# Bioactive Glasses for Soft and Hard Tissue Healing Applications--A Short Review
## 3 BGs in Tissue Healing
### BGs in Soft Tissues Healing
#### 3.1.2 BGs Formulations Applied in Soft Tissues Healing
By regulating the host inflammatory reactions, promoting angiogenesis, and improving collagen deposition at wound sites, the hydrogels could hasten the healing of skin wounds. Co-doped borate BG/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) dressing supplied with vitamin E (0-3.0 wt%) was investigated by [PERSON] et al. for its effectiveness in promoting wound healing [48]. The in vitro data made clear that the dressings' ions promoted tubule development, migration, and VEGF secretion in HUVECs and fibroblasts. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed a considerable improvement in the epithelialization of wound closure and a significant increase in vessel sprouting and collagen remodeling. The use of this composite biomaterial as a wound dressing could actually be promising for accelerating the healing and reconstruction of full-thickness skin defects. Due to its function in the movement of immune cells, the transport of proteins, and the preservation of tissue homeostasis, the lymphatic system is essential in the case of tissue regeneration. Techniques that promote lymphangiogenesis might be viewed as cutting-edge treatments for tissue regeneration and repair, particularly in the treatment of chronic wounds. In this respect, [PERSON] et al. dedicated their work on the effects of Ce-containing mesoporous BG nanoparticles (Ce-MBGNs) on lymphangiogenesis, in vitro [67]. Their results showed that extracts of Ce-MBGNs (1, 5, or 10 wt/v% in DMEM) were non-cytotoxic and could promote the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in comparison to the blank control and the media containing VEGF-C [67]. PCL and PCL/BG composite fiber mats were synthesized by [PERSON] at al. [57]. To improve the biological responses to the fiber mats, BGs of various compositions were embedded into a PCL matrix. The presence of BG did not inhibit cell viability, which was higher (for 45S5 and BGMS10) or comparable (for BGMS_2 Zn) with respect to neat PCL fibers. After the performed scratch test, the PCL/BG mats displayed a higher wound-healing rate as compared to neat PCL. The incorporation of BGs and, in particular, the amalgamation of BGMS10 achieved boosted cell viability while preserving the mechanical properties. An effective dressing was designed by [PERSON] at. al with the purpose of promoting revascularization and having an antibacterial effect [58]. The authors prepared a multifunctional injectable composite hydrogel by incorporating the Ce-containing BGs (Ce-BG) into gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel. The Ce-BG/GelMA hydrogels enhanced endothelial cell motility and tube formation by releasing Si ion and had good cytocompatibility. The 5 mol% CeO\({}_{2}\)-BG/GelMA hydrogel showed good antibacterial capabilities in in vitro antibacterial testing. The in vivo investigation showed that through promoting the growth of granulation tissue, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis, the 5/G hydrogel could dramatically enhance wound healing in diabetic rats. In another study, PHAs were mixed with Co-doped 45S5 BG to induce antibacterial and angiogenic properties. Using the generated composite, scaffolds were created. It was discovered that the dissolution products produced from the BG-PHA scaffolds have a dose-dependent effect by performing indirect cell biology experiments utilizing stromal cells. By performing indirect cell biology tests using stromal cells, a dose-depending effect of the dissolution products released from the BG-PHA scaffolds was found. No harmful effect was seen at low concentrations. In contrast, greater concentrations resulted in a significant increase in VEGF release along with a small drop in cell survival. Cells grown on scaffolds made of plain PHA and 1%-CCM BG-PHA displayed their distinct phenotypic morphologies and adhered to the well plate. This suggests that the shape of ST2 cells grown in contact with the dissolution products of PHA scaffolds containing BG in concentrations below 10% is unaffected. However, cell growth and adherence were relatively poor when grown in 10%-CCM of all scaffolds [59].