## 2 IoT and Smart City
### Smart City  
Smart cities are described as an urban management model where ICT is integrated to enhance the quality of life, ensure sustainability, and efficiently use resources. This model facilitates the digitalization of urban infrastructures, services, and management processes to create more liveable and sustainable cities. The importance of the smart city concept has been increasingly emphasized by the development of technologies such as big data, IoT, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing [30]. However, it is important to note that for the successful implementation of this concept, the focus should not solely be on technology but also on the societal and environmental impacts of these advancements. In smart cities, technologies such as sensors, IoT devices, big data analytics, and cloud computing are commonly utilized. These technologies continuously collect and analyze data across various urban domains. For example, they are employed in areas such as traffic management systems, smart lighting, and energy management. However, it must be recognized that the impact of smart city applications extends beyond the technical dimension, and attention should also be given to the long-term societal effects of these technologies. Data collected by cities are analyzed to improve the efficiency of management processes. These data encompass a wide range, from traffic flow and air quality to energy consumption and water usage. Through data analytics, decision-making processes are enhanced, enabling a more rapid resolution of issues. Nonetheless, the security and privacy of these data must be ensured. Sustainability is one of the fundamental objectives of smart cities, and achieving this goal necessitates raising societal awareness [31]. In conclusion, smart cities represent a transformative shift in urbanism, driven by the integration of technology into urban life. Guided by the principles of sustainability, efficiency, and liveability, smart cities are not merely a vision but a tangible reality shaping the future of urbanism. The key components of smart cities have been outlined in the literature [2]. Digital Infrastructure and Data Management: In smart cities, data are continuously collected and analyzed through sensors and other IoT devices. These data are utilized in areas such as traffic management, energy consumption, and environmental monitoring, thereby enhancing the efficiency of urban management [32]. However, attention must also be given to data privacy and security. Smart Transportation and Mobility: Smart transportation systems optimize traffic flow, improve public transportation, and reduce carbon emissions. Real-time data and AI-based  
Figure 1: Internet of Things architecture consisting of four main layers (adapted from [29]). systems are employed to provide road users with the most efficient routes [3]. Additionally, the social acceptance and accessibility of these systems should be considered. Sustainable Energy Management: In smart cities, renewable energy technologies and smart grid systems are integrated to manage energy resources efficiently. This approach reduces costs and mitigates environmental impacts. However, the scalability and sustainability of these systems must be assessed and supported to ensure the long-term viability of smart cities. Smart Health and Education Services: The integration of digital technologies into health and education services not only enhances efficiency but also promises a future of more accessible and equitable services for citizens. Applications such as telemedicine and remote education are part of this transformation [33]. Preventing the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to these services are crucial to realizing the full potential of these advancements. Community Participation and E-Governance: Smart cities are designed to empower citizens, increasing their role in decision-making processes. Through digital platforms, citizens can provide feedback and gain quicker access to urban services.