esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
The second mechanism corresponds to the instability of the separation shear layer and the effect on its shedding structures and operates at lower frequencies. The excitation of these structures induces efficient entrainment of the flow and induces the most effective flow attachment. If the discharge power is not sufficiently large to effectively excite the shear layer, only the first mechanism remains [15; 17; 19; 20; 21; 22]. These shedding structures have been observed also in PIV measurements for relatively low-speed flow (up to \(60\,\mathrm{m/s}\)) in a study by [PERSON] et al. [19]. However, other frequencies of actuation are thought to give significant control authority. Since the mechanism of control is the excitation of some inherent flow instabilities present in the flow field, to manipulate the vortex structures of interest, the frequency of actuation needs to correspond to the frequencies of these instabilities [23]. This paper details the investigation of the mechanisms that allow for control authority for an asymmetric nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (NS-DBD) actuator on the aerodynamic characteristics of a NACA 0015 airfoil profile. Experiments were performed in a low-speed wind tunnel at freestream flow speeds of 10 and 20 m/s at angles of attack of \(16^{\circ}\) and \(24^{\circ}\) at ambient atmospheric conditions, (corresponding to Reynolds numbers of \(100,000\) and \(200,000\) respectively for which extensive separation is expected, [24]). In addition, pressure taps along the profile chord located at mid-span on both the suction and pressure sides of the airfoil were used to determine the effectiveness of the actuator at various frequencies. Hot wire anemometry was performed with the aim of identifying dominant frequencies in the flow field over the stalled profile. Furthermore, PIV measurements were taken to identify how different actuation frequencies affect the existing structures in the flow field.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Stability Study of the Analytes
#### 3.3.1 Stability in Different Solvents  
The stability test was carried out for a period of approximately 8 h, which is usually the duration of each analysis, and the following diluents were tested: acetonitrile (ACN), acetonitrile-H\({}_{2}\)O 30:70 \(v/v\), methanol (MeOH), methanol-H\({}_{2}\)O 50:50 \(v/v\), H\({}_{2}\)O with F.A 0.2%, NaOH 0.1 N. According to the results presented in Figure 5, DIP generally exhibits stability in all solvents while ACA does not. The decomposition of ACA to SAL in 0.1 N NaOH solution is complete and instantaneous, while its instability in methanol or methanolic solutions is characteristic. Finally, it is noteworthy that whatever amount of % ACA is hydrolyzed is converted equivalently to SAL.  
Considering the stability study of the two substances as well as their solubility properties (Table S2), their stock solutions were prepared as follows: Initially, 1 mL of methanol was added, the sample was sonicated (5 min) and then made up to 25 mL with ACN. Acetonitrile can also be used as a diluent for the intermediate standard solutions, in which the APIs are stable even under ultrasonic conditions (30 min). Accordingly, the 40:60 \(v/v\) acetonitrile-water mixture was chosen as the optimal diluent of the final standard solutions, providing stability and optimal chromatograms (Figure 2).
## 6 Conclusions  
According to the reported simulation results, the following conclusions are delivered. For feeder lengths from 0.5 km up to 1.0 km, there are not relevant differences between the two control strategies. However, for feeders longer than 1 km, the concentrated Volt/var local control strategy (e.g., \(L(U)\)) shows clear advantages versus the distributed one (e.g., \(cos\varphi(P)\) or \(Q(U)\)). By use of \(L(U)\), the required \(Q^{ex}\) to reach the same voltage target at the feeder end, and the distribution transformer loading are always smaller than by use of \(Q(U)\). The longer the feeder, the greater the advantages of a concentrated versus distributed control strategy. Even in rural grids with the longest feeders, where the distributed Volt/var local control strategies do not eliminate all of the violations of upper voltage limit, the concentrated Volt/var local control strategy successfully eliminates all of the voltage violations. Therefore, the latter increases the PV hosting capacities of the feeders, regardless of their length. Simulations in a combined medium and low-voltage grid model have shown that the effects of the concentrated local control strategy in MVG behavior are more favorable than those of the distributed strategies. However, a practical implementation of the concentrated Volt/var local control strategy in the context of smart grids with a high DG share would validate the relevance of these outcomes.  
Data curation, C.S.; Software, D.-L.S.; Writing--original draft, A.I.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
Figure 24: Voltage profiles of the MV feeder and of the second and 32 nd LVGs for different control strategies at \(t_{crit}\) = 12:12: (**a**) \(cos\varphi(P)\); (**b**) \(Q(U)\); and (**c**) \(L(U)\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \(\mathbf{Q}_{\text{STR}}^{ex}(\text{Mvar})\) & **OLTC Position Change** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GE (p.u)**} \\  & & & \(\mathbf{DTR_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{DTR_{32}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{distributed} & \(cos\varphi(P)\) & 11.493 & 13\(\rightarrow\)15 & \(-\)0.0318 & \(-\)0.0305 \\  & \(Q(U)\) & 8.118 & none & \(-\)0.0113 & \(-\)0.0267 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{concentrated} & \(L(U)\) & 5.452 & none & +0.0014 & \(-\)0.0151 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Reactive power exchange through supplying transformer (STR), on-load tap changer (OLTC) position change, and the global effect in distribution transformers (DTR) level for different control strategies in real low-voltage grids (LVGs).  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors acknowledge the TU Wien University Library for financial support through its Open Access Funding Program.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
### NPP Variation Trend Analysis in Different Land Use Types  
The influence of land use type changes on NPP in the Songnen Plain cannot be ignored. The area of each land type in the Songnen Plain was measured by the land use transition matrix to clarify the relationship between land use types and NPP from 2001 to 2020. In 2001, the main land use types were DRY, GRA, and FOR, with DRY accounting for the highest proportion of 58%, GRA accounting for 16%, and FOR accounting for 9%; in 2020, the main land types changed to DRY, GRA, and PAD, with DRY accounting for 64%, still ranking first, and GRA and PAD both accounting for 9%. From 2001 to 2020, only the area of cultivated land such as DRY and PAD increased, by 18,304.02 km\({}^{2}\), while the area of the other vegetation-covered land types decreased, and the overall area of land covered by vegetation shrank by 5662.12 km\({}^{2}\). The change in land use type over the 20 years also had a significant effect on the NPP of the Songnen Plain. As can be seen in Figure 4, the average NPP values of all five land types exhibited a significant increasing trend from 2001 to 2020. Among them, FOR exhibited the most significant NPP increase and consistently maintained the highest NPP level, far higher than the values of other land types. GRA also exhibited a large NPP increase, but the overall level was the lowest among the five land cover types. The NPP levels in DRY, PAD, and SWA remained relatively stable from 2009-2014, but in other time intervals, significant fluctuations were observed.  
As shown in Figure 18, the order of land type conversions, from low to high in terms of their contribution to NPP increase, is as follows: GRA, DRY, PAD, SWA, FOR. Preserving the continuity of land use patterns such as FOR, GRA, and PAD has a more positive effect on the NPP growth in the Songnen Plain than transforming them to other patterns. The NPP value of FOR was the most stable and significantly higher than that of other land types, suggesting that forest protection is a direct means of maintaining a stable growth of NPP in the study area. The growth of NPP in GRA was also significant, indicating that maintaining the stability of grassland areas could also drive the overall NPP up. Therefore, we concluded that perennials can lead to a more significant net productivity increase. In addition, as the Songnen Plain is an important base for commercial food, it is difficult to restrict the cultivation of arable land under the current \"Red line\" policy for food security, but the growth of interregional NPP can be maintained through the conversion of DRY to PAD. In this sense, gradually transforming farming methods and increasing the proportion of PAD among arable lands may further improve ecological stability while maintaining food production in the Songnen Plain.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
In this study, a typical 1-D cardiac phased array probe (PA230, Esaote SpA, Florence, Italy) with 128 elements, a central frequency of 2.0 MHz and a bandwidth of 50% was used both for simulation and experiments. The array measured 21.6 mm in width and 13 mm in height with a pitch of 170 \(\upmu\)m. To accommodate our experimental system, which possesses 64 independent channels, only the odd elements were pinned, resulting in an equivalent 64-element phased array with an effective pitch of 340 \(\upmu\)m. This choice was made so as to exploit the maximum aperture of the probe (22 mm) with the 64 available channels on the system; the selection of 64 consecutive elements would have reduced the aperture size to 11 mm, thus limiting the lateral resolution that is already poor in cardiac phased array imaging. Moreover, for a central frequency of 2.0 MHz, the corresponding central wavelength of the probe is 770 \(\upmu\)m at a speed of sound of 1540 cm/s. Thus, the effective pitch of 340 \(\upmu\)m is about half of the central wavelength. This limits the possibility to produce grating lobes when steering the beams out at 45 degrees, i.e., the typical maximum steering angle in cardiac imaging.  
Figure 2: Reconstructed images of a wire phantom in water acquired using a 4-MLT (Multi-line transmit) imaging scheme (**a**) without apodization, the ghost-like crosstalk artifacts are presented; and (**b**) with a Tukey (\(\alpha=0.5\))-Tukey (\(\alpha=0.5\)) apodization on transmit and receive, the crosstalk artifacts are suppressed significantly.
# Review on Mechanisms and Kinetics for Supercritical Water Oxidation Processes
###### Abstract  
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a promising wastewater treatment technology owing to its various advantages such as rapid reactions and non-polluting products. However, problems like corrosion and salt decomposition set obstacles to its commercialization. To address these problems, researchers have been developing the optimal reactor design and strengthening measures based on sufficient understandings of the degradation kinetics. The essence of the SCWO process and the roles of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide are summarized in this work. Then, the research status and progress of empirical models, semi-empirical models, and detailed chemical kinetic models (DCKMs) are systematically reviewed. Additionally, this paper is the first to summarize the research progress of quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics simulation. The challenge and further development of kinetics models for the optimization of reactors and the directional transformation of pollutants are pointed out.  
supercritical water oxidation; wastewater treatment; kinetics model; computational chemistry +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
###### Abstract  
By the increase of the penetration of power-electronic-based (PE-based) units, such as wind turbines and PV systems, many features of those power systems, such as stability, security, and protection, have been changed. In this paper, the security of electrical grids with high wind turbines penetration is discussed. To do so, first, an overview of the power systems' security assessment is presented. Based on that, stability and security challenges introduced by increasing the penetration of wind turbines in power systems are studied, and a new guideline for the security assessment of the PE-based power systems is proposed. Simulation results for the IEEE 39-bus test system show that the proposed security guideline is necessary for PE-based power systems, as the conventional security assessments may not be able to indicate its security status properly.  
power-electronic-based units; power system security; transient stability; wind turbine +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
_Article_  
A New Guideline for Security Assessment of Power Systems with a High Penetration of Wind Turbines
# A Simple Unsupervised Knowledge-Free Domain Adaptation for Speaker Recognition
## 5 Discussion  
We advocate for C-LDA for the following reasons:  
1. If the target-domain speaker vectors extracted by the source-domain model remain highly separable in the embedding space, relatively accurate pseudo-labels can be obtained through simple clustering, which then allows for a reasonably good C-LDA model. Fortunately, modern speaker embedding models trained with max margin loss seem to maintain this cross-domain discrimination.
2. Full-rank LDA involves only a linear transform, so it is less prone to overfitting issues compared to front-end adaptation methods, especially with potential errors in the pseudo labels.
3. It does not depend on accurate between-class covariance, making it superior to back-end adaptation methods including C-PLDA, especially when the number of speakers in the adaptation data is limited.
4. C-LDA is a knowledge-free approach and does not require knowledge of both the front-end and back-end models, providing an important advantage for practical usage compared to most existing methods.  
These advantages of C-LDA mentioned above are also its shortcomings. For example, if the discrimination power of the target-domain embeddings is lost, then C-LDA will completely fail. Moreover, its linear form and the neglect of between-class covariance limit its capacity and make it unable to handle more complex conditions than the test scenarios in our experiment (although CN-Celeb is one of the most complex datasets so far). Finally, its lack of knowledge about the front-end and back-end models prevents it from leveraging the information there. Nevertheless, these limitations do not pose much concern so far, at least in our sufficiently complex experiments.
## 6 Discussion  
Based on the proposed error model, the geographical deviation (\(\Delta L\)) can be rapidly and accurately calculated. Figures 14-17 illustrate the global distribution patterns of \(\Delta L\) at different times. The patterns are non-linear. The black regions in Figures 14-17 should be avoided, because even minor \(\Delta A_{\mathrm{s}}\) and \(\Delta h_{\mathrm{s}}\) values could lead to significant positioning deviations \(\Delta L\) at the specific time and location. Consequently, it is recommended to reconsider the navigation task to avoid such times and geographical locations.  
The GPS's positioning accuracy generally falls within the meter range. If an autonomous global positioning system using the Earth's sky polarized light and true north measurement instruments can achieve performance comparable to that of the GPS, it is imperative to enhance the accuracy of the polarized light sensors. However, the review [13] indicates that the accuracy of these sensors typically ranges from 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) to 0.5\({}^{\circ}\), which limits their capability of providing global positioning accuracy within the kilometer range.  
There are several limitations to the practical implementation of the proposed model. Its application may be difficult for ordinary developers. It requires a high level of precision in input data. To achieve accuracy comparable to GPS (up to 14 m), too-small deviations of input angles (up to 0.0001\({}^{\circ}\)) are required. The model's accuracy diminishes when measurement deviations exceed \(5^{\circ}\), which can be a problem when used in dynamic environments.
# Compressive Behaviors of Prisms Made of Demolished Concrete Lumps and Fresh Concrete
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mechanical Properties of Specimens Made of DCLs and FC
#### 3.3.5 Size Effect on Prisms  
The measured mechanical properties of the specimens in Group 6 with the same characteristic ratio are summarized in Table 7. It is easy to see that:  
1. As the prism's dimensions increased, the combined compressive strength increased at first, then declined gradually. This is probably the result of two factors. The first is that at a given  
Figure 15: Variation of combined compressive strength of prisms with characteristic ratio.  
characteristic ratio, the gaps between adjacent lumps generally become wider as the prism's dimensions increase. That should lead to those gaps being better filled with fresh concrete and larger aggregate particles. The concrete's greater homogeneity would be expected to result in higher compressive strength. The second factor is the traditional size effect on compressive strength with brittle materials. As the size of the prism increases, the probability of its having structural defects also increases, hence compressive strength declines. These two factors working together could explain the phenomenon shown in Table 7.  
It should be noted that increasing the dimensions of cubes and cylinders of DCLs and FC has been reported [27; 29] to result in lower combined compressive strength, through no initial increase was observed in that earlier work. That may be because the maximum aggregate size of the fresh concrete was only 25 mm in those tests, much smaller than the 35 mm of this study.  
(b) Combined peak strain generally decreased with larger prisms, but any change in the combined elastic modulus was very limited.
## 1 Introduction
On the other hand, statistical energy analysis (SEA) is a well-known method to analyze the flow of acoustic and vibrational energy in a complex structure. This method is particularly beneficial for predicting the noise and vibrational behavior of structures that have many degrees of freedom and multiple energy pathways at mid to high frequencies. The SEA method can analyze vibroacoustic behavior at high frequencies, and it has found applications in various industries, including the automotive, aerospace, construction, and marine industries. The method involves dividing a complex system into a series of subsystems or components. Each component is then modeled as a separate entity, with its own set of properties such as mass, stiffness, and damping. The interactions between components are through junctions that provide energy flow paths [10]. These paths are used to predict the energy transfer between the components and the resulting response of the entire system [11]. The utilization of a simulation model enables the prediction of the vibroacoustic behavior of a system, thereby contributing to the reduction in development cycles and design expenses, as well as facilitating the evaluation of the impact of component performance on vibroacoustic comfort. To this end, in this study, the interior noise of a cabin was calculated using the virtual statistical energy analysis (VSEA) module of ACTRAN, which uses the eigenvalues and mode shapes of a finite element (FE) vibroacoustic model. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the VSEA simulation with the results provided via the ATPA measurements. The subsequent sections provide a comprehensive overview of the ATPA and SEA theories, followed by explanations of the ATPA campaign test and the SEA simulation using ACTRAN software. In Section 4, the results of these two methods are presented, and they are compared. Finally, the findings of this study are summarized in Conclusions.
# Task Offloading Based on Lyapunov Optimization for MEC-Assisted Vehicular Platooning Networks
## 6 Simulation Results
### Performance Analysis
Figure 8 shows the trend of the task queue length of the shortest queue waiting time algorithm with time. The figure shows that the MEC server has the longest queue because the MEC server provides the maximum computation resources, so the wait time is shorter than other PMs, and more tasks will be offloaded to the MEC server. PM 1, on the other hand, provides the minimal computation resources, so the queue has the longest wait times, and fewer tasks are offloaded to PM 1. Figure 9 shows a performance comparison of the three methods, where the small graph shows the change of energy consumption by using the optimization algorithm when the frequency is from 100 to 200 Hz. As can be seen from the graph, the proposed algorithm is superior to the other two schemes. Firstly, for the shortest queue waiting time algorithm, there will be some tasks with a large computation load offloaded to PMs with less computational resources, resulting in excessive computation energy consumption. Secondly, for the tasks with less computation and larger data transmission, offloading to PMs can save energy better than offloading to a MEC server. In addition, the two comparison algorithms overlap after \(f_{0}=500\) Hz because, when \(f_{0}\) increases, the waiting time of MEC server decreases gradually, and more tasks are offloaded to the MEC server. When \(f_{0}\) is large enough, all tasks can be computed directly without waiting. The algorithm in this paper will automatically adjust the offloading location according to the task parameters to optimize the energy consumption, which is the reason why the algorithm is superior to the other two schemes. Figure 8: Task computation average queue length vs. time. Figure 7: Average total energy consumption vs. deadline.
## 4 Numerical Methodology and Simulation Setup  
Additionally, numerical simulations were carried out. For this purpose, case 1 was selected, which was also discussed in more detail in the Section 3 and was also measured repeatedly.  
In the present work, an Eulerian-Lagrangian-based large eddy simulation (LES) approach is applied to describe the turbulent two-phase flow of AdBlue injection into an air environment, spray dynamics, spray-wall interaction and AdBlue film formation in the experimentally investigated SCR system. Accordingly, the turbulent carrier phase is captured by following the LES framework in which the filtered governing equations of mass, momentum energy and species are solved. In particular, the one-equation subgridscale (SGS) model is adopted to capture the flow turbulence using the open source CFD software OpenFOAM v1612+ (OpenCFD Ltd., Reading, UK) [42]. More details about the LES and respective model formulation in the OpenFOAM version used can be found in [26]. The AdBlue injection and subsequent spray dynamics processes are described by a Lagrange-particle-tracking method as designed in [43; 44]. In this work, instead of using spray atomization models, parcels with predefined droplet size distribution are injected, while the secondary breakup is neglected owing to its minimal influence [43; 44] due to the low Weber number (We) of the droplets as also shown later in the results obtained. Since the AdBlue consists of 67.5 wt.% of water and 32.5 wt.% urea, which exhibit significant different thermophysical properties, the liquid phase (both spray droplet and wall film) needs to be described by a multicomponent approach. Especially, the evaporation of AdBlue droplet has peculiar characteristics as demonstrated in [43]. Thereby, owing to considerably higher volatility, water evaporates first followed by urea [45]. More details about the adopted multicomponent droplet evaporation model are reported in [43; 44].  
For SCR systems, the injector nozzles are operated with very moderate injection pressure in the narrow exhaust duct leading to intense spray-wall impingement and film formation. Therefore, a reliable description of spray-wall impingement, wall film formation and subsequent multicomponent film transport dynamics are highly imperative. A short description of the adopted models follows.