## 1 Introduction  
Modern technologies were integrated into the traditional electrical infrastructure to create a \"smart grid\". A smart grid has several ways to control operations and power. Examples of operational and energy measures include smart meters and appliances installed at the client's site, a production meter, renewable energy generators, smart inverters, and resources installed at the grid's location for energy efficiency [1]. Renewable energy generators can lower energy costs because it is free to produce energy from renewable sources, even though it is not always available and depends on variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and location. Solar energy is influenced by the sun's brightness, cloud cover, and temperature [2]. The power that can be taken from the wind depends significantly on its direction and speed. Using renewable energy effectively and on time is possible because of the many technologies available for forecasting wind, solar, and battery state of charge. Sensors may communicate to and receive data from the smart grid because it has data transmission and reception capabilities [2]. These sensors provide data packets to the grid continuously. These data packets could include information on the production. Information on energy generation, use, voltage, and frequency may be found. The battery management system is vulnerable to hackers due to the communication channel used by existing battery-integrated grids to convey charge status. Batteries that are overcharged or undercharged could become worthless as a result of cyber risks [3]. Figure 1 shows the components of a power grid that houses electrical support systems. The smart grid has many benefits over traditional grids, such as better power quality, self-healing, cost-effectiveness with the integration of renewable energy, adaptive energy generation, more environmentally friendly operation, aggregation of distributed energy resources, real-time energy consumption monitoring at the customer end, integration of AI models to automate tasks, remote energy motoring, rapid response to faults, remote fault location. Smart grids are more attractive than conventional grids because of these benefits. The two most important problems are complexity and cybersecurity. It is more challenging to fix these vulnerabilities when smart grid data is stored on the cloud [4]. In addition to physical security, cybersecurity is a crucial element of the smart grid since it ensures its dependability and safety at all times. Not only are smart grids required to have cyber security, but [5] also shows that non-smart and older grids are susceptible to hackers. This study, shown in [5], shows how the power grid is affected when criminal software manages the whole power consumption of computers, including the CPU, GPU, hard drives, screen brightness, and laser printers. The study found that 2.5 to 9.8 million illnesses can potentially upset the system. Another study [6] found that when an attacker gains access to the IoT botnet for high-power smart appliances, it can lead to frequency instability, line failure, and increased operational costs. These kinds of attacks have the power to cause widespread shortages by manipulating energy consumption. As the grid's complexity rises, the likelihood of issues increases. Power networks, which are already noteworthy in and of themselves, are undergoing considerable changes due to the development of renewable energy sources, quick signal processors, and sophisticated sensors. These changes are severely disrupting the industry. These modifications have a considerable impact on the grid. Due to the existing situation, electricity producers and consumers must share information in both directions. A smart grid, which can dynamically monitor and regulate energy flow to deliver constant electricity for clients, is replacing the existing power infrastructure [7].