# Methodology for Conceptual Navigational 3D Chart Assessment Based on Eye Tracking Measures
## 4 Discussion
In the case of the proposed 3D navigational map visualisation solution, the authors, through a survey, were generally concerned with obtaining feedback on the demand for this type of solution and assessing the quality of the proposed cartographic layout. It was not possible to design a questionnaire with only close-ended questions, which would have been the ideal option for drawing out the very fundamental conclusions; this was mainly due to the testing of 20 different scenarios. For this reason, questions of a general nature were proposed for the most part, with which it was possible to obtain a general idea of the need for this type of solution and possible areas for improvement in terms of interpretation and the quality of the visualisation. The post-task questionnaires, despite their usefulness in assessing the subjective aspects of user interaction with 2D and 3D maps, are not without methodological limitations. There is a real risk that respondents' answers will be biased by the tendency to present themselves in a favourable light [67], which can distort actual assessments of map readability, symbol identification, and navigation clarity. Additionally, difficulties with introspection and potential memory errors can affect data reliability, and the very wording of questions can subtly suggest desired answers [68]. Furthermore, sample representativeness and response rates pose a challenge [69], affecting the generalisability of results. The analysis of questionnaire data--particularly open-ended responses--requires caution, as standard statistical methods may not fully capture the complexity of the phenomena under study. In the context of evaluating different map types across a series of scenarios, there is a risk of habituation or contrast effects, which may affect the consistency and reliability of participant assessments. Our experience suggests that while surveys can be helpful in capturing general perceptions (e.g., whether a map is considered \"worth having\"), they are rather inefficient tools for drawing detailed or conclusive insights. It is difficult to obtain concrete answers when testing multiple concept map variants using only subjective assessments. To address these limitations, future research could benefit from incorporating post-task interviews, which allow for a deeper exploration of response context, and comparative ranking methods, which facilitate more direct and interpretable comparisons between map variants in terms of effectiveness. We also compare visual, survey, and indicator methods. The main conclusions are below. Visual analysis, based on heatmaps, has a very high level of precision, allowing detailed tracking of the user's attention. However, it is a method that is complex to interpret, requiring experience and specialised knowledge. Although the data obtained from a single scenario may be objective, the final result depends on the performance of the algorithms and the subjective judgment of the analyst. An additional limitation is the difficulty of applying this method to large sample surveys. Nevertheless, it is effective in identifying single problems and is qualitative in nature. The survey method, on the other hand, relies on the subjective evaluations of respondents, which affects the moderate precision and low objectivity of the results. Its main advantage is the ease of application in large-scale surveys. However, responses are often general and difficult to interpret unambiguously, which limits the usefulness of this method in analysing larger data sets, such as a series of maps. The most effective methods in quantitative analysis are indicators based on measurable parameters. They allow easy and quick interpretation of data and automation of calculations, which makes them ideal for comparisons in many test scenarios. Their limitation, however, is their quantitative nature--they do not allow the identification of specific, qualitative problems in a project.