# A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Detecting Volcanic Thermal Anomalies from Satellite Images
## 5 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Date** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Satellite**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Volcano**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Active**} & **Date** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Satellite**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Volcano**} & **Activity** \\ (**dd/mm/yyyy)** & & & & & **(Yes: 1, No: 0)** & **(dd/mm/yyyy)** & \\ \hline
03/05/2013 & Landsat 8 & Etra & 0 & 03/02/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Geldingdadir & 0 \\
19/05/2013 & Landsat 8 & Etra & 0 & 07/02/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Cumber Vieja & 0 \\
02/09/2014 & Landsat 8 & Etra & 0 & 18/02/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 \\
19/09/2014 & Landsat 8 & Stromboli & 1 & 21/02/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 \\
28/02/2015 & Landsat 8 & Fogo & 0 & 25/02/2021 & Landsat 8 & Fuego & 0 \\
07/10/2015 & Landsat 8 & Etra & 0 & 25/02/2021 & Landsat 8 & Pacaya & 1 \\
03/12/2015 & Landsat 8 & Etraa & 1 & 06/03/2021 & Landsat 8 & Geldingdadir & 0 \\
16/03/2017 & Sentinel-2 & Etra & 1 & 13/03/2021 & Landsat 8 & Geldingdadir & 0 \\
18/05/2017 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 22/03/2021 & Landsat 8 & Geldingdadir & 1 \\
24/03/2018 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 25/03/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Pacaya & 1 \\
08/05/2018 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 04/05/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Geldingdadir & 1 \\
10/05/2018 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 17/05/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 \\
30/05/2018 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 19/05/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Pacaya & 0 \\
29/06/2018 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 19/05/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 \\
24/12/2018 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 & 25/05/2021 & Landsat 8 & Etraa & 1 \\
14/06/2019 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 27/05/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Kluaea & 0 \\
19/07/2019 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 & 13/06/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 \\
27/07/2019 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 & 16/06/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Kluaea & 0 \\
18/08/2019 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 & 12/08/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Geldingdadir & 1 \\
02/04/2020 & Sentinel-2 & Klyuchevskaya & 0 & 12/08/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Geldingdadir & 1 \\
04/04/2020 & Sentinel-2 & Klyuchevskaya & 0 & 20/08/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Stromboli & 0 \\
11/06/2020 & Sentinel-2 & Kliuaea & 0 & 26/08/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Cumber Vieja & 0 \\
11/06/2020 & Sentinel-2 & Pacaya & 0 & 30/08/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 1 \\
16/09/2020 & Sentinel-2 & Klyuchevskaya & 0 & 09/09/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Stromboli & 0 \\
20/10/2020 & Landsat 8 & Fuegeo & 0 & 21/09/2021 & Landsat 8 & Etraa & 1 \\
10/11/12020 & Sentinel-2 & Klyuchevskaya & 1 & 21/09/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Stromboli & 0 \\
21/11/12020 & Landsat 8 & Geldingdadir & 0 & 03/11/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 \\
28/12/2020 & Sentinel-2 & Kliuaea & 1 & 05/11/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 \\
18/01/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Ena & 1 & 28/11/2021 & Sentinel-2 & Kiluaea & 1 \\
24/01/2021 & Landsat 8 & Geldingdadir & 0 & 08/02/2022 & Sentinel-2 & Etraa & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: List of satellite images selected for the test set. For each image, date, satellite used, volcano investigated, and presence or not of eruptive activity (the ground truth, i.e., the real labels of the scenes) are shown (date format: day/month/year written as dd/mm/yyyy). bars refer to the unsupervised X-Means model and the yellow bars to the supervised Random Forest one. Finally, the blue bars are related to the SqueezeNet model. In case of the presence of anomalies (presence of the ground truth dark red bar for a specific day), a good performance of each model analyzed is reached when the ground truth bar is surmounted by all of the five bars related to the outputs of the five models under comparison (fixed threshold, statistical threshold, X-Means, RF, SqueezeNet), e.g., 19 July 2019 and 10 November 2020 cases. Similarly, in case of the absence of anomalies (absence of the ground truth dark red bar for a specific day), a good performance of each model analyzed is obtained when there are no bars related to that specific date, e.g., 19 May 2013 and 29 June 2018 cases. All other cases present some misclassifications. For instance, the 16 September 2020 case study shows absence of volcanic thermal anomalies at Klyuchevskaya volcano.