## 4 Discussion  
The dam breach path planning method proposed in this study is based on the coupling of flood and road network information. It effectively captures the spatial distribution characteristics of flood depth, flow velocity, and inundation extent through a three-dimensional simulation. This significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of dam breach flood simulations in complex terrain scenarios. For instance, our model captures flood dynamics with high precision, including localized variations in flow velocity and inundation depth, unlike previous two-dimensional models. By considering the dynamic nature of flood evolution and the continuous updates to the road network state, the method allows for flexible adjustments to evacuation strategies. It provides valuable decision-making support to emergency management departments and serves as a foundation for optimizing regional infrastructure. Our findings show that by integrating flood simulation data with road network evolution, evacuation routes can be dynamically adjusted, leading to safer, more efficient evacuations, even in rapidly changing flood scenarios. For example, it can guide the addition of emergency routes or the reinforcement of critical road segments' flood resilience in flood-prone areas, thereby improving the overall resilience of the road network. In comparable studies, [PERSON] et al. employed a two-dimensional hydrodynamic coupling model to simulate the evolution of dam-break floods. They also incorporated a road network model to develop environmental scenario models for dynamic evacuation routes [10]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. used an artificial neural network model to forecast inundation maps and propose an evacuation route selection method, considering evacuation hazards [33]. However, the accuracy of two-dimensional models is limited in complex terrain, resulting in lower precision in spatial distribution features such as flood depth, flow velocity, and inundation extent. Our approach, utilizing three-dimensional simulations, offers superior accuracy, especially in areas with complex topography, and allows for a more precise representation of flood dynamics. Additionally, we incorporate the dynamic failure of the road network, which has often been overlooked in previous studies. This dynamic coupling enables evacuation plans to be adapted in real-time to the evolving flood conditions, mitigating the risk of evacuation route failure due to infrastructure disruptions. [PERSON] conducted overtopping dam-break simulations using FLOW-3D v11.2, followed by evacuation path planning for downstream populations [34]. [PERSON] et al. developed an optimization model for evacuating people from flood-risk areas at the first sign of a flood, using GIS tools and traffic modeling apps. Their method improves evacuation efficiency, helping to minimize the negative effects of flooding [35]. However, they overlooked the impact of road network status changes during flood evolution, which led to scenarios where evacuation routes failed. In contrast, our simulation dynamically adjusts evacuation routes based on real-time flood evolution data, offering a more robust and flexible solution. Despite the contributions of the method proposed in this study, there are certain limitations and areas for future development. First, the efficiency of three-dimensional sim