## 7 Conclusions
The ADME and drug-likeness profiles of these compounds, as analyzed using the SwissADME tool, indicate their favorable pharmacokinetic properties, although certain challenges, such as solubility and potential drug-drug interactions, need to be addressed in the drug development process. Flavonoids regulate carbohydrate digestion, insulin secretion, insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and adipose deposition [14], targeting multiple molecules involved in \(\beta\)-cell proliferation, promoting insulin secretion, reducing apoptosis, and improving hyperglycemia by regulating glucose metabolism in the liver [53]. In support of their potential, a large-scale study in the US involving 200,000 men and women confirmed that higher consumption of anthocyanins from sources like blueberries, apples, and pears was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. It is hypothesized that much of the bioactivity of flavonoids is due to their hydroxyl groups, as well as \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) ketones [84]. However, to fully confirm the promising effects of flavonoids on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and AMPK activation observed in preclinical studies, large-scale human clinical trials are essential. These trials should focus on determining their optimal dosages, long-term safety, and overall efficacy in managing diabetes, facilitating the integration of flavonoids into clinical practice. Moreover, exploring the combined use of flavonoids with conventional diabetes therapies, such as metformin or insulin, could reveal potential synergies or interactions, ensuring safer and more effective treatment options. Enhancing the bioavailability of flavonoids through advanced delivery methods, like nanoformulations or bio-enhancers, is another critical area of research to maximize their therapeutic potential. Finally, personalized medicine approaches should be considered, as genetic and environmental factors significantly influence flavonoid metabolism, paving the way for more tailored diabetes treatments that cater to individual patient profiles. However, despite their many health benefits, the long-term use of flavonoids may also lead to side effects. Studies have indicated that flavonoids can potentially induce carcinogenic effects, such as promoting tumor cell proliferation under certain conditions and doses. For instance, phytoestrogens like genistein and daidzein have shown biphasic effects, with low doses promoting cell growth and higher doses inhibiting it [85; 86]. Additionally, flavonoids have been linked to hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, particularly at high doses, as seen in animal studies where liver and kidney damage was observed [87; 88]. They can also interfere with thyroid function, especially isoflav, which may disrupt thyroid hormone metabolism and contribute to conditions like goiter. Moreover, flavonoids have been shown to alter gut microbiota composition [89], with emerging evidence suggesting a link between these changes and neurobehavioral disorders. Therefore, while flavonoids hold therapeutic potential, careful attention to their dosage and long-term effects is crucial, especially when used in high concentrations or as supplements. The author declares that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. The data presented in this study are available on request from the author. The author declares no conflicts of interest.