# A Novel Benthic Phage Infecting _Shewanella_ with Strong Replication Ability
## 4 Conclusions  
The benthic phage S0112 infecting _Shewanella indica_ KJW27 is a novel lytic phage that was isolated from coastal sediments and can be considered a representative of a novel genus under the family _Siphoviridae_. Fifty-nine percent of its ORFs are functionally unknown. Its strong replication ability, as reflected by the high burst size (i.e., 1170), and its relatively longer latency might be adaptive survival strategies for coastal sediment environments. Several auxiliary metabolic genes were observed in the phage genome, i.e., the pyrophosphohydrolase (MazG) gene and a gene cluster that may be involved in 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine (preQ\({}_{0}\)) biosynthesis. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of a benthic phage infecting _Shewanella_ and sheds light on the phage-host interactions in coastal sediments. As, so far, very few phages have been isolated from coastal sediments, which largely limits our understanding of their biological characteristics, the isolation and characterization of more benthic phages infecting different hosts in coastal sediments are vital for unveiling the phage-host interactions in coastal sediments and their ecological significance, as well as the largely unknown metagenomic dark matters of sediment phages.  
Figure 8: The viral proteomic tree including phage S0112 and other closest relative phages constructed using the ViPTree. The red star represents the _Shewanella_ phage S0112.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/11/1081/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/11/1081/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/11/1081/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/11/1081/s1)). Table S1: Summary of latent period and burst size of sixty-eight phages belonging to the order _Caudovirales_. Table S2: Effects of rifampicin on the phage progeny production. Table S3: The _Shewanella_ sp. phage S0112 genome annotations (MK675901). Figure S1: Mauve alignment of phage S0112 genome against phage VpKK5 genome. Figure S2: Prevalence of phage S0112-like ORFs in Pacific Ocean Virome (POV) and Global Ocean Survey (GOS) metagenomic datasets, using the reciprocal best-BLAST strategy.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] designed the experiments and revised the manuscript; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] helped to analyze the data and revise the manuscript; [PERSON] performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscripts.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the open task of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM2016 ORP0311), Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 41876174), the senior user's project of RV KEXUE (KEXUE2019 GZ03), DICP&QIBEBT (Grant: DICP&QIBEBT UN201803), QIBEBT (Grant: QIBEBT ZZBS201805), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), CAS. This study is a contribution to the international IMBER project.  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank [PERSON], [PERSON] of Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology for their useful suggestions and help, and the support from the Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.