## 3 Underwater Routing Protocols
### Localization-Based Routing Protocols
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **Routing Strategy** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Problem** \\ **Addressed** \\ \end{tabular} & **Merits** & **Demerits** & **Year** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MMBR} & Routes that are stable and & & & & Nodes’ movement \\  & adaptable with data traffic & Noise and & & introduces error in \\  & and have fewer hops from & & interference & & position estimation of \\  & the source to the & & & nodes & \\  & destination are selected & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{EEIAR} & A source node chooses a & & & Fast death of nodes \\  & forwarder node with the & Interference & energy efficiency, low & close to the water \\  & least number of neighbors & over channel & end-to-end delay & surface as they & 2017 \\  & and the shortest path to the & during routing & & provide the shortest & paths \\  & destination & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{FBR} & Selects relays within a cone & Energy & Energy efficiency and & \begin{tabular}{c} Low throughput in \\ sparse conditions \\ (when the network \\ density is low and \\ nodes are far apart) \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{4}{*}{2008} \\  & formed from the source to & & & & \\  & the destination & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MC} & Two sinks moving in a & & High throughput and & \begin{tabular}{c} High delay as nodes \\ have to wait for the \\ balance energy \\ \end{tabular} & mobile sinks to reach & \\  & circular fashion get data & Energy & consumptions as the & their range because & 2016 \\  & from source nodes & & mobile sink collect & the sinks do not \\  & & & data from the nodes & prioritize nodes \\  & & & & ready to send data \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{BEEC} & Two mobile sinks collect & & & \begin{tabular}{c} Snks do not first \\ move to locations \\ based on priority \\ where nodes have \\ data to send, which \\ causes packet loss \\ and poor \\ performance in \\ sparse conditions \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{4}{*}{2016} \\  & & & & & \\ \hline VBE, & Perform a relative & Throughput & \begin{tabular}{c} Longest network \\ lifetime in VBF and \\ highest throughput in \\ HH-VBF and FBR \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Longest end-to-end & \\  & comparison of VBF, & and energy & \begin{tabular}{c} Longest throughput in \\ highest throughput in \\ HH-VBF \\ \end{tabular} & shortest network & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MEES} & Two mobile sinks located at & & & \begin{tabular}{c} The sinks do not \\ move based on \\ priority to locations \\ where nodes have \\ data to send, nodes \\ drop packets when \\ the sinks are not in \\ their communication \\ range \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{4}{*}{2017} \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LOTUS} & Uses two instead of four & & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy efficiency and \\ low end-to-end delay & \begin{tabular}{c} Greater probability of \\ error in position \\ estimation of nodes \\ \end{tabular} \\  & reference nodes to position & & & \\ sensor nodes & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GDflood} & Uses localization of sensor & & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy \\ nodes and network coding \\ and duplicate \\ packet \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy efficiency and \\ high throughput \\ messages during data \\ forwarding \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{4}{*}{2016} \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DTMR} & Uses direct transmission & & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy \\ consumption \\ due to \\ signaling \\ overhead \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} High throughput and \\ low delay \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} No reliability of data \\ in the case of direct \\ transmission \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{4}{*}{2018} \\  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont.