# IoT-Enabled Precision Agriculture: Developing an Ecosystem for Optimized Crop Management
## 4 Experiments and Simulation  
The proposed framework's overall aim is to enhance the effective planning and implementation of an IoT System for process management in precision agriculture applications. It provides guidelines and best practices for IoT development and implementation practitioners. To validate the proposed framework, two application scenarios were used: the first scenario is an olive tree farm where the WSN nodes are fixed in the soil and on the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Measurement** & **Description** & **Range [Unit]** \\ \hline Noncontact temperature & The temperature of the surface of soil, fruits, vegetables & \(-\)45–80 [\({}^{\circ}\)C] \\ \hline Leaf and Fruit bud temperature & Leaf and fruit bud temperature & \(-\)50–100 [\({}^{\circ}\)C] \\ \hline Oxygen levels & Indoor and outdoor oxygen levels & 0–100 [ \% O\({}^{\circ}\)] \\ \hline Ultraviolet radiation & UV measurement level in outdoor & 250–400 [nm] \\ \hline Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) & Photosynthetic photon flux density & 410–655 [nm] \\ \hline Shortwave radiation & Shortwave radiation in agriculture & 0–2000 [m W\({}^{2}\)] \\ \hline Electrical conductivity, volumetric water content, and soil & Greenhouse substrate temperature measurements & 1–80, 0–25, \(-\)40–60 [-, dS/m, \({}^{\circ}\)C] \\ \hline Temperature and volumetric water content of the soil & Balance of soil in water & Apparent dielectric Permititivity (a): 1 (air) to 80 (water) [Unit] \\ \hline Vapor pressure, humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure in the soil and air & Vapor measurements in soil and water & data range [Unit] \\ \hline Leaf wetness & level of wetness of the plant leaf & 0–1400 [Counts] \\ \hline Trunk diameter & Plants’ trunk growth & 2-100 [cm] \\ \hline Stem diameter & Plants’ Stem growth & 0–20 [cm] \\ \hline Fruit diameter & Plants’ Fruit growth & 0–11 [cm] \\ \hline Temperature, air humidity, and pressure & Environmental Parameters & 0–65, 0–100, 30–110 [\({}^{\circ}\)C, kPa] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Sensory Data used plant sensory data in precision agriculture. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**O.S Platform** & **Description** & **H.W Platform** & **Kernel Structure** & **Programming Model** \\ \hline Contiki & Event-driven O.S & Tmote, Sky, & & \\  & suitable for & TelosB, MicaZ, & Modular & Event driven \\  & constrained WSN & ESB & & \\ \hline TinyOS & Event-driven O.S & Tmote, Sky, & & \\  & suitable for & TelosB, MicaZ, & Monolithic & Event driven \\  & constrained WSN & ESB & & \\ \hline Linux & Event-driven O.S & Tmote, Sky, & & \\  & suitable for & TelosB, MicaZ, & Hybrid & Threading \\  & constrained WSN & ESB & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Sensors Platforms for IoT in precision agriculture. tree, forming a stationary network. The second scenario represents a horse stable where the animals are moving and the WSN nodes need to be attached to horses to be able to monitor the health and nutrition status, forming a mobile and changing network structure. Therefore, it is important to compare the dynamic behaviors for both cases to understand the impact on the network's DODAG. One of the main limitations in the validation process is the difficulty in implementing all the components of the proposed system. Therefore, sub-components of the system were experimentally validated and tested, while other components were analyzed conceptually. This approach allows for a thorough examination of the proposed framework's performance and scalability in a simulated environment, as well as its suitability for edge and fog platforms in terms of packet delivery ratio, power consumption, and packet delivery rates. The above processes are enabled by data sources from the sensors allocated in the two application scenarios. The simulation results demonstrated acceptable performance, and thus, the two scenarios were selected to take part in the final framework.