## 5 Discussion
### FM Core Competence: Risk Management  
Risk Management plays a central role in FM and, unsurprisingly, is among the core competencies most investigated by researchers worldwide. The articles belonging to this core competence address various issues related to risk management, Table 10 groups them by topic. Most of the articles, twelve out of seventeen, are fairly distributed between fire risk issues and safety in the workplace. All the research agrees that the integration of data between BIM and WSN will provide an invaluable result for future applications in managing users and workers' health and safety. Fire risk studies focus mainly on (a) defining the fire conditions as well as the location and types of relevant fire-extinguishing tools needed; (b) localisation of trapped occupants in a fire emergency scene; and (c) evacuation/rescue paths optimisation. Proposed workflows and algorithms are BIM-centred, where BIM is integrated to provide geometric information and a graphical interface for user interaction. Relevant studies in this field have been conducted by [PERSON] et al. [90] and [PERSON] et al. [95]. Their studies are quite similar and propose a system based on a Bluetooth sensor network that can be used (a) to early detect a fire (b) to plan evacuation/rescue routes and to guide building users in emergencies, (c) for dynamic 3D visualisation of fire events and (d) for bidirectional human-machine interactions to optimise evacuation/rescue efforts. The proposed systems could reduce the number of casualties, support the rescue process and emergency evacuation, and mitigate the panic among people in cases of fire. Another interesting research study in \"fire risk management\" was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [99]. Their study proposes an approach for adaptive path planning against the rapid environmental changes in fires. To detect the number of people in a building space, the network uses real-time videos from Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and deep learning algorithms. In addition, an IoT sensor network (detect temperature, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) is used to detect hazardous areas. The BIM model provides floor plan information, sensors location and a simplified visualisation model during evacuation. Eventually, research suggests that it is possible to evacuate people through AR devices along the shortest path while avoiding congested and hazardous areas. Research studies concerning workers' and building users' health and safety have investigated the integration of BIM with several types of wireless sensors to provide a centralised database with updated real-time data throughout the building lifecycle, starting from the construction phase. Currently, safety monitoring practices primarily rely on \"manual\" observation, which is labour-intensive and error-prone [92]. Therefore, the impact of sensor-based safety management systems, coupled with the BIM environment, could improve health, safety and emergency management. In conclusion, systems coupling BIM models and sensors can continuously monitor the built environment in an automated way. They can be used for various purposes: (a) to prevent accidents by notifying workers of incoming hazards; (b) to notify safety managers or site supervisors about unidentified or newly appearing threats; (c) to monitor the environmental conditions of a confined space; (d) to better manage emergencies (e.g., fires) by providing optimised escape (or rescue) routes. However, more research needs to be conducted to make these systems interoperable with existing sensor systems and minimise computational times to avoid any delay in emergency response operations. Furthermore, these systems could automatically detect and document near misses to prevent better accidents and, thus, to improve safety further. One of the major limitations is the sensors reliability and transmission over long distances, which can cause false alarms.