## 3 Results
### Aged Residue Toxicity  
Flowers sprayed with Tween 20 solution and aged in a greenhouse caused 0% to 8.3% mortality at all observation times. Abbott-corrected percent mortality in the aged residue toxicity bioassay differed significantly among plant extracts (F = 7.06, d.f. = 3, 61, \(p\) = 0.0004), residual ages (F = 23.58, d.f. = 3, 61, \(p\) < 0.0001) and observation times (F = 21.93, d.f. = 2, \(p\) < 0.0001). The interaction between plant extracts and residual ages was significant (F = 4.15, d.f. = 6, 122, \(p\) = 0.0018) but other two- and three-way interactions among plant extracts, residual ages and observation times were not significant (\(p\) > 0.05). Only 1-d-old residue of pyrethrins, nicotine and rotenone achieved significantly higher Abbott-corrected percent mortality in WFT cohorts than older residues (Table 5). For these active ingredients, the highest mortality was <26%. Stemonine appeared to have greater residual toxicity than other active ingredients, with 1-d-old residue achieved >30% mortality and 5-d-old residue maintained >15% mortality at 48 h after exposure. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Active Ingredient** & **Concentration (\%)** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mean Percent Mortality 1 at 24 h**} & **48 h** & **72 h** \\ \hline Celangulin & 0.01 & 7.5 \(\pm\) 4.8 & 7.5 \(\pm\) 4.8 b & 15.6 \(\pm\) 9.7 \\  & 0.05 & 5.0 \(\pm\) 5.0 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 2.8 b & 13.1 \(\pm\) 9.7 \\  & 0.1 & 15.0 \(\pm\) 5.0 & 20.0 a & 15.8 \(\pm\) 9.2 \\  & 0.5 & 0 & 0 b & 16.3 \(\pm\) 3.8 \\ \hline Cnidium lactone & 0.01 & 6.0 b & 12.0 \(\pm\) 3.7 & 12.4 \(\pm\) 4.0 b \\  & 0.05 & 14.0 \(\pm\) 2.4 ab & 14.7 \(\pm\) 2.7 & 27.6 \(\pm\) 8.9 ab \\  & 0.1 & 18.0 \(\pm\) 3.7 ab & 18.9 \(\pm\) 6.1 & 34.9 \(\pm\) 7.5 ab \\  & 0.5 & 27.3 \(\pm\) 9.0 a & 33.1 \(\pm\) 12.8 & 50.2 \(\pm\) 10.4 a \\ \hline Matrine & 0.01 & 5.0 \(\pm\) 2.9 b & 5.0 \(\pm\) 2.9 b & 7.8 \(\pm\) 2.6 c \\  & 0.05 & 8.0 \(\pm\) 2.0 b & 8.0 \(\pm\) 3.5 b & 18.4 \(\pm\) 3.5 bc \\  & 0.1 & 10.0 \(\pm\) 3.2 b & 15.1 \(\pm\) 2.9 b & 24.0 \(\pm\) 4.2 b \\  & 0.5 & 36.7 \(\pm\) 11.8 a & 41.3 \(\pm\) 10.8 a & 51.1 \(\pm\) 7.4 a \\ \hline Nicotine & 0.01 & 12.4 \(\pm\) 4.0 d & 18.4 \(\pm\) 6.7 d & 28.0 \(\pm\) 9.9 c \\  & 0.05 & 48.0 \(\pm\) 4.9 c & 58.2 \(\pm\) 4.9 c & 66.7 \(\pm\) 1.8 b \\  & 0.1 & 70.0 \(\pm\) 5.5 b & 76.4 \(\pm\) 6.4 b & 78.4 \(\pm\) 4.6 b \\  & 0.5 & 93.6 \(\pm\) 4.4 a & 100 a & 100 a \\ \hline Pyrethrins & 0.01 & 55.1 \(\pm\) 6.7 b & 63.3 \(\pm\) 4.9 b & 66.9 \(\pm\) 5.6 b \\  & 0.05 & 92.0 \(\pm\) 3.7 a & 93.8 \(\pm\) 4.1 a & 97.8 \(\pm\) 2.2 a \\  & 0.1 & 98.0 \(\pm\) 2.0 a & 100 a & 100 a \\  & 0.5 & 100 a & 100 a & 100 a \\ \hline Rotenone & 0.01 & 18.0 \(\pm\) 8.6 c & 20.0 \(\pm\) 8.4 c & 24.7 \(\pm\) 6.6 d \\  & 0.05 & 36.0 \(\pm\) 10.3 bc & 44.2 \(\pm\) 9.7 bc & 50.2 \(\pm\) 7.6 c \\  & 0.1 & 52.0 \(\pm\) 9.7 b & 63.1 \(\pm\) 10.1 b & 74.6 \(\pm\) 10.4 b \\  & 0.5 & 93.8 \(\pm\) 2.5 a & 100 a & 100 a \\ \hline Stemonine & 0.01 & 3.3 \(\pm\) 3.3 b & 3.3 \(\pm\) 3.3 b & 13.3 \(\pm\) 3.3 b \\  & 0.05 & 7.5 \(\pm\) 4.8 b & 7.5 \(\pm\) 4.8 b & 15.0 \(\pm\) 6.5 b \\  & 0.1 & 16.0 \(\pm\) 4.0 b & 17.3 \(\pm\) 4.6 b & 26.0 \(\pm\) 7.4 b \\  & 0.5 & 35.6 \(\pm\) 7.3 a & 59.1 \(\pm\) 8.0 a & 77.9 \(\pm\) 3.1 a \\ \hline Veratrine & 0.01 & 0 & 0 & 3.3 \(\pm\) 3.3 \\  & 0.05 & 2.5 \(\pm\) 2.5 & 10.3 \(\pm\) 4.0 & 12.9 \(\pm\) 8.8 \\  & 0.1 & 4.0 \(\pm\) 2.4 & 6.0 \(\pm\) 4.0 & 12.9 \(\pm\) 8.8 \\  & 0.5 & 24.4 \(\pm\) 7.3 & 27.8 \(\pm\) 8.2 & 47.9 \(\pm\) 10.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Arscine-transformed Abbott-correct mortality rates were analyzed with repeated measure ANOVA at \(\alpha\). \(\alpha\) = 0.05. Means followed by the same letters within the same active ingredient and observation time combination (in a column) are not significantly different among concentrations by [PERSON]’s least significant difference test at \(\alpha\) = 0.05.  
\end{table}