# Multiagency Modeling of Transformation Strategies Towards Sustainable Smart Cities
## 2 A Brief Review of Smart City Approaches  
It seems that, despite its small size, Bletchley Park, could be considered a prefiguration of a smart city; here, intellectual work like running a high-level code and cypher school, top-notch laboratories, and precise manufacturing, as well as carrying out advanced scientific research (on the [PERSON]'s Enigma cryptography machine) was closely integrated and intertwined with a human-friendly habitat. Many definitions for the smart city concept can be found in the literature and ordinary discourse pervading public debates; for instance, a review of 116 definitions is included in [5], and an attempt to quantify the degree to which a city is intelligent was made in [6]. Often--and we share this approach--a smart city is seen as a synergetic collaboration of various systems and services that are equipped with intelligent components, and which altogether constitute a complex urban ecosystem featuring self-learning, self-monitoring, self-assessment, adaptation to change, and the like. It is an aggregation of social, business, and political elements and processes combined with a town's technical infrastructure and utilities (electricity, gas, water and sewage, heating, transportation systems, street lighting, etc.) [7,8]. Thus, a smart city, by its very nature, is an ecosystem composed of new concepts, solutions, communities, and artifacts all patterned on a predefined vision and framework of the city. The way a smart city runsand develops its facilities, procedures, and services is not a series of spontaneous reactions caused by the various events and challenges; rather--when seeing beneath the surface--it is a painstakingly planned, implemented, and monitored process for conscious transformation towards a higher level of smartness. In our work for the Bureau of Digital Transformation of the Mayor's Office of Warsaw [3], we were faced with the need to clarify the relationship between the notions of a modern city and a smart city. At first glance these terms might seem very close to each other, or even synonymous. Being aware that these two terms are often used interchangeably, we, however, find them different. This distinction will be elucidated in Section 3 and will determine the grounds for setting up our transformation model. A smart city is not the plain sum of its modern technical systems; it is a living and sustainably evolving aggregate of intelligent facilities integrated with its dwellers and their communities, and serves businesses, industry, administration, culture, education, health, etc. We sympathize with the approach proposed by researchers at the Vienna University of Technology in [9], where a smart city is defined as \"a city that is supported by a pervasive presence and massive use of advanced ICT, which, in connection with various urban domains and systems and how these intricately interrelate, enables cities to become more sustainable and to provide citizens with a better quality of life.\". It is worth noting that this understanding is very much compatible with the definition agreed at the meetings of ITU's Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities that reads: \"A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects\" [10]. Our approach includes the notion of sustainability, which can be found in [11]: \"[it is a] balance between environmental protection and integration, economic development and regeneration, and social equity and justice within cities as long-term goals through the strategic process of sustainable urban development as a desired trajectory. Thereby, it seeks to create healthy, livable, and prosperous human environments with minimal demand on resources (energy, material, etc.)