## 5 Results  
### Survey Results  
Based on survey data from practitioners and academics specialising in maritime security, 93% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement \"ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in ships, that is, automated, computer-based systems such as Electronic Chart Displays (ECDIS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), satellite communications, on-board networks of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) and others, create new threats, vulnerabilities and challenges for maritime security\". Furthermore, while this article will not give detailed consideration to emerging technology such as autonomous ships, it may be noted that 90% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement \"Emerging technology--such as autonomous 'uncrewed' or 'unmanned' ships, automated, computer-based processes, machine learning, SCADA, sensors, algorithms etc., operating onboard ships--create new threats, vulnerabilities and challenges for maritime security\". Survey results are presented in Figures 2-8 and discussed, with some direct excerpts from respondents, below. Figure 4 shows that 96% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that current levels of cybersecurity in ships are sufficient to counter or defend against threats from criminal groups. In Figure 5, it is confirmed that awareness of attacks that have occurred on the maritime sector is high among respondents, with 90% agreeing or strongly agreeing that they are aware of cyber attacks against ships, ports and shipping companies. From Figure 6, 89% agreed or strongly agreed that criminal groups such as pirates, terrorists and transnational organised crime groups will utilise cyber and other emerging maritime technology to further their criminal enterprises. From Figure 7, there was slightly less consensus for the statement \"cybersecurity in the maritime sector lags behind cybersecurity in other areas of critical infrastructure\" with 15% responding neutral; however, 81% agreed or strongly agreed with the statement. Figure 3: Survey responses to the statement ”Emerging technology—such as autonomous ‘uncrewed’ or ‘unmanned’ ships, automated, computer-based processes, machine learning, SCADA, sensors, algorithms etc., operating on board ships—create new threats, vulnerabilities and challenges for maritime security”. Figure 2: Survey responses to the statement “ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in ships, that is, automated, computer-based systems such as Electronic Chart Displays (ECDIS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), satellite communications, on-board networks of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) and others, create new threats, vulnerabilities and challenges for maritime security”. Figure 4: Survey responses to the statement “Current levels of cybersecurity in ships are sufficient to counter or defend against threats from criminal groups”. Figure 5: Survey responses to the statement “I am aware of cyber attacks that have occurred against the maritime sector, including ships, ports and shipping companies”. Figure 6: Survey responses to the statement “Pirate, terrorist or transnational organised criminal groups will utilise these kinds of new technology (autonomous craft, AI, cyber attacks) to further their criminal operations”. Figure 7: Survey responses to the statement “Cybersecurity in the maritime sector lags behind cybersecurity in other areas of critical infrastructure”. Regarding governance, Figure 8, (discussed in part 4 below), 89% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that current legal/regulatory regimes accounting for new technology in shipping are sufficient and will not require revision or reform. Respondents in the survey were given the option of providing further comments to each of the statements and a number of key illuminating comments are provided in full in italics below:  
* The crucial question is not the systems onboard but the level of interfaces ship to shore and vice versa.