esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Case Study
### Corrosion Propagation  
Historical measurements of temperature from the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Austria served for determining the ambient temperature of the Weikendorf Bridge [60]. The data consisted of the mean temperature of the period 1961-1990 for weather stations in Lower Austria. Available data were analyzed, where data from the Gansendorf weather station in the near vicinity of the bridge also exist. Hence, for the parameter \(T_{real}\) in Equation (23), the mean value of 282.4 K for the Gansendorf station was taken into account, with the standard deviation obtained by analysis of different stations. When different stations were analyzed, as presented in Figure 8, a standard deviation of 1.2 K was obtained.  
Using Equation (23), the duration until events of cracking and spalling \(t_{prop}\) for the Weikendorf Bridge can be recalculated. The results of the recalculation are presented in Table 16 as lognormally distributed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Event** & \(t_{prop}\) & **Mean Value \(m\)** & **Standard Deviation \(s\)** & **Location Parameter \(\mu\)** & **Scale Parameter \(\sigma\)** \\ \hline cracking & \(t_{prop,cna}\) & 8.46 & 2.89 & 2.08 & 0.33 \\ spalling & \(t_{prop,spa}\) & 16.91 & 4.87 & 2.79 & 0.28 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 16: Values of duration of propagation \(t_{prop}\) until the occurrence of events of cracking and spalling for the wings of the Weikendorf Bridge.  
Figure 8: Mean temperature in the period 1961–1990 (K) for weather stations in Lower Austria.  
Taking into account the values presented in Tables 6 and 16, and using Equation (19), it is possible to determine the approximate corrosion rate \(v_{corr}\) in the wings as an average between corrosion rates causing cracking and spalling. The mean value of approximate corrosion rate \(v_{corr}\) in wings was determined to be equal to 22.2 \(\upmu\)m/year, with a standard deviation of 10.0 \(\upmu\)m/year.  
Since the wings are elements that exhibit lower consequences once the failure has occurred, the robustness class ROC 3 (presented in Table 4) was chosen to represent the appropriate failure mode for the wings. This means that the loss of cross-section \(\Delta A_{s}\) of 25% is deemed to cause collapse. Due to the fact that horizontal reinforcement has a smaller concrete cover \(c\) (i.e., approximately 30 cm), it is expected that it will be the first to be affected by corrosion. The diameter of the horizontal reinforcement is 14 mm. \(P_{crit\_coll}\) was obtained assuming homogeneous corrosion with \(\alpha=2\) and employing Equation (20), as shown in Table 17.  
Taking into account critical corrosion depth \(P_{crit\_coll}\) and corrosion rate \(v_{corr}\), the duration of propagation until the event of collapse \(t_{prop\_coll}\) can be calculated. To do so, Equation (19) and the reinforcement properties given in Table 13 need to be used. The calculated values for duration until the event of collapse are shown in Table 18.
# Investigation of Reverse Swing and Magnus Effect on a Cricket Ball Using Particle Image Velocimetry
## 5 Magnus Effect  
In addition to providing gyroscopic stability to the position of the seam, backspin on the ball may alter its vertical displacement during its trajectory due to an induced Magnus force. The flow field in the \(x\)-\(z\) plane is shown in Figure 12 for a non-rotating ball and also for two different spin rates. For these experiments, the seam angle was set to \(\beta=0^{\circ}\). With \(\alpha=0\), the flow field is symmetric because the speed of the air relative to the upper and lower hemispheres is equal (Figure 12a). The Reynolds number is \(\mathrm{Re}=1.94\times 10^{5}\), equivalent to a bowling speed of 88 mph, which is typical for a fast bowler. Flow separation occurs at an angle of around \(\theta_{T}\)\(\sim\)120\({}^{\circ}\), indicative of turbulent separation, owing to the roughness of the seam. As the rotation increases to \(\alpha=0.06\) (Figure 12b), the upper hemisphere is retreating. Here, the surface is rotating with the direction of the flow, so separation is delayed as the rotating surface provides extra momentum to the boundary layer. On the lower, advancing hemisphere, the relative speed of the surface relative to the air is increased with an earlier separation; here the effective Re of the advancing surface may be sufficient to be approaching the super-critical/trans-critical regimes where the separation angle gradually reduces with Re. The effective Re on the advancing side is \(\mathrm{Re_{adv}\text{$\sim$}}2.0\times 10^{5}\), which is beyond the critical regime for a sphere with a surface roughness of \(k/d=1250\times 10^{-5}\) (assumed to be comparable to the seam roughness), according to Figure 2. The different separation angles create an asymmetric distribution of pressure, resulting in a net vertical aerodynamic force corresponding to the conventional Magnus effect. The effects are exaggerated further at \(\alpha=0.12\) (Figure 12c).  
Even at the high spin rates in these experiments, the inverse [PERSON] effect was not experienced. Considering [PERSON]'s results in Figure 2, it may be that Re was too far beyond the critical Re number, such that any reduction in the effective Re on the retreating surface was not sufficient to return to laminar separation, and hence a lower separation angle.
# Topological Interference Management for K-User Downlink Massive MIMO Relay Network Channel
## 8 Conclusions  
This paper has addressed the performance of the IA transmission for a three-user \(M\times 2\) MIMO relay-aided broadcast channel with limited CSIR knowledge. We have proposed an alternative transmission named the R-STIA technique, in which the unintended receiver incorporates two unknown receiver signals from the two active transmitters. The proposed R-STIA technique recovers and reconstructs the transmitter and relay signals at the unintended receiver-end by considering the cooperation between the receivers. In addition, the Alamouti space-time transmission and an MMSE linear precoder were employed at the transmitters and relay in order to detect the presence of interference signals at the unintended receiver. Through the numerical results, it was confirmed that the proposed R-STIA technique achieves a better sum-rate and BER performance compared to the existing broadcast channel schemes. Furthermore, the Alamouti space-time transmission and the MMSE linear precoder ensures the better alignment of the interference signals at the receiver-end.  
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MEST) 2015R1A2A1A05000977, National Research Foundation (NRF), Korea. The work in this paper was completed by [PERSON] under the guidance of [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
R-STIA Relay space-time interference alignment MIMO Multiple-input-multiple-output MISO Multiple-input-single-output CSIR Channel state information at the relay CSIT Channel state information at the transmitter STIA Space-time interference alignment  
Figure 10: Average run-time versus the number of users.
# Physical Properties of _Jatropha curcas_ L. Fruits and Seeds with Respect to Their Maturity Stage
###### Abstract  
_Jatropha curcas_ L. is a multipurpose bioenergy crop. Physical properties of _J. curcas_ fruits and seeds are a fundamental knowledge required for the design of processing machinery. Therefore, this research investigates the physical properties at different maturity stages as indicated by pericarp color of the fruits (green, yellow, and black). Rupture force, hardness, deformation at rupture point, deformation ratio at rupture, and energy used for rupture were measured in the length and width direction of the fruits and in the length, width, and thickness of the seeds. During the course of maturing, a decrease in the unit mass and the surface area of the fruits was observed with a simultaneous increase for the seeds. Moisture content decreased during maturing. Bulk density and solid density were considerably different among maturity stages. The lowest porosity was observed in black fruits as well as \"black\" seeds. The highest dynamic and static angle of repose was detected for black fruits, while no substantial difference was observed between \"yellow\" and \"black\" seeds. The highest and lowest coefficient of static friction for all fruits and seeds was found on rubber and plastic surfaces.  
Keywords:detachment force; diameter; geometric characteristics; mechanical properties; physic nut; size +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
Point cloud data are used to create an as-built building information model (as-built BIM) that reflects the actual status of any building, whether being constructed or already completed. However, indoor clutter objects in the point cloud data, such as people, tools, and materials, should be effectively eliminated to create the as-built BIM. In this study, the authors proposed a novel method to automatically remove indoor clutter objects based on the Manhattan World assumption and object characteristics. Our method adopts a two-dimensional (2D) projection of a 3D point cloud approach and utilizes different properties of indoor clutter objects and structural elements in the point cloud. Voxel-grid downsampling, density-based spatial clustering (DBSCAN), the statistical outlier removal (SOR) filter, and the unsupervised radius-based nearest neighbor search algorithm were applied to our method. Based on the evaluation of our proposed method using six actual scan datasets, we found that our method achieved a higher mean accuracy (0.94), precision (0.97), recall (0.90), and F1 core (0.93) than the commercial point cloud processing software. Our method shows better results than commercial point cloud processing software in classifying and removing indoor clutter objects in complex indoor environments acquired from construction sites. As a result, assumptions about the different properties of indoor clutter objects and structural elements are being used to identify indoor clutter objects. Additionally, it is confirmed that the parameters used in the proposed method could be determined by the voxel size once it is decided during the downsampling process.  
point cloud; indoor clutter objects; as-built BIM; two-dimensional projection; DBSCAN  
13, 9636. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179636](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179636)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179636](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179636))
# Diversity of Collagen Proteins and Their Biomedical Applications in Drug Delivery
## 4 Collagen Application for Drug Delivery
### Delivery of Therapeutic Cells
However, clinical translation has been inhibited by low stability and limited transfection efficiency. The [PERSON] team engineered a type I bovine collagen scaffold that has polyplexes bound to the collagen-mimetic peptide (CMP) to boost DNA stability by up to 400%[PERSON] This finding shows that CMP modification has a significant effect on gene retention, altered release kinetics, improved serum stability, and improved gene activity in vivo [120][PERSON] In a similar fashion, a complex electrospun mat was constructed that uses different volumes of gelatin, type I collagen, and polyethylene glycol to deliver genes[PERSON] These mats could effectively transport the GFP plasmid DNA and BMP-2 protein to the target cells of human myoblast (C2C12) and mouse osteoblast cells (MC3T3) [121]. Hypertrophic scarring, which is not expected, is a result of overexpression of TGF-\(\beta\)1 during cutaneous wound healing. To attenuate the overexpression of (TGF-\(\beta\)1) and fibrotic effects, a biphasic 3D collagen was developed to deliver the two plasmid DNAs encoding interleukin 10 (IL-10) and decorin (DCN) for the treatment of fibrotic diseases via suppressing the expressions of genes associated with fibrogenesis. The findings could lead to the development of a non-viral gene therapy platform that can deliver multiple genes to the diseased tissue in a wider range of tissue fibrosis-related maladies [122]. Another similar example, the pDNA encoding for IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra) was delivered by a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold to mitigate the negative inflammatory effects of IL-1\(\beta\) and further improve the new bone formation [123]. RNA transcript therapy (RTT), as a new and safe alternative to gene therapy, has gained more attention. However, the applications of RTT therapies have been impeded by the low stability of RNA in comparison to DNA. A study reported that the vacuum-dried RNA-loaded collagen sponges, termed transcript-activated matrices (TAMs), can serve as depots for sustained delivery of RNA and sustainably produce protein for up to six days. Meanwhile, TAMs were stable at room temperature for at least 6 months. To summarize, TAMs represent a viable tool for bone regeneration and may also have other applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering [124].
# Preparation of Magnetic Polymers for the Elimination of 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine from Wine
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Adsorption Equilibrium and Reusability of Polymers  
Each polymer (10 mg/mL) was added to model wine solution (12 mL of 12% \(v/v\) EtOH and 5 g/L tartaric acid in MilliQ water, adjusted to pH 3.4 with 10 M NaOH) containing IBMP (99%, Sigma-Aldrich) at concentrations ranging from 20 ng/L to 60 ng/L. After shaking with an incubator at ambient temperature for 2 h at 120 rpm, polymers were separated by centrifugation (3857 ref, 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 10 min) (Hettich, Universal 320/320R, Adelab, Adelaide, SA, Australia) and the supernatants (10 mL) were transferred into 20 mL headspace vials and measured by GC-MS as described below. All adsorption tests were conducted in triplicate.  
Figure 8: Schematic showing the preparation steps used in an attempt to produce MMIPs. TEOS: tetraethoxysilane; MMA: methyl methacrylate; EGDMA: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; AIBN: 2, 2’-azobisissobutyronitrile.  
The equilibrium adsorption amounts of IBMP (\(Q\) pmol/g) were calculated according to the following equation:  
\[Q=\frac{(Ci-Cf)V}{WM}\]  
where \(Ci\) and \(Cf\) (pg/mL) are the initial and final equilibrium concentrations of IBMP, respectively; \(V\) (mL) is the volume of IBMP model wine solution; \(M\) is the molar mass of IBMP; and \(W\) (g) is the amount of polymer added to the model wine solution. The unit of \(Q\) was adjusted in accordance with the unit of \(C\), so pmol/g was used in accordance with ng/L, where \(\mu\)mol/g is in accordance with mg/L [25].  
For kinetic adsorption tests, thermally synthesised MMIP and MNIP (10 mg/mL) were added into model wine solutions containing 30 ng/L of IBMP. After shaking at 120 rpm at different time intervals (10, 20, 60 min) at ambient temperature, the supernatants were separated by centrifugation and assessed by GC-MS. All adsorption tests were conducted in triplicate.  
Thermally synthesised MMIP and MNIP were tested for reusability. Used polymers were immersed in diethyl ether and stirred for several hours to remove IBMP. The high vacuum dried polymers (10 mg/mL) were added to model wine with low (20 ng/L) and high (50 ng/L) IBMP concentrations. After shaking at ambient temperature for 1 h at 120 rpm, polymers were separated by centrifugation and the supernatants were analysed by GC-MS. All reuse tests were conducted in triplicate.
# LADRC-Based Magnetic Field Measurement Method for a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Rotation Sensor
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposed a LADRC-based synchronous magnetic field measurement method for NMRRS. To provide a solution for improving the transient performance of the phase loop and frequency loop synchronously. LADRCs have been utilized to control the dual nuclear spins which precess synchronously, and the magnetic field fluctuations were observed by the LESOs. An experimental NMRRS was constructed. The effectiveness was demonstrated through mathematical analysis and comparative experimental results. Compared with the existing PLL-based magnetic field measurement method, the proposed method has several advantages, as follows:  
1. the proposed LADRC-based method controls the phase loops of the two nuclear spins synchronously, which is fundamental for transient error suppression.
2. the proposed method has an outstanding performance in providing a monotone, nondecreasing step response of observing Larmor frequency, which is achieved without any destruction in the phase-tracking of the two isotopes.
3. the parameter tuning process of the proposed method is simple and fast; most of them can be calculated for a certain known cell.  
The proposed method is suitable for NMRRS applications which suffer from complicated external magnetic field environments. The methods proposed may be applied to other frequency measurements of controlled oscillators elsewhere.  
Conceptualization, X.Z. and X.S.; methodology, X.Z.; software, Y.S. and X.Z.; validation, X.Z. and Y.S.; formal analysis, X.Z.; investigation, X.Z. and Y.S.; resources, X.Z.; data curation, X.Z. and Y.S.; writing--original draft preparation, X.Z.; writing--review and editing, X.S.; visualization, X.Z.; supervision, J.L.; project administration, Z.L.; funding acquisition, J.L. and Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grand 2018 YFB2002404, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61421063, Grant 61873020 and Grant 62003022.  
Data Availability StatementData sharing is not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Related Work
### Optimization Algorithm for Scheduling  
Production scheduling needs to send the information to the machine at the shop floor once the orders are scheduled and update the status once the order has been done. There are two major scheduling algorithms, which are the exact optimization methods and the approximate methods. Figure 3 shows an overview of the scheduling algorithms.  
The exact optimization methods were applied to solve the scheduling problem from the 1950s to the 1980s. For example, the efficient rule method, the mathematical programming method, and the branch and bound method. As the scheduling problems become more complex, the exact optimization method is not suitable for a practical scheduling problem because it is unable to reach a solution efficiently [21].  
The past decade has seen the rapid development of the approximate methods in solving scheduling problems. For example, constructive methods, artificial intelligence methods, local search methods, and meta-heuristic methods.  
Generally, the exact optimization algorithm, such as the mathematical programming method and the branch and bound method, are more suitable to solve problems with a small size. In contrast, approximate algorithms such as metaheuristic methods can solve large-scale problems [22]. However, no single approach can solve all Job Shop Scheduling (JSP) problems [23]. Hence, hybrid methods are used for different situations in JSPs.
# Multi-Source Data-Driven Terrestrial Multi-Algorithm Fusion Path Planning Technology
## 7 Future Work  
Although recent advances in path planning have demonstrated promising results, many current studies still face two critical limitations. First, most rely on single-source data--such as static maps or GPS traces--which fail to capture the complexity of dynamic urban environments involving real-time traffic, terrain variability, and unexpected disturbances. Second, many approaches employ a single algorithmic strategy (e.g., A*, Dijkstra, or reinforcement learning) in isolation, lacking the flexibility to balance global optimality with local adaptability. These limitations reduce the robustness and real-time responsiveness of path planning systems.  
Our current framework addresses these issues through a hybrid design that integrates multi-source data and combines global A* with local DQN-based optimization. However, further improvements are still needed. Specifically, our study is currently limited to single agent settings, simplified obstacle modeling, and simulation-based environments without real-world integration. Future work will explore the following directions:  
* **Multi-agent interactions:** Extend the framework to handle cooperative or competitive scenarios among multiple vehicles.
* **Dynamic obstacle behavior:** Incorporate realistic and probabilistic models for moving entities such as pedestrians and other vehicles.
* **Scalability in large-scale urban networks:** Conduct large-scale tests using city-wide maps with real-time traffic data.
* **Integration with control and localization:** Combine the planning module with vehicle dynamics, MPC control, and GPS/HD-map-based localization for real-world deployment.  
Conceptualization and methodology, X.J. and M.Z. ([PERSON]); Software and validation, P.L. and C.Z.; Investigation and resources, B.Q. and S.Y.; Data curation and visualization, M.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--original draft, M.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--review and editing, M.Z. ([PERSON]); Supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, M.Z. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to confidentiality restrictions related to geographic information.  
Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the China Satellite Network Digital Technology Co., Ltd. company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
# Estimating and Analyzing Long-Term Multi-GNSS Inter-System Bias Based on Uncombined PPP
## 2 Multi-GNSS Uncombined Model  
In this chapter, we mainly carry out the deduction of the four-system PPP uncombined function model. Aimed at the problem that there are many parameters to be estimated for the four system uncombined PPP and the inter-frequency deviation of the pseudo range of the GLONASS system, we separate the pseudo range IFB parameter of GLONASS system of the single epoch through theoretical derivation, simplify the PPP function model, and improve the model strength and parameter estimation efficiency. Then, we discuss the form of ISB parameters and the parameter estimation model, which provide the basis for the following experiments.
## 6 Open Challenges and Related Work
### Open Challenges
#### 6.1.2 High Detection Accuracy  
The accuracy of data packet detection directly affects whether the household wireless sensors can receive data correctly. The above four are traditional algorithms, they are either simple in calculation but poor in accuracy, or high in accuracy but high in power consumption. Some work modifies these methods to improve accuracy. [PERSON] [28] improves the energy detection method by two-stage judgment. The first stage roughly detects the valid data. The second stage detects where it has the largest energy near the detection position of the first stage. This method can reduce the false positive rate, thereby increasing the detection accuracy. Others import new technologies to achieve good performance. [PERSON] [29] introduces a deep learning (DL)-based packet detection algorithm in preamble-based IEEE 802.11 systems. Under some conditions, the performance of the DL-based methods surpasses the conventional methods. However, this method still requires much computing resources. Therefore, how to build a deep learning framework that meets the requirements of low-power wireless sensors is a topic worth exploring in the future.