## 3 Results
### Household Adaptation and Coping Strategies and Their Determinants
#### 3.3.2 Determinants of Household Adaptation and Coping Strategies  
The study used a multivariate probit model to understand how households adapt to climate change in a specific area. It focused on common adaptation and coping strategies, like seasonal livestock migration (SLM), safety net programs (PSNPs), diversifying livelihoods (LDs), and planting seedlings (PS), assessing their frequency and importance in coping with climate stress. Key factors included household characteristics (age, sex, family size, and education), financial resources (credit and assets), and access to resources. The study also examined the effects of market distance, access to rangeland, and media exposure. The results in Table 6 show that out of the 11 factors tested, nine significantly influenced at least one of these adaptation strategies among pastoralist households. Table 6 reveals that the multivariate probit model identifies the primary factor influencing the adaptation strategies of the pastoralist households in the study area as follows:  
Age of the Household Head (AGE): Older heads are more likely to adopt seasonal livestock migration (by 3.5%), benefiting from their experience and knowledge. This aligns with [52]. However, their age negatively affects participation in safety net programs, reducing the likelihood by 0.1% due to potential physical limitations. This aligns with [53]. Education Level (EDUCH): Higher education levels improve decision-making, enabling households to adopt sustainable practices and diversify their livelihoods. Educated heads are 4% more likely to engage in seasonal migration and 3% more likely to participate in safety net programs, reducing dependence on pastoralism. Education also supports the adoption of new technologies and climate-resilient practices. This aligns with [52; 53]. Additionally, higher education levels increase the adoption of livelihood diversification and the planting seedling by 2%. Education helps pastoralist households diversify their income by encouraging them to adopt new technologies, entrepreneurship, and off-farm jobs. The result aligns with [54]. A higher education level supports the adoption of sustainable practices, such as planting seedlings and using drought-resistant crops, which strengthens climate resilience and promotes better land management. This aligns with [55]. Access to credit (CREDIT) is essential for pastoralists, as it enables them to diversify their income by investing in alternative livelihood activities. Studies show that with increased credit access, the likelihood of adopting livelihood diversification rises by 5.4%, enhancing household income and overall well-being. This financial flexibility boosts resilience and promotes socioeconomic growth in pastoralist communities. This study supports [56]. The herd size (LIVEST) measured in the tropical livestock unit (TLU) plays a key role in pastoralist adaptation practices. A higher TLU increases the likelihood of seasonal livestock migration by 2.5%, helping to manage forage and water competition sustainably. This supports [57]. The TLU also supports livestock diversification, with a 3.6% increase, optimizing resource use and improving resilience in challenging climates. These strategies contribute to healthier grazing lands and better livelihoods for pastoralist households. The result aligns [58]. Asset Value (ASSET): Higher asset values decrease the likelihood of adopting seasonal migration (by 4.5%) and increase the chances of livelihood diversification (by 18%), reducing reliance on livestock and enhancing resilience to climatic and market fluctuations. This supports [52; 59]. Access to Mass Media (MEDIA): Increased access to mass media raises the likelihood of households diversifying their livelihoods by 6%, helping them overcome barriers and seize