# Visual Perception of Peripheral Screen Elements: The Impact of Text and Background Colors
## 4 Conclusions  
Optimizing the design of elements in the peripheral screen area makes that space more functional and noticeable. This research aimed to identify, among ten combinations, the most visible combination of text and background color for stimuli in the peripheral screen area, when visual attention was engaged in the central portion of the screen. White text on a blue background had the shortest active stimulus duration (1.376 s), while the highest response accuracy (79%) was recorded for stimuli with black text on a white background. The following colors were used in this study: red, blue, yellow, green, white, and black. The results show that visual stimuli formed by white text on a blue background are perceived most quickly in the peripheral parts of the screen, at a time when the user's attention is directed towards the central part of the display. These results indicate a potential advantage of this color combination in the context of peripheral visual perception. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Average Active Duration of Stimulus (in Seconds)**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Red Background**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Blue Background**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Green Background**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Yellow Background**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**White Background**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Black Background**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**White Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Black Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**White Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Black Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**White Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Black Text**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**White Text**} \\ \hline Left & & & & & & & & & & \\ part of & 1.174 & 1.172 & **1.163** & 1.350 & 1.232 & 1.206 & 1.527 & 1.278 & 1.215 & 1.216 \\ screen & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Right & & &  
The results indicate that stimuli featuring white text were, on average, noticed more quickly than those with black text, with one notable exception: the stimulus with white text on a yellow background. The generally higher detectability of white text can be attributed to its strong luminance contrast against darker or more saturated backgrounds, which enhances peripheral visibility. In contrast, the reduced performance of the white-on-yellow combination likely stems from the low contrast ratio between two similarly bright hues, making it more difficult for peripheral photoreceptors to distinguish the text efficiently. Stimuli moving from left to right are noticed more quickly than those moving from right to left. Stimuli moving from top to bottom are noticed sooner than those moving from bottom to top. This aligns with the findings of [PERSON] et al. [39], which investigated how principles from attention theories apply to the design of complex visual interfaces, focusing particularly on layout, clutter, and color usage. They found that placing important information in the top-left corner helps users locate it more quickly, as it aligns with natural reading patterns. When results are divided by screen parts, it is clear that on the upper part, the stimulus with a red background and black text is noticed the fastest, while on the bottom part, the stimulus with a black background and white text is noticed first. On both the left and right sides, stimuli with a blue background and white text are noticed the quickest, confirming that the noticeability of peripheral stimuli depends on text and background color combinations. These results are partly supported by an experiment conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40], which showed that colors can be grouped according to their ability to attract attention: red is the most effective, followed by medium-effective colors such as green, blue, and yellow, while orange and purple are the least effective. Differences in attentional capture increase further with increasing visual complexity of the display--when more distracting colors appear, red still retains its effectiveness, while the other colors gradually lose effectiveness.