esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Algebraic Approach to Identifiability
## 2 Preliminaries
### Differential Equations and Their Flow  
Consider an autonomous system first, i.e., the vector field in Equation (1a) does not depend on an input \(u\). The _flow_\(\varphi_{t}:\mathcal{M}_{p}\to\mathcal{M}_{p}\) of Equation (1a) is the general solution \(x(t)=\varphi_{t}(x_{0})\) of Equation (1a) at time \(t\) with initial value \(x(0)=x_{0}\). Since the vector field in Equation (1a) is a polynomial in \(x\) and, therefore, is locally Lipschitz continuous, the Picard-Lindeloff Theorem ensures that the flow \(\varphi_{t}(x_{0})\) is locally analytic in \(t\). The same holds for the output trajectories \(y_{k}(t)=h_{k}(\varphi_{t}(x_{0}))\). This allows to expand the output trajectories in terms of their _Lie series_  
\[y_{k}(t)=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\tfrac{i^{j}}{i!}\,\mathrm{L}^{i}_{f_{0}}h_{k}(x(0 );p),\;k=1,\ldots,l,\]  
where \(\mathrm{L}^{i}_{f}h\) denotes the \(i\)-th _Lie derivative_ of \(h\) along the vector field \(f\), defined by  
\[\mathrm{L}_{f}h(x) =\tfrac{\mathrm{d}h}{\mathrm{d}x}(x)f(x)\] \[\mathrm{L}^{0}_{f}h(x) =h(x)\] \[\mathrm{L}^{i+1}_{f}h(x) =\mathrm{L}_{f}\mathrm{L}^{i}_{f}h(x),\]  
see [33]. For notational convenience, we use the same notation for a vector of scalar fields. In this case, the Lie derivative of a vector of scalar fields yields a vector of scalar fields again, where the (usual) Lie derivative is applied to each vectorial component [34]. This is not to be confused with the Lie derivative of a vector field defined in a different way.  
If the system is forced by piecewise constant inputs  
\[u_{k}(t)=u_{k}^{i}\in\mathbb{R}\text{ for }T_{i}\leq t<T_{i+1}=T_{i}+\tau_{i+1}\]  
with \(T_{0}=0\), \(\tau_{i}>0\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\), one may write  
\[f^{i}=f_{0}+\sum_{k=1}^{m}f_{k}u_{k}^{i}\]  
and gets  
\[x(T_{N})=\varphi_{\tau_{N}}^{f_{N}}\circ\cdots\circ\varphi_{\tau_{1}}^{f_{1}}( x(0))\]  
for the solution of Equation (1a) at time \(T_{N}\), which is the composition of the flows. Here, there are different flows depending on the current vector field.
# Enhancing Social Media Platforms with Machine Learning Algorithms and Neural Networks
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Social Considerations
#### 2.2.1 Bias, Equality, and Discrimination  
The potential for biased decision making is a primary concern with neural networks and machine learning models [47]. When these algorithms learn from biased or prejudiced training data, they can perpetuate and amplify existing biases, resulting in discrimination or unjust treatment of certain individuals or groups. This is especially concerning in areas such as employment, lending, and criminal justice.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Field** & **Applications** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Social Media Analysis} & Sentiment analysis \\  & Trend identification \\  & Fake news detection \\ \hline Recommendation Systems & Personalized content suggestions based on user behavior \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{NLP} & Sentiment analysis \\  & Topic modeling \\  & Text classification \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Social Network Analysis} & Influential user identification \\  & Community detection \\  & Relationship prediction \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Social Good and Humanitarianism} & Disaster response \\  & Public health initiatives \\  & Resource allocation for humanitarian aid \\ \hline Online Advertising & Targeted advertising based on user preferences and behavior \\ \hline Personalized Education & Adaptive educational content based on individual learning styles \\ \hline Fraud Detection & Detection of fraudulent activities such as credit card fraud and online scams \\ \hline Cybersecurity & Network traffic analysis for detecting anomalies and identifying cyber threats \\ \hline Mental Health Analysis & Identification of individuals at risk of mental health issues through social media analysis \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Applications of machine learning and neural networks in social fields.  
To reduce bias, it is essential to collect diverse and representative training data that accurately reflects the heterogeneity of the population. Regular model audits, interpretability techniques, and fairness metrics can assist in identifying and addressing bias in algorithmic decision making. Moreover, involving multidisciplinary teams, including ethicists, social scientists, and domain experts, in the development process can provide valuable insights to reduce bias and promote fairness.
# Development of a Multi-Objective Optimal Design Approach for Combined Water Systems
###### Abstract  
Recently, due to extreme climate change, damage from flooding has been increasing; however, water shortages are being announced simultaneously. Moreover, the water distribution system's ability to supply consumers is being overwhelmed because of urbanization, population concentration, and increases in water consumption. For this reason, to solve the water shortage problem, water reuse technologies are developing and improving that perform simple chemical treatment processes to reuse water for flushing toilets, washing, gardening, etc. but not as drinking water. However, most water reuse systems are designed and operated as independent systems, such as reusing water used in individual buildings or using rainwater. Therefore, this study develops an optimal design for the combined water systems, which is modeling and designing water distribution systems, urban drainage systems, and water reuse systems simultaneously to solve the water shortage and reduce flooding damage. To consider the combined water systems design, the existing water distribution system (WDS) demand is divided into drinking water and other uses, and the resource of other water is assumed by the rainwater storage tank for covering the amount of exceeding precipitation. To derive optimal design solutions for the combined three water systems, single- and multi-objective optimization techniques are applied considering various design criteria (i.e., construction cost, system resilience, and flooding volume on the exceeding design rainfall intensity). The developed combining water system design techniques could be used to create designs that solve the problems of medium and long-term water shortages and sustainable water systems development.  
m +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
ulti-objective optimal design; combined water system; water distribution system; drainage systems; water reuse systems; harmony search
# Microsphere Polymers in Molecular Imprinting: Current and Future Perspectives
## 3 Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres
### Controlled/Living' Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (CRPP)
#### 3.2.1 Atom Transfer Radical Precipitation Polymerisation (ATRP)
Ambient temperature ATRPP produced MIMs with smaller particle sizes compared to MIMs obtained via ATRPP at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This phenomenon might be due to the decrease in solubility of the oligomers along with decreasing temperature (i.e., the relatively lower molecular weight oligomers became insoluble at ambient temperature) or as a result of the decreased polymerisation rates at lower temperatures. ATRPP performed at an ambient temperature is an efficient methodology to synthesise various MIMs with diverse potential uses that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Among various stimuli-responsive MIPs that have been developed, photoresponsive MIMs have attracted particular attention, since light is a stimulus that can be introduced immediately and conveyed with high accuracy in exact amounts [128]. [PERSON] et al. [100] described the first method to achieve MIMs containing an azo group with stimuli-responsive properties, both thermo- and photoresponsive, in aqueous media by utilising an acetonitrile-soluble azo functional monomer with a pyridine group (i.e., 4-((4-methacryloyloxy)phenylazo)pyridine [MazoPy]), a crosslinker, a template and polyNIPAAm (PNIPAAm) brushes for surface grafting via surface-initiated ATRPP. The photoresponsive properties were exhibited by equilibrium binding experiments, where the grafted azo-containing MIMs were obtained in pure water drops after exposure to UV light (365 nm), showing that exposure to UVlight could lead to an alteration of the spatial arrangement of MIM binding properties, resulting in changes in their affinity. This was further demonstrated by their photoregulated properties that can take up and release the template in a pure aqueous environment, with repeated photoswitching cycles. This method is an excellent way of developing advanced intelligent MIMs with both water-compatible and stimuli-responsive (thermo- and photoresponsive) binding properties for various templates. Additionally, the azo-containing MIMs with surface-grafted PNIPAAm brushes have a great potential in the future for extraction, smart separation, assays and intelligent drug delivery. Other researchers have developed ATRPP for the separation of sulphamethazine [66] and 17\(\beta\)-oestradiol [49] (see Table 1). A new ATRPP method could be conducted in the future, for example using the activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET)-ATRP approach [129].
## Materials and Methods
### Volatile Analysis  
Milk sample (3 g) was added to a 20 mL amber screw-capped solid phase microextraction (SPME) vial (Apex Scientific, Maynooth, Ireland) and equilibrated to 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min with pulsed agitation of 5 s at 500 rpm. Sample introduction was accomplished using a Bruker CTC autosampler (Elementec Ltd, Maynooth, Ireland). A single 50/30 \(\upmu\)m CarboxenTM/divinylbenzene/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibre was used (Agilent Technologies Ltd, Cork, Ireland). The SPME fibre was exposed to the headspace above the samples for 20 min at depth of 1 cm at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The fibre was retracted and injected into the GC inlet and desorbed for 2 min at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Injections were made on a Scion 456-GC (Elementec Ltd, Maynooth, Ireland) with an DB-624 Ultra inert (UI) (60 m \(\times\) 0.32 mm \(\times\) 1.8 \(\upmu\)m) column (Agilent Technologies Ltd, Cork, Ireland) using a split/splitless injector with a 1/10 split. A merlin microseal (Merck, Arklow, Ireland) was used as the septum. The temperature of the column oven was set at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, held for 5 min, increased at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then increased at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C, yielding at total GC run time of 65 min. The carrier gas was helium held at a constant flow of 1.2 mL/min. The detector was a Scion EVOQ triple quadrapole mass spectrometer detector (Elementec Ltd, Maynooth, Ireland), ran in single quad mode. The ion source temperature was 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the interface temperature was set at 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The MS mode was electronic ionization (70 v) with the mass range scanned between 35 and 250 amu. Compounds were identified using mass spectra comparisons to the NIST 2014 mass spectral library and an in-house library created using authentic compounds with target and qualifier ions and linear retention indices for each compound, using Bruker MS Workstation 8 software. Retention indices were calculated (according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17]) and matched against peer reviewed publications where possible, to confirm compound identification. Spectral deconvolution was also performed to confirm identification of compounds using AMDIS. An auto-tune of the Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) was carried out prior to the analysis to ensure optimal GCMS performance. A set of external standards was run at the start and end of the sample set and abundances were compared to known amounts to ensure that both the SPME extraction and MS detection was performing within specification.
# CQFormer: Cyclic Quasi-Dynamic Transformers for Hourly Origin-Destination Estimation
###### Abstract  
Due to the inherent difficulty in direct observation of traffic demand (including generation, attraction, and assignment), the estimation of origin-destination (OD) poses a significant and intricate challenge in the realm of Intelligent Transportation Systems. As the state-of-the-art methods usually focus on a single traffic demand distribution, accurate estimation of OD in the face of diverse traffic demand and road structures remains a formidable task. To this end, this study proposes a novel model, Cyclic Quasi-Dynamic Transformers (CQFormer), which leverages forward and backward neural networks for effective OD estimation and traffic assignment. The employment of quasi-dynamic assumption and self-attention mechanism enables CQFormer to capture the diverse and non-linear characteristics inherent in traffic demand. We utilize calibrated simulations to generate traffic count-OD pairwise data. Additionally, we incorporate real prior matrices and traffic count data to mitigate the distributional shift between simulation and the reality. The proposed CQPOFormer is examined using Simuation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), on a large-scale downtown area in Haikou, China, comprising 2328 roads and 1171 junctions. It is found that CQPOFormer shows satisfied convergence performance, and achieves a reduction of RMSE by 46.98%, MAE by 45.40% and MAPE by 29.76%, in comparison to the state-of-the-art method with the best performance.  
origin-destination estimation; OD estimation; quasi-dynamic; transformer; cyclic attention; CQPOFormer; traffic demand +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
## 5 Applications
### Fire Detection  
Since standard fire detectors are point type detectors, they are not applicable inside buildings with very high ceilings or of generally large dimensions. Usually for such environments linear beam detectors are chosen. A light beam is transmitted through the relevant area and a drop in detected power indicates beam obscuration by smoke. Such systems however are also sensitive to fog, dust, small wall movements, _etc.,_ therefore often causing false alarms which are not acceptable in many industrial applications.  
DFB laser based fire detection however bypasses these issues since it is possible to precisely monitor the concentrations of typical fire gases such as CO, CH\({}_{4}\) and C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\)[63, 64]. Figure 10 displays the absorption lines of gases generated by smoldering wood respectively brown coal fires. With TDLS it is possible to continuously monitor all these gases in one measurement and even to distinguish between wood and coal fire due to the difference in the C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) signal. The system will only cause an alarm if the ratio between the signal at an absorption peak and the background noise changes, not if the signal strength itself fluctuates. Moreover, such systems are reliable, long-term stable, maintenance-free and can be adapted to individual needs due to the very high selectivity of the measurement.
# Exploring Vitamin D Synthesis and Function in Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review
## 4 Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Risk
### Vitamin D Deficiency and Hypertension  
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease in adults (29%), and it is estimated that in 2025 there will be approximately 1.6 billion cases of hypertension in the global population [42]. As mentioned previously, Vitamin D deficiency is assumed to increase blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system.  
An increase in renin expression levels and plasma angiotensin II production are observed in mice lacking the VDR receptor. This condition leads to hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and increased water intake. Administering 1,25(OH)2D3 suppresses renin expression in VDR-null mice [43]. Vitamin D regulates the proliferation of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and VDR is present in these cells [44]. Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases as well as hypertension. Vitamin D deficiency affecting endothelial cells can induce hypertension [45]. In endothelium-specific VDR knockout mice, aortic relaxation is impaired by acetylcholine, as are increased sensitivity to the hypertensive effects of angiotensin II and the increased expression of myocardial genes sensitive to hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II infusion [46]. These observations indicate that the endothelial VDR may have an important role in blood pressure control.  
Similar results highlight an increase in the production of superoxide anion, angiotensin II, systolic blood pressure, and atrial natriuretic peptide production in rats with Vitamin D deficiency. The same authors also identify 51 genes involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and hypertrophy myocardial [47]. Another study shows how a finger rich in Vitamin D is able to reverse the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high plasma renin-angiotensin activity, and reduced urinary sodium excretion in Vitamin D-deficient mice after 6 weeks [48]. It therefore seems that hypertension and an acceleration of atherosclerosis are linked to Vitamin D deficiency. A study of 3316 patients showed consistent increases in plasma renin concentrations and angiotensin 2 with a parallel decrease in 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D [49]. Obese hypertensive individuals also present a significant increase in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system together with a decrease in 25(OH)D levels [50]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrate that genetic variability in the Fok1 gene encoding VDR, in association with 25(OH)D levels, is related to hypertension, suggesting that the Vitamin D- VDR complex could be a regulator of renin in humans [51].
# SAET: The Non-Verbal Measurement Tool in User Emotional Experience
## 4 Validation of the SAET Images
### Validation Study
#### 4.2.1 Participants  
We conducted a validation study of the images offline with a population of college students and faculty members in a total of two rounds, and a total of 50 valid results were collected. A total of 26 male and 24 female Chinese participants took part in the study (\(\textbf{N}=50\)). The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 33 years (\(\textbf{M}=23.9\), \(\textbf{SD}=3.05\)).
# Name Disambiguation Scheme Based on Heterogeneous Academic Sites
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Intrinsic Performance Evaluation  
Clustering in HAC requires setting a termination criterion to distinguish unique clusters. In this section, the performance evaluation based on the termination criterion of HAC is discussed. In the proposed method, authors may be clustered differently depending on the termination criterion when using HAC. Therefore, in this study, various termination criterion values were set, and experimental evaluations were conducted as an intrinsic performance evaluation method.  
Figure 9 displays the performance evaluation results based on the termination criterion. The results for the precision and F1-measure are represented in a bar graph. Performance evaluation was conducted by changing the termination criterion values from 0.2 to 0.6. The termination criterion of 0.2, which showed the highest F1-measure value of 0.95, was determined to be the most suitable termination criterion. A termination criterion of 0.2 means that if the distance between documents (or clusters) is closer than 0.2, they are clustered, and if not, they are not clustered. Through experimental evaluations, the termination criterion of 0.2 was used as the HAC standard in the proposed scheme.  
A performance evaluation was conducted based on the linkage method setting, which is one of the hyper-parameters of HAC. In the proposed scheme, when implementing the rule-based name disambiguation method using HAC, the clustering results can vary depending on the linkage method, similarly to that with the termination criterion. Therefore, in this study, an experimental evaluation for each linkage method was conducted as an intrinsic performance evaluation method to determine the optimal linkage method. The termination criterion was set to 0.2, as determined through performance evaluation in the previous step. Figure 10 displays the performance evaluation results based on the linkage method. Three linkage methods were compared: single, complete, and average, excluding [PERSON]'s linkage, which cannot be used in HAC. According to the experimental results, the complete linkage method exhibited a higher F1-measure value than the other two methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Keyword** & **Period** & **NTIS** & **SCIENCEON** & **DBPIA** & **KCI** & **Total** \\ \hline Database and Index & 10 & 208 & 47 & 966 & 76 & 1297 \\ IoT and Application & 5 & 2889 & 138 & 3302 & 261 & 6590 \\ Cloud Computing & 3 & 981 & 138 & 1459 & 293 & 2871 \\ Bigdata and SNS & 10 & 471 & 153 & 1910 & 71 & 2605 \\ AI and Verification & 2 & 2826 & 104 & 2176 & 227 & 5333 \\ AR/VR & 1 & 540 & 85 & 1870 & 335 & 2830 \\ Steering and Control & 10 & 289 & 76 & 1561 & 111 & 2037 \\ Total & - & 8204 & 741 & 13,244 & 1374 & 23,563 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Dataset.  
Therefore, the complete linkage method, which yielded the highest scores for precision and F1-measure, was adopted as the linkage method in the proposed scheme.
# Analyzing the Performance of WBAN Links during Physical Activity Using Real Multi-Band Sensor Nodes
###### Abstract  
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) present unique challenges due to their specific characteristics of mobility and over-the-body radio propagation. A huge amount of factors--both internal and external to the network--affect WBAN channel conditions, so a reliable and comprehensive theoretical model of these communications is unfeasible and impractical in real scenarios. Thus, an empirical performance analysis of several WBAN channels is presented in this work, based on the receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet reception rate (PRR) metrics. Four different static and dynamic activities have been characterized: standing, sitting, cycling and walking. This analysis confirms the theoretical notions of path attenuation due to body parts obstructing the signal path, while serving as a benchmark for the design of future algorithms. The experiments have been carried out with real hardware nodes with wireless interfaces in three ISM bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz, evaluating the effect of the transmit power and node placement for different subjects. In all scenarios, the PRR metric reaches its maximum of 100% for both sub-GHz bands. Finally, our study concludes that the RSSI metric is sufficient to exploit the periodicity of dynamic activities, without the need for any extra hardware resources.  
wireless body area network (WBAN); channel characterization; physical activity; posture; received signal strength indicator (RSSI); packet reception rate (PRR); transmit power; periodic channels; frequency dependence; ISM bands +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1B105 Electronic Systems Lab, ETSI Telecommunication, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Berkeley Wireless Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; [PERSON]RESS]