## 5 Results and Discussion
### 3D Illustration and Interpretation of Electrical Resistivity Tomography
The second geoelectrical zone obviously appears in the western and southern parts of the mapped area, at a depth of about 0.51 m, while it increases in the eastern part to a depth of about 3.8 m, which indicates that the rock grain sizes increase in the east and decrease in the west until a depth of 9.85 m; then, it appears again at a depth of 16.16 m in the western and northern directions until the end of the mapped area. The third geoelectrical zone appears as clear as possible at a depth of 6.53 m to 16.16 m; then, it begins to decrease again. The thickness of this zone, which considers as a water-bearing formation (aquifer), is about 10 m. This thickness increases to the west and decreases to the east. It is worth mentioning that this zone is more noticeable in the eastern direction near the agricultural areas from the inspection of the 2D profiles; especially profiles nos. P12-P14, which were not represented in the 3D voxel model. The fourth geoelectrical zone appears in the western portion of the investigated site in addition to the eastern side of the mapped area near the cultivated land. It is expected that this zone appears beneath the last three zones due to the sedimentation processes as confirmed by the well data. Figure 12 displays the generated 3D voxel representation of the inverted 2D ERT data to display the relation between the 2D sections and their locations; in addition to the virtualized representation of the resistivities in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Figure 13 shows a 3D representation of the water-bearing muddy sand formation in the study area, which shows the location of a conduit channel; especially in profiles 12, 13, and 14, which contain an expected channel that might be interpreted as a water  
Figure 12: A 3D voxel model of the inverted electrical resistivity of profiles 1 to 14. This model explains that the resistivity value elsewhere is not the same. They change in both the horizontal and vertical directions due to the fluid content and lithology. conduit pathway to the Osirion site coming from the northeastern side of the Nile River. Based on the thickness of the muddy sand-bearing formation, the groundwater flow in the investigated site is from the east to the west as the Nile River feeds the aquifer from the discovered channel at the site. This finding is inconsistent with archaeological studies conducted at the Osirion site, where the ancient archaeological text and drawings on the temple walls and columns (Figure 14) indicate that there was a paleochannel for transporting the boats and stones from the Nile River to Osirion [26]. These findings are in agreement with those extracted by [42]; Reference [18] on the existence of an old channel connecting the Nile River to the temple, and they suggested that this channel is probably to blame for the lake-water supply of the Osirion site from the Nile River. Our findings in the current work discovered the direction of this channel. Accordingly, climate change at the Nile River will affect the level of the groundwater rising around Osirion. There are piezometers connected to the wells nos. 1 and 5, which have proven that the groundwater level rising around the Osirion increases in the winter and decreases in the summer [28]. Figure 13: A 3D displays of the muddy sand-bearing water and locating the possible conduit channel at the study area.