## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Texture Evolution of Alloy during Cold Rolling  
#### 3.1.1 The Deformation Effect  
The EBSD-derived inverse pole-figure (IPF) maps of the as-hot-rolled sample in Figure 1a identify the orientation of grains using different colors. The grains of the as-hot-rolled plate are significantly elongated along the rolling direction (RD), for which the grain aspect ratio (i.e., grain length divided by grain width) is found to be 5.56. In addition, there are many sub-grains with small orientation differences within the grains. Figure 1b shows the pole figures of \(<\)001\(>_{\rm Al}\), \(<\)011\(>_{\rm Al}\) and \(<\)111\(>_{\rm Al}\). It has a good match with the findings of [PERSON] et al. [28] that there are a certain number of deformation textures present in such hot-rolled alloy specimens. Figure 1: Microstructures of the as-hot-rolled sample: (**a**) EBSD-derived IPF maps; (**b**) pole figures. RD and TD are the rolling direction and the transverse direction, respectively. To determine the volume fraction of each texture component, the samples after different deformations (i.e., 10%, 40%, and 80%) were detected by XRD, and the \(\Phi\)2 = 0\({}^{\circ}\) ODF sections are illustrated in Figure 2.  
The spatial distribution of grains with different orientations can be expressed by ODFs, and the volume fraction of grains with different orientations can be quantified (for deviation angles \(\leq\)20\({}^{\circ}\)), as listed in Table 1. Brass (\(\langle\)011\(\rangle\)\(<\)211\(>\)), S, and cube textures are the main types of texture present in the as-hot-rolled sample, of which the volume fractions are 12.56%, 9.68%, and 8.57% respectively. There are also certain amounts of copper (5.87%) and Goss textures (4.44%) present. With the increase in deformation from 0% to 80%, the volume fractions of Brass, copper (\(\langle\)112\(\rangle\)\(<\)111\(>\)), and S textures increase, especially for Brass and S textures, which increase from 12.56% to 25.65%, and from 9.68% to 19.36%, respectively (the amounts of cube and Goss textures decrease). Figure 3 shows the EBSD-derived IPF maps of the as-hot-rolled sample after 10%, 40%, and 80% cold deformation (Figure 3a-c), respectively. Brass, S, and cube textures were set into individual subsets, so that the evolution of each texture during cold deformation can be observed independently. With increasing deformation, all grains gradually fracture into small sub-grains. In addition, the area occupied by cube-orientated grains decreases significantly, and breaks into many small grains as the deformation reaches 80%, while those of S-orientated and Brass-orientated grains can increase. Figure 4 shows TEM images and corresponding selected-area diffraction patterns (SADPs) of the hot-rolled alloy after cold rolling deformation of 10%, 40%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. As shown in Figure 4a, after 10% deformation, many dislocations are present within the alloy matrix. These dislocations entangle with each other, forming a dislocation net. After 40% deformation (Figure 4b), many cellular structures with a high dislocation density appear. The dislocation density in the cellular structure increases upon deformation, and the size of each defect is also significantly refined, as shown in Figure 4c,d. In addition, it can be seen from the SADPs that the circular diffraction spots in the alloy gradually evolve into an arc shape, and then into a ring shape with increasing deformation. This indicates that the number of sub-grains and their orientation differences increase upon deformation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Deformation (\%)** & **Cube (\%)** & **Goss (\%)** & ** Brass (\%)** & **Copper (\%)** & **S (\%)** \\ \hline
0 & 8.57 & 4.44 & 12.56 & 5.87 & 9.68 \\
10 & 6.51 & 4.13 & 15.39 & 6.35 & 11.26 \\
40 & 4.60 & 3.81 & 20.63 & 8.41 & 15.55 \\
80 & 3.65 & 2.54 & 25.65 & 9.36 & 19.36 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}