## 5 Discussions
### Challenges and Opportunities in Designing Gesture Interfaces  
The results of this study suggest that the effectiveness of gesture-based interactions is closely tied to users' subjective experiences and perceived convenience. Designing gestures that are easy to perform and physically comfortable is essential for sustaining user acceptance and satisfaction. Accordingly, successful gesture interaction systems should be developed through a user-centered design approach that incorporates users' contextual needs and individual preferences. To enhance the scalability and practical relevance of these findings, we outline the following directions for future research. First, gesture-based interactions should be examined across a more extensive spectrum of environments where hand input techniques are increasingly integrated into diverse applications and situational conditions. While the present study focused on interactions within spatially confined scenarios such as TV and XR settings in home-like environments, emerging use contexts demand broader consideration. For instance, interacting with spatial \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Analysis Results**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{142.3 pt}}{Gestures that used finger movements or tapping actions} \\ Analysis Results & similar to existing touch interactions received positive feedback. However, new actions such as palm taps, gripping, or shaking were evaluated negatively (refer to Section 4.4). \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Related Interviews} & \textless{}Positively Evaluated Actions\textgreater{} [P24] (in the Surface-Touch gesture scenario) “The Small Move motion felt intuitive because the hand movement matched the actual screen movement.” [P25] (in the micro finger-touch gesture scenario) “Actions like Small Move or Selection were the clearest and most intuitive, so I liked them.” \textless{}Negatively Evaluated Actions\textgreater{} [P09] (in the Surface-Touch gesture scenario) “I found the Return/Back action a bit confusing, whether it’s swiping up or swiping down.” [P11] (in the mid-air gesture scenario) “The Home motion felt like grabbing something with my hand, so it didn’t seem very connected to its function.” \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Analysis results and related interview answers on Objective #3.  
interfaces overlaid onto real-world environments via hand gestures and AI while wearing lightweight, XR smart glasses in a public space is no longer a distant future scenario but an emerging aspect of our everyday experience [37; 75; 76]. Based on our findings, mid-air gestures--which were rated highly in XR contexts--may appear to be the most suitable option. However, prior research suggests that motion-based gestures are more susceptible to recognition errors and unintended activation compared to surface-based gestures during real-world usage [77]. Furthermore, AR/VR users in public environments often encounter social discomfort, as they tend to attract looks and attention from bystanders more compared to those using conventional devices like laptops [78]. In a similar vein, subtle gesture types--such as micro finger-touch gestures--have also been proposed as a more contextually appropriate modality, particularly in public or socially constrained environments [79]. Taken together, these findings underscore the need to advance gesture interaction design in ways that accommodate a comprehensive scope of situational and environmental contexts. Particularly, considerations such as public visibility and mobility constraints must be addressed to ensure that gesture-based inputs remain usable, discreet, and reliable across everyday scenarios beyond controlled environments. Second, designing gesture-based interaction systems requires nuanced consideration of cultural and behavioral diversity to support the development of gestures that are universally meaningful and acceptable. As the current study solely involved participants from South Korea, therefore, cultural variability was not taken into account.