esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Discussion
### Data Localization and Data Portability: A New Regime for Old Problems
This is a problematic assumption. Any records and data that are accessible over the Internet can ostensibly be accessed and harmed by bad actors in almost any jurisdiction. Whether or not the jurisdiction in which the records are located can provide remedy will rely on more than just localization laws. The second assumption behind data localization laws is that records hosted locally will be more secure. This, however, depends on adequate solutions and expertise being available within the jurisdiction to provide cloud services. While this is the case for jurisdictions such as British Columbia and Nova Scotia, for whom Microsoft is building local data centers [33], it is not automatically the case in every jurisdiction. Where local expertise and services are lacking, data localization laws could in fact decrease the security of records and data by forcing organizations to use less secure, less trustworthy CSPs. The third assumption behind data localization laws is that local custody is a preferable means of protecting records and data and assuring their trustworthiness. However, this assumption elides the evaluation of trustworthiness that any CSP--local or distant--should undergo. The fourth--and perhaps most important assumption--is that data localization laws provide stability should cloud services prove untrustworthy or insecure, because they provide some certainty as to which jurisdiction's laws will apply in resolving any disputes. (Though they're closely related, this differs from the first assumption: the first assumption focuses on limiting threats; the second on which law controls after a dispute has already arisen.) This is the greatest strength of data localization laws, and provides some confidence in using CSPs to host records and data. On the whole, however, data localization laws are a poor surrogate for trust and do little to enhance the security of records and data in the cloud.
# On the Seismic Design of Structures with Tilting Located within a Seismic Region
## 3 General Methodology  
### Evaluation of the Structural Reliability  
One of the main objectives of Earthquake Engineering is to estimate the levels of reliability in structures by considering the possible seismic intensities that may occur at a specific site, during a given time interval. There are several methods in the literature to estimate the reliability of structures. For example: (a) the semi-probabilistic [24], (b) first order and second moments (FOSM) [25; 26; 27], (c) load and resistance factors design (LRFD) format [28; 29], (d) those based on seismic hazard or risk analysis [30; 31; 32; 33; 34], and (e) those based on optimization [35; 36; 37; 38]. In the present study, the structural reliability is evaluated by means of seismic hazard analysis. Using this format, the seismic reliability of structures can be estimated by combining the relationship between seismic ground motion intensity and structural response with ground motion hazard models [39; 40; 41]. To establish this relationship, it is common to use scalar intensity measures (IM), like the spectral acceleration at the fundamental vibration period of the structure (S\({}_{\text{a}}\)(T\({}_{1}\))) [42], and the average spectral acceleration over a range of vibration periods S\({}_{\text{a}\text{v}\text{g}}\)[43]. However, there are other approaches that have been proposed to estimate the structural reliability, which are not based on scalar quantities. Such approaches represent the IM as a vector [44; 45], but they are out of the scope of this study.  
The main objective of seismic risk analysis is to estimate conditional probabilities of exceeding a certain value of an Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) given a certain value of IM. It is assumed that the EDP for a certain value of the IM, y, follow a lognormal distribution [2; 46; 42]. Next, the conditional probabilities of exceeding a certain value of EDP are combined with the seismic hazard curve (which is obtained by means of a seismic hazard analysis of the site) associated with the site and to the fundamental vibration period of the structural system with the objective of estimating the mean annual rate of exceedance (\(\
u\)) of a particular EDP value, \(y\), \(\
u_{\text{EDP}}\) (y), using the following equation [39; 40]:  
\[\
u_{\text{EDP}}(y)=\int_{\text{IM}}\abs{\frac{\text{d}\
u_{\text{IM}}(\text {im})}{\text{d}(\text{im})}}\abs{P(\text{EDP}>y|\text{IM}=\text{im})\text{dim}} \tag{1}\]  
where P( EDP \(>\) y\(|\text{IM}=\text{im}\)) is the conditional probability that EDP \(>\) y, for an IM \(=\) im, \(\abs{\frac{\text{d}\
u_{\text{IM}}(\text{im})}{\text{d}(\text{im})}}\abs{}\) is the absolute value of the derivative of the seismic hazard curve associated with the site where the structure is located, corresponding to its fundamental vibration period (T\({}_{1}\)). In the present study, the spectral acceleration at the fundamental vibration period as a fraction of gravity (S\({}_{\text{a}}\)(g), T\({}_{1}\)) and the maximum ductility demand (\(\mu\)) of the structures are selected as IM, and EDP, respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Relative Phenophase Index (RPI)  
To evaluate heavy metal stress-induced satellite-derived rice phenometrics, a relative phenophase index was then defined as:  
\[RPI=\frac{L_{rep}-L_{vcg}}{L_{rep}+L_{vcg}}, \tag{9}\]  
where \(L_{vcg}\) and \(L_{rep}\) represent the lengths of the vegetative and reproductive phase, respectively. The RPI characterizes the difference between the vegetative and reproductive phase durations relative to the growth season. Based on the relationships between satellite-based phenometrics and the actual rice growth stages, the delaying of the heading stage caused by heavy metal stress could also result in a time lag of the \(D_{head}\), and thus a relative change of \(L_{vcg}\) and \(L_{rep}\). Therefore, the RPI for the stressed rice paddies would theoretically exhibit a lower value due to the relative longer vegetative phase. We developed NDVI- and phase-space-based RPI, computed based on NDVI- and phase-space-based phenometrics, respectively, for a comparison in the subsequent analyses.
## 4 Robot System Description
In the context of mobile robots, this protocol is used to collect information, ensuring the integrity of data packets and the correct sequence of the transmission [29]. In this case, each robot is identified by a unique IP address within the local network, and the communication occurs through TCP sockets. The messages sent follow a structured format, ensuring the correct interpretation of commands and responses. Compared to HTTP communication, more data can be collected from the robot.
# Energy-Efficient Multi-User Routing in a Software-Defined Multi-Hop Wireless Network
## 5 Experimental Results and Evaluation
### Performance Analysis  
The simulation in this section aims to verify the accuracy of the proposed multi-user routing algorithm. From [30], although there is a duality gap in the LARAC algorithm, this method can give the lower bound of the theoretical optimal solution in polynomial time. In order to prove the good quality of the result, we still use the above methods to compare. The simulation results can be seen in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: User number vs. execution time. LARAC, Lagrange relaxation-based aggregated cost. DBFS, Delay-constrained Bellman–Ford  
From the result in Figure 4, we have the observation that the accuracy decreases with the user number increasing, no matter which optimization is adopted, but the proposed KLG still has advantages. Specifically, the accuracy of KLG was still about 90% when the number of users was larger, indicating that KLG has the ability to adjust to larger tasks. As the number of users increases, the number of alternative path sets also increases, which increases the difficulty of solving the optimal combination solution. The improved GA is suitable for finding a satisfactory solution in complex solution space. DCBF selects K-paths with the least energy consumption from all the paths that satisfy the constraints as the alternative path set. It causes the difference of energy consumption between the paths to be slight, so that the local optimal solution is closer to the global optimal solution, and it is more likely to fall into the local optimum to result in a decrease in accuracy. Next, the relationship between total energy consumption and the number of requesting users is simulated to prove that the difference between the solution obtained by KLG and the optimal solution is small. Our results are shown in Figure 5.  
Observing the results of the three methods in Figure 5, the total energy consumption increases with the number of requesting users, which is in line with the actual application scenario. As can be seen from the curve in the line graph, when the number of requesting users is small, the search space of the solution is small, and the energy consumption value is almost the same. However, when the number of requesting users increases, the solution space becomes larger, and the accuracy of the solution is lower. Our KLG proposed cannot solve the optimal value accurately, but the error is small compared with the full combination and better than the combination of DCBF and the genetic algorithm. This proves that the proposed KLG can obtain an approximate optimal solution at a lower time cost.  
Figure 4: User number vs. accuracy.
# Superconducting Sub-Terahertz Oscillator with Continuous Frequency Tuning
## 2 Materials and Methods
During the manufacturing process, the structure went through an isolation stage. It included anodization of the area uncovered by photoresist and magnetron sputtering of the SiO\({}_{2}\) layer. This minimizedthe probability of leakage and shorts for the multilayer structures. The next step was the formation of absorbing resistors by magnetron sputtering of Mo metal (see Section 3.2). The Nb film, which is the top electrode, and Au contact pads, were finally deposited by magnetron sputtering. Detailed descriptions and all main parameters of the technological processes were published in various articles [4; 29; 47; 54].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Dependence of Extraction on Contact Time  
To understand well the extraction performance of SC4A and TC4A, the effect of contact time on the extraction was investigated. Several ions including Cs(I), Sr(II), Na(I), K(I), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Ce(III) were extracted at an initial pH of 6 (\(\pm\)0.05) using 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) mol\(\cdot\) L\({}^{-1}\) SC4A in CHCl\({}_{3}\) at different contact times. The results are displayed in Figure 2.  
As can be seen in Figure 2, the distribution ratios of Cs(I) (\(D_{\rm Cs}\)) and Sr(II) (\(D_{\rm Sr}\)) increased with an increase in contact time and were then maintained at approximately 27 and 20 after 15 and 20 min, respectively, which indicated that the extraction equilibrium had been reached. This was ascribed to the effective complexation of SC4A with Cs(I) and Sr(II). Meanwhile, Na(I), K(I), Pb(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with distribution ratios less than 0.50 showed very poor or almost no extraction with SC4A. Moreover, when the extraction equilibrium was reached, the separation factors \(SF_{\rm Cs}\) and \(SF_{\rm Sr}\) to these metals were greater than 40. Although distribution ratios of 2.6 for Cd(II) and 4.4 for Ce(III) were observed, \(SF_{\rm Cs}\) and \(SF_{\rm Sr}\) to Cd(II) or Ce(III) were not less than 4.6. These data revealed that the influences of Cd(II) and Ce(III) on the selective extraction of Cs(I) or Sr(II) were not notable.  
In order to get a complete understanding regarding to selectivity of SC4A for Cs(I) and Sr(II), further extraction were conducted on other alkaline earth metals Mg(II), Ca(II) and Ba(II), respectively, at the same extraction conditions. The results are listed in Table S1 (in Supplementary Materials). The distribution ratio for Mg(II), Ca(II) and Ba(II) are greater than 4, 48, and 17, respectively, when the extraction equilibrium was reached. The results showed that alkaline earth metals were favorable to the extraction of SC4A. The above discussion suggested high selectivity of SC4A for Cs(I) and Sr(II) can be explained by the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) rule [33]. The bridging SO\({}_{2}\) group of SC4A categorized as borderline acid that is sensitive to Cs(I) and alkaline earth metals incidentally.
## 4 Related Works and Comparison to the State of the Art  
This section reports on a review of the state of the art by comparing optical-wireless techniques for 5G radio access network reported in the literature to the results of our implementation. Five architectures were considered, namely FiWi mm-wave/IFoF links, multiuser FiWi links, parallel FiWi and FSO relay links, RoF links followed by a FSO-section, and VLC access. Table 1 summarizes the aforementioned literature and comparisons to our work with the aim of contributing to and advancing the body of knowledge in this field. Figure 5: The 4G/5G NR VLC-based access network architecture. (**a**) Block diagram; (**b**) electrical spectrum and EVM\({}_{\text{RMS}}\) at the receiver. FiWi mm-wave/IFoF architectures, which include digital or analog RoF approaches followed by wireless transmission, have benefited from diverse technical solutions aimed at improving capacity and coverage [30; 31; 32]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. reported a 24 Gbit/s FiWi mm-wave link by exploiting 6 GHz bandwidth [30], whereas [PERSON] et al. demonstrated a similar bit rate in a mm-wave/IFoF link with electrical subcarrier multiplexing [31]. Mm-wave/IFoF links have even been deployed over legacy PON as an alternative for 5G fronthauling [32]. Advances in the multiuser FiWi links include simultaneous transmission of multiple RF signals at distinct frequency bands [14] as well as the use of phased array antennas for beamforming and beamsteering [33; 34; 35]. In [14], we presented a FiWi system over legacy PON based on DD-MZM that was able to cover the 5G eMBB scenario at FR1 and FR2, thereby enabling applications including long reach, fiber-to-the-home, and machine-to-machine communication. In [33], [PERSON] et al. reported a multiuser FiWi mm-wave/IFoF system taking advantage of a 32-element 60 GHz phased array antenna with beamsteering capability. In [34], [PERSON] et al. demonstrated the possibility of integrating self-steering array beamforming to the FiWi architecture. Additionally, a photonic beamforming-based FiWi architecture was experimentally demonstrated in [35].
## 5 Loss with an Increasing Number of Satellites
#### Discussion  
The final conclusions are as follows:  
* The extra loss due to the saturated HPA at \(P_{b}(e)=10^{-5}\) is less than 3 dB for \(M>60\) and \(N_{S}>2\).
* For \(N_{S}\to\infty\) and \(M\to\infty\), the extra loss tends to 2 dB (\(10\log_{10}\pi/2\)).
* Overall, the loss to be factored into the link budget (to account for the presence of a nonlinear amplifier) can be safely set at 3 dB, provided that \(M>60\), which is almost always the case.
* If a 3 dB loss is acceptable, it might be more convenient to directly use the high-power amplifier in the saturated region (or to transmit the sign of the CDM signal) for easier management of the transmitter (as explained before, since the number of served satellites changes rapidly, maintaining the amplifier in the linear zone with appropriate back-off is complex).
# Explainable Machine Learning for Mapping Rainfall-Induced Landslide Thresholds in Italy
## 2 Study Area, Data, and Methodology
### Methods  
The methodology of this study consists of six steps (Figure 3): (1) reconstruct rainfall events by segmenting continuous rainfall periods into independent events based on predefined criteria and extracting key hydrological variables, including total rainfall (mm), rainfall intensity (mm/day), and the seven-day antecedent average soil moisture at a depth of 30-50 cm (m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{3}\)); (2) prepare labeled input datasets containing both positive samples (landslide-triggering rainfall events, label = 1) and negative samples (non-triggering rainfall events, label = 0), along with corresponding hydrological and static environmental factors (elevation, slope, lithology, soil type, land use, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, distance to the roads and distance to the rivers); (3) use leave-one-region-out cross-validation for model training and validation on 80% of the dataset, where each macro-region is sequentially held out as the validation set, while the remaining macro-regions are used for training; (4) develop predictive models using cumulative rainfall-duration (E-D) curves, eX-treme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Logistic Regression (LR); (5) evaluate model performance; (6) analyze feature contributions using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for the trained model on the remaining 20% of the dataset to gain insights into the influence of each variable on landslide prediction; and (7) apply the trained model to dynamically adjust rainfall parameters, analyze variations in prediction probabilities, and generate spatial distribution maps of rainfall thresholds under different probability scenarios.
# Application of FBG Based Sensor in Pipeline Safety Monitoring
###### Abstract  
Pipeline leakage and corrosion are two serious threats to pipeline safety operation. Therefore, to ensure the safety operation of long-distance pipeline, it is of great significance to conduct pipeline monitoring. Since hoop strain is an effective indicator to reflect the inner pressure fluctuation and the wall thickness reduction of the pipeline, a method of monitoring leakage and corrosion simultaneously was proposed based on hoop strain measurement. In order to test the hoop strain variation, this paper introduces a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain hoop sensor. To verify the monitoring method and the performance of this FBG strain sensor, a pipeline leakage simulation experiment and corrosion simulation experiment were conducted on an actual pipeline and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe model, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the pipeline leakage and corrosion can be detected by the FBG hoop strain sensor. The FBG strain hoop sensor is a promising device in pipeline safety monitoring.  
FBG; pipeline; leakage; corrosion; monitoring Article
## 3 Results
### Net ROD Measurement
These findings are in agreement with previous results from the literature where the expired EBT3 film was used for IMRT energy range, e.g., 6 to 15 MV and the dependence on the particle type was also reported to be non-significant. Furthermore, the expired EBT3 film was utilized as a 2D dose map distribution verification in radiotherapy based on isodose lines. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source of Radiation** & **Dose (Gy)** & **Net ROD** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **RMSE** \\ **(Gy)** \\ \end{tabular} & **LOD** & **LOQ** \\ \hline  & 0.62 & 0.038 & & & & \\
90-kVp X-rays & 1.12 & 0.047 & & & & \\ (Radiography) & 2.39 & 0.086 & 0.038 & 1.044 & 3.163 \\  & 2.90 & 0.118 & & & & \\  & 3.75 & 0.147 & & & & \\ \hline  & 1.00 & 0.086 & & & & \\  & 2.00 & 0.156 & & & & \\
6-MV photon beam (LINAC) & 3.00 & 0.220 & 0.113 & 1.057 & 3.202 \\  & 4.00 & 0.285 & & & & \\  & 5.00 & 0.330 & & & & \\ \hline  & 1.06 & 0.072 & & & & \\
6-MeV electron beam & 2.12 & 0.185 & & & & \\
3.20 & 0.225 & 0.115 & 2.003 & 6.070 \\ (LINAC) & 4.28 & 0.280 & & & & \\  & 5.34 & 0.331 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Net ROD value for radiography X-rays, LINAC photon beam, and electron beam. Figure 4: Dose response of expired EBT3 films irradiated with 90-kVp X-rays, 6-MV photon beam, and 6-MeV electron beam. As a result, expired EBT3 film is a good 2D dosimeter for detecting electron or combined photon/electron dose distributions in a water phantom, and the expired EBT3 film may be used as a point dose measurement in addition to 2D verification.
###### Abstract  
Graft repair of aortic coarctation is commonly used to mimic the physiological aortic arch shape and function. Various graft materials and shapes have been adopted for the surgery. The goal of this work is to quantitatively assess the impact of graft materials and shapes in the hemodynamics and wall mechanics of the restored aortic arch and its correlation with clinical outcomes. A three-dimensional aortic arch model was reconstructed from magnetic resonance images. The fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis was performed to characterize the hemodynamics and solid wall mechanics of the repaired aortic arch. Two graft shapes (i.e., a half-moon shape and a crescent one) were considered. Material choices of the aortic arch repair included three commonly used graft materials (i.e., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synthetic graft, CorMatrix extracellular matrix, and pulmonary homograft) as well as one native tissue serving as a control. The pathological hemodynamic parameters, in terms of the percentage area of low wall shear stress (WSS), high oscillatory shear index (OSI), and high relative residence time (RRT), were quantified to be associated with potential clinical outcomes. Results have shown that the peak von Mises stress for the aortic arch repaired by the crescent graft was 76% less than that of the half-moon graft. Flow disturbance and recirculation were also minimized with the crescent graft. Moreover, pathological hemodynamic parameters were significantly reduced with the crescent graft. The graft material mismatch with the surrounding tissue aggregated the stress concentration on the aortic wall, but had minimal impact on flow dynamics. The present work demonstrated the role and importance of the graft geometry and materials on hemodynamics and wall mechanics, which could guide optimal graft decisions towards better clinical outcomes.  
fluid-structure interaction; aortic coarctation; graft repair; crescent; half-moon; aortic arch; mechanics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Mechanics and Physics Letters
## 2 Mathematical Model of the Hybrid MG System
### Dstatcom  
The DSTATCOM is composed of a DC capacitor, a VSI, and a coupling filter, as shown in Figure 2. The coupling filter serves a critical role by enabling the DSTATCOM to connect  
Figure 2: Systematic diagram of the centralized grid connected system.  
to the power grid. It injects compensating currents at B4, thereby enhancing PQ. The system's dynamics in the SRF can be expressed as:  
\[\frac{d}{dt}\begin{bmatrix}i_{S}^{d}\\ i_{S}^{d}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{-J_{S}^{S}}{L_{J}^{S}}&\omega\\ -\omega&\frac{-J_{S}^{S}}{L_{J}^{S}}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}i_{S}^{d}\\ i_{S}^{d}\end{bmatrix}+\frac{1}{L_{J}^{S}}\begin{bmatrix}V_{S}^{d}-V_{R2}^{d} \\ V_{S}^{d}-V_{R2}^{d}\end{bmatrix} \tag{14}\]  
Thus, according to the power balance theory,  
\[V_{S}^{dc}\;I_{S}^{dc}=\frac{3}{2}\Big{(}V_{S}^{d}\;i_{S}^{d}+V_{S}^{d}i_{S}^{d} \Big{)} \tag{15}\]  
The DSTATCOM's active and reactive powers are calculated as follows:  
\[P_{S}=\frac{3}{2}\Big{(}V_{S}^{d}\;i_{S}^{d}+V_{S}^{d}i_{S}^{d}\Big{)} \tag{16}\]  
\[Q_{S}=\frac{3}{2}\Big{(}V_{S}^{d}i_{S}^{d}-V_{S}^{d}\;i_{S}^{d}\Big{)} \tag{17}\]