# LoRaWAN Network for Fire Monitoring in Rural Environments
## 7 Conclusions  
When fire burns natural landscapes, there is a huge impact on the ecosystem that negatively affects both the fauna and flora. Forest fires produce large amounts of greenhouse gasses such as CO\({}_{2}\) that worsen the problem of global warming and even affect citizens producing, in many cases, respiratory problems. Many of the fires that occur annually are caused by the carelessness of users or the lack of knowledge of those who burn stubble in an area with a high risk of fire. Therefore, the need for developing an autonomous system capable of assessing the risk indexes of a forested area from the measured parameters of the environment is evident. This paper presented the design, development, and test of a low-cost system capable of determining the level of risk of suffering a fire in a rural area. The system is based on LoRa technology and is comprised of a set of nodes and a gateway. Each node has three sensors to measure the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and CO\({}_{2}\) of the environment to evaluate the level of fire risk and the presence of forest fires in an area. The data is sent to a network server in charge of processing and showing it graphically. The entire system was tested in a real environment by using an SF = 7. The scenario where the experiments were performed shows large plant masses that cause a large dispersion in the signal. However, we observed coverage ranges of 4 km which is a very interesting result considering a similar deployment based on WiFi. Our web platform also implements a very easy to understand interface to consult the fire risk in an area. The platform takes the data from the sensors deployed in the environment. Furthermore, two \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Natural Parks in Spain** & **Surface (ha)** & **Surface (Km\({}^{2}\))** & **N\({}^{\circ}\) of Gateway** \\ \hline Garajonay & 3984 & 39.84 & 5 \\ Timanfaya & 5107 & 51.07 & 6 \\ Tablas de Damiel & 5410 & 54.1 & 6 \\ Caldera de Taburiente & 5956 & 59.56 & 7 \\ Donfana & 13,540 & 135.4 & 16 \\ Aigua Tortas y Lago de San Mauricio & 14,119 & 141.19 & 16 \\ Ordesa y Monte Perdido & 15,608 & 156.08 & 18 \\ Monfragüe & 17,852 & 178.52 & 21 \\ Teide & 18,900 & 189 & 22 \\ Sierra de Guadarrama & 33,960 & 339.6 & 39 \\ Cabaferos & 39,687 & 396.87 & 46 \\ Picos de Europa & 67,455 & 674.55 & 78 \\ Sierra Nevada & 70,953 & 709.53 & 82 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Protected natural parks in Spain and their surface. Figure 26: Required gateways as a function of the surface. different types of alarms, fire presence, and fire risk can be generated as a function of those values and the operation algorithm of our system. As future work, we would like to implement saving energy methods for our network in order to increase network stability and to reduce global consumption [49]. We want to combine the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for both environmental monitoring [50] and to implement a complementary system for emergency rescue services [51]. We want to validate our preliminary results and the algorithm in real situations. Additionally, we assume that within the monitored area we will have to spread several nodes that will depend on factors such as the location and orography of the land. This would require an orographic study of the area to be monitored, so as to determine the variation of parameters such as temperature, humidity or even the condition of the field. With this, we could identify how significant a measure taken by a node is (i.e., determining the density of the nodes) and where we should place the next one for the results to be significant. The number of nodes does not have to be fixed since, if the nodes are in an area with great slope, the environmental parameters can vary rapidly and therefore more nodes would be required. However, if the nodes are in a flat area, the variations in the measurements are usually small and therefore, with a lower number of nodes, we could extract quite significant results.