## 2 Methods
### Study and Research Division  
The literature search strategy initially identified 272 articles from multiple academic databases, 94 articles searched in PubMed, 54 articles searched in Scopus and 124 articles searched in the Web of Science. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 studies were included for further analysis, based on the availability of full-text access. The study selection process is presented in Figure 1 and the main results of each included trial are presented in Tables 2-4, respectively divided and categorized into physiological (\(n=14\)) [3; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23], biomechanical (\(n=5\)) [24; 25; 26; 27; 28] and combined biomechanical-physiological assessment (\(n=3\)) [4; 5; 29]. The publication dates of the included studies ranged from 1987 to 2025, with studies conducted across seven countries: Germany (\(n=7\)), the United States of America (\(n=5\)), Italy (\(n=5\)), China (\(n=2\)), Brazil (\(n=1\)), Canada (\(n=1\)), and Iran (\(n=1\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Database** & **Observations** & & **Search Strategy** \\ \hline PubMed & The “All Fields” was used & (i) & (inline speed skating) AND (roller speed skating) \\  & & (ii) & (inline speed skating) OR (roller speed skating) \\ Scopus & The “All Fields” was used & (i) & ALL (“inline speed skating”) AND (“roller speed skating”) \\  & & (ii) & ALL (“inline speed skating”) OR (“roller speed skating”) \\ Web of science & The “All Fields” was used & (i) & (ALL = (inline speed skating)) AND ALL = (roller speed skating) \\  & & (ii) & (ALL = (inline speed skating)) OR ALL = (roller speed skating) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Full search strategies for PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors (year)** & **Subjects** & **Outcome Measures** & **Test Location** & **Experimental Protocol** & **Main Outcomes** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 1995) [3]} & \(n=16\); & & & (i) 3 min/stage & \multirow{3}{*}{Physiological response of inline speed} \\  & sec \(\sigma\); & & & (ii) 4-6 stages & & \\  & age 18-37 years & & & (iii) 5 min interval & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON], 1995) [11]} & \(n=12\); & & & & (i) compared with runners, skaters \\  & sec \(\sigma\); & & & (ii) 22.5 and 27.4 km/h & & \\  & age 30 \(\pm\) 6 years & & & (ii) upright and low posture & & V\({}_{2}\) peak \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 1996) [12]} & \(n=20\); & & & & (iii) maintain a steady pace 15 min \\  & sec \(\sigma\) (\(n=10\)); age & & & (iii) slaters-selected aerobic & & Compared with inline speed skating, VO2s was 4.8\% higher during running \\  & 25.7 \(\pm\) 4.6 years & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 1999) [13]} & \(n=8\); & & & & (iii) compared with runners, skaters \\  & sec \(\sigma\); & & & (iv) 2 mmol/L; & & \\  & age: 20.4 \(\pm\) 3.9 years & & & (iii) maximum speed & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 2006) [14]} & \(n=8\); & & & (i) start at 24 km/h; & \\  & sec \(\sigma\); & & (ii) 3 min/stage; & & \\  & age: 25 \(\pm\) 6 years & & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 2015)} & \(n=16\); & & & (iii) start at 24 km/h & \\  & sec \(\sigma\) (\(n=4\)); & & & (iii) 3 min/stage; & & \\  & age: 30 \(\pm\) 10 years & & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON], [PERSON] et al., 2016a) [16]} & \(n=12\); & & & (iii) start at 24 km/h & \\  & sec \(\sigma\); & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & (iii) 5 min/streak & \\  & age: 20 years & & & (iii) 3 min/stage; & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 2016) [17]} & \(n=8\); & & & (iii) start at 22 km/h & \\  & sec \(\gamma\); & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & sec \(\gamma\); & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & sec \(\gamma\); & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & sec \(\gamma\); & & (iv) 2 min/streak & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & age: 30 \(\pm\) 4 years & & & (iv) 2 min/streak & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}