system that incorporates independently adjustable balance mechanisms and wheel-track composite structures, the chassis is capable of dynamically adjusting ground clearance and posture to accommodate variations in slope and gully topography. Slope prediction driven by elevation maps, combined with surface friction models (e.g., adhesion coefficient mapping based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion), allows for proactive planning of center-of-mass trajectories, thereby reducing rollover risks. Furthermore, real-time fusion of IMU attitude data with digital terrain fields enables closed-loop control for mass-center stabilization, ensuring operational safety on challenging terrains such as slopes and gullies.  
To meet both operational requirements and ecological preservation goals in mountainous areas, bionic mechanism optimization is essential. Inspired by biological locomotion principles and integrating soil bearing pressure distribution data with mechanical kinematic characteristics, this approach enhances obstacle negotiation capabilities while minimizing soil compaction damage. The integration of these technologies not only improves operational accuracy and safety but also provides highly adaptable solutions for agricultural mechanization in hilly regions, promoting terrain-adaptive retrofitting and advancing sustainable agricultural development.
# A Survey on MLLMs in Education: Application and Future Directions
## 3 Applications of MLLMs in Education
### Adaptive Learning Platforms  
#### 3.1.1 Introduction to Adaptive Learning Platforms  
Adaptive learning platforms are educational systems designed to deliver personalized learning experiences by dynamically adjusting instructional content based on individual learners' needs, preferences, and performance [36; 37]. These platforms leverage data analytics and artificial intelligence to monitor learner interactions, assess understanding, and tailor content to optimize engagement and learning outcomes [38]. By providing customized pathways, adaptive learning aims to address the diverse abilities and learning styles present in educational settings.  
The advent of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has significantly enhanced the capabilities of adaptive learning platforms. MLLMs enable the integration of various data modalities--such as text, images, audio, and video--allowing for richer, more interactive learning experiences [12]. This multimodal approach aligns with the understanding that learning is a complex process involving multiple senses and cognitive functions [39].
# A Model-Assisted Combined Machine Learning Method for Ionospheric TEC Prediction
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.1 TEC Prediction Based on the IRI Model  
The IRI model, a joint project of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) and the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) is the international standard for climate specifications of ionospheric parameters and an empirical model based on extensive terrestrial and spatial data [8; 9]. It can describe the monthly mean value of electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, and ion composition for a given location, data, and time in the non-auroral ionosphere over an altitude range of 50-1500 km. Since its inception in 1969, the IRI model has evolved with newer data and better mathematical descriptions of global and temporal patterns of change. In addition, numerous independent studies have validated the usability of the IRI model and compared it with direct and indirect ionospheric measurements not used in model development [9; 32; 33]. Therefore, the model used in this paper is IRI-2020 [34], through which the monthly one-hour average TEC data of Athens station from 2004 to 2021 are obtained for subsequent analysis and processing.  
Figure 3: The curve diagram of TEC and solar activity parameters: (a) the curve diagram of filtered TEC data and F10.7 data; (b) the curve diagram of filtered TEC data and SSN data.
# Nanoformulation of Peptides for Pharmaceutical Applications: In Vitro and In Vivo Perspectives
## 4 In Vitro Analysis of Nanoformulated Peptides
(2017) prepared the mZD/349 peptide, which is encapsulated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (of 200 nm), and loaded with simvastatin. HUVEC (human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells) were used for the cytotoxicity analysis, which showed that an increment in the drug concentration decreased the viability of the cells. Thus, it is evident that the peptide-encapsulated nanoparticles possess concentration-dependent cell viability, compared to standalone nanoparticles [115]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2004) prepared mucin-encapsulated chitosan fluorescein nanoparticles with the size range of 384.6 \(\pm\) 8.5 nm. The encapsulated nanoparticles did not exhibit cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. Moreover, certain minor damages were identified in cells due to the usage ofthe acetate buffer as observed in the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) [116]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. (2012) encapsulated human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH-34) into chitosan nanoparticles with an average particle size of 40 nm. The chitosan nanoformulation is shown to possess negligible effect toward the NIH3T3 fibroblast cells [117]. The standalone peptide has certain limitations, such as being unable to reach intracellular targets, poor stability, and insufficient drug delivery into the cell. Thus, peptide ligands were decorated on the surface of double emulsion (mPEG-b-PCL) nanoparticles via co-encapsulation for targeted drug delivery. The release rate of the peptide was slow from the nanoparticles when the pH of the peptide solution was altered. Later, the mixed peptide ligand with TGN, COG133, and RXR on the surface of the nanoparticles increased the drug release rate. The cytotoxicity analysis results showed that the double-encapsulated nanoparticles at 1 uM have the ability to suppress cell death and achieve significant peptide ligand release into the cerebellum [118]. Further, [PERSON] et al. (2013) synthesized long peptides (OVA24) and encapsulated them within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles via a solvent evaporation technique for cancer immunotherapy. OVA24-loaded nanoparticles resulted in a high burst release due to low encapsulation efficiency. The burst release rate decreased from 90% to less than 10%, when there was an increase in the inner emulsion volume. Peptide encapsulated nanoparticles with a low burst release enhanced the activation of B3Z CD8+ T cells and the dendritic cell uptake due to T cell immunity generation, and played a vital role in cancer immunotherapy [119].
## 2 Background  
Incorporating safety and security has received great attention for different applications; a few unified approaches have been designed to evaluate both measures. Though security analysis is implemented in the overall design procedure, it is generally not combined into the safety analysis development [5, 14]. Recently, the introduced approaches comprehended the significance of integrated safety and security analysis and intended to incorporate both into a joint methodological process. Two applicable techniques, which describe the integration of security into safety analysis, recommend a merging of fault tree analysis (FTA) with attack tree analysis (ATA) [14] or boolean driven Markov processes (BDMP) [15]. Other introduced approaches either combine safety and security methods, e.g., ATA and bowtie analysis [16], or integrate both fields. However, there are not any practical mechanisms to deal with safety and security integration in real-time applications. Moreover, BN- and GT-enabled approaches have received much attention worldwide, as a solution offering safety and security in several domains.
## 1 Introduction
The combination of the linearization and structural properties methods contributes to evade the problems of both methods by evading the structural conditions requirement and decreasing the approximation error. The proposed transformed structural properties method is better than previous methods because the proposed method could satisfy the following gravity terms condition used to obtain more precise controllability and observability results: if the gravity terms of the robot model contain constant or cosine functions, then the linearization is evaded, and a linear robot model is obtained; this linear robot model is used to determine the controllability and observability. Finally, the transformed structural properties method is compared with the linearization method to determine the controllability and observability of the scara, two links, and cylindrical robots. The scara, two links, and cylindrical robots are selected because they satisfy the gravity terms condition and could be applied in pick and place, screwed, printed circuit boards, packaging, labeling, etc. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the linearization and the transformed structural properties methods are detailed. In Section 3, the linearization and the transformed structural properties methods are applied to determine the controllability and observability of the scara robot. In Section 4, the linearization and the transformed structural properties methods are applied to determine the controllability and observability of the two links robot. In Section 5, the linearization and the transformed structural properties methods are applied to determine the controllability and observability of the two links robot. In Section 6, the conclusion and the forthcoming work are detailed.