## 3 Results and Discussion
### Land Use Changes

Table 2: Area of each type of land use in Denpasar from 1992 to 2014 and their proportion of total area. Figure 3: Distribution of land use types in Denpasar, Indonesia from topographic maps. (**a**) 1992; (**b**) 2003; and (**c**) 2014. The characteristics of the settlement land use type in Denpasar became increasingly complex from 1992 to 2014, with the geographical variations characterized mainly by the transformation from greenspaces into buildings for residence and government activity as well as into multi-functional buildings that provide general tourism services, including accommodation, shopping, restaurants, and entertainment. The changes in land use in the Denpasar region not only show expanding settlement areas but also expanding forestland due to the conversion of water and other land use types in the southern part of Denpasar and reclamation areas in Serangan Island. The clear land use change in this tourism city is consistent with the studies of [PERSON] et al. [71], [PERSON] et al. [72], and [PERSON] et al. [73]. However, the process of greenspaces changing into settlement areas in Denpasar is very fast compared to that in other cities in Indonesia and the world. In Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, the settlement area has grown to approximately 0.02 ha day\({}^{-1}\) over the past four decades (1970 to 2008) [13], and in Beijing, China, the urban land cover from 1986 to 2001 expanded at a rate of 0.06 ha day\({}^{-1}\)[74]. Denpasar has been the capital of Bali Province since 1958. Therefore, all activities of the provincial government and activities related to education and business are centred in Denpasar. Although Denpasar City is not a major tourist destination in Bali, being the centre of government and the presence of tourism destinations in the Sanur region have led to growth in tourism, which can have a direct impact on land use change. As shown in Figure 3a,b, most of the forest in southeastern Denpasar, which is the Sanur region, has was converted to settlement from 1992 to 2003, and most of the change was from forest to multi-functional buildings for tourism activities. Bali has been a tourism destination since before Indonesia became independent [75]. Tourism in Bali has continued to grow, especially after the construction of the Bali Beach Hotel (now known as the Inna Grand Bali Beach Hotel), the first five-star accommodation for tourism located in the Sanur region of Denpasar. This hotel has been in operation since 1966, has a height of 10 floors, which was the tallest building at the time of its construction and is still the tallest in Bali today. For example, over 11,278 foreign tourists per year visited the island in 1969, and by 2014, the number had grown to 3,766,638. From 1990 to 2000, foreign tourist visits to Bali grew an average of 17.08% per year, and from 2000 to 2014, the average increase was only 11.11% per year. The rapid growth of foreign tourists visiting the island before the new millennium may have led to rapid changes in land use in Denpasar from 1992 to 2003 by increasing the number of multi-functional buildings for tourism services and the incomes of employees in the tourism industry. In addition, the change in land use resulting from the indirect impact of the development of the tourism industry on population growth through migration in the southern part of Bali, including Denpasar, has increased the need for residential buildings. Denpasar City is the most populous area in Bali Province, and in 1992, the population density reached 2704 people per km\({}^{2}\) and increased to 6622 people per km\({}^{2}\) in 2014. Bali has experienced the most rapid economic development of all the islands of Indonesia [76]. One of the main reasons for this growth is the many income potential created directly by tourism and indirectly by industries that produce goods for the tourism industry. Consequently, tourism activities can ensure income increases and improvements to the standard of living.