esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
examined the trigger time difference between patient's VMO and VL under active and passive motions. The effects of different reflex and voluntary postural exercise were determined for VMO facilitation. The unexpected perturbation activities are for facilitating VMO activation. Hence, the clinical rehabilitation exercise programs and the underlying mechanisms are needed for the further investigation. [PERSON] et al. showed that comparing the contraction time of patient's VMO and VL, the time of VMO was more delayed. Such a change in trigger time might be due to fatigue, the inhibition or reflection of nerve conduction velocity and motor neurons [16]. [PERSON] et al. examined the trigger time difference between patient's VMO and VL under active and passive motions. The results showed that the reflection contraction caused by disturbance could reverse the trigger time difference, while the earlier VMO contraction could prevent the lateral patella trajectory and protect the patella joints [17]. On comparing the relationship between VMO and VL, [PERSON] et al. 's study used a Cybex Norm dynamometer, and the results showed that patients with patellar lateral subluxation or subluxation had a trend toward lower VMO. This study speculated that higher isokinetic exercise might improve patellar lateral subluxation [18]. In the clinical examination, the patellar subluxation is determined to be surgically treated or not based on the position of patella and femur from palpation or an X-ray image. Once the patella experiences dysplasia symptoms, such as the defect of femoral groove and the defect of femoral condyle, the patellar subluxation may need surgical treatment. However, some research on the patellar subluxation without the surgical treatment addressed this by enhancing the quadriceps femoris muscle or protecting the patella to understand the contraction mode of VMO and VL. Hence, these methods could improve the rehabilitation [11; 12]. The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation system that could prospectively explore which posture of kick training could enhance the muscle strength of VMO, and thus improve the anterior knee pain or pain around the patella caused by patellar lateral subluxation. This paper aims to investigate a pilot study for improving the dislocation of knee-cap problem by increasing the medial muscle strength. By calculating the relationship between the medial muscle strength and the external muscle strength from electromyography, it aims to indicate that the medial muscle strength could be increased by kicking actions. Moreover, it evaluated the medial muscle strength by kicking actions between the standing and sitting postures. Finally, we will continue to increase the number of patients, the range of clinical pathology, the number of research items to prove our proposal and the equipment that could be used for evaluating the medial muscle strength by kick training between the standing and sitting postures.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermodynamic Study  
The energy of activation \(E_{a}\) represents the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction. In the current study, the \(E_{a}\) ranged from 78.22 to 56.99 kJ/mol (Table 3). The reduced amount of energy for sample B10 compared to B0 and B5 indicated the promotion of oxidative process; indeed, B10 had the lowest shelf-life in this study. A reaction could be spontaneous or non-spontaneous, exergonic, or endergonic, and exothermic or endothermic. A positive value of enthalpy indicates that the process is endothermic. This finding was also observed during the oxidation of vegetable oil [24]. The negative value of entropy along with positive enthalpy is the sign of non-spontaneous reaction [25]. Moreover, the negative entropy might be the result of associated mechanisms [25; 26; 27]. As expected, the Gibbs free energy variations for the oxidation (e.g., for samples at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C) were found to be positive, which underlined the non-spontaneous and endergonic nature of the oxidation reaction of breadsticks. Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Antioxidant Activities (FRAP and ABTS) in Fortified Beadsticks at Room Temperature  
Curves of TPC, FRAP, ABTS at different days of sampling are reported in Figure 1. Generally, tested TPC and antioxidant assays had significant differences among samples B0, B5, and B10 (\(p<0.05\)). In terms of TPC (panel a, Figure 1), B10 had the highest values compared to B5 and B0. The first two times of storage, TPC decreased even if it was not statistically significant. While from T2 to T5 all samples showed an apparent progressive increase of TPC. [PERSON] et al. (2020) hypothesized that the GP TPC initial reduction during storage resulted from an inhibition of the protein glycation and the trapping of dicarbonyls performed by phenols [28], as also described by [PERSON] et al. (2019) [29]. In addition, the progressive increase in TPC in stored GP was attributed to the residual activity of some enzymes of GP powder that could enhance the polyphenols release during the storage [30]. Besides the persistence of enzymatic activities of GP in breadstick, it is possible to hypothesize a rearrangement of other components of the matrix (such as proteins and starch) that can cause a progressive release of previously bound or trapped phenols. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & **R2** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Shelf-Life 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ **(Days)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Shelf-Life 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C** \\ **(Days)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline B0 & 0.9981 & 58 & 80 \\ B5 & 0.9967 & 33 & 45 \\ B10 & 0.9870 & 27 & 36 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} B0: control breadsticks; B5: breadsticks fortified with 5% of GP; B10: breadsticks fortified with 10% of GP.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Estimation of shelf-life of control and fortified breadsticks at 20 and 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The coefficient of determination (R2) of linear regression performed by OXISoftTM program is also reported.
## 3 Results
### Segmentation/Size-Thresholding Settings  
As can be seen in Figure 3, the largest classified areas of the images belong to the worm, whereas unattached areas are considerably smaller and belong to FP. To select the best settings for the size of the areas that should be removed from the classification result (termed size-thresholding), a histogram showing the areas of test sets TS1-3 was created (Figure 5) to visually demonstrate a valid size cut-off between FP areas and the worm. The histogram shows bell-shaped distributions; the most left one in Figure 5 belongs to objects below 4000 pixels consisting only of objects that do not belong to nematodes as verified by visual inspection, while the remaining objects are considered worms. The minimum between these two distributions is indicated in Figure 5 by a red line. This observation was evaluated after applying five different cut-offs ranging from 3000 to 5000 pixels. The performance is calculated as the mean value of the resulting TPR, TNR, ACC, and MCC,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Subset**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Attribute Subsets**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Performance**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**No. of**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & **TS1** & **TS2** & **TS3** & **Attributes** & **Instances** \\ \hline
**1** & ENT 1-16 & 0.8296 & 0.8312 & 0.8342 & 22 & 237 \\ \hline
**2** & ENT 16-32 & 0.8187 & 0.8208 & 0.8308 & 10 & 86 \\ \hline
**3** & ENTVAR 1-16 & 0.8187 & 0.8208 & 0.8308 & 27 & 98 \\ \hline
**4** & ENTVAR 16-32 & 0.7734 & 0.7919 & 0.8070 & 12 & 55 \\ \hline
**5** & ENTVARHES 1-16 & 0.7822 & 0.7869 & 0.8107 & 75 & 132 \\ \hline
**6** & ENVARHES 16-32 & 0.8202 & 0.8285 & 0.8221 & 28 & 225 \\ \hline
**7** & ENTAVRHESLAP 1-16 & 0.7708 & 0.7798 & 0.8073 & 80 & 127 \\ \hline
**8** & ENTVARHESLAP 16-32 & 0.6921 & 0.7085 & 0.7513 & 30 & 98 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Evaluation of the performance of different attribute subsets on test sets (TS1-TS3). Performance is calculated as mean of ACC, TPR, TNR and MCC.  
showing the highest performance of 0.8478 at the cut-off of 4000 pixels. Using this setting for size-thresholding additionally to the classification process, the MCC could be improved from 68.0% to 73.2%, while the ACC, sensitivity, and specificity could be increased by 1% each.  
Figure 3: (**A–H**) Classification results of classifiers with different subsets; (**I**) all available filters; (**J**) original worm image; (**K**) mask created by manual classification; (**L**) false positive (FP) areas after classification based on Subset 1.
## 5 Imperfections and Side Channels in Practical CVQKD
### State Preparation  
In practical CVQKD systems, the modulation applied to the signal according, for instance, to the GG02 protocol can only approach the Gaussian modulation required in theory. Indeed, a Gaussian distribution is not only continuous, but unbounded and, therefore, cannot be exactly achieved, since an infinite amount of randomness would be required. Using a bounded, discrete approximation, it is possible to show that the impact on security is not significant in practice [63].  
Additionally, similarly to the aforementioned realistic scenario by which the characteristics of the homodyne (or heterodyne) detector are assumed to be trusted (and hence, not controlled by [PERSON]), it is possible to make the same assumption for the phase noise that is always present in the state prepared by [PERSON]. It is then possible to show that precisely characterizing and calibrating this noise leads to an increased secret key generation rate [63].  
Finally, it is clear that obtaining information on the state prepared by [PERSON] after modulation is valuable for the eavesdropper. To this end, the so-called Trojan horse attacks were studied and implemented in the discrete-variable QKD case [73]. These attacks exploit back reflections coming from optical components, such as modulators induced by bright pulses sent by the eavesdropper, and may open a substantial security breach. They are also effective against CVQKD systems, where [PERSON]'s modulators may be probed in this way [74]. Countermeasures against this type of attack include placing an optical isolator and a monitoring detector at the output of [PERSON]'s setup. The role of these components would then need to be explicitly included in the security proof of the implemented protocol.
## 2 Related Work
### Collaborative VR  
As remote work has become more common, collaborative multi-user VR applications have gained popularity, offering a wide range of commercial-based and research software for use [42; 52]. Collaborative VE (CVE), or \"distributed virtual environments\" [1], is known as a better alternative to traditional video-conferencing tools for many tasks related to product development. CVEs are capable of immersing employees from various teams and distributed geographical locations into a shared virtual workspace, where they can interact with each other and have access to virtual objects (e.g., 3D CAD models). Furthermore, multi-user VR ensures discussion quality [44; 53] by providing a shared context, awareness of others, clarity, richness and openness of distributed communication, which are the critical elements of effective remote collaboration [46]. Due to the potential of blurring geographical barriers and delivering realistic experiences within completely virtual environments, collaborative VR systems may not only enhance the quality of communication, knowledge transfer, and interactions among multidisciplinary teams [17; 33; 52] but also potentially support business goals, while decreasing project duration, resource span, and overall costs [52].  
The industry is the driver in adopting and developing collaborative VR, which is used mostly for the \"Meetings\" and \"Design\" use cases [52]. Collaborative VR has proven its potential to facilitate the collaboration of multidisciplinary industrial experts throughout the product development process [16; 25; 40]. In the early design phases, the use of VR leads to significant benefits for the team's design efforts when applied to support design reviews in the field of manufacturing [17]. Further, in the design chain, VR is proven to be useful to facilitate communication between engineers and assembly operators, which enables the validation of installation processes, testing of services and maintenance tasks [49]. Another case study on VR-integrated collaboration workflow in the design chain, despite demonstrating the usefulness of VR simulations to address industrial challenges, highlightedthat software and hardware expenses are the major obstacles to the wide adoption of VR technologies [25]. One of the ways to overcome the scarcity of equipment and reduce hardware expenses is to facilitate a hybrid collaboration between users who are present in fully immersive virtual environments (VR-users) and users who access VR via other devices (non-HMD-users), thus enabling the asymmetric use of VR.
## 4 Discussion
### Muscle Synergies  
_Outward-directed perturbations._ Biomechanical outcomes that were previously reported and obtained in the same experiment showed that walking speed significantly affected the balance strategy selection for outward-directed perturbations [8]. At the highest walking speed, mainly the stepping response strategy, i.e., changing the location of the ensuing step, was used. On the other hand, for the lowest walking speed, the in-stance strategy, which modulates the center-of-pressure and the ground-reaction-forces under the leg in-stance, was predominantly used. In our previous study [9], we have shown that a substantial braking under the leg in-stance is needed to support the in-stance balancing strategy at the lowest walking speed. This braking is achieved by a substantial increase in plantar flexors activity, resulting in the observed changes in muscle synergies. Thus, for outward-directed perturbations, the observed decrease in number of shared synergies for the lowest walking speed was as expected. Due to the speed-dependent balance strategy selection, appropriate changes, predominantly in the underlying muscular activity of the leg in-stance, are required, which explains the reduced number of shared synergies.  
_Inward-directed perturbations._ For inward-directed perturbations however, the biomechanical outcome measures have shown that the stepping strategy was used consistently at all walking speeds [8]. Accordingly, one would expect that underlying muscle synergies  
Figure 8: The summative count of the separate muscle synergies (push-off, initial swing, terminal swing, and loading response synergies) similar to the corresponding unperturbed synergy over all subjects. IN, OUT; inward-, outward-directed perturbation; O0%, O30%, O60%: perturbation onset of 0%, 30%, 60% of the stance phase of the gait cycle.  
following inward perturbations would be substantially similar regardless of speed, which was not the case. The number of shared synergies underlying unperturbed and perturbed gait reduced with walking speed, for both inward- and outward-directed perturbations. Further inspection of the synergies revealed that mainly the push-off synergy was dissimilar at the lowest walking speed, regardless of perturbation direction. For inward-directed perturbations, the ensuing step following perturbations was substantially shorter at the lowest walking speed in comparison to the step length following perturbation at the highest walking speed [9]. The difference in the ensuing step length thus necessitates appropriate adjustment in the push-off power exerted by the ankle muscle of the leg in-stance. Consequently, the activity of the plantar flexors of the leg in-stance following the inward-directed perturbation at the lowest walking speed must be substantially reduced, resulting in the observed difference in muscle synergies.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### In-Solution Characterization of PDA-Coated Adsorbent Materials: UV-Vis Spectra
(**b**) Spectrum of the refractive index (blue) and extinction coefficient (red) of the PVP-co-S layer; the four main absorption bands are indicated by (*). The optical properties of PDA from [28] used in the modeling are also shown for comparison. compared to absorption bands in Figure 2b (for example 330 nm instead of 320 nm, 406 nm instead of 400 nm, 560 nm instead of 540 nm and 710 instead of 700 nm) due to intermolecular electronic coupling in the solid state compared to suspension. n and k spectra of PVP-co-S were plotted in the same range of the absorption measurements shown in Figure 2b in order to make the comparison more immediate. The band at 330 nm is a characteristic spectroscopic feature of vinylderivate [29], the intense band at 406 nm is related to the \(\pi\)-\(\pi^{\ast}\) transitions of its conjugated polymer backbones [30], the peak at 560 nm corresponds to the n-\(\pi\)+ transitions [31], while the band at 710 nm is due to oxidized species [29]. The refractive index of pure PVP-co-S is in the range 1-1.5. Specifically, the refractive index of pure PVP-co-S at 633 nm, that is 1.35, is consistent with data reported in previous reports [32] for styrene-based materials, therefore supporting the validity of the present approach. In order to quantitatively evaluate the PDA incorporation (%volume fraction) along the thickness in PVP-co-S+ and PVP-co-S++ films, experimental spectra in Figure 6a were modeled by a two-layer model, substrate/film/air, where the film was not a homogeneous layer but graded in composition, and it was fitted by combining the optical properties of three components, PVP-co-S, PDA and voids (that were introduced to simulate the roughness of the films), at the bottom and top of the graded film [28]. Specifically, we found that the graded film at the bottom was 100% PVP-co-S but finished at the top with a surface enrichment in PDA, whose volume fraction along the film thickness increased from 18% to 67%, while the void% decreased consistently with the decrease in film roughness according to AFM. The working assumption that the film layer is a linear gradient in the refractive index was used once the simple fitting model assuming a homogeneous layer failed.
## 2 Experiment  
### Silver Particle Preparation  
Glass substrates (AGC G2, 150 \(\times\) 150 \(\times\) 0.7 mm) were cleaned ultrasonically in deionized water for 15 min. The substrates were dried with hot air then transferred to an SSI-T500-1 thermal evaporator system. The base pressure of the evaporation chamber was set as 6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) Torr prior to the thermal evaporation process. Silver pellets (Ultimate Materials Technology Co., Taiwan) were loaded into a tungsten boat in the evaporation chamber and vaporized by a resistive heat source. The growth conditions of the Ag film on the glass substrate were controlled by adjusting the current (I\({}_{\text{Ag}}\)) and time of the evaporation process. In particular, I\({}_{\text{Ag}}\) was fixed at 60 A and the time was adjusted as required to produce Ag thin films with thicknesses of 10 and 50 nm, respectively. The as-deposited films were dewetted using a fiber laser (SPI-12, UK, wavelength 1064 nm) with repetition rates ranging from 50-500 kHz and irradiation powers in the range of 2-12.5 W. For all of the samples, the laser spot size and pulse duration were set as 40 \(\upmu\)m and 30 ns, respectively. Moreover, the laser scanning speed was varied in the range of 25-1200 mm/s. The pulse energy (E) was computed as [31]  
\[\text{E}=\text{P}_{\text{AVG}}/\textit{rep}, \tag{1}\]  
where P\({}_{\text{AVG}}\) is the average power of the pulse laser and _rep_ is the laser repetition rate. From Equation (1), it can be seen that the pulse energy reduces as the repetition rate increases. For the irradiation powers and repetition rates considered in the present study, the pulse energy varied from 5 to 250 \(\upmu\)J. In this study, the fluence was from 1 to 19 J/cm\({}^{2}\). The shape, size and cross-sectional height of the Ag particles produced in the laser dewetting process were observed by an optical microscope (OM, HRM-300, Korea) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-7600F, Tokyo, Japan). The wettability of the different samples was evaluated using a contact angle measurement system (OCA 15 EC, Datapphysics, Germany). Finally, the surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness analyzer (Alpha-Step, KLA D-300, CA, USA) based on five separate measurements obtained under a load of 80 mg each time.
# Context-Aware Gossip-Based Protocol for Internet of Things Applications
## 6 Effects on Application Requirements
### Summary  
The results of the MFWF's parameter analysis in Section 5 were used to construct three application-specific MFWFs that were comparatively assessed against the traditional gossiping protocol and FELGossiping [19]. The proposed MFWFs are Equations (10)-(12) for critical, energy-efficient, and bandwidth-intensive IoT applications, respectively. The performance of the proposed protocols was assessed based on the end-to-end delay, rebroadcast nodes, saved rebroadcasts, and network lifetime. The end-to-end delay results show that Equations (10) and (12), which were curated for critical and bandwidth-intensive IoT application, produced the lowest delay; thus, validating their purpose for applications that require a low end-to-end delay, i.e., critical IoT applications (see Figure 6). The percentage of rebroadcasts and saved rebroadcasts' best performances were when Equations (10) and (12), as well as FELGossiping were utilised (see Figures 7 and 8). Proving their adequacy for bandwidth-intensive IoT application. The findings for the final measure, network lifetime, show that longevity of a network was the longest when the energy-efficient IoT applications' MFWF (Equation (11)) was used, followed by Equation (10) that was intended for critical applications (see Figure 9). The results of these assessments are summarised in Table 5, where adequate protocols for each class of IoT applications is demonstrated.