esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Synergistic Elixir-EDA-MQTT Framework for Advanced Smart Transportation Systems
## 3 Architecture Design
### MQTT for Event Transport in Edge Computing
#### 3.3.3 Elixir and MQTT: A Symbiotic Synergy for Edge Computing  
Compared to other languages, Elixir's tight integration with MQTT offers robust concurrency processing capabilities. Elixir's lightweight process model and extensive use of asynchronous messaging enable efficient multicore resource utilization, leveraging parallel computing power. Each MQTT connection and session can map to an individual Elixir process, transparently allocated across CPU cores by the scheduler. This one-to-one mapping allows Elixir to handle massive concurrent MQTT connections with superior performance, showcasing its parallel processing capabilities. Studies have demonstrated that Elixir MQTT brokers can support millions of connections with significantly lower latency than other languages.  
Furthermore, Elixir's distributed capabilities align seamlessly with MQTT clustering. Through named process registration, Elixir nodes can easily collaborate to construct a geographically distributed, logically unified large-scale MQTT cluster. This cluster automatically load-balances and provides redundancy for fault tolerance, effortlessly managing vast numbers of users and messages.  
Finally, Elixir's functional characteristics offer succinct pattern matching capabilities for handling MQTT events, reducing code complexity. Mature MQTT client/server libraries in the Elixir ecosystem expedite development.  
In conclusion, Elixir's tight integration with MQTT establishes a powerful programming framework, synergistically combining their strengths to achieve optimal performance and functionality in edge computing applications.
# A Cost-Efficient Approach towards Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations on Quantum Devices
## 1 Introduction
Truncation-based reduction techniques tend to preserve the input-output dynamics of a system for a certain set of output states while removing any unnecessary details of the system that are irrelevant for the calculation of that given output set [24]. Lastly, there is an increasing number of work towards enhancing deep-learning for model-order reduction where traditional MOR algorithms could be problematic in capturing the nonlinear input-output dynamics of the system due to the strong variability characterizing the solution set [25; 26; 27]. Recently, researchers have been focusing on applying quantum computing in FEM and FVM [28; 29], as the advantages that it could provide by exploiting its potential and computational speedup, compared to classical algorithms, have been shown. Nevertheless, little to no effort has been made towards their applicability and cost efficiency when used in real-world settings. In such cases, numerical simulations might need to be carried out numerous times with different parameters in product design, optimization and prior testing. As quantum hardware is mostly available through cloud services, each carried out simulation would increase the expenses and development costs, which could easily add up to the tens of thousands of dollars range in even small-complexity simulation problems. This could cancel out all of its benefits against classical computing for many small-to-medium-sized businesses, where a decision would have to be made between a faster development time and lower development cost. In this paper, we propose a method for reducing the simulation time in computational fluid dynamics applications while also taking the development costs into account. We carry this out by combining a suitable quantum subroutine for solving the initially large system and post-processing the obtained solutions with classical MOR techniques to generate reduced-order models. The reduced models can then be used for effectively carrying out simulations of the original system with different excitations and with a high accuracy using classical computers. This way, we can take advantage of the quantum speedup, but the need for using a quantum hardware is also minimized. We strongly believe that this can be a crucial factor in the near future, when quantum computing is starting to be used more and more often for industrial problems, but the available hardware is still very limited and expensive. Minimizing the number of jobs submitted on quantum hardware by cleverly combining quantum subroutines with classical post-processing techniques could save valuable resources and reduce the cost for any industries planning to invest in quantum computing in the upcoming decade.
# Research on Two-Dimensional Digital Map Modeling Method Based on UAV Aerial Images
## 1 Introduction
proposed a multi-feature extraction algorithm based on grayscale, complementary wavelet (CW) chrominance, sharpness, and natural scene statistics (NSS) for image stitching tampering detection, significantly improving detection accuracy [19]. [PERSON] et al. presented an improved scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) method for underwater image stitching, enhancing feature extraction and precise matching, which notably increased stitching quality and robustness, effectively reducing ghosting and distortion [20]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an improved RANSAC-SURF algorithm for vehicle seat type detection and spring hook missing recognition, enhancing detection accuracy and robustness [21]. [PERSON] et al. introduced a merge-sorting-based method for multi-scene image stitching, significantly reducing computational time and improving the efficiency of image registration and stitching, minimizing distortion in the stitched images [22]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a UAV image stitching method based on diffusion models, effectively eliminating irregular boundaries and seams in image stitching, and enhancing the perceptual quality of the stitched images [16]. However, there is still a need for further research on image stitching techniques that involve moving objects. Current algorithms struggle with unstructured roads and frequently changing geographical environments, leading to instability in feature extraction and uneven exposure, which do not meet the requirements for high-precision digital maps. To address these issues, this paper proposes a two-dimensional digital map modeling method based on UAV aerial images, enhancing map accuracy. The innovations include:To address the incomplete feature extraction of sequential images using SIFT and SURF algorithms, we propose a C-SURF algorithm to enhance feature detection efficiency. Moreover, we improve feature matching accuracy by optimizing the dimensionality of feature descriptors, thereby providing reliable data for sequential image stitching;
2. To mitigate ghosting and color artifacts in image stitching caused by moving objects, we propose the novel energy function that integrates pixel texture features. This approach aims to improve the visual quality of stitched sequential images by reducing these artifacts.
# Satellite Quantum Communications When Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Are Excluded
## 3 Discussion
### Weak Coherent Pulse (WCP) Source  
Satellite-to-ground decoy state QKD using a weak coherent pulse (WCP) source has conclusively been demonstrated on the Micius satellite in 2016 [12] and the QUBE mission aims to demonstrate a WCP QKD system on a nanosatellite [13]. WCP sources are highly attenuated lasers which approximate a single photon state although multi-photon emissions are possible. We used the Micius source parameters as a realistic assumption in our model; on average our source emitted 0.8 photons per pulse. For QKD it performed the decoy state BB84 protocol [14] where it also emitted decoy states of mean photon number 0.1, and operated at a ratio of 0.5:0.25:0.25 for signal, decoy and vacuum states.  
For WCP PKD, no decoy states were transmitted, only signal states with an optimized mean photon number of between 0.4701 and 0.4583 for losses of 20-70 dB. These were assumed to be coupled to a modulator that enables pulse position modulation (PPM) to encode bits as early (bit 0) or late pulses (bit 1). Compared to polarization encoding this also removes the requirement to synchronize polarization reference frames which is especially convenient for then communicating to satellites.
## 3 Distributed Cognition-Based Data Analysis and Results
### Sample and Data Collection  
A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed for this study. After excluding 100 questionnaires that did not meet the certification requirements, 500 valid questionnaires were collected, yielding an effective rate of 83%. The sample size met the requirements of BSEM [34]. The questionnaires were distributed online via the \"Questionnaire Star\" platform, and all respondents had visited the Capital Museum and used its digital interactive installations. Among them, 256 were male (51.2%) and 244 were female (48.8%). The age group was predominantly 24-34 years old, accounting for 44.8%. The primary occupations of the respondents were concentrated among corporate employees (49%), followed by students (11.6%). Regarding the duration of visits to the Capital Museum in Beijing, the largest proportion of respondents stayed for 2 h (34%), while the smallest proportion fell into the \"other\" category (9%). Detailed analysis results are shown in Table 2.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### ABTS (2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-Azino-Bis (3-Ethylbenzothazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) Assay  
The ABTS free radical scavenging activity was determined with slight modifications based on a previously described method [13]. The ABTS solution was prepared by mixing equal volumes of potassium persulfate (2.45 mM) and ABTS stock solution (7 mM) and allowing the mixture to react in the dark at room temperature for 12-16 h. The ABTS radical solution was then diluted with methanol to achieve an absorbance of 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.02 at 734 nm. The Trolox (C\({}_{14}\)H\({}_{18}\)O\({}_{4}\)) standard solution (10 mM) was prepared using methanol and further diluted with methanol to obtain a series of concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 mM. For the assay, 20 \(\upmu\)L of Trolox was added to 180 \(\upmu\)L of the ABTS solution and incubated in the dark at room temperature. After 10 min, the absorbance of the solution was measured at 734 nm. The same procedure was followed for the sample analysis. The standard curve was constructed using the Trolox standard solution with the absorbance as the ordinate and the Trolox concentration as the abscissa. The absorbance value obtained from the sample was then substituted into the standard curve to calculate the ABTS antioxidant activity. Each batch of samples was tested in triplicate, and the results were expressed as Trolox equivalent (\(\upmu\)mol TE/g).
## 4 Results and Discussion
It is seen that both fuel and air are consumed more at low power consumption. As stated in the previous figure, the data collected from the fuel cell generally show that a low amount of power is consumed during the movement, and accordingly, the optimization-based intelligent control strategies and the selection of the converter parts also cause low fuel consumption. Figure 13b shows the variations in fuel and air consumption by the fuel cell while following the spiral route. The results show that the average air and fuel consumption during the movement is 1.02 and 0.432 lpm, respectively. Figure 12: (**a**) The curves of \(\mathrm{V_{cell}}-\mathrm{I_{cell}}\) and \(\mathrm{P_{cell}}-\mathrm{I_{cell}}\) during the spiral route tracking of AGV. (**b**) The variation of the consumed power during the spiral route tracking of AGV.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this study, we developed a classification model that categorizes Arabic news articles based on their country of origin. We performed a thorough empirical investigation by assessing several feature selection techniques within a classification model using machine learning and deep and hybrid deep learning models.  
We trained and tested two datasets of Arabic news articles from two topics, the Hajj and Brexit, from three Arabic countries, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt, along with heterogeneous feature spaces. Our work utilized the ML algorithms SVM, Multinomial NB, Bernoulli NB, SGD classifier, decision tree, random forest, and KNN, and demonstrated that classifying articles based on their country of origin was an amenable problem. For the traditional machine learning algorithms, a combination of n-grams with linear SVC was superior to the other ML algorithms for the Hajj dataset, with n-gram = 3 with linear SVC best for the Brexit dataset, achieving accuracies of 93.1% and 83.0%, respectively. On the other hand, for the deep learning and hybrid deep learning models with the Hajj dataset, random embedding with CNN+LSTM reached an accuracy of 94.4%, while FastText embedding with CNN reached the highest accuracy of 76.87% for the Brexit dataset.  
We intend to analyze the impact of new features used on the classification results. Additionally, we will explore other data types for classification, such as image and audio augmentation, to improve the model's performance and accuracy. Finally, we intend to carry out an extensive comparison between machine learning algorithms and deep learning models on various datasets containing a substantial number of articles. In conclusion, this research has shown that deep learning is a powerful tool for classifying Arabic news articles by country of origin. An investigation of how to detect and identify the source and alleviate the bias in natural language datasets can be conducted for future research. Additionally, we intend to develop more advanced and hybrid models and train these with more features to achieve improved results.  
Conceptualization, N.Z. and H.H.; methodology, N.Z. and S.F.S.; software, S.F.S. and H.H.; validation, S.F.S. and H.H.; formal analysis, N.Z.; data curation, H.H.; writing--original draft preparation, N.Z. and H.H.; writing--review and editing, H.H.; visualization, N.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 16: A sample of an Egyptian article misclassified as Saudi Arabian from the Hajj articles dataset.
## 3 Results and Discussion
applied an intrapulse operated QCL to achieve highly time-resolved temperature measurements on CO molecules in shock tubes at typical combustion temperatures (800\(-\)2500 K) and pressures (1\(-\)3 atm) [21]. This study reports a precision (1\(\sigma\)) of 0.9% for the measured temperature at an effective sampling rate of 1 MHz. [PERSON] et al. [22], [PERSON] et al. [23] and [PERSON] et al. [8; 9] used continuous-wave QCLs to probe the temperature in systems of CO, H\({}_{2}\)O, and CO\({}_{2}\), respectively. Contrarily to these and several other works related to high-temperature gas environments, reports on fast measurements in the room temperature range are scarce [20]. The QCL method discussed  
Figure 5: Results from exemplary temperature measurements during breath cycles from an automatic breath simulator. The breath rate was set to 0.25 s\({}^{-1}\). The calibration curve from the inset of Figure 4 has been applied to the \(T_{\text{QCL}}\) data. may help to meet growing demands for such measurements in fields like breath gas analysis [3] and biomedical diagnostics [24], online car exhaust monitoring [25], atmospheric research [26], the detection of explosives [27], process control in pharmaceutical industry, or food processing technology. Another important application example is the characterization of the change in gas temperature with respect to the refracometry used for a new density-based realization of the Pascal which is currently in the focus of the industrial and metrological communities in cause of the redefined SI units (see, e.g., Ref. [28]). Here, gas temperatures are essential and vary due to thermodynamic effects (\(pV\)-work). Recent simulations revealed a design-dependent heating of the gas by more than 50 K followed by a decay with sub-second time constants [29]. The presented QCLAS technique is ideal for validating these simulations due to its non-invasive character and excellent time resolution.
## 3 Results
### Influence of the Mass Abrasive Flow  
When the abrasive flow was increased from 250 g/min to 350 g/min, the AWJ cutting width decreased by 0.05 mm (see Table 5). This decrease was attributed to the increased  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Traverse Speed (m/min)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Lagging AWJ (\(\mu\)m)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Average Value (\(\mu\)m)** & **Standard Error (\(\mu\)m)** & **–95.00\% (\(\mu\)m)** & **+95.00\% (\(\mu\)m)** \\ \hline
0.2 & 933.43 & 2.608 & 881.88 & 984.99 \\ \hline
0.4 & 1145.73 & 2.608 & 1094.18 & 1197.29 \\ \hline
0.6 & 1114.03 & 2.608 & 1062.48 & 1165.59 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Influence of traverse speed on AWJ lagging in plywood cutting.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Thickness**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Lagging AWJ (\(\mu\)m)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Average Value (\(\mu\)m)** & **Standard Error (\(\mu\)m)** & **–95.00\% (\(\mu\)m)** & **+95.00\% (\(\mu\)m)** \\ \hline
36 & 657.33 & 2.129 & 615.24 & 699.43 \\ \hline
54 & 1471.47 & 2.129 & 1429.37 & 1513.56 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: AWJ lagging at current plywood thicknesses.  
cutting efficiency from the optimal number of abrasive particles in the jet. However, increasing the abrasive flow rate further, from 350 g/min to 450 g/min, resulted in a slight increase (0.1 mm) in the width of the cutting edge. This phenomenon indicated a critical abrasive flow rate, beyond which cutting efficiency began to decrease, causing a wider cutting edge.  
This result can be explained by the increase in the mass flow rate of abrasive from 250 g/min to 350 g/min, where 350 g/min was the optimal rate. At this rate, abrasive particles were evenly distributed in the stream, which maximized cutting efficiency. Conversely, when the mass flow rate further increased to 450 g/min, the jet was overloaded with abrasive particles. This overload caused particles to collide with one another, reducing their individual kinetic energy, resulting in a wider notch and reduced cutting efficiency. This result is consistent with the work of [PERSON] et al. [32], [PERSON] [33], and [PERSON] et al. [34], where it was shown that increasing the amount of abrasive above a certain limit caused the abrasive particles to interact with each other, reducing efficiency and broadening the cut width [35]. Surface roughness was reduced by 26.7% and 27.9%. [PERSON] et al. [36] and [PERSON] et al. [37] both investigated scratches, with positive results using regulation AWJ. Similar conclusions were also drawn by the study of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [38], where it was shown that optimal mass flow was critical for maximizing cutting efficiency and minimizing notch width, confirming previous publications. The results show the importance of finding and maintaining the optimal abrasive mass flow rate to achieve better edge quality and energy efficiency in the AWJ cutting process.
# Toward Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability
## 3 Decentralizing with the Blockchain Technology
### Related Work of Blockchain Implementations  
With the advancement of blockchain development in recent years, there have been some existing blockchain innovations developed in different domains and in combination with other emerging technologies to decentralize software systems with centralized architecture of different purposes. A blockchain-based digital certificate system and blockchain-enabled system for personal data protection were proposed in [39; 40], respectively. Furthermore, the works in [41; 42] have also given an overview of blockchain-based applications developed in different domains where a variety of examples of blockchain systems and use cases are developed, could be found in healthcare domain, as depicted in [43; 44], focused on decentralizing health record management and storage.  
Blockchain innovations have also been implemented across the supply chain industry, and some are specifically with use cases of decentralizing and improving product traceability and anti-counterfeiting aspects of the supply chain industry. The authors of [45] have proposed a concept of a blockchain system to enhance transparency, traceability, and process integrity of manufacturing supply chains, while an Ethereum-based fully decentralized traceability system for Agri-food supply chain management named AgriBlockIoT was developed in [46]. Furthermore, there is a wide range of blockchain innovations applied in supply chain industry, such as the novel blockchain-based product ownership management system in [47], a blockchain-based anti-counterfeiting system coupled with chemical signature for additive manufacturing described in [48], and an ontology-driven blockchain design for supply chain provenance in [49], as well as a temperature monitoring and anti-counterfeiting system approach for pharmaceutical supply chains as depicted in [50].  
Some implementations are conceptualized and developed based on computation-extensive permissionless blockchain networks and consensus algorithms, aiming at full decentralization over scalability and stability of such decentralized systems developed. Instead of developing blockchain implementations based on conceptual design, decentralizing legacy anti-counterfeiting systems with centralized architecture already implemented in the industry, further with blockchain innovations integrated with, would be a more pragmatic way to start with so as to provide timely support to improve the snowballing situation of product counterfeits in supply chain industry.
## 4 Circuit
### Storage Capacitor  
Charge and discharge curves of a certain storage capacitor can be used as a preliminary test to detect whether the circuit is able to correctly operate as a DC power supply. Thus, a \(1\) mF capacitor is placed in parallel to the \(8\) k\(\Omega\) load. As shown in Figure 16, the setup used to characterize the charge and discharge curves in the capacitor is formed by two signal generators, a microwave combiner, and the circuit itself. The function of the combiner is to generate an input waveform for the circuit, which is the sum of two tones centered at \(807\) MHz and \(942\) MHz. Thus, the circuit model of the Archimedean spiral antenna presented in Section 3.4 can be replicated. Figure 17 presents the charge and discharge curves for the \(1\) mF capacitor. The capacitor charges to \(1.30\) V and \(0.80\) V in the outdoor and indoor scenarios, respectively, with the characteristic exponential curve of a RC circuit. The time constant \(\tau\) of the circuit is found to be the same in both scenarios, \(\tau=3.8\) s. This is the required time to charge the capacitor to the \(63.2\%\) (charge curve) of its steady voltage value (\(1.30\) V and \(0.80\) V). This is also the cross point between the charge and discharge curves for each scenario, as seen in Figure 17. Note that the time constant is almost half of the load resistance times the value of the storage capacitor, \(8\) k\(\Omega\times 1\) mF. This means that the output source resistance of the DC power supply that forms the combiner, the \(L\) matching section, and the HWCW multiplier is almost \(8\) k\(\Omega\). To be more specific, \(8.84\) k\(\Omega\), according to \(\tau=3.8\) s. Therefore, it is indirectly seen that the power transfer is nearly optimal. It would be really optimal if the time constant of the whole circuit were \(4\) s (half of the load resistance times the storage capacitor) instead of \(\tau=3.8\) s.  
Figure 16: Setup used to obtain the charge and discharge curves of the \(1\) mF storage capacitor.  
Figure 17: Charge and discharge curves of a \(1\) mF capacitor when using an \(8\) k\(\Omega\) resistive load.