esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Conclusions  
The present research examined the machining of GCI with an aging time of five or twelve days. The study case used two different cutting tools: CNMG and SCGN inserts. Both inserts have the characteristics to machine the material, but the finished workpiece must have a rough surface between 1.5 to 2.0 \(\upmu\)m. An analysis of tool wear was carried out based on this information. The methodology analysis includes the rake face and tool wear measurement. In addition, it includes the characterization of the GCI and the topography surface of a brake disk.  
The data collected from these two inserts were determinant to establish:  
* The flank and rake face of the ceramic inserts showed abrasion (notching) as the main wear mechanism, which was more evident in relation to the age\(-\)strengthening variation of GCI. In contrast, the coated carbide inserts exhibited a predominantly adhesive wear and oxidation on the rake face, compared to the other wear mechanism. The oxidation resulted in wear products such as aluminum oxide and iron oxide, which were deduced from the quantitative EDS analysis on the rake face of CNMG tools.
* Five and twelve days of aging in GCI affected 50% of the tool life of a coated carbide insert. Based on this, 1.2 mm was the highest flank wear measured by the SEM analysis.
* From the data collected by AFM, it is possible to correlate the effect of the adhesive material on the cutting tool with the final surface. The machining of GCI with a coated carbide insert resulted in a slightly nonuniform topography in contrast to the ceramic cutting tool.
* The authors suggest that twelve days of age strengthening would allow the use of a carbide insert with uniform wear damage when time is not an issue in the machining shop. Manufacturers should evaluate time and cost before selecting cutting tool materials.  
This investigation helps to further understand the tool wear mechanisms of the two inserts that were analyzed when completing the machining of the 40 workpieces. Future research should be the analysis of the rate dependence of the cutting-edge wear on the cutting time.  
Conceptualization, G.M.M. and N.E.G.-S.; Methodology, J.F.M.; Validation, G.A.M.-H., A.M.-S., and A.C.P.R.; Formal Analysis, M.M.M.; Investigation, J.F.M. and A.C.P.R.; Resources, M.A.M.-M. and M.M.M.M.; Data Curation, A.M.-S.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, G.M.M. and N.E.G.-S.; Writing--Review & Editing, G.M.M. and N.E.G.-S.; Visualization, M.A.M.-M. and G.A.M.-H.; Supervision, G.M.M. and N.E.G.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data will be made available on request, contacting to the corresponding author.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions made by [PERSON] from an automotive brake disk manufacturer from Puebla, Pue. [PERSON] and [PERSON] acknowledges VIEP-BUAP and Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico (Grant No. 18862.23-P).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l} \hline \hline
**Alphabet** & **Defined as** & **Alphabet** & **Defined as** \\ \hline \(x\) & horizontal coordinate (\(m\)) & \(T_{r}\) & Reference temperature \\ \(y\) & vertical coordinate (\(m\)) & \(T_{0}\) & initial temperature of the fluid (K) \\ \(u\) & horizontal velocity component (\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\)) & \(T\) & temperature (K) \\ \(v\) & vertical velocity component (\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\)) & \(U_{m}\) & Velocity of the stretching sheet \\ \(S\) & Unsteadiness parameter & \(T_{1}\) & final temperature of the fluid (K) \\ \(\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{p}}\) & Temperature at the sheet & T & temperature (K) \\ \(\mathrm{K}\) & thermal diffusivity (\(\mathrm{m}^{2}\)) & t & time (s) \\ \(S\) & Unsteadiness parameter & f & Dimensionless Velocity \\ \(b\) & stretching parameter(constant) & \(\mathrm{k}^{\prime}\) & permeability coefficient of the porosity \\ \(f(\mathrm{c})\) & nondimensional variable for velocity & \(C_{\varphi}\) & Nanoparticle volume fraction at sheet \\ \(Pr\) & [PERSON] number & \(E_{c}\) & Eckert number \\ \(Kr\) & nondimensional porosity parameter & Sc & Schmidt number \\ \(Nb\) & Brownian motion parameter & \(D_{B}\) & Brownian diffusion coefficient \\ \(C_{p}\) & specific heat at constant pressure (\(\mathrm{k}\)\(\mathrm{k}\)\(\mathrm{s}^{-1}\)) & \(Nt\) & Thermophoresis parameter \\ \hline \hline
**Greek symbols** & **Defined as** & **Greek Symbols** & **Defined as** \\ \hline \(\phi\) & Dimensions nanoparticle volume fraction & \(\xi\) & Similarity variable \\ \(v\) & kinematic viscosity of the fluid & \(\rho_{f}\) & Density of base fluid \\ \(\rho\) & density (\(\mathrm{kg}\)\(\mathrm{m}^{-3}\)) & \((\rho c)_{p}\) & Heat capacity of the nanoparticle material \\ \(\Gamma\) & Time constant & \(\alpha\) & Thermal diffusivity of the base fluid \\ \(\rho_{p}\) & Nanoparticle mass density & \((\rho c)_{f}\) & Heat capacity of the base fluid \\ \(v\) & Kinematic viscosity of the base fluid & \(\lambda\) & Williamson fluid constant \\ \(\beta\) & non-dimensional film thickness & \(\theta\) & Dimensionless temperature \\ \(\phi\) & non-dimensional stream function & \((^{\prime})\) & differentiation w. r. t \(\xi\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: HAM, Numerical Solution and their absolute Error are shown for \(f(\eta)\), when \(h=-0.47\), \(\lambda=0.2,\mathrm{kr}=0.2,\mathrm{Pr}=1,\mathrm{Ec}=0.6,\mathrm{Nb}=0.4, \mathrm{Nt}=0.5,S=0.2,\beta=1\) and \(Sc=0.5\). Figure 31: Shows \(h\) curves of the residuals for the concentration profile \(\phi(\eta)\), when \(\lambda=0.6,s=0.6\); \(\mathrm{Kr}=0.4,\mathrm{Pr}=1,\mathrm{Ec}=0.4,\mathrm{Nb}=0.6,\mathrm{Nt}=0.5, \mathrm{sc}=0.5\), \(\beta=1\).
period + 10-15 min passive period) and may present the same problem. As there is a ceremonial pause between WU and the start of official matches (lasting approximately 12 min) [12], there is a need for RWU right before the match starts. Since that condition is almost impossible to fulfill (because activities during breaks are planned), the only possible solution is to maintain the reached working temperature passively [13; 14]. This state is mainly achieved with the help of heating garments, which are proven to maintain muscle and skin temperature [14; 15] and prevent running-speed reduction [16; 17]. Although a few papers [18; 19; 20] have shown positive results using heating garments at HT, there is a lack of evidence of such protocols prior to the start of the game [16]. According to previous research, running-speed loss can be reduced by heating garments after the WU and before the start of the game [17]. This method has become more commonly employed to preserve the WU effect. [PERSON] et al. [16] proved that even after 6 min of passive break Ts could decrease to baseline values. Complementary to this are the findings of [PERSON] et al. [21], which indicated that 10 min may be enough for running speed to drop by 3.9% (\(p\) < 0.001, ES = 0.84) and temperature by \(\sim\)1.3% (\(p\) = 0.004, ES = 0.29). [PERSON] et al. [14] supported these findings by recording less Tm in an experimental group (wearing a heating garment) compared to the control (\(p\) < 0.01). [PERSON] et al. [22] provided the information that applying a heating garment during the post-WU period can offset the temperature drop significantly (\(p\) < 0.001), even as much as \(\sim\)50%, and can, consequently, improve sprint ability [17]. Most of the previous research shows the need for passive heat maintenance for both HT [17] and pre-game breaks [23] because Tm and Ts change after a few minutes of passive rest [9]. Although some research did work on passive heat maintenance with specific heating garments [24], to the best of the author's knowledge, none of the previous research investigated the influence of regular tracksuits on skin temperature and running speed in soccer players in a period between the WU and the start of the match, which might have the same effect as the one at HT. Therefore, the primary goal of this research was to determine whether regular tracksuits are adequate for maintaining the achieved skin temperature and running speed.
## 2 Trends and Gaps in Digital Activism Research
### Characteristics of Digital Activism That Condition Industry Responses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Characteristics** & **Traditional Activism** & **Digital Activism** \\ \hline \hline Who participates? \({}^{*}\) & Often larger, well-organized, well-resourced groups & Often smaller, decentralized, less \\ How are they connected? \({}^{*}\) & Collective action & Connective action \\ Relationship to traditional media? & Highly dependent & Unclear \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) The characteristics in these categories reflect ideal types; there are often significant areas of overlap across forms of activism.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Traditional vs. digital activism, a comparison. One other characteristic of digital activism may condition industry responses. Principally, when and how it receives coverage in the traditional media. Past research suggests that activism that attracts the attention of print and broadcast journalism is more likely to lead to a response from industry [38; 39]. However, given broader changes in media consumption habits, one can no longer safely assume a direct relationship between media coverage and industry reputation [27]. With regards to digital activism, it is unclear whether coverage by print, radio, or television journalists has an impact on industry responses and whether virality on social media precedes or follows traditional media coverage. Conventional wisdom holds that the traditional media follow a convergence of social media sentiment [28]. For example, when United Airlines violently ejected a passenger from an overbooked flight, the story broke first via YouTube and was later picked up by major news outlets [27]. The incident prompted several changes to United's policies on overbooking and cost its CEO a promotion to chairman [40]. One may reasonably wonder whether this response would have occurred in the absence of traditional media coverage or, conversely, in the absence of the accompanying YouTube video. In either case, industry responses to digital activism may be conditioned by when and how activism is covered by traditional media.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Biocide Tolerance  
All _S. aureus_ isolates were tested for susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride (BC), hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), cetrimide (CT), triclosan (TC), hexachlorophene (HC), and chlorhexidine (CD) (all from Sigma Aldrich, Spain) using the broth microdilution method and 96-well microtiter plates (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) [23]. Biocides BC, HDP, CT, and CD were dissolved in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK), while TC and HC were dissolved in 96% ethanol. These solutions were diluted to achieve concentrations of 256 mg/L, 128 mg/L, 64 mg/L, 32 mg/L, 16 mg/L, 8 mg/L, 4 mg/L, and 2 mg/L, respectively. For the tests, the isolates were activated in TSB at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h, and the cultures were diluted 1:10 in TSB. The biocide solutions, at the tested concentrations, were added to the wells of the microplates (180 \(\upmu\)L per well), and 20 \(\upmu\)L of each 1:10 diluted culture was added to the wells. The optical density (OD) at 620 nm was measured in a Sunrise microplate reader (Tecan, Grodig, Austria), at time zero and after 24 h at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. An isolate was classified as tolerant to a biocide when the difference between the ODs measured at time zero and after 24 h was \(\geq\)0.05 [17]. The MIC corresponded to the minimum concentration required to maintain the difference between the ODs measured at time zero and after 24 h below 0.05 [17]. Three controls were included in the tests: positive controls (pure cultures), negative controls (biocides at the tested concentrations, without added cultures), and sterility of culture medium (TSB). All tests were performed in triplicate.
## 4 Discussion
### The Biophysical Controls of WUE  
We selected both climatic and biotic variables with the aid of the RF algorithm to detect the main factors in influencing WUE of the ten vegetation types. Our study indicates that the biophysical variables were able to address the interannual variations in WUE quite effectively. The results revealed that Temp was the most critical factor influencing WUE, followed by VPD, LAI, and VSWC. However, the relative importance of these drivers varied among different vegetation types. Temp affects key plant physiological processes in plants, such as photosynthesis and transpiration, thereby influencing WUE [40]. VPD impacts the transpiration rate, thereby controlling plant water usage. It was identified as the primary factor affecting cropland and grassland, while VSWC emerged as the leading driver for DNF. Given that temperature is a major determinant of WUE in FPENC ecosystems, rising global temperature could significantly impact the WUE of vegetation.  
When assessing the impact of environmental factors on WUE, the results illustrated in Figure 12a indicate that from 2003 to 2012, WUE in FPENC was primarily influenced by Temp and VSWC, with Temp dominantly controlling the WUE in the center FPENC, and VSWC controlled WUE in the western part. A decrease in Temp during this period was associated with a decline in WUE, as shown by their positive correlation (Figure 10). Conversely, precipitation appeared to have a limited effect on WUE which contrasts with the findings of the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2013), who suggested that annual temperature had a more substantial impact on WUE compared to annual precipitation [21; 37]. Additionally, the observed negative relationship between VSWC and WUE suggests that increasing soil water content corresponded to lower WUE levels. Therefore, the combination of declining Temp and rising VSWC contributed to the decrease in WUE during the first decade. However, from 2013 to 2022, WUE showed a slight increase (Figure S2); this can be explained by the combined effects of multiple factors (especially Temp, VSWC, and VPD), leading the WUE to slightly increase during the last ten years, and this occurred especially in the southeastern of FPENC. Over the entire study period, WUE was primarily governed by VPD and VSWC (Figure 12c). The observed decrease in VPD and increase in VSWC suggest a trend towards a wetter environment, which together resulted in lower WUE. Furthermore, given the strong positive correlation between Temp and VPD, we conclude that WUE in FPENC from 2003 to 2022 was mainly influenced by Temp and VSWC, being consistent with the controlling mechanisms identified for different vegetation types in Figure 11.
# Secure Learning Management System Based on User Behavior
## 2 Related Works
Continuous authentication uses the free text entered by each user for analysis, and this method is more accurate because it approaches real-world situations as compared to analyzing the static text entered by the user. In Table 2, we have described some of the most popular continuous authentication techniques. In [19], an experiment was performed with 31 users, and data were collected for 7 weeks. The users had to type some predefined and some free sentences. This mechanism takes into account the characteristics that represent the user's behavior by calculating the average and standard deviation of the typing time of the digraphs, eliminating the residual values and thus determining the user's training profile, which is compared with the reference one through the use of Euclidean distance. In [18], the time between the release of a key and the pressing of the next key was used for each pair of characters in a sequence. Forty users were invited to create a profile by entering two different texts. Ninety new users were invited to enter only the second text. The average distance was calculated between the unknown samples and each previously created profile (by the 40 users). The authors applied a learning scheme to improve the false rate and to calculate the mean and standard deviation between each sample in the user profile and each sample in the profile of another user. The results showed that FRR was reduced to 5.36% and FAR to zero. In [20], the same technique was used as in [18] using the free text introduced by 205 users. The authors created user profiles based on the features of writing free text. Users performed a series of tests using entropy to measure the distance between the test sample and the reference samples from \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Number of Users** & **FAR (\%)** & **FRR (\%)** & **Accuracy (\%)** & **Sample Content** & **Method** \\ \hline
[19] & 31 & - & - & 23 & Some predefined and free sentences & Euclidean distance and probabilities \\ \hline
[18] & 40 & 0 & 5.36 & - & Two different texts, each 300 characters long & Distance measure \\ \hline
[20] & 205 & 3.17 & 0.03 & - & Each user typed 15 samples, and each sample contained between 700 and 900 characters & Nearest neighbor \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Continuous authentication methods. any other user in the database. The examples are transformed into a list of \(n\) graphs sorted by their average times. In order to classify a sample, it is compared with each existing sample in both absolute and relative terms. This study is highly accurate when multiple users are registered. All of the above techniques show that continuous authentication can be used, like static authentication, to effectively distinguish users. However, the characteristics of the users extracted by the continuous authentication method does not guarantee characteristics with strong statistical significance.
# Feasibility Investigation of SIW Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna Array for Ku Band Applications
## 2 Single Antenna Design
Figure 3: Simulated \(\left|\text{S}_{11}\right|\) parameter versus the frequency of the patch antenna with central feeding without cuts compared with lateral feeding with lateral cuts, both without SIW backing cavity. The effect of the SIW cavity backing on the antenna performance is illustrated in Figure 5. The modulus of the S\({}_{11}\) parameter for the patch antenna with lateral cut and feeding in the corner was reported for both cases: without (dashed curve) and with (solid curve) SIW cavity. The bandwidth for the antenna with SIW cavity was about 2 GHz and covered the whole satellite communication Ku band. It is worthwhile noting (see Figures 3 and 5) that the broadband operation was obtained by a proper design of both the patch antenna with lateral cut and feeding line in the corner and SIW cavity. The designed single element geometry is simpler with respect to other interesting cavity backed antennas reported in the literature, requiring sophisticated matching sections [19]. Moreover, a circular polarization could be obtained with slight patch shape changes.
# Water Modification by Cold Plasma Jet with Respect to Physical and Chemical Properties
## Appendix A
The method was tested in plasma activated distilled water and in plasma activated tap water and it showed significant increases of nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Preliminary results on both specimen kinetics evolutions highlighted a different behavior of the temporal post-discharge reactions leading to non-conversion of the nitrite ions in the case of plasma activated tap water. The near non-existence of acidification during and after plasma activation encountered in the latter specimen was due to high levels of carbonate species in tap water acting as a buffer solution. Indeed, the presence of hydrogen carbonate (HCO\({}_{3}^{-}\)) led to the acidity consumption during plasma activation, whereas the presence of non-dissolved limestone in hard water (CaCO\({}_{3}\)) acted as carbonates reserve, and this induced the acidity consumption after plasma treatment. [PERSON] et al. (2017) adjusted the downstream length of a plasma jet to regulate reactive species production in an AC-driven argon plasma jet. Jets with short downstream lengths were found to be dominated by RNS, whereas longer ones were dominated by ROS. The energy impact collision between energetic electrons and diffused ambient air was primarily responsible for the generation of RNS in argon plasma. Short plasma jets had a higher electron temperature in the plasma effluent, allowing for better excitation and ionization of N\({}_{2}\) molecules. In contrast, in longer jets, electrons transferred most of their energy to neutrals and moisture, even before the diffusion of ambient air. Thus, the production of OH radicals and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) was dominant in longer plasma jets. Further, the ratio of NO\({}_{2}^{-}\) to H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) in plasma activated water decreased from 1.8 to 0.07, as the downstream length was increased from 1 cm to 10 cm. They stated that RNS-enriched short plasma jets were appropriate for immune cell activation, jets of intermediate length were suitable for gold nanoparticle formation because of the synergistic action of ROS and electron energy, and ROS-dominated longer plasma jets were excellent for methylene blue degradation.
# An Approach for Pronunciation Classification of Classical Arabic Phonemes Using Deep Learning
## 3 Materials and Methods  
After exploring the existing literature, we have identified limited contributions in short Arabic vowels classification; because there was no existing dataset available, we began by collecting the Arabic short vowels audio data. We used a convenience sampling technique whereby the acquaintance, students, and faculty members were identified through personal contacts and social media. The data was collected in the form of audio clips from each participant.