## 3 Results
### Characteristics of Study Population
LVEDV (mL) exhibited significant differences across groups: controls vs. mild-moderate MR (143 (78) vs. 222 (96), \(p\)-value = 0.024, a 55.2% increase); controls vs. moderate-severe MR (143 (78) vs. 237 (123), \(p\)-value = 0.013, a 65.7% increase); trivial-mild vs. mild-moderate MR (148 (40) vs. 222 (96), \(p\)-value = 0.03, a 50% increase); and trivial-mild vs. moderate-severe MR (148 (40) vs. 237 (123), \(p\)-value = 0.009, a 60.1% increase). Notably, the LVEDVI (mL/m\({}^{2}\)) exhibited a gradual increase in volume corresponding to the escalating severity of MR (trivial-mild vs. mild-moderate and moderate-severe: 83.4 (29) vs. 116.9 (44) and 124.6 (67), \(p\)-value = 0.017 and 0.025, 40.1% and 49.4%, increase, respectively). Similarly, a significant difference was observed between trivial-mild and moderate-severe MR for LVM (g) and LVMI (g/m\({}^{2}\)) (96 (28) vs. 133.5 (38) and 48.2 (8) vs. 69.7 (15), \(p\)-value = 0.001 and 0.002 reflecting a 39% and 44.6% increase). LVEF (%) did not show any significant difference among the study groups (\(p\)-value > 0.05). The visual representation of the data, as illustrated in Figure 4, further accentuates the discernible differences between controls and various MR severities for LV function. Figure 4: The distinct differences in LV function between controls and across various MR severities. The post hoc tests showed further pairwise differences within mitral severities. (**A**) shows insignificant differences in LVEF. (**B**) demonstrates the differences in LVESV and LVEDV between controls and MR patients. (**C**) demonstrates notable differences only for indexed LVEDV within MR patients. No differences were observed in the LVESVI (\(p\)-value > 0.05). (**D**) shows the differences in LVM and LVMI within MR patients. All LV functions demonstrated an increasing trend with rising MR severity. Notes: \(p\)-value < 0.05 *, \(p\)-value < 0.01 ** (2-tailed). Values were missing in the controls for LVM and LVMI due to the retrospective nature of data collection. Therefore, the comparison was performed within the MR severities. Abbreviations: LV = left ventricle; MR = mitral regurgitation; EF = ejection fraction; LVESV = LV end-systolic volume; LVESVI = LVESV indexed; LVEDV = LV end- diastolic volume; LVEDVI = LVEDV indexed; LVM = LV mass; LVMI = LVM indexed; C = controls; T-M = trivial–mild; M-M = mild–moderate; M-S = moderate–severe. Understanding the Physiological Pattern of Hemodynamic Forces with LV Volume among Controls and MR Severities  
Expanding upon the differential analysis, Figure 5 visually portrays the distribution of systolic and diastolic AVG HDF and LV volume across cardiac phases (systole-diastole) denoted as A-F at the top of Figure 5. The visual presentation shows the result among all controls and all patients and is further extended with MR severities. The distribution is demonstrated for one cardiac cycle. The systolic and diastolic phases were determined by the studies shown by [PERSON] et al. [39][PERSON] The mean values for each time point were calculated and are plotted for the visual presentation. The statistical mean difference between controls and MR patients is previously shown in Table 3 and Figure 2. The statistical mean differences among mitral severities were demonstrated in Table 4 and Figures 3 and 4. The mean differences for average HDF were explained in the result Section 3.2_Navigating Hemodynamic Forces: Unveiling Trends in Healthy Controls_ vs. _MR Patients with Preserved EF_. The current section describes the dynamics of blood flow and hemodynamic forces only in the B-A direction due to its significance. The AVG systolic HDF in the B-A direction was notably reduced in patients with trivial-mild MR (55.8%4) and mild-moderate MR (59.6%4) compared to controls. Interestingly, the force was slightly increased in the moderate-severe MR by 3.8%6 (\(p\)-value = 0.013). The AVG diastolic HDF in the B-A direction followed a similar pattern while comparing controls and severity grades.