## 4 Measurement and Analysis of Gait Characteristics
### Standardization of the Gait Characteristics  
Based on the gait characteristics measurement from a total of 112 elderly participants, the data of 77 participants (40 male and 37 female participants) were selected for the final analysis. Participants with existing conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, or other conditions that affect walking were excluded, as well as those whose gait behavior showed a marked difference between the initial and final measurements caused by degradation in physical strength due to repeated walking. The five aforementioned gait factors were divided according to male and female groups; Table 5 shows the average, standard deviation, and average standard error by factor. Table 6 shows the standardized gait factors obtained after converting the measurements of the physical traits (weight and height) affecting the gait factors with the dimensionless number (Table 4). For the dimensionless number conversion using gait factor, gait speed used the dimensionless number conversion equation of speed, where \(g\) is gravitational acceleration (\(9.8\) m/s\({}^{2}\)) and \(l_{0}\) is the height of each participant. Step length, stride length, and step width used the dimensionless number conversion equation of length. The \(\hat{l}\) of each participant (step length, stride length, and step width in Table 6 are length values) was derived by substituting for the measurement by each factor, and substituting the height of each participant to \(l_{0}\). As cadence is the number of steps per minute, it was derived by applying both the frequency and time dimensionless number conversion equations. Assuming cadence as a fractional number with 1 as the denominator, the steps corresponding to the fraction were standardized using the frequency conversion equation, and the denominator (1) was standardized using the time conversion equation; the number after the frequency conversion was divided by the number after the time conversion to derive the cadence dimensionless number. The average value by each gait factor in Table 5 is the mean average value that includes all the factors pertaining to body size resulting from individual differences in weight and height. It is difficult to establish that the determination of elderly people's gait characteristics based on this value is the standard data for the facilities, even if this data on the elderly resulted from the standard body size of the elderly in South Korea. However, as shown in Table 6, the values obtained after the dimensionless number conversion cancel out the effect of the weight and height. Therefore, it can be said that these values are standardized values regardless of the person's height and weight. The study derived the standard gait model of the elderly by inverse operation of the derived values by using the standard weight and height of the elderly in South Korea. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Gender** & **Sample Size** & **Average** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Standard** \\ **Deviation** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Standard Error** \\ **of Mean** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Gait speed & male & 40 & 0.25 & 0.04 & 0.01 \\  & female & 37 & 0.24 & 0.04 & 0.01 \\ Step length & male & 40 & 0.32 & 0.04 & 0.01 \\  & female & 37 & 0.31 & 0.07 & 0.01 \\  & male & 40 & 0.65 & 0.09 & 0.01 \\  & female & 37 & 0.65 & 0.07 & 0.01 \\ Step width & male & 40 & 0.08 & 0.02 & 0.00 \\  & female & 37 & 0.07 & 0.02 & 0.00 \\ Cadence & male & 40 & 0.77 & 0.06 & 0.01 \\  & female & 37 & 0.75 & 0.07 & 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Gait factor after standardization (dimensionless numbering coefficients for normalization of gait properties).