# Morphological Changes in H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells Following W-Band Millimeter-Wave Irradiation  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.) 1 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; asya@targeting of tumor growth without giving rise to unfavorable after effects is necessary to improve survival rates and alleviate patient care. Millimeter waves (MMWs) classified as non-ionizing radiation are electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of extremely high frequencies (30-300 GHz) with corresponding wavelengths of 10-1 mm. With a relatively low photon energy of 0.0004 eV (1 eV = \(1.6\times 19\) J), MMWs are unable to destroy inter-atomic bonds [6], but they are capable of exciting rotational, torsional, and longitudinal vibration modes of molecules, potentially causing heating. The guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) stipulate the measurement of power density (PD) using units of W/m\({}^{2}\) for the exposure of biological tissue to MMW irradiation [6]. The ICNIRP recommends limiting the power density within 200 W/m\({}^{2}\) in order to limit adverse thermal effects on biological tissue. Long-term (94 h) MMW irradiation within the 70-300 GHz range maintained at a low incident power of 10 \(\upmu\)W so as not to adversely increase cell temperature (non-thermal effects) [7] reported no difference in cellular activity or toxicity between exposed and sham normal human skin fibroblast (NB1 RBG) or human glioblastoma (A172) cells. Low power (\(<\)10 mW/cm\({}^{2}\)) MMW at 42 GHz reduces cell proliferation in yeast [8] although 341 GHz irradiation (at 5.78 mW/cm\({}^{2}\)) enhances yeast growth [9], the dichotomy explained as an application of the Frohlich hypothesis. In contrast, 42-53 GHz MMW within an incident power density (IPD) of \(<\)1 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) does not affect the cell proliferation or cell cycle of Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI) 7932 human skin malignant melanoma cells [10]. MMW irradiation of a specific frequency and dosimetry gives rise to changes of the organelle structures and cell membrane permeability [11; 12; 13]; alterations of DNA, RNA, and proteins; and the activation or inhibition of signal transduction mechanisms [14]. Such observed effects have led to a growing interest in the application of non-thermal effects of MMW irradiation to target and kill cancer cells using tuned systems triggering biological actions. Previously, our group reported non-thermal effects of 75-105 GHz (W-band) MMW irradiation on human lung cancer cells [15]. In this study, we characterized the associated morphological changes corresponding to specific exposure conditions, using physical parameters of cell dimensions in order to better understand the mechanism of the radiation effect on the cell. This will allow the optimization of MMW irradiation therapy to treat human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) within the most efficient safety limits with targeted specificity. For this purpose, H1299 human lung cancer cells were exposed to MMW irradiation in the range of 75-105 GHz within a stipulated non-thermal range of 2 W/m\({}^{2}\).