esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
noted that typically, pilots will not transition between traditional and glass cockpits until receiving their private pilot license. Although, this was true at the time of their study, today, pilots may experience such transition at a very early stage of their training [19]. Full glass cockpit panels have been used on airliners since the introduction of Airbus A320 in 1988. It took another 15 years until this technology became available on general aviation aircraft; Cirrus SR20 with Avidyne Entegra was certified in 2003. The majority of general aviation aircraft have been available with glass cockpit avionics since late 2000s. However, The Great Recession significantly slowed down aircraft sales [20]. Flight schools seldom acquired new aircraft and if so, it was used in advanced phases of training. Recent growth in flight training forces flights schools to add new aircraft to their fleets rather than replace old equipment, thus mixed fleet is used in training. To add on complexity, old aircraft are being retrofitted with new avionics. One aircraft model can feature three different versions of flight deck: a new glass cockpit panel, an original analog instrument panel or a combination electronic flight instruments and analog engine instruments. The three different versions may be simultaneously used in one phase of pilot training, training pilots on all types of panels. European Flight Crew Regulations are very vague in terms defining requirements for transition between different aircraft variants, i.e., learning objectives focus on acquisition of theoretical knowledge of computer system design rather than on adjustment on new method of visualisation. Transition from classic panels to glass cockpits and vice versa can cause deficient distribution of the pilot's attention, increase in workload, and emotional and mental stress [21,22]. A distressed pilot may overlook or inadequately process information which ultimately leads to making improper decisions. Therefore, understanding effects of such transition gains in importance. This paper investigates the influence of cockpit ergonomics change on performance and workload during early stages of initial pilot training on general aviation aircraft. An experimental training schedule was proposed and followed by two groups of subjects. The training was designed to address the transition from analogue to glass cockpit. The experimental setup aimed to discover whether the cockpit ergonomics change can have a negative influence on piloting and whether such change can negatively influence pilot's psychophysiological condition.
# Performance Analysis of Hybrid Optical-Acoustic AUV Swarms for Marine Monitoring
## 2 Related Work
### Hybrid Networking Evaluation and Performance  
Several works study the performance of hybrid optical acoustic devices and network of nodes. Specifically, adopting the same nomenclature of [9; 10], we call \"hybrid\" nodes the nodes that are _equipped_ both with an acoustic modem and with an optical modem; such communication systems can also be _used_ simultaneously.  
In [11], the authors presented a simple performance comparison between the pure optical and acoustical solutions and the hybrid solution, using the actual parameters of two real modems: the S2 CR 18/34 acoustic modem from Evologics (www.evologics.de) and the AquaOptical II modem presented in [12]. The paper analyzes the network throughput varying the offered traffic until it saturates the channels. Moreover, they evaluated the required energy for the different transmission media. Similarly, in our study, we evaluated the required energy vs. the offered traffic considering variable water turbidity conditions.  
In [13], the authors considered the problem of the integration at the networking level of an hybrid dual channel modem. They presented a protocol stack that introduces a convergence layer and implemented it in the DESERT simulator. The network entities that control the layer, called controllers, can support two transmission policies coping with different application needs: a fast transmission policy over the optical channel and a robust transmission policy over the acoustical channel. The paper tests the effectiveness of the proposed solution on a mixed scenario with AUV devices and divers, and the network is used to monitor and control the diver's work.  
The work in [14] presents the transmissions performance of the optical modem of the Alvin submarine in a real clear water scenario. Results were used to design an integrated optical/acoustical hybrid communication system. It also describes several application scenarios for the designed system: for instance, the use of the hybrid communication system for monitoring oil drilling at the bottom of the sea. In this case, the network of sensors is controlled by messages exchanged in the acoustic channel while the devices act as data mules collecting the data by optical communication.
# A Novel Cross-Latch Shift Register Scheme for Low Power Applications
## 2 The Proposed Cross-Latch Shift Register (CLSR) Design
### Delay Clock Circuit  
Figure (b)b shows the post-layout simulation waveforms of the 256-bit shift register implemented using the proposed CLSR scheme design when operating at 0.9 V/1.0 GHz/TT corner. The industry uses a two-letter designation to describe the different corners, where the first letter refers to the NMOS device, and the second refers to the PMOS device. The TT corner is the center corner where wafers are normally produced (e.g., typical process parameters). The proposed CLSR scheme design satisfies the realization of the shift register while reducing circuit complexity function and maintaining a fully static operation. Although the proposed CLSR scheme reduces both the power consumption and layout area of the circuit, it must bear the challenges caused by data conflicts.  
Figure 4: Shift register architectures: (**a**) master–slave design and (**b**) the proposed cross-latch shift register (CLSR) design.  
Figure 5: Schematic of the proposed CLSR architecture.  
Figure 6a shows a specific situation caused by the rising edge of the clock. As the clock driver changes its phase from low to high, it produces a short phase difference between the rising edge and falling edge, so that CLKB and CLKI achieve equal potential. The previous data feedback path (red) is stronger than the current input data path (green). Therefore, a  
Figure 6: (**a**,**b**) Glitch issue of the proposed CLSR design. (**c**,**d**) Proposed delay clock circuit.  
data conflict exists between nodes X and Y. The voltage of this glitch is about 0.167 V. This issue will cause additional power consumption, and the reliability of the circuit might be reduced [31].  
To solve this issue, we proposed a circuit that can output CLKBI and CLKI synchronously, shown in Figure 6c. The delay circuit I2 uses only two transistors (1 pMOS plus 1 nMOS). Since I1 and I2 receive a signal from the CLKB node at the same time, the VGS of I1 and I2 are changed at the same time. In other words, I1 and I2 can provide CLKBI and CLKI signals synchronously to the proposed CLSR design and help transmission gates to be started and closed at the same time [32]. The simulation waveforms are shown in Figure 6d. In the master-slave latch, there is one inverter delay between CLKB and CLKI. Thus, a short contention exists and power consumption increases (red circle). By using the delay clocking circuit, the synchronous output of CLKBI and CLKI (blue circle) can be achieved. Thus, the proposed design not only solves the power problem, but it also has better race characteristics than a conventional master-slave-based design.
# A Multiobjective Decision-Making Model for Risk-Based Maintenance Scheduling of Railway Earthworks
## 4 Case Study
### Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT)
#### 4.1.3 Aggregated Utility and Results  
The final step of the application of MAUT is to compute the aggregated utility of each alternative to rank them in an order that contributes the most to the realization of the objectives. Either additive or multiplicative aggregation must be selected depending on whether or not the attributes are preferentially independent of one another. In this case, the performance measures used are dependent on each other, but if a decision-maker states a preference for one attribute, it does not, in turn, fix other attributes, so they are preferentially independent. In other words, a decision-maker can prefer having a minimum annual maintenance cost while preferring the maximum possible improvement in reliability. This preference structure makes the maintenance cost and reliability benefit mutually and preferentially independent of each other. Considering this, the additive form was used to compute the global aggregated score for each alternative, as shown in Equation (11). The smallest aggregated utility score represents the most preferred alternative.  
Tables 4 and 5 show the ten highest and lowest-ranked slopes along with their attribute values. The top-ranked slopes highlight the decision-makers' tradeoff preferences, with all of them having substantial improvements in reliability. It is important to note that other slopes may have a greater increase in reliability but at an unacceptable cost. The slope which had the greatest increase in reliability ended up being ranked number 20 as the annual maintenance cost was extremely high. While, the slope that had the largestannual maintenance cost did not rank lowest (it ranked 94 th), as with the associated intervention would result in a substantial improvement in the reliability index. At the bottom of the table are slopes which had a negligible gain in reliability in combination with high costs.
# Mechanical Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics of a Three-Directional Vibration Absorber
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analytical Modeling Strategy  
To analyze the mechanical behavior of the isolator, a simplified analytical model was developed based on its working principle. The force-displacement relationship in each direction was derived, and the stiffness ratio between the horizontal (x/y) and vertical (z) directions was expressed as a function of the spring arrangement angle (\(\theta\)). A MATLAB-2018b-based computational tool was implemented to determine the optimal inclination angle (\(\theta=35.26^{\circ}\)) that achieves triaxial equal stiffness at the static equilibrium state.  
Due to structural symmetry, the 3D system was further reduced to a 2D equivalent model in the x-z or y-z plane, enabling tractable analysis of static deformation and restoring forces.
## 1 Introduction
In addition, we further identify the scenarios of anomalies that are detected based on the correlation among multidimensional variables. This can help engineers focus on specific issues, allowing them to have a more targeted and appropriate response. So, we propose the AD_SI model (Anomaly Detection and Scenario Identification model of shield tunneling) to monitor the shield tunneling process and apply it to actual projects. The proposed method can not only detect various anomalies that occur during the shield tunneling process but also identify the scenarios of anomalies by considering the correlation of multiple construction parameters. The structure of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 summarizes the research status of anomaly detection and identification. The structure and principle of the AD_SI model is introduced in Section 3. Section 4 presents the application of the model in a subway tunnel construction project in Nanjing and compares its performance with other anomaly detection models. Our main conclusions are provided in Section 5.
## 5 Performance Evaluation and Results Analysis
### Packet Delivery Ratio
Hence, with the lower necessity of radio transmissions, the probabilities of packet collisions and message loss are decreased.
# Self-Sensing Six-Phase PMSM Drive Based on Back-EMF Measurement
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper focuses on a novel alternative for the emergency sensorless control of a six-phase PMSM that is less parameter-dependent than standard back-EMF observers. The proposed solution is useful as a backup in the case of a speed/position sensor failure in the middle- and high-speed regions. In the case of a sensor fault, the second three-phase winding of the six-phase machine is disconnected, and the machine continues with reduced power or in overloaded conditions. The sensorless technique is based on the estimation of the rotor position from the back-EMF measured on the disconnected winding. The proposed method is appropriate for six-phase PMSMs with two symmetrical three-phase windings because of the processing based on the goniometric functions. The healthy six-phase operation was proposed at first, following the investigation of the three-phase control mode. The change in parameters between the six-phase and three-phase modes has been described and utilized to readjust the FOC controllers. The mutual coupling in the form of the armature reaction has been investigated, and its compensation has been designed based on the vector diagram. The proposed emergency sensorless control method has been verified experimentally between 300 rpm and 300 rpm at various load conditions. The control has been applied to a six-phase permanent-magnet synchronous machine with a power of 1 kW and 30\({}^{\circ}\) displacement between two sets of three-phase windings.  
Conceptualization, M.F.; methodology, M.F. and P.M.; software, M.F.; validation, M.F.; formal analysis, M.F.; investigation, M.F.; resources, M.F.; data curation, M.F.; writing--original draft preparation, M.F.; writing--review and editing, P.M.; visualization, M.F.; supervision,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline P\({}_{\text{N}}\) & 1 kW & L\({}_{\text{d}}\) & 0.5 mH \\ n\({}_{\text{N}}\) & 3000 rpm & L\({}_{\text{q}}\) & 0.52 mH \\ pole pairs & 5 & L\({}_{\text{d1}}\) & 0.29 mH \\ I\({}_{\text{N}}\) & 13.5 A & L\({}_{\text{q1}}\) & 0.3 mH \\ R\({}_{\text{s}}\) & 0.12 \(\Omega\) & M\({}_{\text{d12}}\) & 0.21 mH \\ \(\psi_{\text{pm}}\) & 0.0135 Vs/rad & M\({}_{\text{q12}}\) & 0.22 mH \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Machine parameters.  
Figure 21: Setup used for the experimental verification.  
P.M.; project administration, P.R.; funding acquisition, P.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA No. 1/0768/22 and the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA for project support 688 1/0795/21.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# BDS-3 Time Group Delay and Its Effect on Standard Point Positioning
###### Abstract  
The development of the BeiDou navigation system (BDS) is divided into three phases: The demonstration system (BDS-1), the regional system (BDS-2) and the global BeiDou navigation system (BDS-3). At present, the construction of the global BeiDou navigation system (BDS-3) constellation network is progressing very smoothly. The signal design and functionality of BDS-3 are different from those of BDS-1 and BDS-2. The BDS-3 satellite not only broadcasts B1I(1561.098 MHz) and B3I (1268.52 MHz) signals but also broadcasts new signals B1C (1575.42 MHz) and B2a (1176.45 MHz). In this work, six tracking stations of the international GNSS monitoring and assessment system (iGMAS) were selected, and 41 consecutive days of observation data, were collected. To fully exploit the code observations of BDS-2 and BDS-3, the time group delay (TGD) correction model of BDS-2 and BDS-3 are described in detail. To further verify the efficacy of the broadcast TGD parameters in the broadcast ephemeris, the standard point positioning (SPP) of all the signals from BDS-2 and BDS-3 with and without TGD correction was studied. The experiments showed that the B1I SPP accuracy of BDS-2 was increased by approximately 50% in both the horizontal and vertical components, and B1I/B3I were improved by approximately 70% in the horizontal component and 47.4% in the vertical component with TGD correction. The root mean square (RMS) value of B1I and BIC from BDS-3 with TGD correction was enhanced by approximately 60%-70% in the horizontal component and by approximately 50% in the vertical component. The B2a-based SPP was increased by 60.2% and 64.4% in the east and north components, respectively, and the up component was increased by approximately 19.8%. For the B1I/B3I and BIC/B2a dual-frequency positioning accuracy with TGD correction, the improvement in the horizontal component ranges from 62.1% to 75.0%, and the vertical component was improved by approximately 45%. Furthermore, the positioning accuracy of the BDS-2 + BDS-3 combination constellation was obviously higher than that of BDS-2 or BDS-3.  
BDS-3; BDS-2 + BDS-3; time group delay; standard point positioning Article
## 4 Suggestions for Mitigating the Barriers to the Use of Lidar for Control
### Improve Measurement Availability with Self-Adjusting Lidars  
The mitigation of the availability problem is quite challenging, sometimes impossible. Even the best lidar cannot measure a LOS velocity if there are no aerosols in the air. In the case of finding a threshold when a single measurement can be considered as exploitable for further processing, the key is \"adaptivity\". By smartly adjusting e.g., CNR thresholds, sampling periods, lidar data processing parameters depending on wind evolution, or spacings of range gates, a significant increase in availability should be possible. Of course, the lidar should be capable of adjusting \"by itself,\" without human intervention.  
Another way to increase the percentage of availability is by redefinition. In terms of LAC, it would be more functional if rotor effective quantities were used as a metric. Because of averaging effects, it is not necessary for every LOS measurement to be available to calculate these measures and achieve 100% availability. A suitable metric to quantify the overall quality for LAC is the measurement coherence (see also Section 6.1).  
Furthermore, one could address the availability matter by going a step backwards to the site assessment process. When evaluating if several areas are suitable for energy production through wind turbines, the sites could be checked for characteristics that are beneficial for LAC. Besides high aerosol concentration and practically no severe weather conditions, other measures have to be defined to characterize a site as \"LAC compliant\". This would probably limit the applicability of LAC to a small proportion of all explored sites, but once a location is found, the likelihood of good availability will be high. Especially for an emerging technology, it is important to reduce risk factors.
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Correlation Coefficient (CC)  
The strength of a link between two data points may be quantified statistically by calculating the correlation coefficient. In a visual world, there is a lot of coherence between neighboring pixels in every direction. Safe image encryption relies on the fewest possible shared features among pixels, as demonstrated by [8]. The joint distribution of horizontally adjacent pixels in the original and encrypted images is shown in Figure 10.  
After analyzing the important protection criteria in the preceding section, the suggested approach is compared to other ways to establish its efficiency level. Lena is a typical example image in most image protection systems. As seen in Table 1, the suggested method outperforms existing strategies in terms of the correlation coefficient and entropy. Furthermore, it has the strongest security level because it has the highest entropy value and the lowest correlation coefficient compared to the other compared references. As a result, the suggested technique has a greater security level. Therefore, it may be employed in a variety of real-time applications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Image** & **PSNR** & **SSIM** & **MSE** & **Entropy** & **Horizontal** & **Vertical** & **Diagonal** \\ \hline Cameraman & 46.5790 & 0.9872 & 1.4295 & 7.9971 & 0.0022 & 0.0007 & \(-\)0.0020 \\ Barbara & 32.1581 & 0.8954 & 39.5617 & 7.9994 & 0.0001 & \(-\)0.0053 & \(-\)0.0007 \\ Pepper & 51.6533 & 0.9967 & 0.4444 & 7.9993 & \(-\)0.0021 & 0.0002 & 0.0001 \\ Lena & 45.8460 & 0.9905 & 1.6923 & 7.9974 & \(-\)0.0013 & 0.0020 & 0.0023 \\ Baboon & 34.0663 & 0.9519 & 25.4946 & 7.9969 & \(-\)0.0025 & 0.0004 & 0.0004 \\ Boat & 36.7878 & 0.9327 & 13.6239 & 7.9993 & \(-\)0.0047 & 0.0001 & \(-\)0.0005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Different measurement metric results for the proposed method.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Effect of Incubation Period on Metal Stabilization  
A separate experimental study was conducted to assess the effect of the incubation period on the stabilization of metals by tested adsorbents in the contaminated mining soil. Briefly, 50 g of the contaminated soil was placed in an airtight plastic container (5 cm ID and 10 cm height). The contaminated soil was thoroughly mixed with the best three selected adsorbent materials at an application rate of 2% (\(w/w\)). The soil moisture inside the plastic containers was kept at 60% of field capacity (FC). Water loss was compensated every 2 days to maintain moisture content at the designated level. The plastic containers were incubated at 23 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the laboratory for a period of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. At the end of each incubation period, soil samples were collected from the plastic containers and were extracted with 1 M ammonium acetate (NH\({}_{4}\)OAc) to determine extractable Cd and Pb contents in soil. Each treatment was analyzed in triplicate to minimize potential analytical errors.