## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dimensions, Challenges, Opportunities Related to Waste-to-Energy in Southeast Asia  
Based primarily on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) [42] and the World Bank [1], the dimensions related to the development of waste-to-energy technologies in Southeast Asian countries are illustrated in Table 4. The 13 indicated dimensions--namely (a) policy and institutions, (b) market development, (c) the cooperation of private sector, (d) the involvement of stakeholders, (e) the knowledge level of the nations, (f) skilled personnel and training facilities, (g) public awareness, (h) data availability and reliability, (i) technology, (j) financial resources, (k) culture and climate impact, (l) the role of informal sector, and (m) research development--are considered. It has been observed that most Southeast Asian countries, except for Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, are at a development stage regarding the indicated dimensions. However, as mentioned above, due to the targeted promotion of renewable energy share to the total primary energy supply in each country across the region, most dimensions are expected to reach a higher degree, namely policy and institution, all stakeholder involvement, the cooperation of the private sector, and research and development. Additionally, the regionalized cooperation and collaboration among the governments of Southeast Asian countries can help enhance the development of the indicated dimensions in the region.  
A summary of challenges and opportunities related to the development of the waste-to-energy sector in the region is shown in Table 5. Four aspects were considered for challenges and opportunities--technical aspects, financial aspects, environmental aspects, and social and political aspects. On one hand, it was found that some Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand have made a reasonably successful step toward waste-to-energy technologies, but the development of the waste-to-energy sector in Cambodia, Laos PDR, and Myanmar still encounters big challenges such as a lack of policies and programs related to MSW management, limited budget allocation, a lack of co-operation between stakeholders, and a limited awareness and behavior of people related to the concept of sustainable cities/green cities. [16; 42]. Hence, most of the challenges are often complicated, and it may take a long time to create large-scale waste-to-energy processes in these countries.  
On the other hand, there are several favorable opportunities that can be had from waste-to-energy technologies. These opportunities account for renewable energy supply, resource conservation, revenue, profits, carbon credits, inclusive growth, community empowerment, green job creation, enterprise development, and education and training opportunities for vocational education, etc. [2; 15; 32; 42]. The key drivers for overcoming the challenges and opening opportunities in the region are the movement to the green and sustainable cities, changes of government policy and regulations, regionalized cooperation and coordination among the governments, all stakeholder involvement, public-private partnerships, and cooperation with international organizations including the UNEP,  
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the World Bank, and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The movement can also affect public awareness and participation, cleaning and greening, resource conservations, and climate actions.