# Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthqu in Golbasi (Adyaman)
## 3 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes  
The earthquake series that occurred on 6 February 2023 started with an earthquake on the Pazarcik Narli fault at 01:47 with a focal depth of 8.6 km and a magnitude of Mw = 7.7. The moment tensor solution of the earthquake reveals an almost entirely left-lateral strike-slip movement on NE-SW trending faults. This mainshock, which started in the south of the EAFZ, caused a rare rapid stress transfer in the north and the successive rupture of the Pazarcik-Erkenek fault section in the northeast and the Amanos section in the southeast. The Kahramanmaras-Pazarcik earthquake shows complex rupture, showing directionality \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Date** & **Region** & **Intensity** & **Magnitude** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Historical Period} \\ \hline
1 & 148 BC & Antakya & VIII & \\
2 & 69 BC & Antakya & IX & \\
3 & 37 BC & Antakya & VIII & \\
4 & 53 & Lazkije–Antakya & VIII & \\
5 & 220 & Antakya & VII & \\
6 & 396 & Antakya & VIII & \\
7 & 526 & Antakya & IX & \\
8 & 529 & Antakya and its region & IX & \\
9 & 1544 & Elbistan & VIII & \\
10 & 1568 & Lazkije & VIII & Ms = 6.0 \\
11 & 1626 & Halep & IX & Ms = 7.3 \\
12 & 1726 & Harim & VIII & Ms = 6.1 \\
13 & 1738 & Amik Lake & VIII & Ms = 6.2 \\
14 & 1789 & Elazig & VIII & \\
15 & 1796 & Lazkoye & VIII-IX & Ms = 6.8 \\
16 & 1822 & Antakaya & IX & Ms = 7.0 \\
17 & 1866 & Karlova, Bingöl & & Ms = 6.8 \\
18 & 1872 & Hatay (Amik Lake) & VIII-IX & Ms = 7.2 \\
19 & 1874 & Elazig & IX & Ms = 7.1 \\
20 & 1875 & Elazig & VI & Ms = 6.7 \\
21 & 1875 & Palu & & Ms = 6.1 \\
22 & 1893 & Malatya & IX & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Instrumental Period} \\ \hline
1 & 4 December 1905 & Putürge (Malatya) & & Ms = 6.8 \\
2 & 20 March 1945 & Ceyhan (Adana) & & Ms = 6.0 \\
3 & 22 October 1952 & Missi (Adana) & & Ms = 5.6 \\
4 & 14 June 1964 & Sincik (Adynaman) & & Ms = 6.0 \\
5 & 22 May 1971 & Bingöl & Ms = 6.8 \\
6 & 6 September 1975 & Lice (Diyarbakir) & & M = 6.6 \\
7 & 1979 & Adana-Kozan & Ms = 5.1 \\
8 & 5 May 1986 & Surgü (Malatya) & & Mw = 6.0 \\
9 & 1986 & Gaziantep & Ms = 5.0 \\
10 & 1989 & Iskenderun & Ms = 4.9 \\
11 & 1991 & Kadirli & Ms = 5.2 \\
12 & 1994 & Ceyhan & Ms = 5.0 \\
13 & 22 January 1997 & Samandag (Hatay) & & Mw = 5.7 \\
14 & 27 June 1998 & Yüregir (Adana) & & Mw = 6.2 \\
15 & 1 May 2003 & Bingöl & & Mw = 6.3 \\
16 & 11 August 2004 & Sivrice–Elazig & & Mw = 5.6 \\
17 & 9 February 2007 & Sivrice (Elazig) & & Mw = 5.5 \\
18 & 21 February 2007 & Sivrice (Elazig) & & Mw = 5.7 \\
19 & 8 March 2010 & Kovanclar (Elazig) & & Mw = 6.1 \\
20 & 24 January 2020 & Sivrice (Elazig) & & Mw = 6.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Earthquakes that occurred on the EAFZ AFAD 2020; [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. effects at both ends of the rupture zone and discontinuous time evolution along multiple fault sections, and in this sense, it is a unique example of a complex earthquake structure containing multiple ruptures. The total length of the rupture formed by the main shock is around 300 km. Ten min after the main shock, a large aftershock with a magnitude of Mw = 6.8 occurred just west of the focus of the main shock. Approximately 9 h later, a second earthquake occurred in Elbistan Ekinozu with a focal depth of 10 km and a magnitude of Mw = 7.6, and a surface rupture occurred along the Cardak-Surgu fault section. The moment tensor solution of this earthquake also shows an almost entirely left-lateral strike-slip movement. The total length of the rupture formed during this earthquake is approximately 160 km. The main shocks and aftershocks of the February 2023 Mw = 7.7 Kahramanmaras-Pazarck and Mw = 7.6 Elbistan earthquakes were recorded by stations located in a wide area in the National Strong Motion Network operated by AFAD. The acceleration values of these earthquakes measured at stations in Adiyaman district are shown in Table 2. The earthquakes that occurred on 6 February 2023 also affected Syria.