## 4 Finite State Automaton in ER-ID  
Connecting to the relevant local aviation authority and transmitting its electronic ID is accomplished by the drone via the use of the RF communication method that is selected on an as-needed basis (GPRS, IoT, ADS-B, satellite, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi). The authority in charge of aviation in the area is able to transmit orders to the drone if necessary. Applying ER-ID to drones is essentially enables the identification of the LPN of unknown drones in a certain flight path. This can be challenging when multiple heterogeneous \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**System Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Transmission Rate**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Drone Energy Consumption (mW)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Transmission Distance**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cost Range (US \$)**} \\ \hline ADS-B [54] & Up to 27 kbps & 0.1 & 200 km & 160–300 \\ \hline LoRaWan IoT [55, 56, 57] & Up to 37.5 kbps & 0.15 & Up to 15 km & 12–20 \\ \hline Bluetooth [58, 59] & Up to 24 Mbps & 56.7 & 10 m & 5–10 \\ \hline Wi-Fi [60] & Up 54 Mbps & 58.1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 50 m indoors, 100 m \\ outdoors \\ \end{tabular} & 2–10 \\ \hline
4G [61, 62] & Up 300 Mbps & 258.1 & 16 km & 40–60 \\ \hline Satellite [63] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Up to 500 Mbps for \\ S-band. \\ \end{tabular} & 283.1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} From 400 km to 1000 km \\ and inside the solar system \\ \end{tabular} & 200–1,000,000 \\ \hline
5G [64] & Up 20 Gbps & 463.1 & Up to 1 km & 50–70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main features of various RF communications systems. potential RF communication systems (RF-CSs) are available. In this case, the task of determining which RF-CS will detect the LPN of a drone in a certain flight path should be precisely specified. A GPRS modem enables a drone to establish a connection to a 4G or 5G network. This GPRS modem is then linked to the computer that is housed on the drone, such as a Raspberry Pi. When the computer is ready to utilize the 4G/5G network, it sends a command to the GPRS modem, instructing it to deliver the electronic ID of the drone. During this time, the computer is performing the algorithm that was generated by the state machine. In terms of ADS-B, the drone is outfitted with a modem designed specifically for use with drones (similar to the ADS-B OUT modems DJI uses for some of their drones). As an example, drones that are located in close proximity to airports are required to broadcast their location to adjacent civilian aircraft. Additionally, drones must utilize ADS-B out to convey their electronic identification and ADS-B data. Regarding the use of IoT, the drone has a specific long range IoT device (such as lora or sigfox), which may be linked at will to the lora network or the sigfox IoT network, or to the 6G IoT network. When the drone wishes to utilize IoT to communicate its electronic ID (in order to conserve energy since IoT is highly energy efficient), the drone will use its IoT modem. The instruction to communicate the information along with it is sent to the IoT device by the central computer on the drone. Subsequently, the IoT modem connects to the accessible IoT network and transmits the electronic ID. Due to the size of their modems, larger drones are an excellent candidate for satellite communication (military drones already have a satellite modem fitted, enabling them to engage in real-time communication). When the drone is located in an isolated region or at a very high altitude, the need to utilize an RF-CS may be circumvented by employing satellite communications instead. When the central computer needs to send or receive data, it issues orders to the RF satellite modem. The RF satellite modem then reacts and begins to receive more commands from the central computer on the drone. Following this, the primary computer sends a command to the RF satellite modem, instructing it to deliver the electronic ID. Drones are equipped with a Bluetooth device that allows them to connect to the local Bluetooth network used by mobile devices.