esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 IoT-Defined Network/Routing Protocols
### Channel-Aware Routing Protocol (CARP)  
Channel-aware routing is normally used in shared media for distributed systems. These distributed systems are somewhat modular networks that coexist in the same geographical area but comprise different data and/or network characteristics/requirements [33].  
Initially, the protocol was developed for underwater communication [34]. The packet size is relatively small and feasible for IoT applications including sensory networks. It is a semi-query-based data collection mechanism that inherently depends upon the path of the sink node from the sensor. Initially, a sink node traverses a packet from sink to all the supplier nodes of the network. In the forwarding phase, packets of the sensor are routed using hop-by-hop method to the end node.  
Based on the historical successful packet deliveries, the paths are defined by the node for the next hop. There is no acknowledgement packet from the receiver side, so ultimately, a network floods the paths in its initial deliveries. Each next hop is determined independently, which allows specific channel selection. After a significant change in the network topology, the forwarding paths are all discarded, and then new paths must be declared by broadcasting \"Hello\" packets from the sink. Thus, the reusability of the previously discovered path is not utilized.
# Crowd Monitoring and Localization Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network: A Review
## 4 Crowd Related Research Approaches
### Crowd Monitoring  
Crowd monitoring can further be categorized into crowd counting, crowd localization and crowd behavior.
# A Review on Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Wastes: Pretreatments and Operational Conditions
## 4 AD Stability or Inhibition
### Effect of Ammonia
#### 4.1.1 Mechanism of Inhibition by Ammonia  
Microorganism growth and maintenance of an appropriate level of alkalinity within the AD reactor are both fundamentally based on ammonia concentration, and as such it is noted as a decisive element in the process stability [6]. The reason behind considering FAN as the main cause of inhibition is related to its high permeability to bacterial cell membranes [106]. The diffusion of FAN into microbial cells upsets the balance of the intracellular pH of methanogens, leading to lower levels or inhibition of enzymatic reactions and abnormal material transportation [107]. Another possibility is caused by the hydrophobic ammonia molecule, which may diffuse passively into bacterial cells, causing proton imbalance or potassium deficiency [108]. In general, and to avoid toxicity from ammonia, it is recommended that the concentration should never reach the range of 1500-3000 mg/L [109].
# Fault Detection Algorithms in Medium-Voltage Direct-Current (MVDC) Grids
## 2 Materials and Methods
### ROCOC Algorithm  
The ROCOC (rate of change of current) algorithm is based on the direct current measurement and the calculation of its derivative with respect to time (3).  
\[\text{Fault detection}=1\text{ if ROCOC}>\text{ROCOC}_{\text{THR}} \tag{3}\]  
\[\text{ROCOC}=\Delta\text{I}_{\text{DC}}/\Delta\text{t}=(\text{I}_{2}-\text{ I}_{1})/(\text{t}_{2}-\text{t}_{1}) \tag{4}\]  
where \(\text{I}_{2}\) and \(\text{I}_{1}\) are the measured currents at times \(\text{t}_{2}\) and \(\text{t}_{1}\). \(\text{ROCOC}_{\text{THR}}\) is the predefined threshold for the algorithm.  
This approach involves measuring two consecutive samples of \(\text{I}_{\text{DC}}\) and applying Equations (3) and (4). The denominator of the derivative will always equal the sampling time, so \(\text{t}_{2}\) will always be greater than \(\text{t}_{1}\). It presents faster operation than the OC algorithm.  
In an ideal scenario under normal operating conditions, the ROCOC value should be zero, but due to the particularities of the system itself, the result is not zero. That is the reason why a predefined threshold is selected in order to improve the selectivity of the algorithm under a fault condition (4).  
This method is particularly useful for faults that cause rapid changes in current, such as short circuits. It is highly effective in detecting fast transient events and can respond quickly to faults in networks with low fault impedance. However, it may struggle with detecting faults that do not cause significant or rapid current changes, such as high-resistance faults or faults in complex multi-terminal systems where the current variation is more gradual.  
Reference [17] analyzes an MVDC grid where the ROCOC is used as the backup protection. The protection scheme is tested under various fault conditions, fault locations, fault impedances, and sudden load changes to assess the reliability. In this case, a predefined threshold is unnecessary, as the authors propose identifying a distinctive pattern to detect faults.  
Another strategy, put forward in [18], compares the polarity of the currents during normal operation in VSC-MTDC (voltage source converter multi-terminal DC) grids by measuring the currents at both ends. This method can accurately identify the faulty zone, regardless of the system power flow, fault type, or fault resistance. In [19], a method is proposed to determine a predefined threshold while maintaining both selectivity and sensitivity.
# A Supervised Speech Enhancement Approach with Residual Noise Control for Voice Communication
## 4 Experimental Setup  
### Dataset  
Experiments are conducted with TIMIT corpus, where 1000 and 200 clean utterances are randomly chosen as the training and the validation datasets, respectively. In total, 125 types of environment noises [6; 32] are used for generating noisy utterances under different SNR levels ranging from \(-5\) dB to 15 dB with the interval 5 dB. During each mixing process, a clean utterance is mixed with two types of noises and 5 SNR levels. As a consequence, 10,000 (\(1000\times 5\times 2\)), 2000 (\(200\times 5\times 2\)) noisy-clean pairs are established for training and validation, respectively. For model test, additional 10 male and 10 female utterances are chosen to mix with 5 types of unseen noises taken from the NOISEX92 [33] (babble, factory1, hfchannel, pink, and white) with SNR ranging from \(-5\) dB to 10 dB with the interval 5 dB.
# Reputation-Based Blockchain for Spatial Crowdsourcing in Vehicular Networks
## 4 ReBLOM-Based Crowdsourcing for EVs Routing Problem with Recharging Station
### Distance-Based ReBLOM Crowdsourcing  
Spatial reputation evaluation could be solved by the mentioned reputation estimation method. The quality and the difficulty of the spatial crowdsourcing are determined by the reputation level and distance. Then the discount on reputation related to the distance is  
\[\delta_{j}=\log_{D^{tar}}d_{j}^{tar} \tag{20}\]  
where \(D^{tar}\) is the distance threshold set by the requesters, and \(d_{j}^{tar}\) is the distance between the miner \(j\) and target location. Hence, we have \(\delta_{j}\in[0,1]\). Accordingly, longer distances will result in a smaller discount to reputation.  
Consider the continuous behavioral factor for decision-making as:  
\[\zeta_{j}^{c}=\frac{\arctan(\kappa-\zeta_{\min}^{c})+\arctan(\zeta_{\min}^{c}) }{\pi/2+\arctan(\zeta_{\min}^{c})} \tag{21}\]where \(\kappa(\kappa\in N)\) is the number of continuous credibility, and \(\zeta_{\text{min}}^{c}\) is the minimum number of credibility establishments.  
When the trustworthiness of the vehicle miner is less than the minimum trust establishment times, i.e., \(\kappa<\zeta_{\text{min}}^{c}\), it is impossible to determine whether the trustworthy behavior continues or malicious behavior occurs. Otherwise, the miners maintain continuity, which means no malicious behavior.  
Hence, a hypothetical definition of objective reputation is  
\[R_{j}^{O}(n)=R\Big{(}\zeta_{j}^{c},\delta_{j},\overline{B}_{j}(\alpha_{j},n),R _{j}^{O}(n-1)\Big{)} \tag{22}\]  
According to (14), we then combine the continuity factor \(\zeta_{j}^{c}\) and the comprehensive reputation records \(\bar{R}_{j}(n)\) for decision-making as:  
\[C_{j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}H,&p_{1}\geq 0.5,c_{j}^{f}\geq 0.5;p_{2}<0.5,c_{j }^{f}\geq 0.5,\overline{R}_{j}>0.5\\ D,&else\end{array}\right. \tag{23}\]  
In detail, if \(p_{1}\geq 0.5\) and \(c_{j}^{f}\geq 0.5\), the decision would be honest; while \(p_{2}<0.5\), \(\overline{R}_{j}>0.5\) and \(c_{j}^{f}\geq 0.5\), the situation would also be credible honest; otherwise, decisions will be unreliable.  
After successful mining, the miner will obtain the corresponding reward based on the contributed computational resources. For dishonesty, the penalty factor is determined according to the penalty function \(P_{j}(y)\), where \(y\) is the number of lasted continuous untrustworthy services. Further, the penalty factor increases rapidly at the beginning, and then tends to remain constant. Coping with dishonest behaviors, the final benefits are  
\[R_{j}^{O}(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}R_{j}^{O}(n),&C_{j}=H\\ P_{j}(y)\cdot R_{j}^{O}(n),&C_{j}=D\end{array}\right. \tag{24}\]  
where  
\[P_{j}(y)=\frac{1}{2\times(1+e^{-y})} \tag{25}\]  
According to (6), we have the comprehensive reputation of miner \(j\)  
\[\widehat{R}_{j}(n)=\phi\Big{(}\omega_{j}^{O}R_{j}^{O}(n)+\omega_{j}^{S}R_{j}^ {S}(n)\Big{)}+(1-\phi)\frac{1}{m}\sum_{j=1}^{m}R_{-j}^{\text{I}}(n) \tag{26}\]
# Satellite-Based Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Budget in Tropical Peatland Ecosystems
## Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.3.3 GPP Calibration
Finally, the _Modified GPP\({}_{\text{\emph{robust}}}\)_ (Equation (8)) was used for estimating the NBE in whole tropical peatland area in this study. We used a model established at the \(DF\) flux tower because the GPP in \(DF\) showed the highest \(R^{2}\) among the three towers.
# An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios
## 5 Experimental Setup Parameters and Performance Metrics
### Performance Metrics  
The performance metrics are as follows:  
* _Cumulative end-to-end delay_ refers to the cumulative time for a data stream (or traffic) to travel from a source node \(fc_{s}\) to a destination node \(fc_{d}\). The end-to-end delay reduces when: (a) the number of hops in a route reduces; and (b) the presence of PUs' activities that causes a switch to another route reduces.
* _Packet delivery ratio_ refers to the number of packets successfully delivered over the total number of packets delivered from a source node to a destination node. Packets are delivered either via D2D across SCs or through MC BS. The packet delivery ratio increases when the number of white spaces of each D2D route reduces.
# Controllable Height Hopping of a Parallel Legged Robot
## 5 Simulation and Experiment
### Discussion  
The experiment results show that the robot leg realized active compliance and controllable height hopping, thus proving ideal robot system performance and its good effect in combination with the height control strategy. First, because the system design used a harmonic driver as the motor reducer in the actuator, the system achieved successful dynamic motion control and impact mitigation during hopping. The results illustrate the mechanical and control feasibility of the low-ratio harmonic reducer during extreme hopping movements. As shown in Figure 8, the leg can touch down in a mitigating way at high initial velocity by relying on the good performance of the actuator and current control via the VMC method. Incidentally, the effect of the leg structure absorbing much of the impact between the actuator and the ground is also beneficial. Although we found in the experiments that the back-drivability of our actuator was not better than that of other direct or quasi-direct drive actuators because of the intrinsic damping between the gears, we could still use model construction to describe these parameters and subsequently implement accurate control.  
Figure 12: Photographs of robot leg hopping to different summit heights. Distance values in the images are measured from ground to toe.  
Figure 13: Summit hopping height during continuous hopping to different heights.  
For hopping height control, we designed a control method based on VMC state switching and control parameter optimization. Because of the difficulty of parameter identification and the computing complexity of accurate modeling during real-time control, we proposed a method that can bypass specific prototype modeling while using fewer identification parameters to achieve the control target. Generally, this approach does not require further feedback sensor data or specific modeling parameter identification. The method uses only takeoff and touchdown detection to estimate the hopping height and controls this value to meet a desired plan, even with variable ground horizon heights. Therefore, it is very useful for practical applications and can be extended in multi-dimensional situations to perform hopping height control or forward running control. Furthermore, we can introduce an online least squares method to this system to rectify its control parameters in real time.
###### Abstract  
Human activities such as the rapid development of marine aquaculture in the central Jiangsu coast have had a marked impact on the tidal flat morphology. This research focuses on characterizing the spatial expansion of layer cultivation and its influence on the sedimentary evolution of tidal flats in the central Jiangsu coast. First, seasonal digital elevation models (DEMs) were established using 160 satellite images with medium resolution. Then, layer aquaculture regions were extracted from 50 time-series satellite images to calculate the area and analyze the spatial distribution and expansion of these areas. Finally, seasonal and intra-annual sedimentary evolution patterns of both aquaculture and non-aquaculture regions were determined using the constructed DEMs. Our results show that aquaculture regions have gradually expanded to the north and peripheral domains of the entire sand ridge since 1999 and by 2013, the seaward margins of each sandbank developed into dense cultivation regions. Additionally, the aquaculture regions increased from 11.99 km\({}^{2}\) to 295.28 km\({}^{2}\). The seasonal sedimentary evolution patterns indicate that deposition occurs during the winter and erosion during the summer. Thus, the aquaculture regions experience deposition in certain elevation intervals during the layer growing period and in the non-growing period, alluvial elevation intervals in the aquaculture regions are eroded and erosive ones are deposited in order to maintain the balance between scouring and silting. The sedimentary evolution of each sandbank is heterogeneous due to their different locations and the difference in sediment transport. The intra-annual evolution pattern is characterized by deposition in the high tidal flats and erosion in low ones. Hydrodynamic conditions and layer cultivation dominate partial sedimentary evolution, which gradually shapes the beach surface.  
Keywords:tidal flats; human activities; layer cultivation; spatial expansion; seasonal and intra-annual evolution patterns +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Applications of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma in Density
###### Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic representation of DBD reactors in planar geometry: (**a**) conventional two electrodes DBD and (**b**) floating electrode DBD (FE-DBD). Adapted from [5]. Depending on the jet's operating conditions, the plasma plume tip can be maintained below 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, enabling the contact with living tissues without any risk of burns and electric shock. Thus, cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP), such as FE-DBD and APPJ, have been appointed as the most promising tools for biomedical and hospital applications [9; 10; 11; 12]. Since CAPPs are generated in ambient air, large quantities of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced. Therefore, when CAPP enters in contact with living tissues, the synergistic action of several plasma components, such RONS, energetic (UV) photons, and charge particles should be considered. The biochemical mechanisms involved in the interaction of plasma species with microorganisms and cells, as well as the plasma application for tissue healing and disinfection are extensively studied in a novel interdisciplinary field called Plasma Medicine [9; 10]. Recent studies have demonstrated that RONS are the main factor responsible for plasma antimicrobial and tissue healing effects, while the UV photons have only minor effect [13]. CAPP can be applied directly on living tissues and, in this case, RONS reach directly the target. Alternatively, CAPP can be applied indirectly, by previous exposure of liquids (i.e., water, liquid culture media) to the plasma, creating solutions containing RONS, known as plasma-activated media (PAM) or plasma-activated water (PAW) [14; 15]. In general, the plasma-liquid interaction generates hydrogen peroxide, nitrites, nitrates and others RONS [16]. However, the composition of PAM depends not only on the plasma-liquid interactions but also on the subsequent chemical reactions in the liquid phase that can cause further changes into PAM composition [15].
# 5G Cross-Border Operation for Connected and Automated Mobility: Challenges and Solutions
## 3 Selected Use Cases
### Tele-Operated Driving  
Current automated driving vehicle prototypes prove the feasibility of truly driverless cars. Tele-operated driving (ToD) can be leveraged as an enabling technology to smooth this transition, as edge cases remain which necessitate falling back on human operators. The overall architecture of ToD considered is shown in Figure 1. For ToD, an interface over the mobile 5G network is created that allows a human to remotely control a vehicle. Through such an interface, sensor and vehicle data, e.g., video feeds and velocity, are transmitted from the vehicle to the vehicle control center. There, the data are displayed to the human operator who generates control commands, e.g., desired steering wheel angle or velocity. These are then transmitted back to the vehicle for execution. Tele-operated driving technology faces a number of challenges that need to be overcome. A system design for teleoperated road vehicles is presented in [17], providing a reference for ToD hardware and software designs.  
Reduced situational awareness poses one of the greatest challenges for ToD, as the teleoperator is not physically located in the vehicle. Additional mental effort is required to compensate for distortions and recreate missing information from the sensor data [18]. This is supported by the tele-operated driving study presented in [19]. Therein, the use of head-mounted displayed is analyzed and compared with conventional computer screens, so as to gauge the effect on situational awareness of different visual interfaces for the human teleoperator.  
The transmission of signals over mobile networks introduces latency, which can be critical if the vehicle is remotely controlled at stabilization level, i.e., the teleoperator produces direct steering commands. If the latency is too large, different control concepts may be applied, such as the trajectory-based control scheme proposed in [20]. However, with 5G technology, nowadays limitations posed by network latency are subject to change. In the remainder of this chapter, the challenges of tele-operated driving from a general, technical perspective and when crossing country borders will be identified in terms of the automotive and telco requirements.  
Figure 1: Schematic overview of the tele-operated driving use case.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Vertical Vibration (X-direction):  
As shown in the vertical contribution contour plot for chassis frame measurement point 1 (Figure 16), the primary excitation sources for vertical vibration are the engine and the cutting header. The contour plot visually demonstrates through its color intensity that within specific frequency ranges, the contributions from the engine and cutting header are significantly higher than those from other sources, forming distinct hot-spot regions. The PSD analysis further reveals that the primary peak frequencies in this direction are concentrated at 29.29 Hz and 120 Hz, with the 29.29 Hz peak corresponding to the engine's excitation frequency.  
Figure 16: _Cont._  
Figure 15: Power spectral density curves of triaxial acceleration at measurement point 1.  
Notably, the contribution from the cutting header is most significant via the \"cutting header \(\rightarrow\) conveyor trough \(\rightarrow\) hydraulic cylinder \(\rightarrow\) chassis frame\" transfer path. This is manifested in the contribution contour plot as a large, high-intensity region around the 120 Hz frequency. This indicates that the hydraulic cylinder, acting as a supporting structure, plays a critical role in transmitting high-frequency excitation from the cutting header to the chassis frame, and its connection stiffness and damping properties have a decisive impact on the vertical vibration. Therefore, optimization targeted at this critical frequency and path--for instance, by adjusting the mounting angle of the hydraulic cylinder, adding damping materials, or optimizing the stiffness of the connection point--would be an effective approach for reducing the vertical vibration of the chassis frame.
The technique's novel contribution lies in its ability to maintain the imperceptibility of the hidden data within the cover media while preserving the fidelity of the original data. This balance is critical for ensuring that the data-hiding process remains undetectable to human observers and does not compromise the quality of the cover media. The introduction of Hermitian positive definite matrices as a data-hiding mechanism contributes to the advancement of steganography techniques. It adds a new dimension to the toolbox of methods available for secure information hiding and paves the way for future innovations in the field. The structure of the present paper is as follows. The Section 2 contains an overview of previous papers in this area and provides a comparative analysis of the proposed method. The Section 3 consists of the basic properties of the weighted Moore-Penrose inverse and presents ways to compute the source matrix, which can be given as a text or image. The Section 4 lists the concrete implementation of the proposed method with application examples. The Section 5 presents the steganalysis of the method based on the Hermitian positive definite (HPD) matrix and weighted Moore-Penrose (WMP) inverses. The Sections 6 and 7 list the discussion, conclusions, and future works.