## 4 Discussion
TPC was recorded as 13.16 mg/g, which is consistent with [25], which reported a range of 5.92 mg/g to 23.23 mg/g in _Urtica dioica_ plants harvested in the Tuzla area (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in June 2020. TFC was also found to be 7.42 mg/g, in contrast to [25], which reported 0.81 mg/100 g--3.05 mg/100 g, and [25], which reported 43.3 \(\pm\) 0.37 mg/g. Statistically, the \(p\)-values are all lower than 0.05, signifying a 95% confidence level, and so the variability observed in these phytochemicals among the plants and within the various varieties is statistically significant. Conversely, kaempfer demonstrated that these results are not statistically significant, owing to the \(p\)-value of 0.506 recorded (based on theinstitution of statistical significance at \(p\leq 0.05\)). Similarly, vanillic acid and luteolin had \(p\)-values of 0.372 and 0.498, respectively, causing the variabilities obtained to be statistically insignificant at a 95% confidence level. With regards to the microbial activities of the five plants and their varieties under investigation, the results obtained within the _Armoracia rusciana_ varieties showed the lowest microbial activity against _Microocccus luteus_ and _Listeria innocua_. All other microorganisms demonstrated relatively lower susceptibility to the plant extracts, with MICs ranging from 0.72 to 1.12%. These results further lend credence to reports of the antimicrobial properties of _Armoracia rusciana_ plant parts and formulations against microorganisms, including _Enterococcus faecalis_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Escherichia coli_, _Proteus mirabilis_, _Proteus vulgaris_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Salmonella enteritidis_, _Bacillus megatherium_, and _Listeria monocytogenes_[26; 27; 28]. We investigated the antibacterial activities of isothicyanates extracted from _Armoracia rusciana_ roots against four strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), multidrug-resistant _Acinetobacter buumanii_ (MRAB), and multidrug-resistant _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ (MRPA) using a broth microdilution method; the extract was able to inhibit the growth of the organism like other susceptible antibiotics. [PERSON] et al. [26] carried out an investigation to evaluate the _In Vitro Antioxidant and Bactericidal Efficacy of 15 Common Spices_ as a novel alternative for urinary tract infections. _Armoracia rusciana_ was among the four spices that gave the highest MIC values against _Enterobacter aerogenes_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, and _Proteus mirabilis_ using the disc diffusion method. From the selected studies, the antimicrobial activities of _Armoracia rusciana_ have since been proven, and the result of this work puts more emphasis on that. _Hypericum perforatum_ also had significant activity against _Microocccus luteus_ and _Listeria innocua_. With other microorganisms, the plant recorded relatively higher MICs. The antimicrobial properties of _Hypericum perforatum_ have already been reported against numerous bacteria in the past, including _Staphylococcus oxford aureus_, _Streptococcus mutans_, _Streptococcus sanguis_, _Salmonella typhi_, _Shigella dysenteriae_, _Yersinia enterocolitica_, _Enterococcus faecalis_, _Escherichia coli_, _Streptococcus pyogenes_, _Streptococcus uridians_, _Microocccus luteus_, _Moraxella catarrallis_, and _Lactobacillus acidophilus_[29; 30]. In a study to demonstrate the in vitro antibacterial and phytochemical screening of _Hypericum perforatum_ extract a as potential antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA), _Enterococcus faecalis_, _Escherichia coli_, and _Klebsiella pneumonia_, an agar diffusion assay was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). _Hypericum perforatum_, in the study by [PERSON] et al.