# A Comprehensive Review of Developments in Electric Vehicles Fast Charging Technology
## 1 Introduction  
The emergence of electric vehicles (EVs) has heralded a new era of environmentally friendly transportation, promising lower emissions and a cleaner environment. As EV use grows, the need for efficient and fast charging options becomes ever more critical. Fast chargers that are meant to provide speedy charging periods for electric car batteries have emerged as a possible answer to the problems encountered by EV drivers on longer excursions. These chargers provide a lifeline for travellers, allowing them to quickly recharge their automobiles while on the road, making long-distance electric mobility possible [1]. The requirement for fast battery charging has become a critical component in driving worldwide electric transportation growth. To encourage the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, charging choices that are dependable, convenient, and fast must compete with the refuelling experience of traditional internal combustion engines [2, 3]. As a result, researchers and industry participants have made major efforts to develop cutting-edge charging technologies capable of dramatically reducing charging periods, hence increasingthe attraction and practicality of electric vehicles for consumers [4; 5]. This study aims to shed light on the numerous fast charging technologies that have emerged in the electric vehicle ecosystem and power electronics converters and benefit drivers. The goal is to review the latest advancements in fast charging infrastructure, detailing widely used strategies, advantages, and disadvantages and also to discuss electronic power topologies and advanced control techniques aimed at reducing charging times and enhancing the efficiency of fast charging systems and explore the potential impact of fast charging on the EV industry. This study effectively establishes the importance of fast charging for EV adoption and justifies the need for this research in exploring and understanding current technologies and future trends. Electric vehicle (EV) fast charging falls into two categories: alternative current (AC) charging and direct current (DC) charging [6; 7]. AC charging, which involves an on-board battery charger within the EV, tends to be slower due to limited power ratings [8; 9]. Conversely, DC charging utilizes off-board battery chargers outside the vehicle, enabling faster charging speeds and greater power transfer capabilities [10; 11]. As battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have become more widespread, the charging station design has rapidly evolved to accommodate these BEVs [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. The speed at which EV battery packs charge is directly tied to the power transfer rate from the station, leading to the creation of fast and ultrafast charging stations capable of quick, high-power charging [17; 18]. EV charging systems can allow power to flow in one direction or both directions [19]. Most on-board chargers facilitate one-way power flow, favouring grid-to-vehicle (G2V) charging [20]. This approach is preferred for its simplicity, reliability, affordability, and being easy to control [19]. Bidirectional chargers can feed power back into the grid through the grid-to-vehicle, V2G, mode [10]. Bidirectional charging is increasingly recognized for its potential to balance loads and integrate renewable energy, and reduce power losses in the grid [21; 22; 23; 24]. This has sparked an increased interest in bidirectional chargers among researchers as a growing option for future EV applications. Charging units in AC bus-based architectures use separate rectifiers, enabling efficient and independent charging of multiple vehicles [25]. In contrast, systems with a common DC bus provide versatility and high-power operation [26; 27]. Hybrid charging architectures, integrating AC and DC technologies alongside micro-grid systems, aim to optimize renewable energy use and enhance micro-grid performance beyond electric vehicle applications [28; 29; 30].