# A Regret-Enhanced DEA Approach to Mapping Renewable Energy Efficiency in Asia's Growth Economies
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Country** & **Region** & **Alpha-3 Code** \\ \hline
1 & Afghanistan & SA & AFG \\
2 & Bangladesh & SA & BGD \\
3 & Bhutan & SA & BTN \\
4 & Cambodia & SEA & KHM \\
5 & India & SA & IND \\
6 & Indonesia & SEA & IDN \\
7 & Lao PDR & SEA & LAO \\
8 & Malaysia & SEA & MYS \\
9 & Maldives & SA & MDV \\
10 & Myanmar & SEA & MMR \\
11 & Nepal & SA & NPL \\
12 & Pakistan & SA & PAK \\
13 & Philippines & SEA & PHL \\
14 & Sri Lanka & SA & LKA \\
15 & Thailand & SEA & THA \\
16 & Vietnam & SEA & VNM \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Investigated DMUs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Measurement** & **Input/Output** & **Notation** & **Unit** \\ \hline Public Flows to Renewable Energy & Input & IP1 & Million USD \\ Energy Intensity & Input & IP1 & MJ per 2017 USD PPP \\ Transmission Loss & Input & IP1 & Million kWh \\ Renewable Energy Supply & Output & OP1 & TJ \\ Renewable Energy Consumption & Output & OP2 & TJ \\ Renewable Electricity Generation & Output & OP3 & \% \\ Installed renewable Electricity Capacity & Output & OP4 & MW \\ Non-renewable Emissions Replaced & Output & OP5 & Million Tons CO\({}_{2}\)eq \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Investigated inputs and outputs of DEA models. higher percentage of generated electricity reaches end-users with minimal waste. These measurements play a significant role in assessing and improving the sustainability and efficiency of energy systems, as well as tracking the financial support allocated to renewable energy initiatives. For outputs, measurements related to energy sources and renewable electricity generated, as well as the number of emissions displaced, were selected as the outputs of DEA models in this study. Specifically, these outputs are the renewable energy supply (T)), the renewable energy consumption (TJ), the renewable electricity generation (%), the installed renewable electricity capacity (MW), and the non-renewable emissions replaced (million tons CO\({}_{2}\)eq). Renewable energy supply refers to the total amount of energy generated from renewable sources during a specific period. RE sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass energy. This measurement provides an indication of the contribution of RE to the overall energy mix in a region or country. Renewable Energy Consumption represents the amount of energy derived from RE sources that is used or consumed within a specific timeframe. Renewable energy consumption considers not only the energy generated but also how much of it is utilized for various purposes such as electricity generation, heating, and transportation. Renewable electricity generation is a percentage that indicates the proportion of electricity generated from RE sources compared to the total electricity generated in a specific region or country. This measurement is a key indicator of a region's progress toward sustainable and clean energy production. Installed renewable electricity capacity refers to the total maximum electrical power output that can be generated by renewable energy sources. This capacity includes all the renewable energy infrastructure, such as solar panels, wind turbines, hydropower plants, and geothermal facilities, that have been installed and are operational. Non-renewable emissions replaced represent the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, typically measured in millions of tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO\({}_{2}\)eq), achieved by replacing non-RE sources (e.g., fossil fuels) with RE sources. This measurement quantifies the environmental benefits of transitioning to cleaner energy sources and is often used to highlight the positive impact of RE adoption on reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change.