## 3 5G and TSN Integrated Networks for VPP  
The 5G and TSN integrated network is a promising communication solution for VPP as it provides an end-to-end deterministic communication service for time-critical traffic such as frequency regulation instructions and peak regulation instructions. The key features and advantages of the proposed 5G and TSN integrated network for VPP include \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**VPP Service**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Bandwidth**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Minimum**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Target Delay**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reliability**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Periodicity**} \\  & & **Traffic Delay** & & & & \\  & & **Requirements** & & & & \\ \hline Fast frequency & 4.8 Mbps & \textless{}280 ms & \textless{}120 ms & \textless{}50 ms & 99.999\% & Event-triggered \\ regulation & (100 Terminals/km\({}^{2}\)) & \textless{}1 min & Seconds & \textless{}50 ms & 99.99\% & Event-triggered \\ Peak regulation & 0.82 Mbps & \textless{}15 min & Minutes & \textless{}6 s & 99.99\% & Periodic (seconds) \\ Emergency demand & 16 Mbps & / & / & \textless{}50 ms & 99.999\% & Event-triggered \\ response & (100 Terminals/km\({}^{2}\)) & 2.74 Mbps & & & & & Periodic (minutes) \\ Normal demand & 2.74 Mbps & / & / & 500–1100 ms & 99.999\% & (minutes) \\ response & (150 Terminals/km\({}^{2}\)) & / & / & & & Time-triggered \\  & 1.33 Mbps & & / & \textless{}10 s & 99.99\% & None \\  & (1000 trade members) & / & / & \textless{}10 s & 99.99\% & None \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Typical service types and traffic requirements of VPP systems. 1. 5G and TSN provide both a wireline and wireless communication service for end devices. 2. 5G and TSN provide an end-to-end deterministic transmission service with bounded latency for time-sensitive VPP traffic. 3. 5G and TSN provide a reliable communication service through redundancy technologies. 4. 5G and TSN are standardized with good compatibilities. As shown in Figure 2, the aggregation control gateways with dual connection modes can connect to 5G RANs (radio access networks) or TSN switches, respectively. The various local communication protocols and applications present great challenges to the aggregation control gateways. They connect to 5G RAN as a 5G UE. The traffic generated at the local communication networks to the aggregation control gateways is transported over the 5G network, including the 5G RAN, the 5G transport network, and the 5G core network, and finally to the VPP control platform. The aggregation control gateway can also connect to the TSN switch by wireline communications. TSN has a set of tools to guarantee the communication quality of various types of traffic from the local communication networks. TSN switches can be connected together to serve as the transport network for 5G as the fronthaul traffic has stringent delay and synchronization requirements. The VPP control platform sends instructions, such as dispatching instructions and frequency regulation instructions, to local end devices through the 5G and TSN integrated networks. How to guarantee the performance of the critical traffic in 5G and TSN integrated networks is a research problem. The 5G and TSN integrated networks are studied in their standardization organizations, such as 3 GPP and IEEE. The 5G system could be considered as a transparent TSN switch for connecting different TSN networks through TSN translators. TSN could be used as the transport network for connecting 5G RAN and 5G core networks. The 5G and TSN integrated networks provide end-to-end deterministic transmission services for critical traffic in VPPs. The 5G networks provide flexible wireless access for end devices, while the TSN networks provide deterministic wireline access for end devices. However, the integration of 5G and TSN networks presents some research challenges, such as time synchronization, coordinated scheduling, and seamless reliability.