## 3 Results and Discussion
### Future Prediction of GHG Emission by Developed AI Models and Mitigation Measures  
We used the linear regression model to project the input variables from 2022 to 2040; then, we used them to develop decision tree models to predict the GHG emission for the years 2022 to 2040. As is shown in Figure 7, an upward trend of GHG emissions is observed with all models including the linear regression, bagged DT model, boosted DT model, and gradient boosted DT model. The linear regression model predicts the highest GHG emissions in the year 2040, which is around 904.97 million CO2 equivalent tons. Among the several DT models, the gradient-boosted DT predicts the lowest GHG emissions in Saudi Arabia for the year 2040. The decision trees' as well as FFNN projected emissions in Saudi Arabia for the year 2040 are summarized in Table 3.  
According to the analysis presented above, GHG emissions will increase 27-30% by 2040 compared to the year 2021 according to the DT-based AI models. In order to reduce  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Linear Regression** & **Bagged Decision Tree** & **Boosted Decision Tree** & **Gradient Boosted Decision Tree** & **Feed Forward Neural Network** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{(Million ton CO2 eq.)} \\ \hline
904.97 & 867.36 & 873.62 & 852.29 & 815.79 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: DT-based AI model projected GHG emissions in 2040 for Saudi Arabia.  
Figure 7: Predicted GHG emissions up to 2040 employing various decision tree models.  
greenhouse gas emissions significantly, it will be necessary to employ a wide range of mitigation strategies in addition to those already in use. The Kingdom must formulate a comprehensive strategy to reduce carbon emissions across all its major economic sectors, including the energy sector, the transportation sector, and the industrial sector, if it is to meet its net-zero emissions goals. It is inevitable that our capacity to cut pollution through carbon reduction and supply planning will be stretched to its limits by factors including but not limited to technological, economic, and welfare program considerations. With this cut, renewable energy generation can help the Kingdom get closer to the goal of net-zero carbon emissions. However, a full transition away from fossil fuels is not anticipated for the Kingdom in all main sectors due to the intermittent nature and quasi-distribution pattern of green energy supplies. Future emission scenarios may instead benefit from research into carbon capture and storage (CCS); carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS); reforestation; and emissions trading. The successes of CCS and CCUS, however, are expected to be restricted in the near future. The aforestation project will help reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases while also providing environmental benefits; however, hydrological and ecological concerns, as well as a high-water consumption footprint, will plague this initiative. As a result, the path to achieving zero carbon footprint by 2040 is anticipated to be an iterative one, adapting to the development of innovations, substantial changes in the energy security spectrum, carbon sink creation, and offset programs via emissions trading.