## 3 The SET Synthesis of Adenine from Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
### Splitting One Oxygen Atom From CO\({}_{2}\)
#### 3.1.2 Ammonia Vibration Modes  
The catalyst for the reaction between NH\({}_{3}\) and CO\({}_{2}\) has been suggested to be gaseous COS as the critical vibrations are agreeing with the concept of SET. Among the vibrations of N-H stretch reported by [PERSON] [10] we find one species at 4176 cm\({}^{-1}\), meaning that it can obtain reaction energy from two quanta of COS (2 \(\times\) 2079 = 4158 cm\({}^{-1}\)). This composite vibration is assigned as v2 (a) + 2 v4 (e), [10], i.e., the degenerate vibration appears twice that one with singular character. It seems to us that this composite vibration causes the expulsion of two hydrogen atoms, Figure 6, that reacts with the oxygen atom, activated as indicated above. One might say that both the H as well as the O atoms are in a statu nascendi, and hence have the capacity of reacting with each other. Figure 6: The catalyzed reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide. The Formation of the Oxygen-Containing Nucleobases Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine from a SET Point of View  
Starting from the peptide group formed as described in Figure 6, (or, in one case, the two peptide groups) and the empirical formula for the molecule in question we try to understand the building of the nitrogen bases. One notes that in all cases, Schemes 3 and 4 and Tables 2-4, catalysis is a strongly working factor. In adenine, as described above, the entire structure is built up from five HCN molecules, where the vibration of the carbon-nitrogen bond is activated by the gaseous catalyst COS.  
For the three remaining nitrogen bases, the structure is started by the formation of a peptide group created by the action of the same catalyst, COS, on the splitting of a CO\({}_{2}\) molecule mixed with ammonia as described above, Figure 6. The results are collected in Tables 2-4. As the peptide unit covers two positions in the ring system of guanine (Table 3), only four HCN molecules are needed to complete the structure. As in the case of adenine, the last HCN molecule (or rather the isomer form CNH) is split into a carbon, entering a double bond, and the remaining N-H unit that takes part in the formation of an amino group. In both cases (adenine and guanine) the amino group is positioned on the larger ring of the molecule. In addition, in both cases, the carbon atom is squeezed by the outer part of the structure. The remaining two nitrogen bases form only one ring, but differs between themselves in that uracil contains two peptide groups. From the empirical formula of uracil it follows that an additional C2H2 group is needed to complete the structure (Table 3). We suggest that this group originates from an ethene molecule. In addition, in this case catalysis is of decisive importance. One finds that (in [PERSON]'s Table 92; Reference [10]) there is tabulated a strong fundamental vibration, \(\
u_{9}\)CH(b\({}_{2u}\)), at 3105.5 cm\({}^{-1}\). The (inverted) resonance condition is therefore 3105.5/2079 = 1.4937; this means that the difference from 1.5000 is 0.0063 or 4.2 permillage. This is a very reasonable value for resonance. This means that two quanta of \(\
u_{9}\) accepts energy from three quanta of the catalyst. Now it turns out [10], that \(\
u_{9}\) has a form as shown in Figure 7, that implies that at high excitation of their vibration, the two \"upper\" H-atoms are distancing themselves (and together) from the compact rest of the molecule, i.e., C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{2}\). This results, after bond breaking at a suitable excitation level, in a H\({}_{2}\) molecule and a remaining rest of H-C*=C*-H, with two free valencies, that can form bonds with other -excited-atoms (Tables 2 and 4). Cytosine has the most complex structure of the four substances discussed here. We suggest (Table 4), that HCN, NH\({}_{3}\) and C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) are involved, in a 1:1:1 ratio and that all three substances are activated by the catalyst COS as described above.