# An Internet of Things-Based Low-Power Integrated Beekeeping Safety and Conditions Monitoring System
## 2 Related Work on Internet of Things (IoT) Beehive Incident Response and Management Systems
### IoT Beehive Conditions Monitoring Systems  
Focusing on the beehive industry conditions monitoring systems, a number of them have already been proposed and are commercially available: Beebot [24], Hive-Tech [25], HiveMind [17], EyeSon [22], Arnia system [26], B-ware system [19] and BuzzBox [27]. Most of them monitor the environmental conditions inside and outside the beehive. The conditions that are often sensed are temperature, humidity, luminosity inside and outside the hive, as well as micro-climate environmental conditions including readings of rainfall, wind speed and atmospheric pressure [28]. In addition, there are no known systems in the literature that can diagnose diseases and bee illnesses, such as varroa mites and produce alerts. Having sensory input with the help of data mining - A.I. algorithms, the above systems offer indirect decisions about hive status, honey productivity, feeding requirements, queen vitality, colony size reduction, and disease insurgence. In the following paragraphs, the most reliable IoT systems and the IoT technologies used are outlined. The B-ware system [19] monitors a beehive's precise weight and ambient temperature. It is placed under each beehive and continuously sends data to a Monitoring System via a local Data Collector. The system supports up to 100 hives with a maximum distance of 50 m between the hive's local Data Collector. The data are sent through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [29]. A solar panel provides adequate energy to the local Data Collector. The Arnia remote hive monitoring system [26] is another conditions management system that monitors brood temperature, hive humidity, temperature, acoustics and vibration. CO\({}_{2}\) measurements and meteorological data, such as rainfall, temperature and sunshine, are also gathered. All the data collected from the hives' sensors are transferred wirelessly to a local getaway, which sends the data to a cloud service for processing and presentation on user interfaces. The Hivemind monitoring system [17] reports the in-hive humidity, the inside and outside temperature, the number of bees entering or leaving the hive, and the weight of the hive, as well as rainfall and GPS location. All the data from nearby beehive sensors are gathered to a hub concentrator device which forwards the data to a cloud service. Another bee monitor system is EyeSon [22]. It uses a camera and computer to visually monitor bee activity and measures the number of flying bees, tracking their flight behavior. Colony activity patterns are tracked over time by using computerized video analysis. EyeSon provides video playback and alerts through an appropriate web application. The BuzzBox beehive monitoring system [27] is another IoT monitoring system that records indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity, pressure, GPS location, wind speed and direction and acoustics. It transfers data to a cloud service from a local-area Wi-Fi access point. Hive-Tech [25] is also a beehive management system that constantly monitors the hive's sound, temperature, humidity, weight and scents. The GPS position, the intensity and the spectrum of the ambient light, quality of air, oxygen and carbon dioxide are also monitored. Post-processing of this data produces information about productivity, brood, queen vitality, imminent swarming, stocked honey, and disease insurgence. The recorded data are transmitted to the cloud via Bluetooth or the GSM network. The remote beehive management system Beebot [24] also gathers vital information about temperature, humidity, acoustics and weight changes of the beehive. Data are sent to the cloud via the Wi-Fi network where processing gives information about the health and the productivity of the bee colonies. All of the above IoT systems transfer their data to the local wireless gateway via 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [29].