## 1 Introduction
### Related Works  
Many aspects of WR have been the subject of extensive research, including the recognition of modulators [19; 20; 21; 22], channel control encoders [23; 24], multi-carrier broadcasts [1; 2; 12], and space coding emissions [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. The following discussion delivers a background on latest developments in the subject of space coding recognition, which is the principal focus of this investigation. The Alamouti (AL) and spatial multiplexing (SM) waveforms over Nakagami links were detected by employing a suite of approaches that rely on higher-order statistics [25]. These methods relied on the fourth-order moment as an identifying feature and required a recipient that was only outfitted with a single antenna. By examining the cyclostationarity of the waveforms coming from two antennas, it was possible to distinguish between multiple space time block code (STBC) waveforms even when experiencing a wide range of broadcast problems [26; 27]. The authors of [28] distinguished between SM and AL waveforms by analyzing the dispersion properties of multiple tapped radio channels. It was demonstrated that the correlation function of two collected waveforms has spikes at a specific group of lags when AL was used, but not if SM was utilized. Two different recognition methods were proposed, using maximum likelihood and fake alarm probability criteria as their foundations. Three maximum likelihood mechanisms were devised for blind recognition of STBC waveforms under the presumption of flawless synchronization at the receiver terminal [30]. With precise clock alignment, a complete rank-channel, and an equal or higher number of receiver antennas than transmitting antennas, it was shown in [31] that the Frobenius norms of certain statistics have non-zero characteristics whose positions solely rely on the STBC employed at the transmitter end. This was put to use in labeling five different STBC waveforms. A convolutional neural network with a multiple delay characteristics fusing technique was used to intelligently distinguish STBC signals, as described in [32]. The properties of several time lags were incorporated using two different fusion methods, and a residual block was used to give additional discriminatory features. The authors of [10] presented a categorization technique that analyzed the nature of the AL signals in order to automatically determine the modulation format of the incoming signal. The algorithm classified various modulation types in the presence of carrier phases and frequency offsets without requiring any previous knowledge about channel coefficients or time offsets. This was accomplished by making use of the statistical characteristics of a correlation function between two AL signals that have been collected by multiple antennas. The problem of STBC recognition was discussed in [33; 34] for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes across multiple taps links. Using the redundancy founded in space and time, a dual hypothesis assessment for making choices was developed. Analysis of the correlation functions of waveforms collected from a couple of antennas allows for discrimination between space frequency block code (SFBC) signals [29]. The process included two stages. The first step included estimating the correlation function of a couple of waveforms collected from different antennas, and the second step involved using a false-alarm-dependent evaluation for efficient decision making. The authors of [35] explored the problem of STBC detection and channel prediction for multiple-user asynchronous uplink broadcasts in single carrier frequency division multiple access networks. The space alternating generalized expectation maximization approach was utilized to implement a recursive strategy for STBC recognition, channel prediction, and synchronization. The authors of [36] presented a sequential strategy to develop a maximum likelihood predictor that could discriminate between SFBC waveforms across unknown radio links using the channel decoders' outputs.