## 2 Literature Review
### Creativity as the Fourth Sustainability through the Lens of Space Syntax and the Sense of Place  
In order to understand the spatial aspects of creativity, it is necessary to recall the definition of creativity. [PERSON] [71] defines it as \"the ability to come up with ideas or artefacts that are new, surprising and valuable\" [71] (p. 1). As all people are creative, and constantly need and apply creativity to solve their everyday problems, creativity is a characteristic that does not belong solely to the art disciplines [72; 73]. It is, therefore, not the same as innovation. Creativity relates to the _generation_ of new and valuable ideas, whereas innovation is about the _implementation_ of those ideas [5]. For this study, we use the concept of [PERSON] et al. [74], who suggest that \"creativity involves the production, conceptualization, or development of novel, original and useful ideas, processes, or procedures by an individual or by a group\" [74] (p. 215). This study approaches the spatial aspects of creativity from two complementary perspectives. The first relates to [PERSON]'s [11] hypothesis that creativity is the fourth sustainability. He proposes that the other three sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) are consequences of the spatial form of a city, whereas the fourth, creativity, is the reason for it. [PERSON] [11] uses space syntax theories to explain the way in which city networks are enabled by multiple _human necessities_, which he conceptualises as 'creativity'. He explains that the development of a city is a continuous process of co-evolution between human needs and urban form, establishing a direct rapport between the two [11]. Because of creativity, interactions are established and solutions regarding spatial relations are solved, for example, by creating railways and transport lines and hence accessibility between regions and neighbourhoods. Therefore, university campuses and city-university spatial relations are regarded here as 'creative solutions' or'spatial solutions' conceived for human needs. The fundamental idea of the organisation of academic and research-based institutions into spatial clusters was a 'creative solution' to enable the co-presence of educated individuals in the same area, and hence enable long-term economic growth [75; 76]. As mentioned above, space syntax analyses describe cities as a series of linkages and measurable entities that demonstrate stronger and weaker connections and relationships [40]. Therefore, a complementary theoretical framework that addresses people's perceptions of their sense of place and public spaces is necessary to understand creativity as the fourth sustainability. For that reason, the second perspective builds on [PERSON]'s [5; 8; 77] studies, which propose that the success of a university campus or any other type of creative cluster derives from the interface between the built environment and causal interactions between people that facilitate the generation, diffusion and application of creativity. This is connected to theories of a'sense of place'. A sense of place is defined here as the interactions of individuals' bodily routines rooted in a geographical locale that often becomes a place of interpersonal and communal exchange, meaning and attachment [40]. A sense of place thus enables trust, and hence the exchange of information between people interacting in an environment [78]. In line with [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [79] explain that a sense of place is a property of the relationship between perception-action and social construction processes within place-based experiences. People are emotionally attached to places, prefer certain places, or gather regularly at specific places for various functional, symbolic and emotional reasons [5]. This literature review leads us to suggest that 'creative solutions' both _shape_ university campuses and their public spaces, and _are shaped_ by these places.