# Black Fungi on Stone-Built Heritage: Current Knowledge and Future Outlook
## 2 Black Fungi and Stone Monuments: An Intimate Connection
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Class/Order** & **Genera \({}^{*}\)** & **Substrate** & **Environmental and Climatic Features** & **Alterations Associated to Fungal** & **Refs** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Dohidaemyrotes/Dohidaules_} & \multirow{4}{*}{_Aureubbasitiment_} & \multirow{4}{*}{_Aureubbasitiment_} & Urban environment, & Black painting, black spots, detachments, & \\  & & & Mediterranean climate, & superficial deposit, biofilm, & \\  & & & plaster, sandstone & temperature climate, indoor & discolorations with or without salt & [37,40,45,49,53,63,64,65] \\  & & & environment, and urban environment & effloresence, black cursts, and stone & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Dohidaemyrotes/Nyehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnenehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnehnenehnehnehnehnenehnehnehnehnehnenehnehnehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnenehnehnenehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnehnehnenehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnenehnehnenehnehnehnenehnehnenehnenehnenehnehnenehnenehnehnenehnenehnehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnehnenehnehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenehnenenehnenehnenenehnenehnenenehnenehnenenehnenehnenenehnenehnenenehnenehnenenehnenenehnenehneneneh \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class/Order** & **Genera \({}^{*}\)** & **Substrate** & **Environmental and Climatic** & **Alternations Associated to Fungal** & **Refs** \\  & & & **Features** & **Coinization** & \\ \hline _Delhiolomeycles/Neutralies_ & _Ochenosis_ & & & & & \\ \hline _Environnecytes/_ & _Sarcinomyces_ & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Environnecytes mertete sults_} & _Sarcinomyces_ & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & _Cybelligrowth sp._ & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Environnecytes/_ _Cheathyriles_} & _Libophila_ & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Environnecytes/_ _Myoozikikales_} & _Libestone, marble, sandstone_ & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Environnecytes/_ _Myoozikales_} & _Libestone, marble, sandstone_ & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) According to the current taxonomic nomenclature.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. In manuscripts published prior to 1999, black meristematic fungal species that were identified without molecular analyses, such as _Hormonema dematioides_, _Lichenothelia_ sp. and _Hortaea werneckii_, _Trimmutostroma_ sp., are listed among the most abundant fungal species present in arid and semiarid environments in association with biodeterioration of stone monuments [3]. The molecular analyses introduced at the end of the 20 th century considerably increased the knowledge about the taxonomy of the black fungi isolated from stone monuments and allowed the description of twenty-six new species and three new genera. The new species and genera described are listed below:  
_Sarcinomyces petricola_ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [73]; _S. sideticae_ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [70]; _Coniosporium apollini_ [PERSON], _C.