esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Hydrothermal Manufacture of Zeolitic Lightweight Aggregates from Clay and Marine Plastic Litter
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Zeolitic Lightweight Aggregates Obtained from Kaolin and Different Proportions of Marine Plastic
#### 3.2.2 Impact of the Rejected Mg-Clay on the Technological Properties of the ZLAs  
The results in Table 5 show that the hydrothermal treatment has favored a slight increase in aggregate size (1-5%), agreeing with the results in Table 4 discussed above. In general terms, the sample containing only kaolin has very similar characteristics to those previously discussed for its counterpart fired at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C, both for the fired sample and the hydrothermally treated sample. Therefore, the differences will not be discussed in detail. It simply needs to be noted that firing at 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C would have led to a higher degree of zeolitization of the sample, which has resulted in slightly less porosity and water absorption, as well as a slightly higher density and thus a strength also somewhat higher than those of the samples fired at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Such differences could be explained by those shown above for the mineralogy of these samples.  
Regarding the addition of 33 wt.% of rejected Mg-clay, the characteristics of the material obtained are very similar to those of the material produced with kaolin alone. In terms of density, the rejected Mg-clay has favored a slight increase in density (1.74 g/cm\({}^{3}\) vs. 1.65 g/cm\({}^{3}\)). Despite this, it complies with the EN 13055-1 [41] standard for use as lightweight aggregate. For the rest of the properties, there are hardly any notable differences compared to its counterpart with only kaolin: water absorption of 11.5% compared to 11.8%; crushing strength slightly higher (3.4 MPa vs. 3.1 MPa); and total porosity of 27.4% versus 28.8%, representing a decrease in the porosity of the fired material of 45 and 41%, respectively. This decrease in porosity would affect both the open type (having a value of 20% with rejected Mg-clay and 19.5% without it) and the closed type (9.2% vs. 7.4%).  
These results indicate that, although hydrothermal treatment in aggregates shaped with a high content of smectitic-sepiolitic magnesium clays would not lead to suitable zeolitic materials (at least with the conditions studied in this research), its addition in  
Figure 7: Images taken by SEM of zeolitized samples: (**a,b**) tabular and columnar crystals of nepheline and rounded aggregates of cancinrite in SOK1-10P-900-H and, including a detail view in (**b**) of Y-shaped nepheline crystals by epitaxial growth of a butterfly twin on another crystal of the same mineral.  
moderate proportions is promising, since materials with technological properties similar to those obtained only with kaolin could be produced.
# The Car-Following Model and Its Applications in the V2X Environment: A Historical Review
## 3 Research on Car-Following Behavior in the V2X Environment
### Modelling the Car-Following Behavior
#### 3.2.4. Electronic Throttle Open Angle Information  
The throttle is a key component that controls the intake of the engine to determine its power output. When the driver decides to accelerate and depress the accelerator pedal, firstly, the throttle opening angle increases. Then, the engine starts to output more power to drive the vehicle to accelerate. Due to this, the accelerating state of the vehicle can be represented by the throttle opening angle. More importantly, the throttle opening angle can also describe the motion tendency that other indexes, including the value of acceleration, can hardly represent. For instance, the instantaneous acceleration when the vehicle starts at rest is about zero, which represents the current motion state. However, at the same time, the throttle opening angle is not zero and can describe the vehicle motion tendency to accelerate. Thus, applying the throttle opening angle information along with other motion state information can better assist the driver with understanding the current situation and its changing tendency. Furthermore, with the application of electronic throttle, information on the opening angle can be easily collected through the Controller Area Network (CAN) and other devices. This avoids the problem that the acceleration and its changing tendency are not only difficult to be perceived by the drivers themselves but also difficult to be measured directly by the onboard sensors, such as radar. To describe the relationship between the electronic throttle opening angle(ETOA) and the motion state of the vehicle, [PERSON] et al. proposed a model that is as follows [64]:  
\[a_{n}(t)=-b(v_{n}(t)-v_{0})+c\overline{\theta}_{n}+d_{n} \tag{1}\]
# Creating a Haptic 3D Model of Wenceslas Hill in Olomouc
## 2 Materials and Methods
This 3D printer has two extruders and, therefore, provides an option of simultaneously printing two materials (conductive and non-conductive filament). Proto-pasta PLA was chosen for the conductive parts and Polymaker PolyMax PLA for the non-conductive parts. SketchUp was used for creating the conductive parts of the model and modifying the base part of the model, enabling accommodation of the tablet computer. It was also used for minor modifications of both the conductive and non-conductive parts, and modelling the designs for conducting electrical signals in multi-part 3D models. Each presented design consists of two standalone cubes of fixed dimensions. One of the cubes contains a conductive surface and a tube, also conductive, which serves to connect the parts. The second cube contains the rest of the conductive tube and an extended surface designed to be in direct contact with a touchscreen display. The designs aimed to find a suitable way of connecting two standalone parts that would allow for an electrical signal to be conducted. Another important part of creating the haptic model was subtracting the conductive and non-conductive parts. For this purpose, Netfabb Premium ver. 2021.1 was used. The aforementioned software was utilised to execute Boolean subtraction of the model parts. Netfabb was also used to repair the 3D models' geometry errors, making them manifold and correcting inverted or intersecting faces, using mainly automatic repairs. Some repairs, however, needed to be done manually, which was achieved in SketchUp. CMS (content management system) WordPress was used for creating a web interface that would display additional information. The interface needed to be very specific. Figure 2: TouchIt3D implementation steps. Notably, a 3D printer with multi-material capabilities or dual extrusion is needed to implement the technology, as well as a device with a capacitive display. Therefore, a custom WordPress theme was created using the PHP programming language, HTML5 markup language and CSS3. Before printing the model, a so-called G-code containing a series of instructions for the 3D printer had to be generated from the 3D model. For this purpose, Ultimaker Cura ver. 4.8.0 was used. Before generating the G-code, layer height and infill density settings were adjusted. Layer height was set to 0.1 mm and infill density to 15% for both extruders. Afterwards, the model was sliced, generating the G-code. The functionality of the 3D model and web interface has been tested and validated by the authors. The principles, functionality and detailed setup of the TouchIt3D technology have been tested in various application scenarios as the technology plays a significant role in past and currently ongoing projects at Palacky University Olomouc, mostly focused on working with people with visual impairment and partially sighted people [41].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GPIO Interrupt Synchronization  
Leaving the synchronization to the CAN peripheral interrupt brings uncertainties especially when the time quantum (TQ) is large, as shown in the results section. Therefore, a second strategy was tested, in which the synchronization is performed using the general-purpose input-output (GPIO) peripheral of the MCU. With this strategy, one line of the CAN bus is also routed to a GPIO pin set up as an input, while the CAN peripheral is used to recognize the start-up message. The GPIO pin raises an interrupt whenever a rising edge is detected in a CAN packet. This happens regardless of the message that has been sent, so a particular algorithm (Figure 4) is used to discriminate the start-up event.  
Each time a new GPIO interrupt event occurs, a timer starts counting up from zero. The timer is set to raise an interrupt event after an interval that is the sum of the validation and peripheral signaling subperiods previously defined. This delay ensures the CAN peripheral has enough time to store an incoming message in the FIFO and set the corresponding  
Figure 4: Start message detection algorithm.  
Figure 3: Example of CAN bus frame. Green bits make up the message ID field, yellow bits are DLC (data length code), red are data bits, violet are stuff bits. Image courtesy of [PERSON], Canis Automotive Labs Ltd, through _Wikipedia_.  
register. Crucially, the delay is also longer than the longest possible stream of bits of the same value, so the timeout will only occur after the last edge of a CAN packet, that is the ACK delimiter edge. At this time, the algorithm knows that a CAN message has been fully transmitted and correctly received, but it still needs to check if the message was indeed a start-up message from the master node. The timer ISR, therefore, instructs the MCU to poll the CAN peripheral FIFO: if a start-up message is found, the PWM is finally started. This solution ensures that all the units are synchronized on a common event (ACK) caused by the slowest node. The timer count is clock drift dependent, but not CAN peripheral synchronization dependent.
# High-Throughput Cross-Technology Communication via Chip-Level Side Channel
## 7 Conclusions
### Limitations and Future Research  
Our study can solve the problem of interrupting the ZigBee communication when high-throughput ZigBee-to-WiFi CTC communication is guaranteed. However, it still has some points that can be improved. When the distance between the sender and receiver become far, the bit accepted ratio of CTC drops fast. Therefore, this distance will directly affect the performance of our design. Moreover, our study only considers CTC communication from ZigBee to WiFi while CTC from Bluetooth to WiFi is also worthy of study.  
Future IoT will connect billions of backpack computing devices and support cross-technology communication between them [23]. The key challenge of designing IoT is how to reduce the negative effects of Cross Technology Interference and experimentally utilize the CTI [24]. In response to this challenge, cross-technology communication is proposed that enables direct communication among different kinds of nodes [25]. Due to the near-zero cost connection among heterogeneous devices, CTC has attracted a lot of interest. Nevertheless, there exist many unresolved issues in future to meet the application need. The recent research on CTC that has brought new opportunities while maintaining full compatibility with commodity devices still has several challenges. Moreover, there is room to further improve the channel usage efficiency with channel coordination between different kinds of devices.  
[PERSON] wrote the manuscript; [PERSON] collected the data; [PERSON] edited and revised the manuscript; [PERSON] drew the figures; [PERSON] designed research methods; [PERSON] analyzed the data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 61902059 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 2572019 BH02.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# Analyzing Important Elements for Improving the Safety of Motorways
## 4 Modeling: Negative Binomial Regression Model and DNN Model with SHAP  
### Design of Negative Binomial Regression Model  
To develop a traditional statistical model for predicting traffic accident occurrences, an appropriate methodology was selected. Based on the literature review, it is recommended to use a Poisson regression model when the data are not overdispersed, and a negative binomial regression model when overdispersion is present [13]. The dispersion parameter was calculated using the Pearson Chi-Square statistic, and the result was approximately 1.573, indicating the presence of overdispersion in the data. Therefore, the negative binomial regression model was deemed appropriate for this study.  
Traffic accidents are rare events, and many previous studies have raised concerns about the appropriateness of applying zero-inflated models to such datasets. Therefore, a preliminary analysis was conducted to verify whether zero inflation was present in the dataset before applying traditional statistical models. The results showed that zero inflation was not observed in the data, as the zero-inflation probability (\(p\))--which indicates the likelihood of a value always being zero--was calculated to be 0. This finding suggests that a zero-inflated negative binomial model converges to a standard negative binomial model, making the NB model appropriate for this study.
## 2 Reactive Routing Protocols and Application of Jitter
### Jitter Technique for Route Request (RREQ) Flooding  
Simultaneous packet transmissions and, in particular, those performed in reactive protocols during route discovery processes, are likely to cause packet losses in wireless mesh networks, due to collisions between concurrent transmissions of routers having (at least) a common neighbor. In order to prevent or minimize these collisions, RFC 5148 [9] recommends the use of jitter for different cases in which packets may be expected to be sent concurrently. Several well-known reactive protocols (e.g., AODV [18], LOAD [22], LOADng [20]) use or provide support to jitter when flooding RREQ packets over a wireless sensor network.  
Without jitter, a router receiving an RREQ packet to be forwarded retransmits it immediately after processing. As shown by the example in Figure 1, because retransmissions in neighboring routers are triggered by this single event (the reception of the RREQ packet at \(B\) and \(C\)), there is a high probability of collision. Instead, when using jitter, every receiving router adds a small, random delay before rebroadcasting the RREQ packet, which dramatically reduces the cases of packet collisions (see Figure 1c).  
RFC 5148 [9] recommends that delays are selected following a uniform distribution between zero and a maximum jitter value, \(J_{m}\). Note that this is the maximum entropy distribution among those assigning continuous jitter values between zero and \(J_{m}\)[23]; the use of this distribution thus maximizes the randomness of the total delay that is incurred by an RREQ packet sent along a certain path.  
Other than the prevention of packet collisions from simultaneous transmissions, the use of jitter in flooding has two immediate additional effects:  
1. The RREQ flooding, and, therefore, the route discovery, is slowed; and
2. Routers need larger buffers to store packets that have been received, but not yet forwarded.  
The trade-off between these drawbacks and the reduction in the probability of collisions, when jitter is uniformly distributed (according to RFC 5148 [9]), can be controlled by way of the length of the jitter interval, \(J_{m}\)[15].
## 2 The Studied Dc-Dc Converters  
Figure 1a shows the general configuration of an \(n\)-phase interleaved boost converter in which each phase operates with a phase-shift of \(2\pi/n\). This converter features high efficiency, compact size, easy thermal management and low input current ripple. The converter is also equipped with a fault managing system to detect the fault and isolate it by reconfiguring the converter through some relays. In order to enhance the reliability of the converter, a hybrid-redundant structure is employed. This structure is combined with redundant-phase and redundant-switch configurations. As shown in Figure 1b,c, two common redundant structures for power switches, which are termed as parallel and standby switch configurations, can be considered to fend off the fault effect [32]. In this strategy, the mentioned redundant-switch configurations are replaced with the single switch in each phase. In the parallel-switch configuration, which is shown in Figure 1b, two relays with a normally-closed contactor are used. However, in the standby-switch configurations, only one relay is used. The relay in this configuration has one normally-closed and one normally-opened contactor. Figure 1c shows the standby-switch configuration. The relays get excited individually by the fault managing system under faulty conditions. In parallel-switch configuration, when one of the switches (S\({}_{\text{j}}\)) fails the fault managing system detects the faulty switch and opens the related contactor (R\({}_{\text{pj}}\)). Therefore, the healthy switch conducts the total branch current. Once the second fault happens, the other contactor is opened to remove the faulty phase, thus the converter proceeds to function with the remaining phases. As shown in Figure 1c in the standby-switch configuration, the switch S\({}_{2}\) is a reserve switch. Hence as the main switch (S\({}_{1}\)) fails, the relay isolates it through contactor R\({}_{\text{S1}}\) and the reserve switch is replaced with the faulty switch by closing the contactor R\({}_{\text{S2}}\). When the reserve switch fails, the related phase is totally removed and the converter proceeds to operate with the healthy phases.
## 4 Implementation Phase  
This phase includes the implementation of DC as an effective technique for soil improvement projects. It consists of two steps, as follows:  
1. _Monitoring data_: In this phase, DC will be implemented using the weight, height, and grid required for improvement as presented in Equation (2). After each pass, post-implementation CPT data is collected and the improved bearing capacity of pass \"i\" is calculated, which is referred to as qc\({}_{i}\).
2. _Performance evaluation_: In this phase, the performance of DC will be evaluated using the following function: Check If, \[qc_{i}\ \geq\ qc_{planned}\] (11) Then, soil improvement completed \(\rightarrow\) go to step III.2 Else, evaluate the soil improvement potential (SIP), using Equation (12), to measure the possibility for further improving the bearing capacity of soil using another pass of DC: \[SIP_{j}=qc_{i}-qc_{i-1}\] (12) Check if, \[SIP_{j}\ \leq\epsilon\] (13) Then, maximum improvement in soil bearing capacity is reached \(\rightarrow\) go to step III.2 Else, this means Equations (11) and (13) are not satisfied; Another pass \"\(i+1\)\"of DC should be performed: \(i=i+1\rightarrow\) go to step II.1 (i.e., proceed with the next pass of DC implementation). where, \(\epsilon\) is a small number (e.g., 0.001) \(qc_{i}\) is the bearing capacity improvement in current pass \"\(i\)\". \(qc_{i-1}\) is the bearing capacity improvement in previous pass \"\(i-1\)\". \(SIP_{j}\) is the potential in improvement for a soil category. \(j\) is the number of soil category j = 1... 5 (refer to Table 1). \(qc_{req}\) is the planned post-implementation bearing capacity.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### CS Extracts Preparation Procedure and Statistical Approach of Experimental Design of EO
#### 2.3.2 Statistical Approach of Experimental Design of EO  
The experimental optimization design of the extraction technique of bioactive compounds obtained from coffee silverskin was constructed as a two-stage investigation applicating response surface methodology (RSM). In the first stage of the experiment, the variants of CS extracts were prepared by screening multifarious operational extraction process variables: a type of extractant (methanol, ethanol and their aqueous solutions and distilled water), a solvent concentration (60-100%), an extraction duration (30-90 min), a ratio of used solvent volume to CS solid matrix, hereinafter referred to as SMR (10-40 mL/g CS d.m.), and a type of a used extraction apparatus (laboratory shaker with water bath or laboratory ultrasound heater bath). Table 1 provides an overview of the tested extraction factors and their levels. The effect of applied operational extraction process variables was verified by the exploitation of 2\({}^{4}\) full factorial design assay for methanolic and ethanolic CS extracts or 2\({}^{3}\) full factorial design for aqueous samples.  
Whereas in the second stage of the experiment, solid-liquid extractions were carried out using the solvent selected in previous stage of extraction optimization design. The extraction process was conducted by 30 min with the use of laboratory shaker with a water bath. A new experimental design, as presented in Table 2, was performed using only significant operational extraction process variables: an extractant concentration (7.58-92.42%) and SMR (11.72-68.28 cm\({}^{3}\)/g CS d.m.). The influential factor analysis was established on the basis of the 2\({}^{2}\) circumscribed central composite design (CCC).  
All the experimental extraction variants and analytical determinations were analyzed in triplicate. Results were reported as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. The experimental data obtained in the second stage of extraction optimization of bioactive compounds from coffee silverskin were fitted to second-order polynomial equations. The models were simplified by eliminating statistically insignificant factors. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica v.13 software. The statistical significance of the operational extraction process variables was determined at the significance level of \(\alpha=0.05\).