## 1 Introduction
[28] refer to productivities of straw triticale ranging between 6 and 10 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) in agrosystems ranging from typical Mediterranean to fertile environments, with yields reaching 18 to 20 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) and 11-13 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) under milky-wax maturity, in the same environments. The \"milky phase\" in triticale cultivation, as in other cereal crops like wheat and barley, is a key developmental stage during grain formation. The same authors refer to another field trial in Italy in 2016, evaluating a total of 15 genotypes, including both registered varieties and advanced breeding lines. The whole plant was harvested at the milky ripening stage when it is almost waxy, with trials producing 17.6 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) of dry matter ranging between 14.4 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) and 19.3 tonsha\({}^{-1}\). Finally, available information for the lupin and broad bean (_Vicia fuba_) legumes, the Australian study of [PERSON] et al. [22] reports average productivities of about 5.1 tonha\({}^{-1}\) for both cultivations, with maximum values of 13.2 tonha\({}^{-1}\) and 10.74 tonha\({}^{-1}\). For broad bean, [PERSON] et al. [29], in Italian field trials, obtained biomass productivities in straw shoot biomass ranging between 8 and 10 tonsha\({}^{-1}\). [PERSON] et al. [30] obtained shoot straw broad bean productivity yields ranging between 9 and 10.6 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) in Southern Italy field trials. [PERSON] et al. [31], for blue lupin, _Lupinus augustifolius_, obtained productivity results ranging between 7.6 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) and 10.2 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) in field trials in Mexico. For broad bean, in field trials in Czechia, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32] obtained productivities in shoot straw biomass ranging between 7.39 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) and 19.2 tonsha\({}^{-1}\). For yellow lupin, [PERSON] et al. [33] obtained biomass yields of 5 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) in field trials in Northern Portugal. In particular, the above-ground biomass yield of _Lupinus luteus_ in Portugal, harvested 5 months after sowing, has a yield of 4900 to 4930 kgha\({}^{-1}\) in the first year of cultivation and from 5330 to 6370 kgha\({}^{-1}\) in the second year of cultivation [34]. [PERSON] et al. [35], for _Lupinus albus_ and _Lupinus luteus_ field trials in Northern Portugal, delivered biomass productivities of 4.1 tonsha\({}^{-1}\) and 3.85 tonsha\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Another relevant issue related to the production of cereals and legumes is related to the energy necessary for producing cereals and legumes along the lifecycle in the field. One representative review study on this issue is that of [PERSON] et al. [36]. Energy consumption for crop cultivation includes, e.g., indirect non-renewable energies for manufacturing fertilizers, diesel fuel and electricity for pumping water, and power machinery or indirect energy for manufacturing fertilizers. For wheat and barley, these authors state that these non-renewable energies range between 16,734 and 41,660 MJha\({}^{-1}\). These energy input amounts corresponded to the potential bioenergy obtainable. For a legume, such as soybean, the same authors mentioned that the energy input was about 23,221 MJha\({}^{-1}\) and 21% of bioenergy potentially produced. Overall, the same authors mention overall energy ratios of 4.05 and 4.53 for cereal and leguminous crops, respectively, with the energy ratio defined as the ratio indicative of the energy produced per unit of energy utilized. Besides the potential for biomass and bioenergy production, legume and cereal straws have been traditionally used as forages in animal feed. An equilibrium between cereal and legumes is essential to an adequate healthy animal diet, improving decisively milk and livestock production. Straw feedstuff digestibility is extremely variable and almost lower than that of small grains, depending on the concentration and chemical composition of cell walls which are their main single components [37; 38]. The cereal straws, despite some tastiness to cattle, show a lower nutritional quality than legume straws.