## 5 Biological Activities
### C. arizonica  
#### 5.1.1 Essential Oil  
The essential oil from the leaves, branches and cones collected in Tunisia shows modest activity against _Escherichia coli_ ATCC 25922, _Salmonella typhimurium_ ATCC 19430, _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC 25923, _Enterococcus faecalis_ ATCC 29212, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ and _Streptococcus pneumoniae_, with MIC values ranging from 0.37 to 11.8 \(\upmu\)g/mL. All these values are generally much lower than the standard compound levofloxacin in the relative assays (MIC values from 0.3 to 4.88 \(\upmu\)g/mL) [21]. The essential oil from the cones collected from a cultivated population in Iran exerts strong growth inhibiting effects against _Aspergillus flavus_ Link in a concentration-dependent manner according to the disc diffusion medium [22]. The essential oil from the leaves and cones collected from a cultivated population in Iran shows a modest antioxidant activity, according to the DPPH\({}^{+}\) assay, at the concentration of 4 \(\upmu\)L/mL, with inhibition percentage values of 21% and 25.7%, respectively. The same essential oil shows very poor antioxidant activity according to the deoxyribose degradation assay. Lastly, the same essential oils show a moderate antioxidant activity according to the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation test with inhibition percentages values of 27.1% and 31.6%, respectively, at the concentration of 0.05 \(\upmu\)L/mL [23]. The essential oil from its leaves exerts strong larvicidal effects on _Anopheles steptensis_ with a LC\({}_{50}\) value of 79.30 \(\upmu\)g/mL [25]. The essential oil from the needles collected in Mississippi exhibits no significant antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial and antileishumanal activities [26]. The essential oil from the leaves collected in Greece exerts medium larvicidal effects against third to fourth instar larvae of _Aedes albicictus_ with LC\({}_{50}\) value of 64.8 mg/L. The same essential oil exerts weak repellent activity at the concentration of 0.2 mg/cm\({}^{2}\)[27]. The essential oil from the leaves collected in a Tunisian botanical garden exerts strong herbicidal activity. At the doses of 0.8 and 1.0 mg/mL, it totally inhibits the shoot and the root growth of _Sonchus arrenesis_ [PERSON], whereas only at the dose of 1.0 mg/mL does it totally inhibit the shoot and root growth of _Trifolium campestre_ [PERSON]. At the same doses, it partially reduces the germination and the shoot and root growth of _Ploenix canariensis_ [PERSON] and _Lolium rigidity_ [PERSON], too. The cone and stem essential oils were much less active [28]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species collected in Tunisia exhibits good antifungal properties against _Candida albicans_ ATCC 18804, _Candida glabrata_ 8D, _Candida dubliniensis_ CIPO 82, _Candida parapsilosis_ 28B, _Candida tropicalis_ IGC3097, _Candida braccensis_ NCYC 3133 and _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ BY4741 with MIC values from 0.1 to 0.05 \(\upmu\)g/mL. The mechanism of action is via an oxidative process leading to increased intracellular oxidation and DNA [29]. The essential oil from the cones collected in Lebanon exerts moderate antibacterial activities against _Escherichia coli_ K12 strain carrying plasmid DH5-alpha/pTY250 (PTA-4079) and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ ATCC 14990 with MIC values of 200 \(\upmu\)g/mL in both cases [166]. The essential oil from the leaves collected inIran exhibit effects against two spotted spider mites on Alii fig leaf with 100% mortality starting from the concentration of 2.5 mg/L. This same essential oil also shows minimal toxic effects on humans and environment [167]. The essential oil of the leaves of this species obtained from a botanical garden in Iran shows moderate feeding deterring effects on _Callosobranchus maculatus_ Fabricius, _Sitophilus granarius_ L. and _Oryzaophilus surinamensis_ L. with various percentages (10.66, 10.66 and 11.33%, respectively), as well as good inhibitory effects on their F1-progeny with various percentages (50.81, 59.64 and 49.99%, respectively) [31].