## 3 Results
### Studies Included
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Population Characteristics** & **Instrument Used** & **Main Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2006) & 50 young adults aged 13–28 years. & Personality traits assessment by the NEO-FFI. & Higher neuroticism scores were associated with lower satisfaction with dentition after orthodontic treatment. \\ [PERSON] et al. (2006) [56] & & Patient satisfaction measurement after orthodontic treatment with DIDL questionnaire. & Extroversion and consciousness were positively correlated with satisfaction with appearance and with oral comfort. \\ Gender distribution: 20 males and & & Age, sex, and pretreatment orthodontic treatment need did not affect patient satisfaction. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2008) & 70 adolescents aged 12–15 years. & Personality assessment by 16 PF-APQ. & No statistically significant relationships were found between cooperation and personality traits, gender, or age in adolescent orthodontic patients. \\ Gender distribution: 24 males and & Cooperation assessment by OPCS. & Personality traits alone do not predict cooperation during orthodontic treatment in adolescents. \\ \hline  & 400 participants divided into two groups: 200 untreated (mean age of 21.50 years) and 200 treated subjects (mean age of 20.92 years), equally divided by gender. & Personality traits evaluation with NEO-FFI. & Personality traits did not affect attitude toward orthodontic treatment or pain perception. \\ [PERSON] et al. (2010) [57] & Equal number of males and females (100 each for the group). & Pain perception and attitude toward orthodontic treatment measurement using a VAS scale and VAS marked at 10 mm intervals, respectively. & Gender was the only variable affecting pain perception, with females reporting more pain than males. \\  & & & A more positive attitude was found in patients who experienced less pain during orthodontic treatment. \\ \hline  & 96 adolescents aged 12–16 years. & Personality traits evaluation with modified BFI-10. & Personality traits, particularly agreeableness, significantly predict willingness to undergo orthodontic treatments. \\ [PERSON] et al. (2013) [53] & Gender distribution: 39 males and & Willingness to undergo treatment measurement by weighted Kappa Statistics for Test-Retest Reliability Questionnaire Assessment. & Agreeableness was positively associated with five treatment modalities, while conscientiousness and neuroticism showed negative associations with specific treatments. \\  & & Age and gender were not significant predictors of treatment willingness. \\ \hline  & 68 adult patients aged 19–60 years & Psychological traits evaluation using the BSI Inventory and the NVS Scale before treatment. & Samatization influenced the choice of lingual and clear aligner appliances, with anxious individuals preferring these options. \\ [PERSON] et al. (2013) [60] & Gender distribution: 23 males and 45 females. & Patients’ perceptions of pain and dysfunction evaluation using an HRQoL questionnaire and VAS scale. & Reduced self-esteem regulation was associated with increased pain across all orthodontic appliances. \\  & & & Buccal appliances allow a more significant impact of personality traits on adjustability than lingual and clear aligner appliances. \\  & 100 adolescents and young adults aged approximately 17.5 to & Personality traits assessment using the NEO-FFI. & Personality traits such as neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness improved after orthodontic treatment. \\ [PERSON] et al. (2015) [63] & Equal number of males and females (50 each). & Pain perception and attitudes toward orthodontic treatment measurement using VAS scale. & Attitude toward orthodontic treatment improved after orthodontic treatment. \\  & & & The pain experienced during orthodontic treatment was like expected pain before treatment. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Key characteristics of the included studies.