## 8 Challenges in Using Evolutionary Approach for Ad Hoc Networks
The efficiency of portable wireless multi-hop networks is achieved through several efficiency metrics which measure the value of the developing algorithms. When assessing VANET and MANET routing protocols, the most frequently used performance metrics are the packet delivery ratio (PDR), which represents the ratio of received and  
Figure 4: Analysis of simulators used for the study. ns-2 [92], MATLAB [52], Custom [N/A], JIST/SWANS++ [93], ns-3 [70], NETSIM [52], VANET Mobisim [78], GloMoSim [76], SUMO and Omnet++ [87], OPNET [81], VEINS [83], NCTUns [79], SIDE/SMURPH [80], Traffic Simulation 3.0 [77]. transmitted packets; the mean routing load (MRL), which measures the routing load; and the end-to-end delay (E2 ED), which computes the delay in packet delivery. For instance, the increase in PDR, which is desired, will also increase the unwanted MRL and E2 ED metrics by transmitting more forwarding packets. Using a multi-objective optimization method, the developers will be able to find all feasible alternatives and decide which parameter settings influence efficiency measurements (Pareto Front). It is crucial to keep in mind that using a multi-objective optimization technique is preferable to assess the performance measure using a single expression. This is because in such circumstances, one performance indicator might outweigh the others while disregarding the effect of other quality metrics on fitness. The transmission of algorithms and motion designs also presents numerous difficulties. Algorithms for communication differ from algorithms for information dissemination. The aim is to deliver data to a target station in the transmission of data. In contrast, the purpose of the data algorithm is to spread information over the whole network or a collection of network nodes. Evolutionary algorithms may be used to optimize transmission algorithms in the same manner as information dissemination algorithms. Concerning models of mobility, the intention is to pattern the mobility of people, taking into account both geological and social information. Some key protocols have been studied, and their critical issues along with other relevant information are portrayed in Table 4. The tactical mobility of nodes in ad hoc networks is also a growing research area, particularly when nodes are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). As a result, MANET may be utilized to share data and plan mobility legislation based on the information acquired [94; 95; 96; 97]. This new type of ad hoc network for portable multi-hops presents unique difficulties in the development of mobile networks, with special characteristics such as active and open three-dimensional flexibility [98; 45]. The flexibility of UAVs is, at present, limited. Accordingly, unique communication protocols customized for UAVs should take such a restriction into account. Finally, after implementing an evolutionary algorithm, local search algorithms such as simulated annealing, hill climbing, and tabu search algorithms may enhance the worldwide alternative. The concept is to investigate the regions in which the developmental engine provides the ideal alternatives.