## 1 Introduction  
In 2014, [PERSON], a well-renowned Astrophysicist, defined the weather phenomena as what the atmosphere does in the short term, on an hourly or daily basis [1]. This description draws support from the butterfly effect, a concept derived from the chaos theory, which states that a system's sensitive dependence on initial conditions can cause small changes in one possible state--within a given state-space defining a deterministic nonlinear system--to produce large differences in a future state, conditioned by some probability of occurrence [2]. Sensitive dependence, as [PERSON]--one of the founding fathers of chaos theory--has stated [3], is the chief cause of our well-known failure to make nearly perfect weather forecasts [4]. That is why weather behavior is harder to predict due to its chaotic nature, especially in comparison to climate, which is defined as thelong-term average of weather over a number of years, a long-term trend. Prior to the satellite era, the invention of radio transmitters and the radiosonde, a small box equipped with weather instruments and a radio transmitter, enabled improved monitoring capabilities for land-based weather observation stations worldwide by making them airborne and launching them on balloons to high altitudes--several miles above the ground [5]. A method that mildly improved weather forecasting observations [6]. At the start of the 19 th century, a growing inference began to emerge as data accumulated from various environmental monitoring sources. This suggested that the initial assumption--that we need to defend ourselves from the environment, which led to the development of numerous monitoring capabilities--was only half the story, as evidence showed [7] that humankind is capable of unintentionally altering the environment in unfavorable ways [8]. Driven by the broad assumption that humanity needs to protect itself from the environment, coupled with the emerging ability to launch Earth-orbiting satellites equipped with advanced instruments capable of monitoring the weather on a global scale--President [PERSON] urged leaders during the 1960s to support the establishment of theworld weather watch (WWW). This initiative aimed to improve weather predictions, enhance event warning capabilities, and more. Only in the 1970s did the realization that humankind is able to influence the environment transition into policy. Under the directive of President [PERSON], measures were taken with the aim of reversing the negative environmental trends and protecting the environment from further harm caused by human activities. One of the main triggers for the historical events outlined above was the launch of one of the first dedicated weather satellites, TIROS-1, equipped with an infrared observation system, on 1 April 1960, by the United States. Its objective was to test experimental sensory television techniques, utilizing cameras optimized for photographing the earth's cloud cover rather than land areas, as a means of presenting a very large amount of weather data from over a large part of the earth in a very short time frame. Post-launch, an initial performance evaluation concluded that the picture quality was excellent--exceeding those obtained during evaluation tests [9]--and demonstrated that the design of the onboard systems was extremely valuable as a meteorological research tool [10]. The value of satellite technology in meteorology stems from the inherent challenges of acquiring weather data from remote regions such as oceans and the Arctic. Prior to satellites, these data gaps severely limited the development of accurate weather forecasting models. Satellite systems have since enabled near-real-time, global atmospheric observations, significantly enhancing model reliability and coverage. Satellites provide a complementary data collection platform, offering enhanced coverage and capabilities that other tools--such as weather balloons, monitoring aircraft, and ships--cannot fully deliver [11].