## 4 Development of Optical Sensing Techniques for Red Meat Quality Prediction
### Spectroscopic Techniques
#### 4.1.1 Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
 & 234 & Vis-NIR & 350-1800 & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.803\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.63\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.56\) & - & - \\
[128] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 644 & NIR & 1000-2500 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.16\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.17\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.45\) & - & - \\
[129] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 178 & FT-NIR & 1000-2500 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.33\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.57\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.61\) & - & - \\
[128] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 1166 & Vis-NIR & 350-1830 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.84\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.63\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.58\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.64\) \\
[128] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 194 & Vis-NIR & 350-1830 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.42\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.71\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.62\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.77\) \\
[129] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 194 & Vis-NIR & 350-1830 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.42\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.64\) \\
[130] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 194 & Vis-NIR & 350-1830 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.42\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.65\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.64\) \\
[131] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 194 & Vis-NIR & 350-1830 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.44\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.65\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.64\) \\
[132] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 194 & Vis-NIR & 350-1650 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.48\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.56\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.65\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.64\) \\
[133] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 194 & Vis-NIR & 350-1830 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.42\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.58\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.62\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.77\) \\
[129] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 192 & NIR & 950-1650 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.52\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.58\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.58\) & - & - \\
[134] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 120 & NIR & 740-1070 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.51\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) \\
[135] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 129 & NIR & 1000-2500 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.695\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.818\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.68\) & - & - \\
[136] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 131 & Vis-NIR & 400-2498 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.74\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.51\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.55\) & - & - \\
[130] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}  & 134 & Vis-NIR & 400-1495 & PLSR & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.77\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.81\) & \(\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{CV}}^{2}=0.51\) & - & - \\
[132] & \begin{tabular}{c} **B**eef \\ **Hers** \\ \end{tabular}