## 2 Location and History of Study Area  
The Abydos site is one of Upper Egypt's oldest archaeological sites. This site dates back 4000 years. It's about 13 km west of the Nile, alongside the town of El-Balyana, which is part of the Sohag governorate (Figure 1a). The ancient Egyptian Abedu site, where the early pharaohs were interred, was one of the most prominent burial grounds for monarchs and high court functionaries in ancient Egypt (original name of the present Abydos). It also represents the site of a number of ancient temples, including the royal necroolis. The city of Abydos became Egypt's most venerated district since it was associated with [PERSON] religion and the desired burial locations for the earliest and oldest monarchs, such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [54; 55].  
The Abydos Temple was constructed in two parts: one on Holocene Nile sediment and the other on older Nile sediments created by the Nile's terrace. The Osirion was built 15 m below ground level under the Temple [PERSON], where the Pharaonic funeral rites took place. Since the dead bodies were cleansed during these ceremonies, water was brought to the Osirion site either by reaching the water table level or by excavating extensive canals that connect the site to the Nile River. This water's source will be examined in more detail in a future work by the same authors.  
The citizens of El-Amra first inhabited the area surrounding the Temple of Abydos, and then Najada built the settlement that is now known as Abedju. In Pharaonic times, the Temple of Abydos was the most famous destination for the burial of kings and high court diginaries. As a result, [PERSON], the Death-God, was worshipped in the town and its necroolis. With the religion of [PERSON], who was the God of life in the underworld and resurrection and had emerged in the Delta region, the significance of the Abydos increased, gained traction in Abydos, and eventually [PERSON] was offered a temple and considered as [PERSON]'s equal [55]. The Tomb of Osiris is thought to be located on the Umm El-Qaab hill. Later, from the sixth dynasty onwards, the dead from all over Egypt were buried in the temple of Abydos. In addition, kings, affluent people, and heavenly Egyptians were buried near the Tomb of Osiris. Since every decedent is an Osiris in Egyptian theology, being close to the god of the dead improves the likelihood that the soul will be raised to life and granted eternal life. As a result, the Abydos Temple has become one of the most important cultural places for festivals, particularly those commemorating [PERSON]'s feast day mysteries [55].  
During the reigns of the two kings, [PERSON] and [PERSON], Abydos achieved its pinnacle of splendor for political and religious reasons, and it became one of Egypt's greatest masterpieces. [PERSON], for example, excavated the [PERSON] at the cost of the Khedive, [PERSON], in 1859, and carried out extensive excavations at the Abydos site during the previous century. In 1896, [PERSON] unearthed a significant Neolithic site  
Figure 1: (**a**) Map of Egypt indicating the location of the study region in Sohag Governorate; (**b**) Google Earth photograph of the Abydos site indicating the study area; and (**c**) Map displaying the details of the surveyed grids for both ground magnetic survey and GPR application on the investigated site.  
east of Abydos. Miss [PERSON] later discovered the Osirion's entrance route in 1903. Many key sites have yet to be uncovered, and the Abydos desert still conceals many unknown secrets [54; 56; 57].  
The study area is in Upper Egypt's center region. On the western bank of the Nile Valley, it is an important heritage site. The study region spans the latitudes of \(26^{\circ}10^{\prime}\) N and \(26^{\circ}15^{\prime}\) N, as well as the longitudes of \(31^{\circ}53^{\prime}\) E and \(31^{\circ}57^{\prime}\) E. It is around 13 km west of the city of El-Balyana and 70 km southwest of Sohag (Figure 1).