## 2 Detailed Analysis of the Literature
### Prosumer Relationships
#### 2.2.2 Consumer Engagement  
The energy value network enables consumers to transform into active prosumers and build strong relationships with other entities in the network [36]. The existing literature presents several methods that drive customer acceptance and engagement [73; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 82]. Enablers of customer participation include--added comfort, energy independence, extended chance for electricity market participation, innovative control of appliances and devices, environmental benefits, economic incentives, energy bill reduction, clear and periodic billing, detailed information of energy consumption, enhanced energy supply reliability, and other social engagement factors [73]. Other researchers also address these aspects [5; 56; 74] and suggest techniques for customer engagement in the smart grid. Recommendations given include: providing access to usage, pricing, data for energy monitoring, implementing privacy policies, offering access to smart grid devices, instilling consumer awareness, and providing information about smart grid technologies [73]. Also, mobile social media technologies can help promote customer engagement by enhancing their digital experience [75]. Through mobile applications, social media can be a platform where energy utilities can transform from being energy suppliers to energy service advisors, thereby promoting customer loyalty [75]. A study investigated the factors that enhance customer engagement through a survey of energy consumers in Korea [76]. A key contribution of the study is the inclusion of the perceived risk during testing of the acceptance model. This perceived risk involves the uncertainty resulting from a purchase and the expectation about the loss due to the purchase. The authors recommend that customer anxiety about the risks in using smart grid technology should be mitigated to promote customer engagement [76]. Despite the importance of the active engagement of industrial consumers for energy system transformation, the majority of empirical studies focus on residential and commercial consumers [77]. In one study, two Danish industrial consumers, one energy retailer, and one energy consulting firm were investigated to determine various factors influencing industrial consumers' participation [77]. Results show eleven influential factors which impact four phases of smart grid adoption namely _inscription_, _translation_, _framing and stabilization_. Inscription stage includes three activities namely problem assessment, concept generation, and concept specification. Translation stage involves role delegation or product outsourcing to third parties, and alignment of interests. The framing stage is the development of the technology into useful physical products and involves testing and modifications. Finally, the stabilization stage involves adaptation and product redefinition which may also include ICT organizational change. The eleven influential factors include \"awareness of multiple contexts, shared support, return-on-investment, ease of use, flexibility and dynamic pricing, liberalization and energy tariff structure, customer focus, solution integration, process improvement, service quality, and company's green image [77].\"  
A noteworthy facet of the transformation of the energy value network is that, as with any radical change, it draws resistance from involved participants. This resistance which is due to the associated increased responsibilities of all stakeholders needs to be urgently managed [78]. The urgency led to the introduction of a framework for stakeholders' analysis which examines the interplay between key energy stakeholders [78]. The analysis aims to encourage active involvement in the smart grid technology deployment, apply suitable treatment to areas of resistance, and achieve synergy among all players. Although the framework was in the European Union context, it may also apply to other regions.