## 4 Results
### InSAR-Derived Ground Displacements  
The InSAR-derived LoS displacement map of the SAR data acquired on 19-23 May 2012 (Figure 3a) encompasses the coseismic (i.e., almost instantaneous) ground displacements caused by the 20 May 2012 event and the first three days of postseismic ground displacements (from 20 to 23 May). The map highlights ground movements directed mainly toward the satellite sensor (positive values in Figure 3a). Such movements result from the coseismic slip of the Ferrara thrust during the May 20 event, which caused predominant ground uplift because of the reverse focal mechanism [26]. Although the obtained displacement lobe partially images the extent of the deformed area, it reasonably matches the coseismic displacement pattern obtained from the RSAT-2 SAR images in Figure 1[29; 30]. The latter are acquired along the same orbit and with a similar side-looking angle of the CSK SAR data, thus allowing a direct comparison of the ground displacements, as shown in Figure 3b. Figure 3: (**a**) Kriging interpolation map of the co-seismic LoS ground displacements associated with the May 20 event (images acquired on 19–23 May 2012). The dashed black rectangle indicates the area in Figure 4. The map is blanked over regions where the predicted standard deviation is larger than the third quantile of its distribution (approximately 1 cm). (**b**) Co-seismic LoS displacement profiles from CSK and RSAT-2 SAR data along the A–A’ cross-section, crossing the Sant’Agostino, San Carlo, and Mirabello villages in panel (**a**). In particular, some discrepancies between the CSK and RSAT-2 displacements occurred by looking at the LoS displacement profile over the A-A' cross-section in Figure 3b. The CSK data showed larger LoS displacements concerning the RSAT-2 data between the Sant'Agostino, San Carlo, and Mirabello villages. Considering that the RSAT-2 displacements incorporated both the coseismic displacements and approximately 29 days of postseismic displacements, we argue that the observed displacement deficit could be ascribable to local ground subsidence that occurred between 23 May and 17 June 2012, which corresponds to the second SAR image acquisitions of the CSK and RSAT-2 data, respectively. After the 20 May 2012 mainshock, the cumulative LoS displacements from the CSK data on 27 July 2012 (Figure 4a), 12 September 2012 (Figure 4b), and 19 February 2013 (Figure 4c) encompass the entire post-seismic phase starting from 23 May and show that the investigated area underwent a complex deformation pattern. In the northwestern sector (dotted area in Figure 4a-c), the main lobe of positive LoS displacements represents ground movements toward the satellite sensor. Otherwise, the area between the S. Agostino and Mirabello villages shows negative LoS displacements, indicating ground movements away from the satellite sensor and amplitudes progressively increasing (in absolute terms) over time (Figure 4a-c). The movements are uneven, with some areas showing an initial displacement increase, followed  
Figure 4: Kriging interpolation maps of the cumulated LoS ground displacements, starting from 23 May 2012, at **(a)** 27 July 2012, **(b)** 12 September 2012, and **(c)** 19 February 2013, over the Sant’Agostino, San Carlo, and Mirabello villages. Maps are blanked over areas where the prediction variance is larger than the third quantile of the variance distribution (0.12 cm, 0.14 cm, and 0.17 cm, respectively). The red dots identify the location of the observed liquefaction phenomena, while the gridded area identifies zones affected by widespread liquefaction phenomena [31]. **(d)** Post-seismic LoS ground displacement profiles along the A–A’ cross-section in panels **(a–c)**. by a progressive reduction, and some others showing a continuous displacement decline, as observed along the A-A' cross-section in Figure 4d, crossing the Sant'Agostino, San Carlo, and Mirabello villages (see the trace of the cross-section in Figure 4a-c). The area's displacement trends are clear when looking at the time series of DTs (Figure 5).