## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we simulated the spatial distribution of wind speeds and wind energy density by using a WRF model. Meanwhile, the modeled results were used to evaluate the sea surface wind speeds retrieved from the HY-2C and CFOSAT satellite-borne microwave scatterometers over the Yellow sea region. The main conclusions are as follows:  
Among the combinations tested for simulating the 10 m wind speeds in the Yellow Sea region, the combination of the MRF boundary layer parameterization scheme, the MM5 surface layer parameterization scheme, and the GDAS initial field performed the best. In addition, this combination achieved good results in the 10 m wind speed simulations at the 54953, 58264, and 58265 WMO stations, which proved the high reliability and wide applicability of the WRF model over the Yellow Sea region. Comparing the wind speed products obtained from HY-2C and CFOSAT satellites with the WRF model's simulated 10 m wind speed, the MAPE for HY-2C was 9% and for CFOSAT it was 6%, with biases of less than 1.5 m/s. These satellite-derived wind speed products showed satisfactory accuracy and applicability in the study area. Analysis of the vertical mean wind speed revealed an increase in the wind speed below 500 m, a decrease between 500 m and 1800 m, another increase from 1800 m to 11,000 m, and a decrease above 11,000 m. The horizontal wind direction showed consistent patterns at different heights, with a predominant northerly wind in the northern Yellow Sea and a predominant northeasterly wind in the southern part. Additionally, wind speeds in the southern Yellow Sea were higher than those in the northern part, and coastal regions in China had higher wind speeds than the Korean Peninsula. Wind power density distribution varied significantly with height, region, and land-sea differences. Wind power density increased with height, and wind power density over the ocean was generally greater than over land. The southern Yellow Sea exhibited higher wind power density than the northern part, and the wind power density of large lakes was comparable to coastal regions. A comparison of wind speed inversion results from HY-2C and CFOSAT satellites with the WRF model revealed specific differences under different wind speed conditions. At low wind speeds, CFOSAT satellite inversion products were closer to the WRF simulation results, while under moderate wind speeds, HY-2C satellite inversion products were closer to the WRF simulation results. At high wind speeds, the deviations of the two satellite inversion products were small, but HY-2C tended to overestimate, while CFOSAT's deviations were within the range \(-1\) to \(1\) m/s. The two satellites showed a linear relationship in detecting the \(10\) m wind field over the Yellow Sea, but some discrepancies existed between the two products. The comparison of wind power density at different heights from satellite inversion and the WRF model simulation showed that wind power density increased with increasing \(10\) m wind speed. However, when the wind speed exceeded \(9\) m/s, the wind power density no longer increased with wind speed. These findings provide valuable insights into the spatial distribution of wind speed, wind power density, and the accuracy of satellite wind speed products in the Yellow Sea region. This study contributes to a better understanding of the wind energy potential in the area and establishes a reliable basis for further research in this field. Conceptualization, Z.L. ; methodology, Z.L., Z.D. and B.W. ; software, Z.L. and Y.H. ; validation, Y.Y. ; formal analysis, Z.D. ; investigation, Z.L. and H.C.; resources, Z.L. and H.C.; data curation, Z.L. and H.C.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.L. ; writing--review and editing, Z.D. and B.W. ; visualization, Z.L. ; supervision, Z.L. ; project administration, Z.L., Z.D. and B.W. ; funding acquisition, B.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.