\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Mediator** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Molecules**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Action and/or Effects**} \\ \hline Growth factors & GDNF, FGF, \(\beta\) FGF, IGF-1 KGF, PDGF, TGF-\(\beta\), VEGF & Proliferation, Differentiation, Angiogenesis, Migration, Chemotaxis \\ \hline Anti-inflammatory cytokines & IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 & Differentiation, Proliferation, Immune activation, Chemotaxis, Angiogenesis \\ \hline Pro-inflammatory cytokines & IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-\(\alpha\), PGE2, COX & \begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt}} \begin{tabular} \end{tabular} \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt}}
\begin{tabular} \end{tabular} \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Heat shock proteins & HSP90, HSP70, HSP25 & Chaperone protein, Enhance cell survival \\ \hline Matrix metalloproteinases & MMP2, MMP9 & Cell survival, Prevention of terminal differentiation, Tissue remodelling \\ \hline Small molecules & ATP, GSH, ROS, Ca2+, NO, H+ & Normalisation of cell function; Migration; Angiogenesis; Proliferation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Growth factors associated with PBM therapeutic irradiation, molecular targets and recorded outcomes. The totality and extent of PBM-mediated activity remains the product of multi-factorial elements, such as the target tissue, target pathology, applied photonic dose (at surface/at depth), wavelength, irradiance (W/cm\({}^{2}\)), spot (irradiance) area size, spectral beam profile, gated or continuous wave modes, dose repetition and total energy delivered. Published studies have highlighted the inconsistency of PBM delivery, with a lack of consensus agreement in all clinical aspects of light therapy, resulting in a sizable contribution toward the wide variation in the reported supportive outcomes of PBMT and consequent potential lack of consensus regarding its effectiveness [17]. Opinions have been well established, through peer-review publications, to support the wide scope of PBM within all aspects of clinical dentistry [18; 19; 20; 21]. The purpose of this systematic review was to consider three clinical entities in commonplace dental practice, each with differing aetiologies or reasons for treatment, and where randomised clinical trials exist to evaluate the adjunctive support of PBM in affecting the outcome. These are listed as follows:  
* Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome (TMJDS) may encompass a mixed and often complex aetiology, but common symptoms generally arise through muscle pain and spasms together with degrees of trismus; this may be representative of both an acute as well as a chronic inflammatory condition. * The surgical removal of mandibular third molars, for whatever reason, may involve the incision and raising of a full muco-gingival flap and bone removal to assist in the location and delivery of the tooth. Such surgical intervention will provoke an acute inflammatory reaction, notably through observed post-operative swelling, trismus and pain. * Orthodontic treatment--embracing appliance-based tooth movement and/or tooth arch expansion--offers an opportunity for otherwise stable and healthy supporting tissue to be reorganised to allow the passage of teeth to a new prescribed location in the dental arch. Inasmuch, there may be induced low-stress inflammation associated with such a therapy, and some levels of pain and discomfort are often experienced. In essence, however, the contribution of PBM therapy is claimed to accentuate the osseous and dental supportive soft tissue cellular activity and to promote reductions in pain episodes and the overall active treatment time. Since each group may exhibit a differing symptomatology, if at all, the application of laser PBM may be assumed to promote differing accents of tissue activity and responses, and thus provide some guidance to optimise the delivery parameters to be consistent with the outcome.