## 3 Results
The hydrophilic properties and crosslinked structure of the PUA-PUMA are essential for successfully reducing electrolyte solution leakage. The crosslinked polymer membranes have a positive association with the electrolyte by successfully retaining a substantial volume of liquid electrolyte inside their structure. Due to PUA-PUMA's strong affinity for the electrolyte solution, the polymer membranes have an amazing capacity to hold liquid. The membrane with the highest electrolyte uptake rating, PP2, has a maximum weight loss of seven weight percent. Figure 4: (**a**) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and (**b**) Differential Scanning Calorimetry results of membranes. Gel fraction measurements were used to evaluate the chemical resistance of the polymer membranes in liquid electrolyte media. For this evaluation, the membranes were immersed in dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an organic solvent contained in the liquid electrolyte, for 24 h and then dried. The resulting gel fractions were then determined using the methodologies outlined in the experimental section. Through the incorporation of vinyl phosphonic acid and bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate into the PUA-PUMA matrix, as outlined in Table 2, a noteworthy enhancement in the chemical stability of the membranes was achieved. The chemical stabilities of the PP1, PP2, and PP3 membranes experienced substantial improvements, registering changes of 98.60%, 99.09%, and 98.18%, respectively. The crosslinking process played a pivotal role in preserving the structural integrity of the polymer matrix when exposed to organic solvents, thereby preventing its disintegration. The membranes' notable increase in gel fraction values suggests that PUA-PUMA and VPA-BMEP have successfully crosslinked. The introduction of pores within polymer matrices, a pivotal attribute in electrolyte systems, facilitates the permeation of liquid electrolytes through the membrane. This property increases the membrane's ability to hold more electrolyte in addition to creating a route for ions to migrate through, which in turn raises the polymer electrolyte's ionic conductivity with a porosity of 81.3%, PP2 demonstrated the highest porosity, as shown by the porosity values in Table 2. This increased porosity has a direct impact on the membrane's capacity to absorb electrolytes, which is an essential property that is impacted by the material's structural shape as well as the polymer matrix's chemical composition. Liquid electrolytes can more easily enter the membrane structure through surface pores in the membranes, effectively stopping any leakage. In order to demonstrate GPE's stability and prevent lithium dendrite growth during charge and discharge cycles, the mechanical characteristics of GPE are crucial [44]. Standard tensile stress-strain test results were used to assess the mechanical properties of the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & **Gel Fraction, \%** & **Porosity, \%** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Electrolyte** \\ **Uptake, \%** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Ionic Conductivity,** \\ **S cm\({}^{-1}\)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PP1 & 98.60 & 78.2 & 296 & \(0.70\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline PP2 & 99.09 & 81.3 & 345 & \(1.83\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline PP3 & 98.18 & 76.5 & 279 & \(0.12\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline Celgrad-2500 & — & 55.0 * & 126 & \(0.36\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Main characterizations of crosslinked membranes. * According to the manufacturer’s instructions. Figure 5: The following images show (**a**) liquid electrolyte uptake charts and (**b**) liquid electrolyte leakage test results. crosslinked polymer membranes. The PP2 membrane had a higher Young's modulus value than the other formulations because of the crosslinked bonds that are present in its structure and its flexibility. The Young's modulus values for PP1, PP2, and PP3 membranes were found to be 2679, 3323, and 3011 N/mm\({}^{2}\), respectively. The presence of BMEP results in a crosslinked structure that improves the membrane's strength.