## 4 LoRaWAN-Based Outdoor Positioning in Application-Specific IoT Domains
### Smart Manufacture (Industry 4.0)  
The emergence and integration of new technologies (wireless sensors networks, IoT, Cloud computing, and big data) with industries lead to Industry 4.0 introduction by German during the Hannover Fair event in 2011 [84; 85; 86]. The purpose of Industry 4.0 is efficiency and safety increment. For this purpose, four principles are mentioned: (1) Interoperability (all devices in the industry become connected and communicate with each other), (2) Information transparency (empowering industries with different sensors to create a virtual copy of system conditions), (3) Technical assistance (providing operations to support human decisions), and (4) Decentralized decisions (enabling autonomous machines for making efficient decisions). According to the explanations, Industry 4.0 needs a long-range communication technology to provide connectivity for sensors (principle 1). For correct condition monitoring, Industry 4.0 needs high-accuracy localization methods. High accuracy localization leads to have a better awareness of environmental conditions and make the best decision (principles 2 and 3). Based on this, LoRaWAN is a good option to provide communication and localization technology. The authors in [87] mentioned the main problems of usual wireless communication systems (small distance limitations of wireless communication, weak security or complete lack of security in data transmission, and high energy consumption). To address these limitations, they propose, implement, trial-run, and benchmark a LoRa-based flexible hardware architecture for use in industrial remote monitoring and control. The authors in [88] designed, developed, and tested a smart automation system based on LoRaWAN for easy monitoring and controlling of the appliances. A new LoRaMAC layer is proposed in [89] to provide the scheduling of real-time data flow. Localization Methods in Industry 4.0  
The smart industry is composed of a wide variety of sensors and actuators operating in a widespread area. LoRaWAN provides an effective communication network to locate, monitor, and control devices in a long-range area. Location estimation based on LoRaWAN is used in different sectors of industry (factory, agriculture, harbor, etc.). In this subsection, proposed methods for different industry sectors are discussed. The authors in [90] made a comparison about the performance of LoRaWAN and technologies used for industrial asset identification, assessment, localization, and tracking (Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication(NFC)) and their strengths and weaknesses. They mentioned that RFID and NFC fall short when compared to LoRaWAN technologies. The authors in [88] demonstrate that a LoRaWAN base system for temperature and humidity monitoring of an industrial environment can detect fire with an accuracy of 90% and control the switching functionality with 92.33% accuracy. The authors in [91] discussed the characteristics and behavior of LoRaWAN in monitoring the industrial environment. It is predicted that almost 75% of the world's population will live in urban areas by 2050. By increasing the people's residence in urban areas, it is expected that the food production amount increased to double. As a result, national economies try to develop agriculture by emerging technology employment. The authors in [92] discussed how the combination of IoT and data analysis is enabling smart agriculture and review several benefits and challenges of them. Sensors and robots play an important role in smart agriculture. The sensor is used to gather weather and situation information and robots employs to solve a problem such as field activities, crop harvesting, livestock breeding,monitoring of agricultural areas, etc. LoRaWAN is an effective and useful wireless network to provide communication between sensors and agriculture servers.