# Mathematical Models for Named Data Networking Producer Mobility Techniques: A Review
## 3 Recent Mobility Techniques
### Anchorless Technique  
In the context of anchorless NDN, the term \"topology situation\" pertains to the organization and interconnection of nodes without the need for predetermined anchor locations. This model exhibits decentralization and dynamism, enabling a highly adaptable and variable topology; therefore, comprehending the process by which nodes autonomously organize and establish connections without stationary anchor points is paramount. Examining the effects of topology modifications on the network's efficiency and adaptability is also crucial for optimizing the anchorless model. The forwarding mechanism in anchorless NDN pertains to the content transmission process without pre-established anchor sites. The nodes in the network engage collaboratively to facilitate the forwarding process, where they independently make judgments on distributing content within their local area. Hence, assessing the efficacy of advancing techniques in a context without anchors is of utmost importance. It involves evaluating how nodes collectively judge forwarding, adjust to dynamic changes, and optimize content retrieval without relying on central anchor points. Therefore, comprehending the influence of forwarding decisions on latency and network efficiency is essential. The mobility characteristics of handover in anchorless NDN refer to how the model handles the movement of producers or consumers within the network. This encompasses factors such as the velocity of producer movement, the frequency of transitions, and the methods for ensuring uninterrupted content delivery during mobility events. Examining how anchorless NDN adjusts to the dynamic variations in the positions of producers and consumers is crucial. This entails assessing the time it takes for handover to occur, the capability to make localized decisions while experiencing mobility events, and the influence of mobility parameters on the efficiency of retrieving content in a decentralized setting. The signaling cost in anchorless NDN primarily concerns the additional expenses associated with decentralized node communication and coordination. This encompasses transmitting signals to facilitate content finding, updating routing information, and coordinating actions without depending on stationary reference points. Consequently, assessing the efficiency of anchorless NDN requires a vital evaluation of the signaling cost. This is to minimize signaling overhead while maintaining efficient communication and collaboration across nodes, which is crucial to optimizing the model's performance. Examining the influence of signaling on network resources, latency, and scalability yields valuable information on the overall effectiveness of the anchorless method. When examining the anchorless model in NDN, it is important to recognize particular constraints and establish specific assumptions to define the scope of its applicability. The limitations include dynamic network conditions, the potential for increased latency, scalabilitychallenges, and security and privacy concerns. On the other hand, the assumptions are node collaboration, predictable producer and consumer behavior, adequate network connectivity, decentralized decision-making, and a homogeneous network environment. An anchorless version of producer mobility refers to a scenario where routers do not require designated nodes to receive interest updates. The FIB records for content relocation have been changed to replicate the new facial features, as depicted in Figure 7. The MAP-Me technique in NDN is a recent anchorless approach, as described by [78]. Note that MAP-Me depends on interest updates provided by cell phone manufacturers. None of the previous mobility solutions utilize the data from the producer or the routers that store it. Table 5 presents a comparison of the different options for NDN producer mobility. An alternative approach regarding anchorless models is to address the Core of Address modifications, which will affect the handoff process and mobility management [79].