esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed Key Exchange Protocol
### Practical Application of ECQV and One-Pass SKEM Methodologies
In order to lower the complexity of a WSN, the server and the sensor nodes need a method to update the key pairs at the node to mitigate the risk of impersonation. The ECQV implicit certificate scheme is a low-cost solution to this problem. The authenticity of a key pair yielded by the ECQV scheme adds another layer of assurance to the server that the generated session key is bound to not only the identity of a sensor node and the server but also the key pair designated for that sensor node. The sensor nodes can benefit from the low cost in the size of the exchange message and relieve themselves from the burden of signing and verifying explicit signatures. However, the deployment of an ECQV scheme faces the same issue due to the revelation of the sensor nodes' identities \(ID_{N}\). In the deployment domain, the ECQV scheme can be triggered by a malicious party claiming to have \(ID_{N}\). The implicit certificate is bound to the identity, not the physical device that has been assigned with \(ID_{N}\). From the server's perspective, it can only recognize the identity that is trying to make a request for a certificate stored in the database. Therefore, the proposed protocol resolves this problem by binding the implicit certificate with the identity \(ID_{N}\) and a unique characteristic of an actual physical node device. A physical unclonable function implemented inside of the processor of a sensor node can provide distinctive responses that characterize a sensor node from each other. Furthermore, it is worth noticing that the ECQV scheme allows the server to compute a sensor node's public key without an additional exchange message from the sensor node. The modified ECQV with a PUF makes the public key somewhat \"private\" when using the response in the computation. In addition, from the standpoint of a sensor node, a matching challenge-response pair guarantees that it is communicating with the authentic server. The realization of SKEM-based OPKE is beneficial for a constrained WSN. The proposed protocol provides the intermittent operation of batteryless or self-charging IoT nodes with higher secure communication channels. By applying the ECQV scheme as the key pair generation method, and a PUF as an enhancement to the ECQV scheme, a WSN can benefit from the advantages of SKEM-based OPKE with minimal risks.
## 2 Related Works  
Research in the economic viability of self-consumption of RES in residential settings has been slowly gaining traction, mainly due to nation-wide changes in the regulatory schemes for distributed generation (DG) that made self-consumption one of the few available modalities for residential micro-production installations. For example, in [5], the authors conducted a review of research on PV for self-consumption and the available options to improve its rates, which included energy storage and load management, also called demand-side management (DSM). Despite the small number of papers at that time, the results show that it was possible to increase the relative self-consumption by 13-24% with a battery storage capacity of 0.5-1 kWh per installed kW of PV power, and by 2-15% with DSM. After 2015, several papers on the topic have been published for different countries, many of which consider combining solar PV with BESS. Most studies have been motivated by the promises of grid parity of solar PV [3] and the decreasing prices of storage that, according to the most optimistic studies, would set the price of Lithium-ion storage at 175 \(\upxi\)/kWh by 2020 [12]. Interestingly, most of these works were developed for European countries, mostly due to the many financial incentives and different policies practiced developed towards increasing the penetration of RES in the electric energy mix. Table 1 presents a shortlist of these works and the respective countries. While the authors have followed many different methodologies, e.g., simulated versus real-world data, the central message of all the reviewed works is that the inclusion of a BESS will significantly increase the levels of SC and Self-Sufficiency (SS), where SS refers to the degree to which the local generation is sufficient to fill the total energy needs [5]. However, several aspects should be taken into account. First, despite the increase in SC and SS, most of the works argue that BESS for SC will not be profitable unless the kWh prices of BESS drop considerably [2; 4; 10; 16; 18; 22; 23], and this drop is accompanied by an increase in the cost of the kWh from the grid [20]. Other works stated that storage could be profitable; for example, in [14], it is argued that works showing high profitability have considerably under-estimated the evolution of the price of the kWh of storage [22]. Another essential takeaway is that the much desired 100% SS cannot be achieved without prohibitively over-sizing both the solar PV and BESS installations. In fact, many authors show that reaching 80% SS already requires considerable over-sizing of the battery capacity [2; 19; 22]. For example, in Sweden, it was demonstrated that sizes above 4 kWh confer virtually no improvement in the levels of SS [19]. Furthermore, it was shown that larger batteries would be under-utilized most of the time, leading to excessively high investment costs and, thus, much longer payback times [2; 19; 20; 22]. A critical aspect to consider when sizing the BESS for increased SC and SS is the battery's charge/discharge rate,
# A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models for Dental Segmentation in Panoramic Radiograph
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Results Using Data Augmentation  
The results of the four metrics (Dice, accuracy, precision and recall) for the models trained with the dataset containing the data augmentation can be seen in Table 3.  
The Dice metric obtained 92.886% with the DoubleU-Net model, followed by DCU-Net, U-Net and, finally, Nano-Net with 89.855%. For accuracy and recall, the order remained the same, with DoubleU-Net with 96.591% and 92.705%, respectively. Nano-Net was 95.576% and 84.222%. For precision, the Nano-Net Model obtained 96.326%, followed by DCU-NET, U-NET and DoubleU-Net with 93.095%.  
DoubleU-net performed better in three of the four metrics analyzed, falling behind Nano-Net only in the precision metric, 3% less. Nano-Net obtained the worst recall result, well behind the other models, and reached an 8% difference compared to DoubleU-Net. Analyzing the number of parameters trained by the model, Nano-Net used 235,000 while U-Net reached 31 million parameters.  
Figure 5 shows three examples of images tested by the four models, comparing them with the original image and the ground truth.  
In general, the models presented outputs that were very close to ground truth, though with a few observations for some models. The DCU-Net model was the one that presented more failures in its outputs, as can be seen more easily in Example 1 and Example 3. The  
Figure 5: Example of three panoramic radiograph images tested by segmentation models with data augmentation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Dice (\%)** & **Accuracy (\%)** & **Precision (\%)** & **Recall (\%)** & **Parameter** \\ \hline U-Net & 91.033 & 95.966 & 95.342 & 87.122 & 31,031,745 \\ DCU-Net & 91.616 & 96.208 & 96.107 & 87.547 & 10,069,928 \\ DoubleU-NET & **92.886** & **96.591** & 93.095 & **92.705** & 29,264,930 \\ Nano-Net & 89.855 & 95.576 & **96.326** & 84.222 & **235,425** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* **Bold cells** show the best result for that metric.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Result (in %) of segmentation models using data augmentation.  
U-Net model was the model that presented some flaws in detail, especially in the roots of the teeth. As shown in Examples 1 and 3, the circled areas have root detection failures. The DoubleU-Net and Nano-Net models were the ones that presented the best details in the roots.
# Cooperative Caching and Resource Allocation in Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks
## 4 Problem Formulation
### Cooperative Caching and Resource Allocation Problem
#### 4.1.2 Bandwidth Consumption Model  
When content services are provided for users by satellite network \(G(V,E)\), the satellite network bandwidth resources, as well as the wireless communication channels between users and their access satellites, will be used to transmit the data. In the wireless communication environment between user \(u\) and access satellite \(v_{u,a}\), the transmission rate for retrieving content \(w\) can be given as  
\[b_{u,w}^{wire}=bw_{u}\cdot lg_{2}\cdot\left(1+\frac{p_{u,tr}\cdot g_{u,c}}{p_{ u,n}}\right). \tag{2}\]  
The current available network bandwidth resources of retrieving content \(w\) for user \(u\) in satellite network \(G(V,E)\) can be given as  
\[b_{u,w}^{isl}=\min\limits_{e\in E,\vec{a}_{u,e}^{w}\
eq 0}B_{e}. \tag{3}\]  
Note that the actual data rate for retrieving contents can be influenced by the available network bandwidth resources and the wireless communication environment. It can be considered that the data rate for retrieving the content is the minimum value of the current available network bandwidth resources and the wireless transmission rate. Therefore, the actual data rate of retrieving content \(w\) for user \(u\) can be indicated as  
\[b_{u,w}=\min\limits(b_{u,w}^{wire},b_{u,w}^{isl}). \tag{4}\]  
Then, the network bandwidth consumption of retrieving content \(w\) for user \(u\) can be indicated as  
\[\varphi_{u,w}^{bw}=x_{u,w}\cdot\sum\limits_{e\in E}q_{u,e}^{w}\cdot b_{u,w}. \tag{5}\]
# The Role of Fungi in Food Production and Processing
## 2 Understanding the Research Prospects
### Fungi as Food Spoilage Agents
#### 2.3.3 Ecological Characteristics and Metabolic Activities  
Spoilage fungi possess diverse ecological adaptations that enable them to colonize and degrade different food substrates. Filamentous fungi, such as _Aspergillus_ and _Penicillium_ species, produce hyphae and mycelium that penetrate and colonize food matrices, leading to visible signs of spoilage, such as mold growth and discoloration. These fungi secrete a plethora of extracellular enzymes, including proteases [88], lipases [89], and amylases [90], which break down the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in food, resulting in changes in the texture, flavor, and aroma.
# Grid Anchor Lane Detection Based on Attribute Correlation
###### Abstract  
The detection of road features is a necessary approach to achieve autonomous driving. And lane lines are important two-dimensional features on roads, which are crucial for achieving autonomous driving. Currently, research on lane detection mainly focuses on the positioning detection of local features without considering the association of long-distance lane line features. A grid anchor lane detection model based on attribute correlation is proposed to address this issue. Firstly, a grid anchor lane line expression method containing attribute information is proposed, and the association relationship between adjacent features is established at the data layer. Secondly, a convolutional reordering upsampling method has been proposed, and the model integrates the global feature information generated by multi-layer perceptron (MLP), achieving the fusion of long-distance lane line features. The upsampling and MLP enhance the dual perception ability of the feature pyramid network in detail features and global features. Finally, the attribute correlation loss function was designed to construct feature associations between different grid anchors, enhancing the interdependence of anchor recognition results. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieved first-place F1 scores of 93.05 and 73.27 in the normal and curved scenes on the CULane dataset, respectively. This model can balance the robustness of lane detection in both normal and curved scenarios.  
lane detection; anchor; FPN; deep learning Article
## 3 Experimental Work
### Tests and Methods
#### 3.3.1 Modified Proctor Compaction Test  
The aim of the compaction test is to identify compaction-related parameters, particularly the optimal moisture content at which the soil reaches its maximum dry density. For a certain compaction technique, this test illustrates a link between dry density and water content. Several compaction testing methodologies are employed, depending on the grain size distribution of the soil material. As seen in the example below, the study employed the modified Proctor compaction test [34]. The procedure used to compact soil-CACW mixes containing 2% cement was as follows: A Hobort mixer with a capacity of 0.3 m\({}^{3}\) was filled with the necessary amount of soil. The finished result was homogeneous after about three minutes of mixing, during which water was added. The modified Proctor compaction test's large mold was compacted at five levels. There were 25 blows per layer. Triple specimens were used and tested under each condition, and the average of the results was reported.
# A Survey of Low-Cost 3D Laser Scanning Technology
## 3 Classification of the Prototypes
### Extra 2: Diry Low-Cost 3D LiDAR and a Rotating Mirror/Prism  
A moving 2D LiDAR discussed in this paper is built by adding a movement to a commercial 2D LiDAR. Besides, in some research on low-cost 3D laser scanning technology, commercial LiDARs are not used. Instead, DIY (do-it-yourself) low-cost 3D LiDARs are built. The 3D LiDARs in these studies are fully DIY [86; 87; 88], or a mirror or prism is used to change the optical path of the laser beams [86; 87; 88; 89]. Specifically, in [86], two prisms are utilized to project the laser beam in a large range in the vertical direction, as the result of which, a DIY 2D LiDAR is constructed. This DIY 2D LiDAR is rotated by a motor to collect the 3D sampling points of the environment. In [87], the emitter and receiver of the laser beams are rotated in a 2D plane; a mirror is rotated to change the optical path of the laser beams to add a scanning dimension of this prototype, allowing it to scan the environment  
Figure 11: A push-broom 3D LiDAR. (**a**) The prototype in [16; 17; 18]; (**b**) left: the prototype in [19], in which the red device mounted above is a ladybug panoramic camera, it is used to perceive colors. The silver-white device mounted obliquely below is a 32-line 3D LiDAR Velodyne HDL-32e; right: the prototype is carried by a trolley.  
in 3D. In [88], the emitter and receiver of the laser beams are fixedly mounted; a rotating prism is utilized to change the optical path of the laser beams in two dimensions to realize the 3D scanning function of the prototype. Similarly, in [89], a commercial 2D LiDAR is fixedly mounted, a rotating mirror is utilized to change the optical path of the laser beams. A 3D point cloud can be built according to the data of the 2D LiDAR and the rotation angle of the mirror. Figure 12 shows the prototypes in the above-mentioned literatures.  
Compared with the method of adding a movement to a commercial 2D LiDAR, the method described in this subsection has greater technical difficulties. DIY LiDARs are certainly not as mature and reliable as commercial LiDARs in terms of technology, and the accuracy and stability of DIY LiDARs are not easily to be ensured. The way of changing the optical path through a mirror or a prism requires very high mechanical accuracy, while high mechanical accuracy requirement is not conducive to cost control of the prototype. In addition, stains and dust on the mirror or prism may block the propagation of the laser beam. In view of the above defects, the method described in this subsection is not the focus of our paper. In our paper, we focus on how to use commercial 2D LiDAR to build the 3D maps of the environment in low-cost. As mentioned in [69], it is a most feasible and common solution to apply a 2D LiDAR to the low-cost 3D mapping of the environment.
# Mechanical Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics of a Three-Directional Vibration Absorber
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Material and Structural Composition  
The three-directional vibration isolator proposed in this study is primarily composed of 304 stainless steel (06 Cr19 Ni10), which offers high strength, corrosion resistance, and structural reliability. The isolator features a symmetrical arrangement of four spring assemblies connected via spherical and cylindrical hinge pairs, allowing it to provide stiffness in three orthogonal directions while accommodating nonlinear deformation and frictional effects.
# Sea Surface Temperature in Global Analyses: Gains from the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer
###### Abstract  
Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) derived from passive microwave (PMW) observations benefit global ocean and SST analyses because of their near-all-weather availability. Present PMW SSTs have a real aperture-limited spatial resolution in excess of 50 km, limiting the spatial fidelity with which SST features, reflecting ocean dynamics, can be captured. This contrasts with the target resolution of global analyses of 5 to 10 km. The Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIRR) is a mission concept under consideration as a high-priority candidate mission for the expansion of the Copernicus space programme. This instrument would be capable of real aperture resolution \(<15\) km with low total uncertainties in the range 0.4-0.8 K for channels between 1.4 and 36.5 GHz, and a dual-view arrangement that further reduces noise. This paper provides a comparative study of SST uncertainty and feature resolution with and without the availability of CIMR in the future SST-observing satellite constellation based on a detailed simulation of CIMR plus infrared observations and the processing of global SST analyses with 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) final grid resolution. Simulations of CIMR data including structured errors were added to an observing system consisting of the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) on Sentinel-3A and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on MetOp-A. This resulted in a large improvement in the global root-mean-square error (RMSE) for SST from 0.37 K to 0.21 K for January and 0.40 K to 0.25 K for July. There was a particularly noticeable improvement in the performance of the analysis, as measured by the reduction in RMSE, for dynamical and persistently cloudy areas. Of these, the Aghulas Current showed an improvement of 43% in January and 48% in July, the Gulf Stream showed 70% and 44% improvements, the Southern Ocean showed 57% and 74% improvements, and the Maritime Continent showed 50% and 40% improvements, respectively.  
passive microwave; sea surface temperature; CIMR; OSTIA
## 5 Numerical Results
When we choose complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) = \(10^{-3}\), and \(\
u\) = 4-5 dB, the amount of PAPR reduction is around 6-7 dB. This means that the proposed LS-MU-MIMO-OFDM clipping technique can significantly increase the PAPR performance with little SE performance loss. It is obvious that when the operating parameters/environment changes, the relevant \(\
u\) also changes. However, the decision for \(\
u\) would follow the same analysis we showed. Even though we only use the IUI in this paper, the proposed technique can use any kind of unavoidable interference in wireless communication environments, i.e., inter-cell interference, inter-frequency interference, etc. Since the environment always changes depending on situations, the proposed scheme should be used with an adaptive technique based on various related parameters. Basically, it shows that the proposed scheme can increase EE significantly in any wireless communication environments. The increase of EE is coming from the increase of the PA efficiency, which can be achieved from the efficient PAPR reduction using the proposed scheme. Figure 8: PAPR performance of various \(\
u\). The dotted line stands for no iteration, the solid line stands for Iter = 5. Figure 7: BER performance (\(N_{t}\) = 400, U = 40) based on various CR, \(\
u\). The ellipse \(\sharp 1\) includes \(\
u(dB)=5,6,7,\infty\), the ellipse \(\sharp 2\) includes \(\
u(dB)=3,4,5\), the ellipse \(\sharp 3\) includes \(\
u(dB)=0,1,2\).
# Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticorrosive Activities of _Ceriops_ _tagal_ Plant Extract
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Corrosion Inhibition
#### 2.5.4 Surface Analysis by SEM-EDX  
The mild steel specimens were immersed in 1 M HCl without and with 600 ppm of plant extract and incubated for 3 h at 303 \(\pm\) 1 K [32]. After incubation, the surfaces of both the specimens were screened by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL Model, Coimbatore, India) coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) (JEOL Model JSM-6390).
# Dynamic Collaborative Optimization Method for Real-Time Multi-Object Tracking
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Ablation Studies
#### 4.2.2 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis  
The weights in the SAAM are designed to balance the contributions of different temporal and spatial features. In the spatio -temporal domain, features from different time steps and spatial locations carry varying degrees of importance for accurate multi -object tracking. The attention mechanism assigns higher weights to more relevant features. For example, in a scenario where an object's appearance changes gradually over time, the features from recent time steps should be weighted more heavily to capture the current state of the object. Theoretically, this approach aligns with the concept of adaptively emphasizing informative features, which has been shown to be effective in many computer vision tasks.  
We investigated the impact of key parameters on the performance of the SAAM, particularly focusing on parameters \(k\) and \(S_{0}\) in the target-size adaptive weighting function.  
As illustrated in Figure 4, the system achieves optimal performance equilibrium at \(k=0.1\) and \(S_{0}=1024\). This validates the rationality of our parameter configuration while demonstrating that the SAAM maintains robust performance across a wide parameter range.  
Overall, the experimental results conclusively demonstrate that the proposed method strikes an ideal balance between speed and accuracy. Particularly, while ensuring real-time operation, our approach exhibits superior tracking performance, offering an efficient and reliable solution for real-time video analysis applications.