# Review of Land Surface Albedo: Variance Characteristics, Climate Effect and Management Strategy
## 4 Climate Feedback and Management Strategy for Surface Albedo
### Economic Cost and Management Strategy for Surface Albedo  
Based on the relationships between surface albedo and ecology as well as economic benefits, various management strategies for surface albedo have been proposed. In the Albedo, Building green, Control of global warming and Desertification (ABCD) project conducted in 2012 in Italy, the installation of highly reflective surfaces was demonstrated to be an effective means to tackle global warming by achieving a significant offset of CO\({}_{2}\) equivalents [20]. A simulation shows that albedo modification produces substantial near-term reductions in the rate of Greenland ice sheet-driven sea-level rise, while continued sea-level rise contributions persist for decades to centuries after temperature stabilization and temperature drawdown begin [122]. To implement land-based climate mitigation, non-CO\({}_{2}\) forcing agents are often converted into \"physical\" CO\({}_{2}\) equivalents [93; 29], and social-cost-based CO\({}_{2}\) equivalents for surface albedo-induced forcing are also proposed as stock equivalents to assist economic analysis [157]. Numerous studies have focused on soil and vegetation albedo management, especially for forests. The magnitude of the carbon offset potential due to changes in surface albedo has been simulated based on climate models over a 100-year management period, which has important implications for forest management methods to mitigate climate change in light of this additional biophysical criterion [184]. Four methodologies are utilized to calculate shadow prices for forest albedo radiative forcing, which are then input to an ecological and economic forest model to determine optimal rotation periods [223]. Carbon-equivalent metrics for forest albedo changes have been proposed [93], and the cost of forest climate mitigation associated with both carbon sequestration and albedo change seems to be more efficient and less intrusive than the traditional policy that merely considers carbon sinks [224]. Afforestation is taken as an essential climate mitigation option incentivized by a globally uniform reward for carbon uptake in the terrestrial biosphere, but it could lead to food price hikes through land competition [185]. A market-level model has been explored with socially optimal carbon and albedo pricing and characterizes optimal land allocation and harvests by considering both climate benefits and economic welfare [225]. Most biogeophysical forcings (e.g., surface albedo-induced radiative forcing) are rarely included in climate policies for forestry and other land management projects due to quantification challenges, and more coordinated research among terrestrial ecologists, resource managers, and coupled climate modellers is needed to corroborate and validate metrics at multiple scales [24]. Crop management is another essential albedo strategy that involves changing agricultural practices. A \"biogeoengineering\" approach was proposed to mitigate surface warming, whereby specific crop varieties (e.g., specific leaf glossiness and canopy morphological traits) are chosen to maximize canopy albedo [100; 226]. Agricultural lands span 15% of the global ice-free terrestrial surface and provide an immense and near-term opportunity to address climate change, food, and water security challenges. The breeding of new cultivars is computationally informed based on different canopy structural traits to increase productivity, water use efficiency, and surface albedo to offset greenhouse gas warming [227]. Reducing or suppressing tillage (no-till) shows the potential to sequester carbon in soils and albedo-induced cooling with higher albedo from soil than crops, which opens new avenues for climate engineering measures targeting regional hot extreme events [228]. The incorporation of charcoal produced by biomass pyrolysis (biochar) in agricultural soils is a potentially sustainable strategy in soil amelioration, while large-scale biochar application with low albedo may result in some side effects, such as warming effects [90; 91].