esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Brazilian Cement-Based Materials
## 5 Conclusions  
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) recognizes the physico-chemical process known as carbonation. Accordingly, the aim and novelty of this paper is to present, for the first time in the technical literature, a proper factual calculation of carbon removals by the cement-based materials carbonation in Brazil, which is the largest cement producer in South America. This procedure can generally be performed in the rest of the countries of America.  
Following the expected data of clinker production, export, import, and apparent consumption recorded in the present paper and the results obtained by applying the methodology named Tier 1 to estimate the carbon uptake of cement-based materials produced in Brazil from 1990 to 2019, the following conclusions can be extracted:  
* Brazil is the seventh worldwide cement producer and is one with the lowest kg\({}_{\text{CO2}}\)/ton of cement ratio as a consequence of the low electrical impact (1%) in the cement production, low clinker factor (0.67 in 2014 and 0.59, data estimated for 2030), and alternative fuels usage (15% in 2014 and 35%, data estimated for 2030).
* The carbon dioxide uptake by mortar and concrete carbonation for 30 years (from 1990 to 2019) is about 140 million tons. Within this twenty-year period about 483 million tons have been released due to the calcination process.
* Based on this data, the carbon dioxide uptake during the service-life, end-of-life and secondary usage stages can be given as follows:
* 125 million tons during the service-life;
* 5 million tons during secondary use; and
* 10 million tons during end-of-life.
* These values correspond to the 20%, 2%, and 1% of the carbon dioxide emitted by the calcination, respectively.  
In addition, the carbon dioxide uptake should be implemented in the Brazilian Carbon Neutrality Roadmap, which is the tool to set out the Brazilian cement industry's target to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions along the cement and concrete value chain.  
Conceptualization, J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; methodology, M.A.S.; software, J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; validation, G.V., A.Z., P.M., J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; formal analysis, G.V., A.Z., P.M., J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; investigation, G.V., A.Z., P.M., J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; data curation, G.V., A.Z., P.M., J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; writing--original draft preparation, J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; writing--review and editing, J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S.; supervision, J.H.d.S.R. and M.A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
We would like to express our profound gratitude to the National Cement Industry Association (SNIC) and the Brazilian Portland Cement Association (ABCP) from Brazil and to all the individuals who have kindly collaborated with us.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Design and Calibration of a Tri-Directional Contact Force Measurement System
## 5 Dynamic Loading Experiment  
### Dynamic Loading Experiment Setup and Procedure  
In the previous experiment, the calibrated force measurement system was subjected to static loading with the help of wire-pulley systems and dead weights. Since the system is envisaged to be employed for the measurement of periodic contact forces at blade shrouds, it was necessary to examine the behavior of the system with dynamic forces. In order to investigate the performance of the calibrated tri-directional force measurement system with dynamic loading, an experiment was devised to apply dynamic forces to two force sensors simultaneously while one force sensor was loaded statically.  
This configuration (Figure 9) was designed to simulate the three directional contact forces typical of oscillating friction contacts, which includes a static normal preload and two oscillating tangential components. In order to accommodate an LDS V408 permanent magnet shaker driven through an LDS amplifier by LMS Testlab system, necessary to provide harmonic excitation, a new reference block with a 45\({}^{\circ}\)-chamfered edge has been designed. In order to measure the actual dynamics force provided by the shaker a 4 th force sensor was placed between the shaker stinger and the chamfered block.  
A static calibration of the modified force measurement system was also performed by means of the wire-pulley setups and a set of standard weights, generating a new set of calibration and decoupling matrices, as described in Section 3.  
Before the dynamic tests, a preliminary experimental modal analysis of the assembly was performed with the aim of assessing the natural frequencies and the associated mode shapes of the system. In particular, the lower natural frequency of the system becomes a threshold frequency value, above which the inertia forces of the tripod itself would start affecting the contact force measurements, thus making the measurement system unreliable. As a consequence, a lower accuracy of the measurement system is expected when the excitation frequency exceeds that threshold value, which has to be experimentally identified in advance.  
During the dynamic loading experiment, a controlled excitation force was applied in the (\(x\),\(y\)) plane, while a static force was applied in the \(z\) direction. In case of a fully uncoupled measurement system, Sensors 1 and 2 would measure the two components of the oscillating force, also measured by Sensor 4, while Sensor 3 would measure the applied static force. Of course, due to the mechanical coupling, coupling errors actually  
Figure 9: Modified experimental setup for dynamic loading with chamfered block and shaker.  
occur and they were analyzed for each data set and consequently decoupled during the post-processing phase.
# Systemic Evaluation of PSS in the Early Concept Phase Using Graph-Based Reasoning
## 2 Research Method  
The overall research approach in which this paper is embedded corresponds to the Design Research Methodology (DRM) [25]. Following the initial DRM stages, including formulating research questions and conducting descriptive study I, this paper presents prescriptive study I, proposing a design solution, and descriptive study II, evaluating it. Figure 1 provides an overview of the approach as a flow chart indicating the focus of the presented results.  
This paper proposes a solution in order to address the following three research questions (RQs):  
* RQ 1: How can product service system (PSS) concepts, in the context of their anticipated life cycle, be abstracted semantically and syntactically represented as a graph-based model in order to effectively reason about heterogeneous and uncertain aspects?
* RQ 2: What necessary steps are required to analyze PSS concepts represented as graph-based models concerning their anticipated performance levels, aiming to better understand and manage uncertainties?
* RQ 3: What are the benefits and limitations of employing a graph-based reasoning approach in evaluating PSS concepts in an industrial context?  
The following section of the paper outlines the elements of the proposed solution to address the research gaps. In the validation section, a case-study approach is adopted in order to validate the applicability and usefulness of the approach within an industrial use case within the domain of additive manufacturing concerning the recycling of metal powder. Additive manufacturing is a complex and comparably new manufacturing technique and, therefore, often lacks necessary insights and models, as well as data regarding essential processes, resulting in higher degrees of uncertainties. On the other hand, the operation of machines used for additive manufacturing and the important support process of metal powder recycling require a rich interplay of technical systems used for recycling, human interaction, and service activities regarding powder handling, as well as machine maintenance and digital services to monitor the operations. The method is applied in this domain, evaluating the likely operational success of an aspired metal powder recycling PSS, which is considered for further detailing and eventual implementation at a large industrial firm. Over the course of multiple months, two workshops (60 min each) were held with domain experts in the field of additive manufacturing (Table 1) in order to conduct the method. Finally, the entire application and results of the approach were presented and evaluated in another workshop (90 min) with the same domain experts.  
Figure 1: Flow chart of the methodological approach according to the DRM [25], highlighting the focus of the presented results.
# Use of SMAP Soil Moisture and Fitting Methods in Improving GPM Estimation in Near Real Time
## 1 Introduction
In this study, we study the synergy effect of combining the SM-based correction and the fitting correction in improving precipitation products, and compare the effectiveness of the combined method with the effect of using each correction method alone. In addition, we explore the potential to correct the latest generation of real-time satellite rainfall products GPM IMERG using the newly developed SMAP soil moisture products. Section 2 describes the study area and the data used in this study. Section 3 introduces the API model, particle filter assimilation technique and the fitting methods. Results are presented in Section 4 followed by discussion in Section 5. The main conclusions are summarized in Section 6.
# SafeNet: SwArm for Earthquake Perturbations Identification Using Deep Learning Networks
## 4 Results
### Data Comparing Nighttime Versus Daytime  
The data acquisition time may affect the identification of pre-earthquake electromagnetic perturbations. To illustrate the effect of data collection time, a daytime dataset (Dataset 06 in Table 1) was created. As shown in Figure 7 and Table 2, SafeNet's performance was compared using benchmark datasets generated during the day and night. We evaluated the model's performance using the AUC, MCC, F1, and accuracy indicators.  
Figure 6: Comparing model performance using ROC curves for (**A**) class 0, (**B**) class 1, and (**C**) class 2 with window sizes of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80. (**D**) Bar plots of the MCC, F1 score, and accuracy at various window sizes. We use the letter h to define the window size, and the numbers in brackets represent the specific size.  
For the same spatial and temporal features, we found that using the nighttime datasets (Dataset 03 in Table 1) resulted in a higher classification performance than using the daytime dataset (Table 2). SafeNet's ROC curves for both datasets are given in Figure 7A-C, and we can observe that the AUC curve for nighttime data is somewhat higher than that for daytime data, with approximately 5.7%, 8.6%, and 2.1% increases in AUC for the three classes, respectively. When all classes were taken into account, SafeNet's F1 score improved  
Figure 7: The ROC curves comparing model performance in nighttime vs. daytime data for (**A**) class 0, (**B**) class 1, and (**C**) class 2. (**D**) Comparison of model performance for nighttime and daytime data using bar plots of MCC, F1 score, and accuracy.  
from 0.805 to 0.846 when nighttime data were used, compared to daytime data, and MCC improved by 9.8% (Table 2).  
Figure 7D compares the MCC, F1 score, and accuracy values between the daytime and nighttime data, revealing that the nighttime data performed slightly better than the daytime data. One reason for this may be that, because ionospheric conditions are typically more disturbed during the day, identifying seismic electromagnetic effects is more difficult, which may reflect a small number of significant changes in daytime data. This finding is supported by other research on statistical results of electromagnetic disturbances caused by earthquakes [16; 43; 44; 45; 46].
# Effective Blind Frequency Offset Estimation Scheme for BST-OFDM Based HDTV Broadcast Systems
## 6 Conclusions  
In the ISDB-T system, the pilot configuration depends on whether a segment is differential modulated or coherent modulated. For fast synchronization of CFO and SFO, it is crucial to perform frequency-offset estimation regardless of the segment format in BST-OFDM based ISDB-T systems. Towards addressing this issue, in this paper, we studied the problem of fast joint estimation of CFO and SFO without relying on the segment format in the ISDB-T system. To enable a convenient operation of the joint estimation of CFO and SFO, the proposed frequency-offset estimation scheme utilizes the information-conveying TMCC control signals in a blind manner and the joint LS estimation is then incorporated at each pilot subcarrier. For fair comparison, we compared the proposed scheme with the conventional scheme that uses the same number of explicit pilots as the proposed approach, although the number of explicit CPs is very small compared to that of TMCC signals. The simulation results showed that the performance of the proposed scheme is comparable to that of the conventional scheme in spite of using information-conveying TMCC control signals as pilot symbols. It was found that there is a sufficient structural features to estimate the frequency offsets regardless of segment formats in the ISDB-T system. Future work will focus on investigating the feasibility of the use of TMCC and AC1 signals together under various channel conditions, especially including the time-varying nature of the channel.  
Figure 5: MSE of the conventional and proposed LS estimators when (1) ICI is present and (2) no ICI is present.  
Figure 6: MSE of the proposed LS estimator versus \(N_{a}\) when \(\Delta_{c}\) = 0.01: (**a**) CFO estimator; (**b**) SFO estimator.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON]-[PERSON] designed an algorithm for more improved performance and low complexity to make the proposed algorithm more competitive compared with the conventional algorithm. [PERSON]-[PERSON] analyzed the proposed estimation algorithm and gave feedback about the modified algorithm and all simulation results.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07048819).  
**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank the anonymous referees and editors for their careful reading on the manuscript and providing constructive comments.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Gaussian Mixture Modeling  
Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) [32] refers to a probabilistic technique for representing normally distributed subpopulations that pertain to a bigger dataset. Since Gaussian models define parametric probability distributions, finding the proper Gaussian Mixture Model corresponds to estimating the parameters of the individual Gaussian components in the data. The estimation is obtained with an iterative expectation-maximization process that seeks a maximum likelihood estimation over a given number of \(k\) components; the process fine-tunes the parameters of the model with a strict likelihood-increase-guarantee at each iteration. GM modeling does not require knowing which subpopulation each data point belongs to; it is the job of the model to shape this information, which constitutes a form of unsupervised learning.  
After modeling a dataset into \(k\) components, the \(i\)-th component is described by its mean \(\mu_{i}\) and its variance \(\sigma_{i}\). With the model, for each sample \(x\) of the dataset, we obtain a probability \(p(x\) is generated by component \(i)=\phi_{i}\), so that \(\sum_{i}^{k}(\phi_{i})=1\). The final model corresponds to:  
\[p(x) =\sum_{i=1}^{k}\phi_{i}\mathcal{N}(x|\mu_{i},\sigma_{i}) \tag{1}\] \[\mathcal{N}(x|\mu_{i},\sigma_{i}) =\frac{1}{\sigma_{i}\sqrt{2\pi}}exp(-\frac{(x-\mu_{i})^{2}}{2 \sigma_{i}^{2}}) \tag{2}\]
## Dynamic Key Sharing and Fuzzy Adaptive Route Selection
### Problem Definition  
#### 3.1.1 Hot Spot Problem  
In multi-hop communication, nodes near the BS are burdened with relaying a large amount of data to the BS, which creates a hotspot problem. Rapid depletion of energy at nodes around the BS eventually disconnects the rest of the network from the BS.
# The Health-Promoting Potential of Fruit Pomace and Its Application in the Confectionery Industry
###### Abstract  
Every year, around 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted globally, with fruits and vegetables making up a significant portion. One by-product of this waste is pomace--the solid remains after juice extraction--which is rich in valuable nutrients like fiber, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, organic acids, vitamins, and minerals. Common sources of pomace are apples, grapes, citrus fruits, and berries. Researchers have highlighted its potential use in the confectionery industry. For example, replacing flour with pomace in cookies can improve antioxidant content and reduce hardness. Adding grape pomace to gummy candies increases levels of anthocyanins, flavanols, and proanthocyanidins while enhancing texture. Fortifying waffles with raspberry pomace boosts their nutritional value and may inhibit enzymes linked to free radical production. As a functional ingredient, pomace could help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and colon cancer. Using fruit waste in food production supports sustainability by reducing waste and improving nutrition. Public awareness efforts, such as the NRDC's Save the Food campaign, underscore the importance of repurposing food waste. Investing in functional confectionery made with pomace offers both health and environmental benefits, making it a key ingredient for sustainable food innovation. However, despite increasing attention to functional foods, the potential of fruit pomace specifically in confectionery has not been reviewed comprehensively. This review aims to fill this gap, providing a focused synthesis on the use of fruit pomace in the confectionery industry, identifying research trends, challenges, and practical applications.  
f +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
0000-0001-5270-7000][PERSON]. [PERSON]  
fruit pomace; confectionery industry; food waste; bioactive compounds
# Dynamic Load Modelling within Combined Transport Trains during Transportation on a Railway Ferry
## 6 Conclusions  
The load-bearing structure of the flat wagon was improved in order to ensure the stability of containers during transportation by a railway ferry. We proposed the installation of removable superstructures on the supporting structure of the flat wagon. To reduce the dynamic load of containers, we proposed the installation of a material with viscous properties on the internal surfaces of the flat wagon superstructures.  
Mathematical modelling of the dynamic load of containers was carried out, considering the new scheme of interaction with the flat wagon. On the basis of the conducted calculations, we found that the greatest acceleration values occurred at the course angles of the wave relative to the body of the railway ferry \(\chi=60^{\circ}\) and \(\chi=120^{\circ}\). The total amount of acceleration that acted on the container was 3.57 m/s\({}^{2}\) (0.36 g) and on the load-bearing structure of the flat wagon was 2.47 m/s\({}^{2}\) (0.25 g).  
The viscous connection between the load-bearing structure of the flat wagon and the containers made it possible to reduce the dynamic load by 38% and 23%, respectively, compared to the typical interaction scheme.  
Computer simulation of the dynamic load of containers was performed, taking into account the new scheme of interaction with the flat wagon. The maximum acceleration applied to the container was about 2.6 m/s\({}^{2}\). The maximum percentage of discrepancy between the accelerations obtained by theoretical and computer modelling was 17.7%.  
The conducted studies will contribute to improving the efficiency of combined transport and may also be useful developments in the creation of new designs of flat wagons.  
Conceptualization, A.L.; methodology, A.L. and O.F.; software, P.K.; validation, P.K., writing--review and editing, V.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the specific research on \"Innovative principles for creating resource-saving structures of railroad cars based on the refined dynamic loads and functionally adaptive flash-concepts\", which is funded from the state budget of Ukraine in 2020. The authors also gratefully acknowledge funding from the specific research on BUT FSI-S-20-6267. The authors thank to Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, State University of Infrastructure and Technologies, and Brno University of Technology for support. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Detection of Impact Damage on PVA-ECC Beam Using Infrared Thermography
###### Abstract  
The main purpose of the current research is to pilot study the impact damage detection in a beam structure using infrared thermography. In this study, a beam structure, made of polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced engineering cementitious composite (PVA-ECC) was subjected to multiple low-velocity impacts at a constant energy level. After each impact, the structure was heated by means of halogen lamp, and acquisition of thermal images was conducted simultaneously. Sequences of thermal images were acquired with starting and ending time sets so as to include the entire evolution of thermal phenomenon, during both heating to cooling processes. Based on the relationship between the damage and the temperature variation under the thermal excitation, different damages in the impacted structures were analyzed in the thermographs. Through experimental investigation, the results demonstrated that different degrees of damage correspond to different infrared thermal characteristics. The generation and evolution of thermal signatures revealed the initiation and propagation of impact damages. It further illustrated that the proposed method is an innovative and effective approach to detect impact damage.  
PVA-ECC; infrared thermography; non-destructive evaluation; impact damage detection; structural health monitoring +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Intelligent Reception of Frequency Hopping Signals Based on CVDP
## 2 CVDP Network Design
### Signal Models  
In general, a single-frequency hopping signal can be expressed as Equation (1):  
\[s(t)=\sqrt{2E}m(t)\cos(2\pi f_{i}t+\phi_{i}),iT_{FH}\leq t<(i+1)T_{FH}. \tag{1}\]  
where \(i\) is an integer; \(E\) denotes the signal's power; \(m(t)\) denotes the original information; \(T_{FH}\) denotes the hopping period; \(f_{i}\) denotes the hopping frequency; and \(\phi_{i}\) is a random phase.  
Since the frequency hopping signal is non-steady, the received signal \(r(t)\) is pre-processed using Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), and the time-frequency spectrograms in the one-time slot are used as the input of the neural network. The mathematical expression of the Short Time Fourier Transform is Equation (2):  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}STFT_{T}(t,\omega)=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}r(\tau)Y^ {*}(\tau-t)\exp(-j\omega\tau)d\tau\\ r(t)=h(t,\tau)*s(t)+v(t)\\ h(t,\tau)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{I}g(t,\tau_{j})\delta(t-\tau_{j})\end{array} \right.. \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: Block diagram of intelligent anti-interference system for frequency hopping communication.  
where \(Y^{*}(t)\) denotes the conjugate form of the window function, \(r(t)\) denotes the received signals, \(h(t,\tau)\) denotes the impulse response of the wireless channel, \(J\) is the number of channel paths, \(g(t,\tau_{j})\) is the \(j\)-th path channel gain coefficient, and \(\tau_{j}\) is the \(j\)-th path channel transmission delay, \(v(t)\) denotes the interference and noise encountered during transmission.