## 1 Introduction  
Crashworthiness is a research field that is never obsolete since occupant safety is a very important aspect to be considered when designing vehicles. Everyday new vehicle designs are developed with different applications and requirements. For example, the crashworthiness requirements for electrical vehicles is different from traditional vehicles [1] because additional safety features are required to protect the battery cells. In terms of designing for crashworthiness, a lot of work has been conducted looking into various material, shapes, sizes, and loading conditions [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Several composite sandwich designs such as inserts and foam-core hybrid composites were tested and it was found that these configurations have good energy absorption capabilities [2; 6; 15; 16]. In another study, coconut-inspired designs were used to enhance crashworthiness performance [3]. Composite corrugated tubes were also found to have excellent crushing behavior which corresponded to good energy absorption capabilities [5; 11; 12]. Some researchers [7; 8; 10] studied metal corrugated tubes produced by traditional manufacturing techniques and by additive manufacturing. Similar to corrugated composite material tubes, metallic corrugated tubes are good for absorbing energy due to axial and oblique loadings. In other studies, different types of design configurations such as bi-tubular arrangements, and different cross-sectional geometries were explored [9; 13]. These studies have shown that proper design, along with material selection, is vital for designing an effective tube for crashworthiness application. Besides usage of aluminum, steel and composite, [PERSON] et al. [14] explored the usage of magnesium alloy for crashworthiness application. The study suggests that magnesium alloy has good potential because of its high specific energy absorption capabilities. Composite materials have been shown to have better crashworthiness performance compared to their metal counterparts in terms of specific energy absorption [17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. One of the contributing factors for why composite materials display higher specific energy absorption is largely due to the failure mechanism of this material under compression load. Different types of failure modes exist concurrently such as buckling, fiber matrix debonding, interlaminar failure, matrix cracking, friction, and fiber breakage. Each of these contribute towards the energy absorption capabilities, giving them higher specific energy absorption than metallic structures [22; 23; 24]. Due to cost reasons, a lot of work has investigated the usage of glass fiber composites, also known as glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP), in the area of energy absorption due to compression. GFRP has been extensively used in many car parts instead of metal with a weight saving ranging from 40% to 60%, while maintaining or improving the performance compared to metallic components [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. [PERSON] et al. showed that glass/epoxy composites absorbed greater energy than glass/vinyl ester and vinyl ester absorbed 33% more energy than polyester composites. Additionally, the study demonstrated that specific energy absorption of glass/epoxy composites is up to twice that of steel [30]. [PERSON] et al. studied glass fiber reinforced circular tubes subjected to axial compression in quasi-static and dynamic loading. The study observed that energy absorbed due to dynamic loading is less than in static loading and that both static and dynamic loading exhibit the same failure of modes. The study also concluded that the impact speed does not have a major influence in energy absorption for the same tube's D/t ratio [31]. Besides GFRP, carbon fiber reinforced polymer/plastic (CFRP) has become an attractive material in the aerospace and automobile industries due to its light weight, high strength to weight and stiffness to weight ratios, high energy absorption, and easy manufacturing [13; 14; 15; 16].