# Does Augmented Reality Affect Sociability, Entertainment, and Learning? A Field Experiment
## 3 Results
### Entertainment  
Table 4 shows the results for excitement and nervousness during the quiz. Excitement during the quiz was moderately high for all participants (\(M=4.28\), \(SD=1.17\)). However, AR app users were less excited (\(M=4.09\), \(SD=1.36\)) than pen-and-paper participants (\(M=4.68\), \(SD=1.10\)), with non-AR participants being somewhere in the middle (\(M=4.28\), \(SD=1.17\)). The difference among experimental groups was statistically significant (\(\chi^{2}\) [2, \(N=208\)] = 9.73, \(p=0.008\), with ties) based on the Kruskal-Wallis rank test. We found significant pairwise difference between AR users and pen-and-paper participants but not when comparing non-AR participants to other experimental groups. During the quiz, participants using phone applications were more nervous than pen-and-paper participants (\(M=2.46\), \(SD=1.43\)), with non-AR app users feeling most nervous (\(M=4.35\), \(SD=1.54\)) and AR app users somewhere between (\(M=3.32\), \(SD=1.48\)). The difference between the experimental groups and among all groups was statistically significant (\(\chi^{2}\) [2, \(N=188\)] = 39.11, \(p<0.001\), with ties) based on the Kruskal-Wallis rank test and [PERSON]'s pairwise comparison with Bonferroni corrections post hoc test. Table 4 shows results also for tiredness after the exhibition, app satisfaction, and exhibition satisfaction. The reported tiredness after the exhibition was close to neutral for all participants (\(M=3.61\), \(SD=1.49\)). Participants using the pen-and-paper questionnaire felt more tired (\(M=4.12\), \(SD=1.62\)) compared to participants using phone applications, namely AR app users (\(M=3.54\), \(SD=1.54\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Entertainment** & \(M\) & SD & \(n\) & **Rank Sum** & **1. AR App** & **2. Non-AR App** \\ \hline Excitement during the quiz & 4.34 & 1.24 & 208 & & & \\
1. AR app & 4.09 & 1.36 & 80 & 7341.00 & & \\
2. Non-AR app & 4.28 & 1.17 & 60 & 6134.50 & \(-1.06\) & \\
3. Pen and paper & 4.68 & 1.10 & 68 & 8260.50 & \(-3.10\)** & \(-1.87\) \\ \hline Nervousness during the quiz & 3.30 & 1.66 & 188 & & & \\
1. AR app & 3.32 & 1.48 & 66 & 6307.00 & & \\
2. Non-AR app & 4.35 & 1.54 & 54 & 6905.00 & \(-3.29\)** & \\
3. Pen and paper & 2.46 & 1.43 & 68 & 4554.00 & 3.10 ** & 6.25 *** \\ \hline Tiredness after the exhibition & 3.61 & 1.49 & 371 & & & \\
1. AR app & 3.54 & 1.42 & 231 & 41,995.50 & & \\
2. Non-AR app & 3.34 & 1.52 & 71 & 11,905.50 & 0.99 & \\
3. Pen and paper & 4.12 & 1.62 & 69 & 15,105.00 & \(-2.58\)* & \(-2.89\)** \\ \hline App satisfaction & 3.88 & 1.42 & 302 & & & \\
1. AR app & 3.78 & 1.37 & 231 & 33,401.50 & & \\
2. Non-AR app & 4.20 & 1.56 & 71 & 12,351.50 & \(-2.49\)** & \\ \hline Exhibition satisfaction & 5.37 & 1.13 & 371 & & & \\
1. AR app & 5.33 & 1.11 & 231 & 41,776.50 & & \\
2. Non-AR app & 5.36 & 1.24 & 71 & 13,207.00 & \(-0.36\) & \\
3. Pen and paper & 5.54 & 1.08 & 69 & 14,022.50 & \(-1.53\) & \(-0.96\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p<0.05\). ** \(p<0.01\). *** \(p<0.001\). Note. The dependent variables: excitement and nervousness during the quiz, app satisfaction, exhibition enjoyment, and tiredness after the exhibition.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Means (\(M\)), Standard Deviations (\(SD\)), Frequencies (\(n\)), Rank Sum, and [PERSON]’s Multiple Nonparametric Pairwise Post Hoc Test with Bonferroni Corrections for Differences in Dependent Variables of Entertainment (\(N=372\)). \(SD=1.42\)) and non-AR app users (\(M=3.34\), \(SD=1.52\)). The difference among the experimental groups was statistically significant (\(\chi^{2}\) [\(2\), \(N=371\)] = 9.34, \(p=0.009\), with ties) based on the Kruskal-Wallis rank test. Both app participants' satisfaction with the application was little above the middle of the scale. AR app users were slightly less satisfied with the application (\(M=3.78\), \(SD=1.37\)) than non-AR app users (\(M=4.20\), \(SD=1.56\)), the difference being statistically significant (\(\chi^{2}\) [\(1\), \(N=302\)] = 6.19, \(p=0.013\), with ties) based on the Kruskal-Wallis rank test.