## 2 Methodology  
This systematic literature review evaluates the potential of CWP as a partial replacement for PC in concrete, with particular emphasis on its effects on workability, mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure characteristics. A structured and rigorous methodology was employed to ensure the relevance, transparency, and reproducibility of the review process.  
This review focused on studies published between 2010 and 2024, prioritising peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and credible industry reports that investigated the influence of CWP on concrete performance. A comprehensive search was carried out using Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Keywords included \"Ceramic Powder Concrete\", \"ceramic wastes concrete powder cement\", \"sustainable concrete materials\", and \"durability and mechanical properties of concrete containing ceramic powder\", among other related terms.  
The searches yielded 51 results from Scopus, 43 from Web of Science, 48 from ScienceDirect, 23 from SpringerLink, and 69 from Google Scholar databases. Figure 4 shows the Analysis of the 51 documents found on Scopus. After removing duplicates, 196 unique articles were included. Language filters were applied to limit the selection to English  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Al2O3** & **CaO** & **SiO2** & **Fe2O3** & **SO3** & **Na2O** & **K2O** & **TiO2** & **P2O3** & **MnO** & **MgO** & **L.O.L** \\ \hline [41] & 21.8 & 5.1 & 64.8 & 3.9 & 2.0 & - & - & - & - & - & 1.7 & 1.3 \\ [25] & 22 & 4 & 65 & 5 & 1.5 & 0.25 & 1 & - & - & - & 1 & - \\ [56] & 20.47 & 5.90 & 59.64 & 4.80 & 2.08 & 0.80 & - & - & - & - & 2.74 & 1.97 \\ [57] & 21.77 & 2.59 & 57.01 & 0.65 & 2.41 & - & - & - & - & - & 2.71 & 1 \\ [52] & 20.64 & 6.30 & 58.47 & 3.40 & 2.04 & 0.74 & - & - & - & - & 2.45 & 1.88 \\ [53] & 21.5 & 4.6 & 66.6 & 2.8 & 2.7 & - & - & - & - & - & 1.2 & 3 \\ [58] & 22.18 & 7.35 & 63.71 & 3.83 & - & 0.28 & 0.11 & 0.13 & - & 0.04 & 0.95 & 1.6 \\ [59] & 20.91 & 6.32 & 65.06 & 2.8 & 2.06 & - & - & - & - & - & 2.75 & 1.56 \\ [60] & 21.33 & 5.43 & 60.3 & 3.88 & 0.183 & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ [61] & 18.89 & 4.24 & 62.37 & 3.83 & 2.31 & 0.12 & 1.14 & 0.31 & 0.12 & 0.07 & 0.99 & 1.52 \\ [26] & 18.37 & 4.26 & 64.04 & 3.89 & 3.01 & 0.12 & - & - & - & - & 1.52 & 4.23 \\ [29] & 22.31 & 6.67 & 61.62 & 1.24 & 0.07 & 0.96 & 1.55 & - & - & - & 0.65 & 3.96 \\ PC. [33,42,45,46] & 3–8 & 60–67 & 17–25 & 0.5–6 & 1–3 & 0.1–1 & 0.1–1 & 0.1–0.2 & 0.1–0.2 & 0.1–0.2 & 0.5–4 & 2–4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Chemical composition of CWP and PC.  
language publications, reducing the number of publications to 187. These include studies on various ceramic sources, such as bricks. To refine the scope, studies were selected based on specific inclusion criteria: the use of CWP derived from tiles and sanitary ware, the provision of quantitative data on concrete properties, and the application of experimental or analytical methods. Articles that lacked empirical data or focused on other types of ceramic waste were excluded, resulting in the final selection of 115 papers.  
Data were systematically extracted, capturing details such as concrete mix proportions, replacement levels, measured properties (e.g., compressive strength and durability indices), and experimental conditions. The findings were categorised into thematic groups to identify trends, patterns, and inconsistencies. A critical quality assessment of each study ensured that only methodologically sound research with complete and reliable data was included in the synthesis process. The qualitative findings were summarised and compared, while quantitative analysis was performed for properties such as compressive strength.