# Augmented Reality in Surgical Navigation: A Review of Evaluation and Validation Metrics
## 3 Evaluation and Validation of AR Surgical Technology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c l c} \hline \hline
**Surgical Field** & **Reference** & **Evaluation** & **Objective** & **Validation** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Neuro Surgery} & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [9] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2018 [11] & ✓ & Training \& guidance & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2018 [12] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2011 [33] & ✓ & Pre-operative planning & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [43] & ✓ & Surgery on patients & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2015 [44] & ✓ & Surgery on patients & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2015 [45] & ✓ & Surgery on patients & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [46] & ✓ & Pre-operative planning & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [47] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [48] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [74] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [75] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\times\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Orthopedic \&} [PERSON] et al., 2016 [15] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [16] & ✓ & Surgical navigation & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al. 2020 [50] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [54] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al. 2020 [76] & ✓ & Training \& guidance & \(\times\) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Laparoscopic Surgery} & [PERSON] et al., 2011 [17] & ✓ & Clinical testing & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [18] & ✓ & Clinical testing & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [19] & ✓ & Surgery on patients & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [59] & ✓ & Registration testing & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [60] & ✓ & Surgical navigation & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [61] & ✓ & Surgery on patients & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [62] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [63] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2010 [64] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [65] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [66] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2016 [67] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [68] & ✓ & Pre-clinical trials & \(\times\) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Oral Surgery} & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [25] & ✓ & Clinical applications & \(\checkmark\) \\  & [PERSON] et al. 2019 [26] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2011 [69] & ✓ & Training \& guidance & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2009 [70] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2011 [71] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [72] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2010 [73] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\  & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [77] & ✓ & Medical imaging & \(\times\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Table summarizing the evaluation and validation performed in various fields. object no longer seems to be layered on top of a solid-looking surface, and the buried object's relative depth perception is restored. The visual clarity achieved is suitable for the high AR depth perception, according to the experimental results using both phantom and in vivo data [84, 85]. The goal of AR visualization is to be able to provide a selective and simplified portrayal of anatomy that may be easily understood during surgery in a variety of surgical specialties [86]. It is now also possible to boost surgeons' sensory and motor skills during diverse surgical activities, from macro to micro levels, using computerized, robotics-assisted surgical systems. In comprehensive clinical investigations over the last two decades, the performance, advantages, and efficacy of established surgical robotic systems and many scientific platforms have been evaluated and validated [87, 88, 89].