## 3 Results
### Internet of Things as a Component of HM and HMGT Systems  
The IoT represents a significant advancement over traditional, non-connected sensors in aircraft for several key reasons. Figure 5 depicts a simplified representation of an aircraft along with various traditional aircraft sensors. These might include sensors for temperature, pressure, flow rates, position, velocity, and other physical parameters. The representation suggests a disconnection between the sensors and any centralized system, highlighting the traditional approach where sensors operate independently without interconnectivity or real-time data analysis. Data collected from these sensors is typically downloaded and analyzed post-flight or during routine maintenance checks. Figure 5 serves an illustrative purpose, providing a schematic representation of an aircraft equipped with a variety of sensors. The symbols used in this figure are symbolic and designed to visually represent a broader set of sensors that are critical to the operation of aircraft health monitoring systems. Figure 4 provides a detailed classification and the functional spectrum of sensors, explaining how each contributes to the overall health management of the aircraft. The key characteristics of traditional sensors are as follows:  
Figure 5: Aircraft with various traditional aircraft sensors. * Each sensor functions independently, monitoring specific parameters without communicating with other systems. * Data are often retrieved manually and require physical access to the aircraft for download. * The analysis of data is retrospective, occurring after the flight has ended or during scheduled maintenance. * Maintenance decisions are reactive, based on the analysis of historical data rather than real-time monitoring. Figure 6 conceptualizes an aircraft equipped with an IoT-based health monitoring system. The aircraft is surrounded by various sensors representing digital connectivity and data analysis tools as a network of interconnected devices and systems. This reflects the IoT's capability to enable real-time communication and integration of sensor data for on-the-go analysis and decision-making. The key characteristics of an IoT-based HM system are as follows:  
* Sensors on the aircraft are networked, allowing them to communicate with each other and with centralized systems, enabling integrated health monitoring. * Sensor data can be transmitted in real time to ground stations or cloud-based platforms for immediate analysis. * The system can analyze data on the fly to predict maintenance needs, scheduling proactive maintenance actions to avoid failures. * Pilots and ground personnel receive instant insights into the aircraft's health, which informs in-flight decisions and ground operations. Figure 7 represents a continuation of the evolution from traditional sensors and an IoT-based health monitoring system to a cloud-based integral health management system, illustrating the advanced functionalities of the IoT in aviation health management, such as detailed analytics dashboards, automated maintenance alerts, and system-wide integration from the aircraft to maintenance crews and operations centers. Figure 6: IoT-based health monitoring system. Figure 7: Cloud-based integral health management system. The advanced functionalities of an IoT-based HMGT system are as follows:  
* Visual representations and dashboards showcasing the analysis of real-time and historical sensor data. * Automated systems for issuing maintenance alerts and safety warnings based on predictive analytics. * A fully integrated operational ecosystem that connects flight operations, maintenance, supply chain logistics, and safety management. While simple sensors can collect data, IoT technology enhances the scope, efficiency, and utility of data collection and analysis in health monitoring and health management systems. There are some reasons why the IoT is necessary and beneficial in this context:  
* IoT devices can continuously monitor aircraft systems in real time, providing a constant stream of data.