# A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges
## 5 Different VANET Technologies Based on Transmission Range
### Long-Range Communications Technology
#### 5.3.3 Applications  
From practical implementation and performance perspective, 5G-NR V2X technologies have potential to contribute in the following areas of enhancements:  
* Security and Privacy are critical for successful AV operation in practical settings and largely depend upon the security and privacy provisions of the enabling communication technology. To this end, it is important to ensure the security of one-to-one interactions, e.g., V2N, V2I, etc., as well as one-to-many interactions such as I2V, V2V, etc. In 5G, different approaches such as session based authentication and authorisation can be utilised in the former case; however, for the latter, signing each packet uses a trusted hardware security module can be used for enhanced security [177].
* Management and Orchestration (MANO) have a direct influence on the network performance and hence require optimisation. 5G-NR V2X network infrastructure comprises of various components distributed across the network at various hierar  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **C-V2X** & **5G-NR V2X** \\ \hline Subcarrier spacing (kHz) & 15 & up to 240 \\ \hline Carrier aggregation & Up to 32 & up to 16 \\ \hline Channel Bandwidth (MHz) & 20 & 400 \\ \hline Latency (msec) & \textless{}10 & \textless{}1 \\ \hline Reliability & 95–99\% & 99.9–99.999\% \\ \hline Channel Coding & Turbo & LDPC, Polar \\ \hline Network Slicing & No & YES \\ \hline Waveform & SC-FDMA & OFDM \\ \hline Control and data multiplexing & FDM & TDM \\ \hline Modulation & 16 or 64 QAM & 256 QAM \\ \hline Communication Type & Broadcast & Broadcast, multicast and unicast \\ \hline Re-transmission & Blind & PSFCH \\ \hline Security and privacy & Basic & Advanced \\ \hline Positioning accuracy (m) & \textgreater{}1 & 0.1 \\ \hline Frequency Spectrum & 800/1800 MHz & 700 MHz/3.6 and 26 GHz \\ \hline Range & 100 m to \textgreater{}5 Km & 50 m to \textgreater{}5 Km \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparison of long-range technologies.  
chical levels. The orchestration of such infrastructure allows coordination across all the different network components that are involved in the life-cycle of each network resource block. It involves managing services enabling deployment automation, maintenance, management, configuration, upgrade and repair of each component of the system [177]. ETSI open source MANO (OSM), Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are studied in [178] from V2X perspective for MANO.
* Quality of Service (QoS) has stringent constraints in V2X networks including latency, capacity, etc., as explained above. Several procedures, such as network-application negotiation, connectivity establishment, mobility and user plane management, etc. directly impact the service delivery and its quality. URLLC and eMBB are enabling features offered by 5G for V2X aiming at providing desired QoS to the users.
* Edge services: 5G offers a unique provision of providing computational resources and storage at the network edge. This enables the network to host applications closer to the AVs resulting in reduced latency. Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) utilises the network core and backhaul efficiently, therefore reducing the latency requirement of the AVs [178]. Since vehicular users are highly mobile, frequent handovers can be supported via resource management at the edge of the access network [177].