# Game Theory-Based Smart Mobile-Data Offloading Scheme in 5G Cellular Networks
## 5 Simulation Results
### Effect of the Offload Coefficients on Network Performance  
The rest of the simulations are devoted to considering the impact of the offload coefficients. To do this, we use simulation environments similar to the previous simulation, done in Section 5.1, except that the mean value of harvested non-RF energy is changed (\(e_{mean}^{hv}=15\) packets) with which we can ensure enough transmission energy for the UEs. Figure 4: The influence of mean harvested non-RF energy on average throughput of the network when mean value of harvested non-RF energy is changed from 9 to 12 packets. Figure 8: The sum of payoff according to offload coefficient pairs of the link between UE\({}_{2}\)–UE\({}_{3}\) (\(\omega_{23}\)) and the link UE\({}_{1}\)–UE\({}_{4}\) (\(\omega_{14}\)) when the minimum required data rate is 10 Mbps and 50 Mbps, respectively, and \(e_{mean}^{hv}=15\) packets. Figure 7: The average throughput according to offload coefficient pairs of the link between UE\({}_{2}\)–UE\({}_{3}\) (\(\omega_{23}\)) and the link UE\({}_{1}\)–UE\({}_{4}\) (\(\omega_{14}\)) when the minimum required data rate is 10 Mbps and 50 Mbps, respectively, and \(e_{mean}^{hv}=15\) packets. Figure 6 shows the FI value versus the offload coefficient for the link between UE\({}_{2}\) and UE\({}_{3}\) (\(\omega_{23}\)) when the minimum required data rate is 10 Mbps and 50 Mbps, respectively, and \(e_{mean}^{hv}=15\) packets. When the minimum required data rate is 10 Mbps, the FI value of the proposed game and the MFI scheme obtain maximal values of 0.8561 and 0.9961, respectively with optimal offload coefficient pairs \(\omega_{23}=0.6\), \(\omega_{14}=0.7\) and \(\omega_{23}=0.6\), \(\omega_{14}=1\), respectively. In the no-offload scheme, we just consider offload coefficients \(\omega_{23}=0,\omega_{14}=0\), and the obtained FI value in this case equals 0.5144. Moreover, the required minimal transmission data of 50 Mbps is considered to show the decreasing FI value when the required minimal transmission data increases from 10 Mbps to 50 Mbps. The reason is when the required minimal transmission data is increased, the payoff degrades, which creates unfairly resource allocation among link pairs, and thus, gives the smaller FI value. Although the FI value of the MFI scheme is higher than that of the proposed game scheme due to the characteristic of maximized FI in the MFI scheme, but FI values of the proposed scheme almost remain at a high value. Figures 7 and 8 show the effect of the offload coefficients on average throughput and sum of payoff values. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed game scheme is more dominant in both average throughput values and sum of payoff values than MFI and no-offload schemes. In particular, the proposed game scheme has the highest value on average throughput and sum of payoff value for the three schemes. In Figure 7, average throughput values are not changed when minimal required data changes from 10 Mbps to 50 Mbps, but sum of payoff values are changed in Figure 8. This is because minimal required data just impacts on utility function, and accordingly on payoff value. More specifically, Figure 8 shows that the proposed scheme provides higher payoff values when the minimum required data rate is 10 Mbps, compared to the case when the minimum required data rate is 50 Mbps. This can be easily explained that when the required minimal transmission data is increased, the utility from the payoff will be degraded, which makes sum of payoff value decrease. Figure 9: The energy efficiency (EE) according to offload coefficient pairs of the link between UE\({}_{2}\)–UE\({}_{3}\) (\(\omega_{23}\)) and the link UE\({}_{1}\)–UE\({}_{4}\) (\(\omega_{14}\)) when the minimum required data rate is 10 Mbps and 50 Mbps, respectively, and \(e_{mean}^{hv}=15\) packets. Moreover, we also consider EE in the performance evaluation which is defined as the cost of utility function over the cost of energy consumption function.