## 2 Existing Works
#### Advancements Using Immersive Technologies in Medical Education and Surgical Applications  
As technology has progressed over the years, it has gradually found its indispensable place in medical education. This evolution has been further accelerated by the transition from traditional 2D web interfaces to immersive experiences offered by 3D technologies: AR, VR, and MR [13]. In the healthcare industry, VR, AR, and MR are widely used for patient examination, diagnosis discussions, treatment recommendations, remote assistance from healthcare experts, and training. These technologies have seen significant advances and are increasingly being used in the surgical field, particularly in orthopedics and general surgery [14]. They improve the visual perception of surgeons in the operating room and optimize the visualization of complex 3D data. A study by [PERSON] et al. [15], which focused on AR in osteotomy surgeries, demonstrated improvements in surgical performance outcomes. However, usage is accompanied by challenges, including the need for device registration and calibration before surgeries and the discomfort associated with the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) during procedures. There has been a surge in research into MR surgical applications, with the advantage of real-time interaction with both the virtual and physical worlds. It allows for a comprehensive study of anatomical structures and supports the training, diagnosis, and treatment of liver diseases. The potential applications of MR in surgery are extensive. These include the use of MR holograms for heart surgery planning, real-time visualization of complex data, and intraoperative navigation in spinal procedures and laparoscopic surgeries. MR technology also aids in needle navigation and screw placement, allowing detailed examination of anatomical structures, which promotes improved training, diagnosis, and treatment. However, further technological development is necessary to improve the viability of AR and MR in neurosurgery on a larger scale, and new imaging techniques should be exploited to fully realize the potential of these technologies to improve surgical outcomes and patient care [14; 15]. This shift toward immersive technologies is also seen in pediatrics, where they are used for education, training, and practice. In addition, AR, VR, and MR provide supportive care to alleviate pain and anxiety in children [6]. In pediatric emergencies, accurate weight estimation is essential for proper medication dosing. Common methods used include parental recall, length-based tapes such as the Broselow-Lutten tape, and age-based formulas. Among these, weight estimation by parents or legal guardians is highly accurate. Length-based tapes, such as the Broselow tape, generally provide better accuracy compared to age-based formulas [16]. Utilizing immersive technology, [PERSON] et al. [17] introduced a smartphone application equipped with AR features tailored to estimate weight in critically ill pediatric patients, simplifying dosage calculation based on weight in high-stress out-of-hospital emergency situations. Another study by [PERSON] et al. [18] developed a method to identify the size of the patient for dose calculation based on weight in pediatric emergencies, employing object recognition models and augmented reality technology. Furthermore, ongoing research by [PERSON] et al. [19] involves the development of a smartphone application called AiRDose, which offers length-based weight estimations for dosing in children, alongside recommendations for medication dosing, defibrillation energy, and equipment sizing. These estimations are derived from Broselow conversions. In addition, advances in technology, especially the integration of VR, AR, and MR, are revolutionizing healthcare education and awareness initiatives, offering remote learning and skill enhancement after COVID-19. [PERSON] et al. [6] conducted a comprehensive review focusing on the expansion of AR, VR, and MR technologies in pediatric care.