## 3 Results
### Characteristics of Study Population
In the realm of the diastolic phase, the diastolic RMS S-L and B-A demonstrated a notable positive correlation with EDV (r = 0.801, 0.848; \(p\)-value = 0.05, 0.033, respectively) (Figure 7(C2)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline  & & **Controls** & **Trivial–Mild** & **Mild–Moderate** & **Moderate–Severe** \\  & **(n = 15)** & **(n = 9)** & **(n = 11)** & **(n = 6)** \\ \hline
**HDF** & **Direction** & **r (\(p\)-Value)** & **r (\(p\)-Value)** & **r (\(p\)-Value)** & **r (\(p\)-Value)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{5.1 Systole: Volume (mL) and HDF (mN/mL)} \\ \hline AVG & S-L & 0.571 (0.021) * & \(-\)0.533 (0.140) & \(-\)0.101 (0.767) & \(-\)0.526 (0.044) * \\  & B-A & \(-\)0.491 (0.044) * & \(-\)0.298 (0.437) & 0.121 (0.724) & \(-\)0.404 (0.136) \\ \hline Ratio & Systole & 0.502 (0.04) * & \(-\)0.824 (0.006) ** & \(-\)0.053 (0.877) & \(-\)0.467 (0.079) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{5.2 Diastole: Volume (mL) and HDF (mN/mL)} \\ \hline RMS & S-L & \(-\)0.173 (0.287) & \(-\)0.469 (0.202) & \(-\)0.201 (0.554) & 0.801 (0.05) * \\  & B-A & 0.119 (0.349) & 0.029 (0.942) & \(-\)0.465 (0.150) & 0.848 (0.033) * \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{5.3 LVEF (\%) and HDF (mN/mL)} \\ \hline AVG & S-L & \(-\)0.039 (0.890) & 0.823 (0.006) ** & \(-\)0.229 (0.498) & \(-\)0.002 (0.998) \\  & Systole S-L & \(-\)0.02 (0.943) & 0.716 (0.03) * & \(-\)0.054 (0.874) & 0.369 (0.471) \\ \hline RMS & Systole S-L & \(-\)0.079 (0.779) & 0.701 (0.035) * & 0.303 (0.365) & \(-\)0.226 (0.667) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{5.4 LVM (g) and HDF (mN/mL)} \\ \hline AVG & I-A & - & 0.782 (0.013) * & \(-\)0.225 (0.507) & \(-\)0.142 (0.788) \\ \hline RMS & Systole S-L & - & 0.605 (0.084) & \(-\)0.132 (0.698) & 0.808 (0.052) * \\  & Systole I-A & - & 0.753 (0.019) * & 0.221 (0.514) & 0.551 (0.257) \\  & Systole B-A & - & 0.722 (0.028) * & \(-\)0.152 (0.655) & \(-\)0.189 (0.720) \\ \hline Ratio & Systole & - & \(-\)0.331 (0.384) & 0.053 (0.877) & 0.924 (0.008) ** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Notes: Correlation is presented as Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r (\(p\)-value). The correlation was significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels \(p\)-value < 0.05 *; \(p\)-value < 0.01 ** (2-tailed). *.\(\cdot\cdot^{\prime}\) denotes the missing data in controls due to the retrospective collection form. A pairwise comparison was performed within the severity grades when the control data were missing. Section 5.1 shows the correlation between systolic LV volume and systolic HDF. Section 5.2 demonstrates the correlation between diastolic LV volume and diastolic HDF. Section 5.3 shows the correlation between LVEF and both systolic–diastolic HDF. Section 5.4 shows the correlation between LVM and both systolic–diastolic HDF. Abbreviations: HDF = hemodynamic force; LV = left ventricle; AVG = average; RMS = root mean square; S-L = septal–lateral; I-A = inferior–anterior; B-A = base-apex; LVM = left ventricle mass; EF = ejection fraction.} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Correlation between LV function and HDF. Figure 7: The correlation between HDF and LV function. (**A1–A2**) shows the correlation among healthy controls. Systolic average S-L (A1) demonstrated a positive correlation, while the systolic average B-A (**A1**) and the systolic RMS ratio (**A2**) showed a negative correlation with systolic volume. (**B1–B6**) shows the correlation among the patients with trivial–mild MR. Panel (**B1**) shows a negative correlation between systolic volume and systolic RMS ratio. Panel B1 demonstrates an altered correlation compared to controls (**A2**). Panels (**B2**,**B3**) shows the correlation between LVM and average I-A (**B2**), systolic RMS I-A, and B-A (**B3**). Panel B4-B6 shows a strong positive correlation between LVEF and systolic AVG S-L, AVG S-L, and systolic RMS S-L. (**C1–C4**) demonstrates the correlation among the patients with moderate-severe MR. (**C1**) shows the negative correlation between systolic volume and systolic AVG S-L, revealing an altered correlation compared to controls (**A1**).