# Real-Time Contrail Monitoring and Mitigation Using CubeSat Constellations
## 5 Future Roadmap and Implementation
### Phase 1: Pilot project and initial deployment
During this phase, the system would be integrated with flight management systems (FMSs) and other aviation infrastructure, allowing airlines and air traffic controllers to make real-time adjustments to flight paths based on the latest data. This integration would require close collaboration with industry stakeholders, including airlines, aviation regulators, and technology providers, to ensure that the system meets operational standards and receives the necessary certifications. **Phase 3: Global deployment and long-term operation**  
In this phase, the CubeSat network would be fully operational, offering real-time monitoring and prediction of contrail formation across the globe. The system would continuously gather data on atmospheric conditions, which would be processed by advanced machine learning algorithms to provide accurate, up-to-the-minute forecasts of contrail-prone areas. Airlines would be able to integrate these data directly into their flight management systems, allowing for dynamic route adjustments that minimize the environmental impact of contrails. Maintenance and upgrades of the CubeSat constellation would be ongoing tasks in this phase. Given the relatively short lifespan of CubeSats, typically ranging from one to five years, regular launches would be necessary to replace aging satellites and ensure  
Figure 10: Schematic representation of the KalmanNet-based contrail mitigation system. the continuity of the monitoring network. Advances in CubeSat technology could also be incorporated into new satellites, such as improved sensors, enhanced communication systems, and more efficient power management, further increasing the accuracy and reliability of the system over time. This phase would also involve scaling the data processing infrastructure to handle the large volumes of data generated by the global CubeSat network. This could include expanding ground station networks, improving data storage solutions, and enhancing the algorithms used for data analysis. Collaboration with cloud service providers could offer scalable and flexible data management solutions that support the real-time needs of the system. Furthermore, the global deployment phase would require the establishment of international agreements and collaborations to ensure the system's sustainability. As the CubeSat constellation would be monitoring airspace over multiple countries and regions, it would be essential to secure cooperation from international aviation organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) [60], and national regulatory bodies. These agreements would govern data sharing, operational protocols, and regulatory compliance, ensuring that the system operates smoothly and effectively on a global scale. In regions with high air traffic density, such as the North Atlantic Corridor, ensuring the safety of multiple aircraft implementing contrail avoidance strategies is a critical consideration. While the CubeSat system provides real-time atmospheric data to predict contrail formation, the operational responsibility for managing aircraft separation remains with air navigation service providers (ANSPs) [61]. Existing air traffic management practices, such as vertical and horizontal stacking and coordinated cruise Mach numbers, could be adapted for contrail mitigation scenarios [62]. These strategies have been successfully employed in constrained airspaces lacking traditional navigation aids and are well suited for managing re-routed traffic. Further collaboration with ANSPs will be essential to integrate contrail avoidance into existing airspace management systems without compromising safety.