## 2 Materials and Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Reaction term** & **Equations** & \\ \hline SEI decomposition & \(\frac{d_{epi}}{dt}=-A_{epi}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{E_{tot}}{kT}\bigg{]}x_{sol}^{min}\) & \(Q_{sci}=-H_{epi}W_{e}\frac{d_{epi}}{dt}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Anode–electrolyte reaction} & \(\frac{d_{epi}}{dt}=\) & \\  & \(-A_{n}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{I_{ni}}{t_{nol}}\bigg{]}c_{n}^{min}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{E_{ tot}}{kT}\bigg{]}\) & \(\frac{d_{epi}}{dt}=\) & \(Q_{n}=-H_{n}W_{e}\frac{d_{epi}}{dt}\) \\  & \(A_{n}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{I_{ni}}{t_{nol}}\bigg{]}c_{n}^{min}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{E_{ tot}}{kT}\bigg{]}\) & \\ \hline Cathode–electrolyte reaction & \(\frac{d_{n}}{dt}=A_{n}ex^{min}(1-a)^{min}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{E_{tot}}{kT}\bigg{]}\) & \(Q_{pe}=-H_{pe}W_{p}\frac{d_{n}}{dt}\) \\ \hline Electrolyte decomposition & \(\frac{d_{p}}{dt}=-A_{n}exp\bigg{[}-\frac{E_{tot}}{kT}\bigg{]}c_{e}^{min}\) & \(Q_{e}=-H_{p}W_{e}\frac{d_{e}}{dt}\) \\ \hline Overall heat generation & \(Q=Q_{sci}+Q_{n}+Q_{pe}+Q_{e}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Heat generation from side chemical reactions equations of thermal abuse model [35; 36]. At the surface, thermal radiation is considered exclusively, and convective effects are ignored. This corresponds to the practical condition in a pack where there is no forced convective flow and the radiation heat transfer dominants. A schematic diagram of radiative heat exchange between the two cells is shown in Figure 3. The radiation heat flux emitted from Cell 1 is the irradiation G:  
\[G=\varepsilon\sigma T_{1}{}^{4} \tag{2}\]  
For Cell 2, we can define the radiosity \(J\), the radiation heat flux leaving its surface:  
\[J=\varepsilon\sigma T_{2}{}^{4}+(1-\varepsilon)F_{12}G \tag{3}\]  
Figure 3: Schematic of thermal radiation between two equal external cylindrical cells. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **Equations** & **Physical Description** \\ \hline \(A_{sei}\) & \(1.667\times 10^{15}\) (1/s) & SEI-decomposition frequency factor \\ \(A_{ne}\) & \(2.5\times 10^{13}\) (1/s) & Anode–electrolyte frequency factor \\ \(A_{pe}\) & \(6.667\times 10^{13}\) (1/s) & Cathode–electrolyte frequency factor \\ \(A_{e}\) & \(5.14\times 10^{25}\) (1/s) & Electrolyte decomposition frequency factor \\ \(E_{a,sei}\) & \(1.3508\times 10^{5}\) (J/mol) & SEI-decomposition activation energy \\ \(E_{a,ne}\) & \(1.3508\times 10^{5}\) (J/mol) & Anode–electrolyte activation energy \\ \(E_{a,pe}\) & \(1.396\times 10^{5}\) (J/mol) & Cathode–electrolyte activation energy \\ \(E_{a,e}\) & \(2.74\times 10^{5}\) (J/mol) & Electrolyte decomposition activation energy \\ \(c_{sei0}\) & \(0.15\) & Initial value of \(c_{sei}\) \\ \(c_{n0}\) & \(0.75\) & Initial value of \(c_{ne}\) \\ \(a_{0}\) & \(0.04\) & Initial value of \(\alpha\) \\ \(c_{c0}\) & \(1\) & Initial value of \(c_{e}\) \\ \(t_{sei0}\) & \(0.033\) & Initial value of \(t_{sei}\) \\ \(m_{sei}\) & \(1\) & Reaction order for \(c_{sei}\) \\ \(m_{ne}\) & \(1\) & Reaction order for \(c_{ne}\) \\ \(m_{pe1}\) & \(1\) & Reaction order for \(\alpha\) \\ \(m_{pe2}\) & \(1\) & Reaction order for \(1-\alpha\) \\ \(m_{e}\) & \(1\) & Reaction order for \(c_{e}\) \\ \(H_{sei}\) & \(2.57\times 10^{5}\) (J/kg) & Reaction heat of SEI–decomposition \\ \(H_{ne}\) & \(1.714\times 10^{6}\) (J/kg) & Reaction heat of anode–electrolyte \\ \(H_{pe}\) & \(3.14\times 10^{5}\) (J/kg) & Reaction heat of cathode–electrolyte \\ \(H_{e}\) & \(1.55\times 10^{5}\) (J/kg) & Reaction heat of electrolyte decomposition \\ \(W_{c}\) & \(6.104\times 10^{2}\) (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & Specific carbon content in jellyroll \\ \(W_{p}\) & \(1.221\times 10^{3}\) (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & Specific positive active content in jellyroll \\ \(W_{e}\) & \(4.069\times 10^{2}\) (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & Specific electrolyte content in jellyroll \\ \(\overline{R}\) & \(8.314\) (J/mol/K) & Universal gas constant \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Thermochemical parameters adopted in the thermal runaway model of LiCoO\({}_{2}\)/graphite battery [35; 36].