esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### The Effect of Flux Cake and Lupine Flour Fermentation on Wheat Bread Properties
A positive effect of fermentation of these additives on the texture features of bread crumbs was found. Loaves of bread containing fermented flax cake were characterized by lower hardness (22-48%), gumminess (26-32%), and chewiness (23-29%), but the differences were significant only in the case of hardness. No differences in springiness, cohesiveness, or resilience were shown. LV1 starter proved to have the lowest impact on the bread texture. Other starters improved the bread texture significantly. Loaves of bread with the addition of fermented lupine flour were characterized by lower gumminess (17-36%) and chewiness (32-37%) compared with a sample with native flour. The measured values of hardness were also lower (15-23%), but the differences were not significant (\(p>0.05\)). [PERSON] et al. (2010) found out that the supplementation of wheat flour with 3% of fermented lupine flour decreased bread hardness and chewiness on average by 46%, resilience by 21%, and slightly increased springiness (by 5%), but a higher amount of this flour had no significant influence on bread texture. Partial hydrolysis of mucilage during fermentation delivers a source of energy for bacteria growing and causes changes in bread texture. At the same time, the produced lactic acid acidifies the environment, and the acidic hydrolysis of large fiber molecules takes place. This process lowers the viscosity of their solutions, which in turn decreases the viscosity of the bread, gumminess, and chewiness of the crumb. This effect was also observed during sourdough fermentation in rye bread production ([PERSON] et al., 2012). In order to select the best culture starter for additives fermentation, a sensory analysis of bread samples was carried out. Loaves of bread with the addition of flax cake fermented by LV2 and _L. plantarum_ were rated high for taste, flavor, and texture. Bread fermented by Propionibacterium obtained high scores for texture; unfortunately, the scores collected for taste and flavor were low. The overall acceptability of bread with _L. plantarum_ bacteria had the best scores, so this sample was selected for the last part of our experiment.
## 2 Mathematical Model
### Governing Equations for Shell-Fluid  
A Newtonian-Fluid-Based Nanofluid (NFBN) is assumed for the shell-fluid flowing in the outer annulus. The subscript \(()_{sf}\), in the flow variables, is used to denote shell-fluid and the subscript \(()_{nf}\) represents nanofluid. The governing equations for the shell-fluid flow are otherwise similar to those for the core-fluid system, but without the polymer-stress contributions. The equations, in a dimensional form, read:  
\[\
abla^{*}\cdot\mathbf{U}_{sf}^{*}=0, \tag{4}\]  
\[(\rho_{sf})_{nf}^{*}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial\mathbf{U}_{sf}^{*}}{\partial t^{*}}+ \mathbf{U}_{sf}^{*}\cdot\
abla^{*}\mathbf{U}_{sf}^{*}\bigg{)}=-\
abla^{*}p_{sf}^{*}+ \
abla^{*}\cdot\mathbf{\sigma}_{sf}^{*}, \tag{5}\]\[(\rho_{sf}C_{p_{sf}})^{*}_{nf}\Big{(}\frac{\partial T_{s}^{*}}{\partial t^{*}}+T_{ sf}^{*}\cdot\
abla^{*}T_{sf}^{*}\Big{)}=Q_{D_{sf}}^{*}-\
abla^{*}\cdot\mathbf{\Phi}_{q_{sf}}. \tag{6}\]  
where \((\rho_{sf})^{*}_{nf}\) is the NFBN density, \(\sigma_{sf}^{*}\) the total stress tensor, \((\rho_{sf}C_{p_{sf}}^{*})^{*}_{nf}\) the NFBN specific heat capacity, \(Q_{D_{sf}}^{*}\) the internal heat production, and \(\mathbf{\Phi}_{q_{sf}}^{*}\) the heat-flux vector. The total stress tensor for the shell-fluid is defined as:  
\[\sigma_{sf}^{*}=\frac{\eta_{sol}^{*}}{\sqrt{(1-\varphi)^{5}}}\mathbf{S}_{sf}^{*},\]  
where \(\varphi\) is the nanoparticle volume-fraction. The internal heat production is defined as:  
\[Q_{D_{sf}}^{*}=\frac{\eta_{sol}^{*}}{\sqrt{(1-\varphi)^{5}}}\mathbf{S}_{sf}^{*}: \
abla^{*}\mathbf{U}_{sf}^{*}.\]  
The heat-flux vector follows [PERSON]'s law:  
\[\mathbf{\Phi}_{q_{sf}}^{*}=-K_{nf}^{*}\
abla^{*}T_{sf}^{*},\]  
where \(K_{nf}^{*}\) is the nanofluid thermal conductivity, which is defined as:  
\[K_{nf}^{*}=\frac{K_{s}^{*}+(1-\aleph)K_{f}^{*}+(1-\aleph)\varphi(K_{f}^{*}-K_{ s})}{K_{s}^{*}+(1-\aleph)K_{f}^{*}+\varphi(K_{f}^{*}-K_{s}^{*})}(1+\alpha A_{2}T_{s} ^{*}),\]  
where \(A_{2}\) is a thermal-conductivity parameter and \(\aleph\) is an empirical shape-factor. For spherical-shaped nanoparticles, which are assumed in the present work, \(\aleph=3\), [50].  
The nanofluid quantities, \(()_{nf}\), are obtained from linear combinations of the volume-fractions, \(\varphi\), of the base-fluid contribution, \(()_{f}\), and the nanoparticle contribution, \(()_{s}\). For example:  
\[\rho_{nf}^{*}=\varphi(\rho_{sf})^{*}_{s}+(1-\varphi)(\rho_{sf})^{*}_{f},\]  
\[(\rho_{sf}C_{p_{sf}})^{*}_{nf}=\varphi(\rho_{sf}C_{p_{sf}})^{*}_{s}+(1- \varphi)((\rho_{sf}C_{p_{sf}})^{*}_{f}.\]
# Secure Quantum Communication Technologies and Systems: From Labs to Markets
## 8 Conclusions  
In this document, we tried to give the reader a multi-view panorama of the protocols, devices, and industrial segments that could be influenced by quantum cryptography, the main exploitable application in the field of quantum communication.  
We exposed our view of the actual scenario, summarizing the state of the art and exposing the main factors afflicting the process of industrialization following the European directives that are delineating the roadmap in the field. The high diversity of solutions characterizing quantum communications was highlighted, which must be properly matched with the wide number of market segments within the telecommunications world, each with their specific requirements. We expect that the industrialization process, unlike others technology trends such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and IoT, which are transversally affecting all the market segments, will instead proceed in a sectorial manner. Firstly, aerospace networks and topologically small, critical in-fiber networks will be impacted; for these, a well-studied DV approach could be directly applied with current technology and the known practical limits could easily be overcome, either by investing in ad-hoc infrastructure with dedicated fibers if enough resources are available or by exploiting the properties of such fields where the integration would be simpler (e.g., exploiting point-to-point in-air links). We expect instead other segments to be impacted in a second tranche, requiring a more involved integration with complex devices (wide area networks) with higher distances requirements, or segments where small, low-cost chips are required (IoT), whereby the integration process will reach a mature state and the large-scale production will push down the costs. Altogether, we expect by this time that the CV approach will become robust enough to solve compatibility issues of the devices, and hopefully quantum repeaters will substitute the trust-based approach to reach arbitrary distances.  
This research received no external funding.  
E.P. acknowledges the project QUASIX \"single-photon integrated source for QUAntum Silicon Communications in Space\", funded by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, contract 2019-5-U.0.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Experiments
possible to emit and receive ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses with a duration of 0.15 to 0.5 ns with little distortion. Figure 6 on the left shows the frequency dependence of the standing wave ratio (VSWR) for radiation sources. It can be seen that the operating frequency band is in the range from 3 to 20 GHz. The radiation pattern for the peak field strength when a bipolar voltage pulse is applied to the antenna input is shown in Figure 7.  
The directional pattern (DP) of the radiator in the horizontal plane is symmetric and amounts about 90\({}^{\circ}\) at the level of 0.7. In the vertical plane, the pattern is tilted due to the asymmetrical shape of the antenna (Figure 7). A CABAN R140 was used as a vector reflectometer (Figure 8). It is intended for measuring the complex reflectivity of multipoles. This device is used during the testing, tuning, and development of various antenna feeder devices (AFD). The CABAN R140 device can be used in field conditions, in industrial production, in laboratories, as well as a part of automated measuring instruments and stands. In addition, this vector reflectometer allows remote control in accordance with COM/DCOM software technology. Before conducting experimental studies, the amplitude and phase of the field on the surface of the laboratory model were measured (Figure 9). To obtain reliable data on materials, it is necessary to ensure the incidence of a plane wave on the material under study--a collimated beam with a uniform phase. As can be seen from the graphs presented in Figure 9, starting from 3 GHz, clear focusing of the amplitude and phase uniformity in the focusing area are visible, on the basis of which it can be concluded that a plane wave is obtained in the measurement area. Analysis of the obtained results showed that the operating frequency range is 3-13 GHz. In Figure 9, the dimens  
Figure 6: Combined ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna of the “Snail” type. Figure 7: Directional diagram of UWB antennas of the “Snail” type at frequencies of 8 and 9 GHz. are plotted along the axes, one division is 10 cm. The size of the focusing area varies in the range 170-80 mm with increasing frequency and the size of the collimated beam decreases. The analysis of the obtained results of measuring the amplitude and phase showed that the dimensions of the sample for research should be at least 150 \(\times\) 150 mm. In the experimental measurement procedure, the background signal was first measured in the absence of the measured sample. Furthermore, a metal plate was placed on the upper boundary of the measuring complex, and the measurement was carried out. After that, a sample to be measured was placed on the surface of the laboratory model (complex) and one more measurement was carried out. At the last stage, a metal plate was placed on top of the measured material sample. In the first case, a metal plate is used to detect the start of the signal, in the second case, to measure a passing signal (S12). Reflection is measured without a metal plate.
## 4 Discussion
### \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He Signature of Telica and Baru Magmatic Fluids  
At Telica volcano, the highest \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He values in FI were measured in samples TEL04B and TEL04K, which yielded Rc/Ra values up to 7.43 Ra (Figures 2 and 3). Following the detailed petrological study carried out by [72], the crystallization depth of Ol and Px from TEL04K and TEL04B is compatible with magma storage zone at 5-15 km depth, where moderate to low extents of magma differentiation and mixing explain the melts and mineral variability. TEL04K shows a large difference between the average Fo contents of Ol (Fo% = 80.5 \(\pm\) 3.9) and the Mg# of Px (71.2 \(\pm\) 3.3) (Figure S1), which implies different crystallisation stages [72]. Instead, sample TEL02, in which Ol is absent, is compatible with increasing extents of magma differentiaton and degassing at shallow depth (\(<\)2.4 km). It is worth noting that Ol and Px from the Telica samples show a comparable range of values (7.25-7.43 Ra and 7.21-7.33 Ra, respectively) (Figure 2), which indicates that mixing and differentiation processes occurring within the crustal plumbing system of the volcano do not modify the \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He signature of fluids trapped in the minerals to any major extent.  
Previous studies reporting \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He measurements for the Telica volcano [42] are limited to spring gases and waters. [PERSON] et al. (2003) studied a few samples taken in a water spring and in bubbling hot gases collected on the flank of the volcano and in the San Jacinto fault system that is associated with Telica. These samples yielded \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He values in the range 2.9-7.5 Ra (Figure 3 and Table S3). The highest Rc/Ra value is comparable to our novel FI results, confirming 7.5 Ra as being the representative He signature of the magmatic source below Telica (Figure 3).  
At Baru volcano, the highest \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He values in FI were measured in Ol from sample LCI, which yielded Rc/Ra values up to 7.94 Ra (Figure 2). These crystals show Fo content of 79.1 \(\pm\) 1.05 that testifies to a moderate-to-low extent of differentiation, as observed for Telica samples from STS.  
Studies reporting measurements of \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He on Baru volcano, or close to it, were totally absent until recent work by [61], who first reported some measurements in hydrothermal gases and waters located in the proximity of the volcano. Around Baru, the authors found \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He up to 6.4 Ra (Figure 3 and Table S3). This value is lower than what we obtained in FI, suggesting that spring gases are contaminated by crustal fluids containing radiogenic \({}^{4}\)He, a fact that is consistent with the current quiesency (and hence reduced magmatic gas transport) of Baru [12]. We thus argue that 8.0 Ra is likely representative of the local magmatic source (Figure 3).  
Therefore, the \({}^{3}\)He/\({}^{4}\)He signatures of the Telica and Baru volcanoes fall within the MORB range (8 \(\pm\) 1 Ra; [87], while being above the average ratio (5.4 \(\pm\) 1.9 Ra) proposed for global arc volcanism [70] (Figure 2).
## 5 Conclusions  
1. It was found that the addition of n-paraffins to blends of DF with depressants in low concentrations enhances the depressants effectiveness in relation to CFPP. It is shown that the effect is observed for DF of various compositions, various depressants, and also n-paraffins of various compositions.
2. It is shown that the optimal concentration of added n-paraffins depends on the depressant additive effectiveness--for less effective (weak) additives, a lower concentration of n-paraffins is required.
3. It was revealed that the positive effect of n-paraffins on CFPP increases with the heavier added n-paraffins.
4. Recommendations developed to obtain DF with improved low-temperature properties and enhance the depressant additives effectiveness by adding low concentrations of n-paraffins: for a sample of straight-run DF F\({}_{1}\), it is recommended to use a blend of fuel, depressant A\({}_{1}\) and 0.50% wt. n-paraffins P\({}_{1}\); for a sample of straight-run DF F\({}_{2}\), it is recommended to use a blend of fuel, depressant A\({}_{2}\) and 0.50% wt. n-paraffins P\({}_{1}\) or a blend of fuel, depressant A\({}_{1}\) and 0.05% wt. n-paraffins P\({}_{2}\).  
The indicated recommendations make it possible to obtain DF of inter-season with a large margin of quality in terms of CFPP. The revealed patterns and the recommendations developed will allow increasing the production of low-freezing DF brands, and also offer a resource-efficient option for using heavy gas oil fractions.  
The work describes for the first time a method for increasing the effectiveness of depressant additives by modifying the composition of diesel fuel (adding a small amount of n-paraffins). The results obtained in the work contribute to expanding the understanding of the mechanism of interaction between diesel fuel hydrocarbons and the active ingredients of depressant additives.  
Investigation, A.T. and K.T.; writing--original draft preparation, A.T.; writing--review and editing, Y.M., I.B. and M.K.; project administration, M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by TPU development program Priority 2030 (Priority-2030-NIP/EB-116-375-2023).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Internet of Things-Based Healthcare Systems: An Overview of Privacy-Preserving Mechanisms
## 3 Stratifying Privacy-Preserving Solutions
### Privacy Policies and Governance  
Privacy policies and governance frameworks establish the foundational principles and mechanisms for ensuring accountability and privacy compliance in IoT-based healthcare systems. These frameworks guide organizations in implementing effective strategies to protect patient data and build trust among stakeholders. Two key approaches include the following [14]:  
1. Privacy by Design Principles: Considers privacy in the development process of IoT-based healthcare systems, encouraging in-advance privacy measures from the early stages and ensuring privacy is a basic component of the system's architecture.
2. Transparent Data Usage and Auditability Mechanisms: Mechanisms for transparent data usage and auditability provide visibility regarding how patient data are accessed, used, and processed. They enable individuals and regulatory bodies to monitor and enforce privacy compliance.
## 3 Research Methodology
### Gold Standard for Evaluation  
This study evaluated the effectiveness of fine-tuning using the 200 prompt-completion pairs that were not used in fine-tuning. Completions generated by the fine-tuned models were evaluated and scored by experts with practical knowledge in the field. This study established an evaluation guideline considering accuracy, reliability, and conciseness of responses. The accuracy of responses evaluates how precisely the model's responses align with the correct or expected answers. It measures the degree to which the answers are factually correct, contextually appropriate, and relevant to the questions asked. Accuracy is critical as it reflects the model's understanding of the query and its ability to provide correct information. The reliability of responses assesses the consistency and dependability of the model's answers over time and across various question types. This criterion checks whether the model consistently provides correct and relevant answers, maintaining a standard level of performance regardless of the complexity or nature of the queries. High reliability ensures that users can trust the model's responses in different contexts and scenarios. Lastly, the conciseness of responses: Conciseness measures the ability of the model to provide clear and brief answers, without unnecessary elaboration or information that is not directly relevant to the question. This criterion ensures that the model's responses are to the point, making them more accessible and easier to understand for users. It is a balance between providing enough information to satisfactorily answer the question and keeping the response succinct and focused. Table 4 represents the evaluation guideline for establishing the gold standard of LLMs' responses, and Table 5 shows evaluation examples of representative ratings of 1, 3, and 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Rating** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & The highest score is given if the question is answered correctly. Even if your \\  & answer is longer than necessary or contains ambiguous words, it is awarded this \\  & score compared to the best answer because it fundamentally solves the \\  & problem accurately. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & This score is awarded if the answer is related to the question but contains minor \\  & errors or content that is irrelevant to the question. \\ \cline{1-1}  & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Evaluation guideline of the responses of fine-tuned LLMs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Hyperparameter** & **Value** \\ \hline LoRA attention dimension & 64 \\ Alpha parameter for scaling & 16 \\ Dropout probability & 0.1 \\ Learning rate & \(2\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Batch size & 16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: QLoRA Hyperparameter setting for LLaMA2-13B fine-tuning.
## 2 Theoretical Descriptions
### The Main Computational Steps of the Proposed Method  
The main steps of the proposed BSS method for a single-channel composite signal based on RPSEMD are described as follows:  
1. Decompose the single-channel observation signal \(x(t)\) by RPSEMD, with a series of linear and stationary IMFs \(c_{1},c_{2},...,c_{n}\) and residual component \(r_{1n}\) being obtained;
2. The new multi-dimensional observation signal \(x_{imf}=\left(x,c_{1},c_{2},...,c_{n},r_{1n}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}\) is composed by IMFs obtained from RPSEMD and the original signal itself. In this way, the dimension of the observation signal can be increased, so that the new observation signal can be analyzed in accordance with the blind source separation theory;
3. Estimate the number of source signals by employing the Bayes information criteria;
4. According to the estimation number of the source signal, the method of feature matrix joint diagonalization based on the four-order accumulation is used to perform blind source separation on the recombination observation signal \(x_{imf}\), so as to obtain the estimation \(\overset{\wedge}{s}\) of the source signal \(s\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Contact Angle  
Rock wettability plays an important role during the oil recovery process. Altering the wettability condition to less oil-wet reservoirs can lead to increasing the oil production. In this work, the wettability conditions for the sandstone and carbonate samples were studied before and after adding chelating agents [8; 28]. The results are provided in Figure 9. In general, higher values of contact angle (above 90\({}^{\circ}\)) indicate oil-wet conditions, and contact angles less than 90\({}^{\circ}\) indicate water-wet systems [29; 30]. For carbonate samples, the contact angle was 106\({}^{\circ}\) during the SW flooding. Most of the carbonate reservoirs are oil-wet due to the adsorption of carboxylic hydrocarbon on the carbonate surface. However, introducing chelating agents to the carbonate/oil/SW system showed a significant reduction in the contact angle values, indicating that the carbonate wettability was changed from oil-wet to water-wet status. The lowest value for contact angles was obtained by using Ca\({}_{2}\)GLDA, revealing that the calcium-based GLDA outperforms other types of chelating agents in altering the rock wettability, thereby improving the oil recovery and utilizing the wettability alteration mechanism. On the other hand, all sandstone samples are water-wet as indicated by the contact angle values less than 90\({}^{\circ}\). Then, adding the calcium-based GLDA to the brine oil system led to reducing the contact angle from 70\({}^{\circ}\) to 43\({}^{\circ}\), i.e., more water-wet conditions. Overall, using Ca\({}_{2}\)GLDA can change the wettability conditions for the carbonate and sandstone samples to less oil-wet conditions, resulting in more oil recovery.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Simulation Scenario
#### 4.1.3 The Ground Stations  
After the targets are observed by the satellites and the information is obtained, the data will be temporarily stored in the onboard device. When communication conditions permit, the data will be passed back to the ground station. In this paper, 12 ground stations are set up to simulate the completion of digital missions. The distribution of the ground stations in STK is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 7: The distribution of the satellites in STK.