# Citizens' Perception of Smart Cities: A Case Study
## 4 Survey Methodology and Analysis
### Analysis
#### 4.3.1 Research Questions Analysis--First Category
In other words, the variables are not likely to be associated, thus age is not a significant factor for a person that has a decent or broader knowledge of the term. * City: The \(p\)-value is 0.057 > 0.05 which means that the independence hypothesis cannot be rejected. In other words, the variables are not likely to be associated, thus the city is not a significant factor for a person that knows what \"smart city\" means. The next hypothesis' question is the following: Is the city factor related to the fact that a participant's belief is that actions have been made to their city, so that it can be transformed into a smart city? In this case, we check the Fisher-Freeman-Halton value. However, when using the Exact Method, the results for Fisher-Freeman-Halton test cannot be obtained (\"Cannot be computed because there is insufficient memory\"). Therefore, the Chi-Square tests have been calculated again, by using the Monte Carlo method. This method is used when we cannot obtain the results using the Exact Method [40]. The Monte Carlo estimation of 0.000 for the Fisher-Freeman-Halton \(p\)-value is based on 10.000 random samples from the reference set, using a specific starting seed [40]. According to the Monte Carlo method, there is an estimation of 99% that the \(p\)-value is within the confidence interval (Lower Bound, Upper Bound). Fisher-Freeman-Halton \(p\)-value is 0.000 < 0.05 as the Significance column indicates. This means that the result is statistically significant, and that the independence hypothesis is rejected. In other words, there is a dependency between the variables which means that city is indeed related to the belief of a participant that actions have been made to their city, so that it can be transformed into a \"smart\" one. It is clear based on Figure 6 that the \"Yes\" answers that were given by the citizens of Greece are relatively low in percentages (14.3% from Thessaloniki's citizens, 26.5% from Athenians and 21.3% from citizens that live in other cities of Greece). However, the correspondent answer has been chosen from a bigger proportion of the citizens of Paphos (38.2% answered \"Yes\") and from an even bigger proportion of citizens of other European countries (92.3%). This shows that citizens in Paphos generally appear to believe that efforts have been made in their city in order to become smart in a proportionally higher percentage than citizens living in Greece. A great percentage of citizens that live in other countries who have heard the term, seem that the local authorities of the city have made efforts for their city to develop into a smart one. The final hypothesis' question is the following: Is the city a determinant factor for a participant's belief about the biggest challenge for the development of a smart city? The respondents were offered to choose among five options about what is the biggest challenge for the development of a smart city. The results showed that 31.7% of the participants (101 out of 319) think that the cooperation between the public and private sectors is the biggest challenge. The Citizens' participation, the transparency in the decisions of municipal authorities and the development of complete business movements, also gathered a significant percentage. The results are shown in Figure 7.  
We run the Chi-square's test and the \(p\)-value was 0.268 > 0.05. This means that the independence hypothesis cannot be rejected. In other words, the variables are not likely to be associated, thus the city is not a determinant factor for a participant's belief about the biggest challenge for the development of a smart city. Figure 6: Participant’s belief for actions transforming their city into a smart city.