## 1 Introduction
Nanomaterials are specifically incorporated into AA mortars and composites to improve their mechanical and durability characteristics [33-35]. Most of the prior studies have shown that increasing the proportion of nano-additives improves mechanical properties such as the compressive and flexural strength [18; 36; 37]. The addition of multi-wall 0.1 wt% carbon nanotubes (CNTs), pre-sonicaled in water with a polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer, increased the compressive strength of AA slag mortars, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIS) showed that CNTs enhanced the amorphous geopolymer structure [38]. However, a higher CNT ratio resulted in its agglomeration and limited the propagation of the geopolymerization reaction, causing a negative effect on the material's physical and mechanical properties. An increase of approximately 32% for the 28-day compressive test was observed for 0.5% multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) incorporated into metakaolin (MK) that was based on AA composites that had NaOH and Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\) as activators [35]. [PERSON] et al. [39] investigated the effect of adding 0.05-0.15 wt% of functionalized MWCNTs grafted by carboxyl groups, 0.5-0.25% PVA fibers, and 10-30 wt% of GGBFS on the mechanical properties of FA-based AAC. Among the three variable precursors, changes in the GGBFS followed by the MWCNTs and PVA fibers have the greatest effect on changes in the compressive strength. They also stated that the optimal value of MWCNTs was 0.1%, which resulted in a denser microstructure; however, adding more than that reduced the compressive strength significantly. [PERSON] et al. [40] declared that the addition of from 0.05 to 0.5% MWCNTs increased the compressive strength while 1% showed about a 13% decrease. XRD analysis demonstrated an increase in the amorphous phase and geopolymerization after the addition of MWCNTs to the FA-incorporated geopolymer paste, showing a dense matrix and a lower content of unreacted fly ash [41]. No noticeable influence of MWCNTs on the reaction products has been observed via XRD or Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis, even though that MWCNTs can act as nucleation sites and accelerate polymerization [35; 38; 42]. The effective dispersion of CNTs is crucial for maximizing their benefits in AA concrete composites, as strong attractive forces between CNT particles cause rapid clumping (agglomeration), which disrupts the microstructure and weakens the mechanical and physical properties [43]. Ultra-sonication with high-shear mixing (mechanical) [44] or the functionalization approach (chemical) of modifying the CNT surface with compatible chemicals [45] are proposed to reduce attraction and promote better dispersion. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [46] observed an increase in the compressive strength of two types (one hardened with phosphoric acid and the other with sodium silicate) of MK-based geopolymers with 2% reduced graphene oxide (rGO). [PERSON] et al. [47] added 0.7% large and small GO to MK-based geopolymers and indicated that large GO has a smaller increasing effect on the compressive and tensile strength of geopolymer due to blocking chemical reactions between geopolymer particles. [PERSON] et al. [48] reported that, when increasing the graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) content from 0.1 to 1 wt% in FA-based geopolymer, the compressive strength steadily increased, showing the highest enhancement of 144% at 1% GNPs. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [49] revealed that the compressive strength decreased steadily when the GO content was increased from 0 to 0.12% in alkali-activated slag with an alkaline activator consisting of 6 wt% NaOH. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] used from 0 to 0.3 vol% GNPs in AA concrete based on a ternary blend of FA, GGBFS, and albite, and found that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of GNPs at 0.1 and 0.3 vol and slightly increased at 0.2%.