## 1 Introduction
This antenna design met EIRP requirements and link budget constraints, helping to mitigate interference from other communication systems and strengthening the integrity of the VDES data link. The applicability of this study might be restricted to specific types of satellites [31]. [PERSON] et al. also proposed a maritime autonomous surface vessel local communication area protocol based on VDES, analyzing ship domain models to identify critical avoidance zones and delineate routing request regions accordingly. Within these designated areas, data transmission is facilitated using the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. This methodology considers vessel positional data, fostering robust communication links with vessels in the routing request area. As a result, it significantly enhances VDES communication credibility while mitigating burdens on the VDES link. For different types of vessels with diverse speeds, this research method might call for further discussion [32]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. introduced a VDES signal frequency offset estimation algorithm based on cross-correlation techniques. This algorithm constructs localized sequences using character sequences and distinct Doppler frequency offsets, deriving preliminary estimates through cross-correlation analysis with the received signal. These estimates are then reintegrated into the received signal to rectify phase ambiguities, culminating in the application of the Fitz algorithm for precise estimation of the VDES signal frequency offset. This strategic approach effectively addresses various frequency offset challenges in the VDE-SAT downlink, markedly improving VDES data transmission quality and reducing communication discrepancies caused by frequency deviations. Although the algorithm performs well in estimating frequency offset within a broad range, its suitability for all types of VDES signals and other communication systems demands further investigation [33]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. advanced maritime Automatic Rate Fallback (mARF) technology to optimize the adaptive capacity of the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) within the VDES link. Experimental findings highlight the significant effectiveness of this approach in increasing VDES data link transmission rates and enhancing link control capabilities. Finally, the performance of the system in practical applications calls for additional verification [34]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. introduced an enhanced Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access (SOTDMA) protocol to address the performance limitations of conventional SOTDMA protocols amid increasing VDL loads within the VDES framework. By reducing slot reservation conflict rates, this protocol significantly improves the efficiency and credibility of data transmission in VDES operations. While the paper defines the reporting frequency and corresponding probability parameters for ships under different motion states, these parameters might require adjustment based on the actual application environment to more accurately reflect real-world conditions [35]. In conclusion, existing studies have enhanced the resilience of VDES data transmission through the examination of data structures and system architecture. However, a comprehensive assessment of the vulnerability landscape within VDES data links is still lacking. Vigilant monitoring of VDES data link reliability can expedite the prompt detection and precise localization of vulnerabilities, enabling alerts regarding these vulnerabilities to be sent to vessels or operational hubs. This proactive approach effectively mitigates security risks while ensuring the integrity of VDES communications received by maritime entities, thereby strengthening navigational safety. Consequently, this study addresses the vulnerability challenges facing VDES data links, particularly those arising from distinct interference scenarios outlined in the G1181 guidelines.