# Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Driver Training in the Use of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
## 3 Training Evaluation Model
A long reaction time signified that the driver responded too late by activating the system with significant delay. The ranges of these functions were determined based on data from experimental studies conducted using high-class driving simulators. It should be noted that the auditory prompt in the simulator was presented unexpectedly; therefore, the driver's reaction time to such a situation significantly differs from the time required to initiate, for example, emergency braking in a critical real-world traffic scenario. An additional factor contributing to a prolonged reaction time is the use of a driving simulator, in which the sensations and responses of drivers may differ from those in actual traffic conditions. For the input variable describing the total driver reaction time to the takeover request, three membership functions were defined, as follows: short, acceptable, and too long. A short time indicated a prompt driver response. An acceptable time indicated that the driver did not respond immediately, but the time taken to regain control still allowed for the safe execution of a manoeuvre in the simulator. A reaction time that was too long meant that the driver regained control of the vehicle too late, making it impossible to perform the manoeuvre safely. To ensure transparency, the specific time boundaries for these Gaussian membership functions were established based on our prior experimental work and expert elicitation. A reaction time was classified as short if it was less than 2.5 s, acceptable for a range between 2.5 and 5.0 s, and too long for any reaction time exceeding 5.0 s. These values reflect a balance between immediate response and a delayed but still manageable action within the simulated context. For the output variable behaviour, three membership functions were defined, as follows: unacceptable, acceptable, and very good. Unacceptable behaviour indicated that the driver lacked the knowledge and skills necessary for effective and safe system usage. The acceptable level indicated that the driver did not pose a risk to other road users but required additional training and refinement of skills. The very good level indicated that the driver performed the tasks proficiently and was capable of using the system in a manner that was safe for both themselves and other road users. Figure 5: Membership functions for the input variable response_time_wl_system. The model produces results in the range of 1.64 to 5, allowing for a comparison of objective assessments with subjective evaluations. Table 1 presents the method of assigning the output values to the corresponding membership functions. These output thresholds were established through expert consensus to translate the model's continuous score into distinct, qualitatively meaningful performance categories (i.e., \"unacceptable\", \"acceptable\", and \"very good\"). The output of the model was derived based on a set of developed rules. Each rule consists of a fuzzy logic IF antecedent, the fuzzy logic operator _AND_, and a _THEN_ consequent. The structure of the developed rules can be described as follows:  
IF (L is A1) AND (CRI is B1) AND (Cwl is C1) THEN (Z is D1)  
where  
L, CRI, and Cwl--are input variables;  
A1, B1, C1, and D1--are fuzzy sets;  
Z--is the output variable. The complete rule base for the fuzzy logic model consists of 27 rules, derived from expert knowledge, covering all combinations of the input variables. The model considered results from a total of 49 participants, as follows: 16 individuals from the manual training group, 16 from the practical training group, and 17 from the e-learning training group. Initially, the analysis was conducted for the entire cohort of 61 participants. However, a comparison of the model's scores with the trainers' ratings revealed significant discrepancies for 12 individuals. To verify the source of these discrepancies, a qualitative analysis of the trainers' written comments was performed.