esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion
Figure 9 shows the effect of the GDL electrical conductivity coefficient and the membrane ionic conductivity coefficient at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C. According to the figure, with the increase of these two coefficients, the fuel cell performance is significantly improved. As the electrical conductivity coefficient increases, the quantity of electrons transfer is increased through the solid parts of fuel cell and increasing the ionic conductivity coefficient of the membrane will increase the amount of proton transfer by the membrane  
Figure 8: Effect of GDL porosity on the HT-PEMFC performance at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 7: Concentration of water along (**a**) the anode flow channel and (**b**) the cathode flow channel operating at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 0.4 V (mol/m\({}^{3}\)). from the anode side to the cathode side. As can be seen in the figure, the more significant effect of ionic conductivity coefficient is evident compared to the electrical conductivity coefficient. In Figure 10, the effect of channel width increment on fuel cell performance is shown. Based on this figure, with increasing channel width, the fuel cell generated power is reduced; as the channel width increases, the inlet velocity of the species decreases, and as a result, the diffusion rate of species will also decrease. The result will be a lower current density generation in the fuel cell. Figure 11 shows the dispersion of the current density generated by the fuel cell at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 V at the membrane surface. As can be seen, at low voltages of 0.3 and 0.6 V, due to the higher input inflow of the species, they penetrate into the reaction spot more and also more species participate in the reaction so that according to the figure, the difference in the amount of current density produced at high and low voltages is quite evident. Therefore, at the channel inlet, the produced current density is lower and this value increases towards the channel output as more and more reactants are consumed (Figure 11a,b). On the contrary, as the voltage increased to 0.9 V, the produced current density decreased, because at higher voltages, due to the lower input flow rate, the species flowed with less velocity and penetration and almost uniformly along the channel and  
Figure 10: Effect of channel width on the HT-PEMFC performance. Figure 9: Effect of (**a**) ionic and (**b**) electric conductivity on the HT-PEMFC performance at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
followed by less reaction, the current density is reduced and the distribution of the current density is almost uniform from the inlet to the outlet (Figure 11c).
## 2 Model and Experimental Research
### Dust Extraction System Concept from a Multi-Cyclone  
The decision was made to design a dust extraction system from the multi-cyclone dust collector on the basis of a two-stage filter (multi-cyclone-partition) from a T72 vehicle. The choice of this multi-cyclone for testing is supported by the fact that it is used in heavily-used vehicles, and thus it is possible to verify how the design was carried out experimentally. To facilitate the analysis of the results, the tested multi-cyclone was designated MT.  
To ensure streams uniform suction from individual MT multi-cyclone cyclones, the most appropriate method seems to be to change the internal structure of the multi-cyclone dust settler by dividing the dust settler space into segments with vertical partitions. The segment space should be divided by horizontal shelves into independent and isolated suction channels, to which specific groups of individual cyclones should be assigned.  
Figure 11 shows the idea of dividing the MT multi-cyclone dust settler into segments, and then the segments into suction channels.  
Figure 11: Dust suction concept from MT multi-cyclone: (**a**) schematic division diagram of multi-cyclone dust settler into segments, (**b**) chamber dividing principle of segment dust settling chamber into suction channels.  
Figure 10: Suction system concept according to the combined method: 1—settling tank bottom, 2—partition, 3—suction port, 4—flange, 5—external channel, 6—internal channel, 7—choke cap, 8—cyclone.  
Dust settling chamber of the MT multi-cyclone is divided into widths with vertical internal walls (partitions) in five equal and independent parts (\(S\) segments) with a width of \(a\). Each segment (module) includes three columns of cyclones (seven cyclones in a column). The chambers of the segment settlers were divided by horizontal (parallel to each other) partitions into three separate suction channels (\(K_{S1}\), \(K_{S2}\), \(K_{S3}\)) with different heights \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\), \(h_{3}\). A segment may include a different number of suction channels, and a different number of cyclones may be assigned to each channel.  
The basic problem when dividing the segment settling chamber into suction channels is the setting of horizontal partitions at appropriate heights \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\),... \(h_{i}\). The channel heights of the dust settler segment should be determined by calculation, and then verified experimentally during the tests of the actual segment in dust settler.
## 5 Experiments
### Experiment Settings  
The parameters are divided into three categories as follows:  
* Ship-Type-Related Parameters. Three ship capacities (12,000-TEU, 15,000-TEU, and 20,000-TEU) and two types of countries of construction (China and other countries) are considered, resulting in six distinct ship types. The weekly charter-in prices \(c_{s}^{\text{in}}\) for the 12,000-TEU, 15,000-TEU, and 20,000-TEU ships are set at 0.6 million USD, 0.7 million USD, and 1 million USD, respectively. The corresponding charter-out prices \(c_{s}^{\text{out}}\) are fixed at 80% of the charter-in prices, i.e., \(c_{s}^{\text{out}}=0.8c_{s}^{\text{in}}\). Based on operational data detailing the CMA CGM's owned fleet deployed in Asia, Europe, and North America [58; 59; 60; 61], and in line with reports indicating that and 64% of its newbuilding capacity was on order at Chinese yards [62], we consider 15 China-built 12,000-TEU ships, 25 China-built 15,000-TEU ships, 41 China-built 20,000-TEU ships, 10 non-China-built 12,000-TEU ships, 13 non-China-built 15,000-TEU ships, and 23 non-China-built 20,000-TEU ships. The specific technical parameters corresponding to these six categories are presented in Table 2.
* Rout-Related Parameters. In this study, we select 20 candidate routes, including their ports of call and the corresponding number of ships required to ensure a weekly departure frequency on each operated route [62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68]. The routes and their weekly departure frequencies are detailed in Table 3.
* Transport-Related Parameters. We select a set of OD pairs and estimate the pairs' weekly transport demand \(D_{od}\) for each OD pair. To ensure these estimations are grounded in realistic market conditions, they are carefully calibrated. This calibration is based on aggregated containerized cargo flow data from [69] and insights into global shipping trends from [70], ensuring that the demand volumes and their distribution are representative of actual trade patterns. The weekly transport demand of these OD pairs \(D_{od}\) are detailed in Table 4. The involved ports are classified into three geographic regions: East Asia and Southeast Asia, Europe and the Mediterranean, and North America. Based on [71; 72; 73] we further estimate the freight rate per transported TEU for each OD pair, which is detailed in Table 5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**ID** & **Countries of Construction** & \(Q_{s}\)**(TEUs)** & \(\dot{c}_{s}^{\text{in}}\)**(Million USD)** & \(c_{s}^{\text{out}}\)**(Million USD)** & \(A_{s}\) \\ \hline
1 & China & 12,000 & 0.6 & 0.48 & 15 \\
2 & China & 15,000 & 0.7 & 0.56 & 25 \\
3 & China & 20,000 & 1.0 & 0.80 & 41 \\
4 & Other countries & 12,000 & 0.6 & 0.48 & 10 \\
5 & Other countries & 15,000 & 0.7 & 0.56 & 13 \\
6 & Other countries & 20,000 & 1.0 & 0.80 & 23 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The parameters for the six types of ships.
# Transmission Lines Insulator State Detection Method Based on Deep Learning
## 5 Conclusions  
Aiming to address the unhealthy states of self-explosion, breakage, and flashover in transmission line insulators, this paper proposes a state detection method based on deep learning using aerial images of insulators to enhance detection efficiency. Aerial images of transmission line insulators were captured by drones and supplemented with data from an open-source dataset, resulting in a collection of 4000 insulator images through dataset augmentation. By employing a tailored model training and fine-tuning strategy, the verification accuracy of the model reaches 97.1%. Additionally, the detection accuracies for insulators experiencing self-explosion, damage, flashover, and insulator strings are 93.5%, 98.6%, 97.5%, and 98.9%, respectively. This approach successfully achieves automatic detection of insulator states, demonstrating the model's robust performance. Building on this foundation, future work will aim to enhance the detection accuracy for self-explosion defects and focus on developing datasets for other types of power equipment to broaden state detection capabilities. Additionally, we plan to investigate the impact of GAN-based data augmentation methods on improving model performance.  
Conceptualization, X.T. and S.H.; methodology, X.T.; software, X.T.; validation, X.T., F.Y. and S.H.; formal analysis, Z.L.; investigation, S.H.; resources, Z.L.; data curation, X.T.; writing--original draft preparation, X.T.; writing--review and editing, X.T.; visualization, X.T.; supervision, F.Y.; project administration, F.Y.; funding acquisition, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., grant number 09000 KK52220019.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of China Southern Power Grid Co. Ltd.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could appear to influence the work reported in this paper. However, China Southern Power Grid Co. Ltd. provided funding and technical support for this work. The funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# Radiation Hardened Read-Stability and Speed Enhanced SRAM for Space Applications
###### Abstract
Second, performance evaluations indicate that the read/write delay of the proposed design is not only shorter than that of various current designs but also maintains superior stability during both read and write operations, setting a new benchmark in radiation-hardened SRAM technology. These innovative features allow for efficient power consumption without compromising performance, thereby ensuring long-term reliability in high-radiation environments.
# Integration of Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2 Satellite Images for Crop Mapping
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Calibration and Validation Data  
The data in the database were randomly divided into a set of 80% validity and 20% calibration, the purpose of which was to examine the percentage of data calibration and validation, and it was also considered that the final value in this range is not much different from the actual amount of data. For water-based, human-made, and forest-created classes, manual and training sets are generated, and the 20-80 division rule is used to capture all data. Subsets were considered in plots over 2 ha. In this study, both validation methods, calibration, and classification were based on pixels, and the buffer operation was not performed on validation. Due to the omission of small strings in training and different field sizes, a marked difference was observed between the pixel ratio and the initial verification and calibration ratio with the independent validation sample (Table 1).
## 4 Discussion  
### Scale Mismatching between Satellite GPP and Ground Observed GPP  
Studies have shown that GPP estimation from remote sensing are usually robust at most regional or global scales, but that the methods used from benchmarking and validation will impact the accuracy of the GPP estimation models [55]. The spatial resolution of GPP products from satellite observations range from a few hundred meters to tens of meters. Therefore, differences always exist due to the scale mismatch between the grid cells of remotely-sensed data and the scale of the ecological variable on the ground [56], which makes it difficult to directly evaluate remotely-sensed GPP using field carbon flux observations on the ground. Taking the footprint of ground-observed carbon flux into consideration is a good way to eliminate the scale difference between remote-sensing GPP and field-observed GPP. In this paper, the weighted MODIS GPP or downscaled GPP in the footprint were compared with the measured GPP, and higher precision was obtained when validating the multiple GPP products at footprint scale.  
Several studies [3; 57; 58] demonstrated that upscaling the field GPP through machine learning methods was also a good way to make the field GPP comparable with remote sensing products. However, the uncertainties and error transfers in the upscaling process are still not very clear [59]. With the development of airborne and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) data, the gap between satellite data and field-measured carbon flux data may be filled, which may be helpful in satellite-derived GPP estimation and validation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Energy Response  
In any photon irradiation dosimetric application, a key characteristic is energy dependence, with present purposes in mind defined as the variation in TL yield at fixed dose versus absorbed energy [27]. The photon-energy dependence was evaluated by exposing the samples to an identical test dose of 1 Gy using an ERESCO 200 MF4-RW X-ray source operated in the range of accelerating potentials of 40 to 120 kVp. It is typical in such cases that the energized X-ray tube beams are estimated to have an effective energy of the order of one-third to one-half of the peak kV values [28]. Hence taking the one-half option, present use of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kVp, translates to effective energies of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 keV. Figure 6 shows the TL response of the samples, the pattern directly linking with the \(Z_{eff}\) values previously obtained and the enhanced response to be expected in this photon energy region in which interactions are dominated by the photoelectric effect [29]. In Figure 6, the observed reduction of TL intensity with energy is a direct reflection of photoelectric dependence, varying inversely with energy modified by attenuation. As such, analytic dependence cannot reasonably be extracted from the quasi power-law fitting. In particular, due to the non-soft tissue equivalence of the glass, suitable calibration would be required to correct for the effect in obtaining the estimated dose to an individual.  
Figure 5: Linearity Index of the glass samples subject to \({}^{60}\)Co gamma-irradiation, for doses ranging between 1 Gy to 100 Gy.
###### Abstract  
Superhydrophobic surface is a promising technology, but the effect of superhydrophobic surface on flow noise is still unclear. Therefore, we used alternating free-slip and no-slip boundary conditions to study the flow noise of superhydrophobic channel flows with streamwise strips. The numerical calculations of the flow and the sound field have been carried out by the methods of large eddy simulation (LES) and Lighthill analogy, respectively. Under a constant pressure gradient (CFG) condition, the average Reynolds number and the friction Reynolds number are approximately set to 4200 and 180, respectively. The influence on noise of different gas fractions (GF) and strip number in a spanwise period on channel flow have been studied. Our results show that the superhydrophobic surface has noise reduction effect in some cases. Under CPG conditions, the increase in GF increases the bulk velocity and weakens the noise reduction effect. Otherwise, the increase in strip number enhances the lateral energy exchange of the superhydrophobic surface, and results in more transverse vortices and attenuates the noise reduction effect. In our results, the best noise reduction effect is obtained as 10.7 dB under the scenario of the strip number is 4 and GF is 0.5. The best drag reduction effect is 32%, and the result is obtained under the scenario of GF is 0.8 and strip number is 1. In summary, the choice of GF and the number of strips is comprehensively considered to guarantee the performance of drag reduction and noise reduction in this work.  
channel flow; superhydrophobic surface; flow noise; flow control 2021 113869. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093869](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093869)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093869](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093869))
## 3 Experimental Methods and Results
### Experimental Setup
#### 3.1.3 Device Working Process  
During the operation of the plasma bag's residual-input tube-cutting system, the bag was positioned on a tray with its input tube facing outward. As the conveying device rotated, the plasma bag passed through an image-acquisition device. A photoelectric sensor on the top triggered the camera to capture images of the plasma bag, while a photoelectric sensor on the side verified the contact between the input tube and the bottom surface. The camera captured 20 frames of images at equal intervals. Upon acquiring the first frame of the image, the image processing program was invoked to compute the position information, which was then communicated to the STM32 via a serial port. The microcontroller governed the movement of the lead screw slide according to the data obtained in the first frame. If the program detected contact between the input tube and the bottom surface, it selected an image sampled at the duration required for the input tube to exhibit no relative displacement, and computed and processed it using the soft body kinematics algorithm. If no contact was detected, the image processing program processed all of the collected images. The averaged processed data were then relayed to the STM32 to control the lead screw slide until it reached the final position. Once the input tube reached the cutting position, the electromagnet energized it to cut it. A flow chart of the system's operational process is illustrated in Figure 6.
# Evaluating the Efficacy of a Passive Exoskeleton for Enhancing Ergonomics in Manufacturing
## 3 Results and Discussion
### BExo Impact on PPE in Different Tasks
#### 3.3.3 Walking  
The average perceived physical exertion per body part for the task of walking, comparing conditions with and without the exoskeleton, is shown in Figure 8. The knees exhibited the highest PPE score without the exoskeleton, at approximately 16, which was reduced to around 14 with the exoskeleton, demonstrating the exoskeleton effectiveness in alleviating knee strain. The feet showed a PPE score of about 15 without the exoskeleton, which decreased to approximately 10 with its use. Similarly, the ankles reported a PPE score of around 14 without the exoskeleton, which decreased to 8 with its use.  
The lower back showed a PPE score of about 13 without the exoskeleton, reduced to around 6 with it. The elbows experienced a reduction in PPE from approximately 12 to 6. Other body parts, such as the neck, shoulders, upper back, and chest, also experienced reductions in PPE, though to a lesser extent. The neck showed a decrease from around 10 to 5, the shoulders from 9 to 4, the upper back from 8 to 5, and the chest from 7 to 4. These reductions underscore that the body parts experiencing the highest exertion without exoskeleton support benefited the most from its use. This evidence validates the exoskeleton's role in significantly reducing physical exertion, particularly for the knees, feet, and lower back, during walking tasks, emphasizing its potential as a valuable ergonomic tool in high-exertion activities.  
Figure 7: PPE per body part in relation to support for carrying a box.
## 3 Data Fusion Algorithm
### Software Modelling and Experimental Testing of the Data Fusion Algorithm
Figure 7: The sensors outputs and the results of the data fusion obtained during the tests (\(n=4\)). show that the data fusion algorithm produced a reduction in the signal noise power approximately proportional to the number of sensors equipping the cluster. Moreover, for the situations when the sensor biases were not compensated, it was noted that a fused signal with a reduced bias was obtained due to this statistical combination of the sensor signals.
# Analytical Evaluation of Laser Cleaning Effectiveness in the Context of Contemporary Muralism
## 3 Results
### Analytical Results
#### 3.3.3 Residues and Effectiveness: ATR-FTIR and Py-GC/MS
In fact, following the artificial aging process, the peak of the alkyl binder at 1727 cm\({}^{-1}\) (C=O stretching vibration) becomes broader compared to the unaged one, with the baseline ranging from 1767-1684 cm\({}^{-1}\) up to 1820-1684 cm\({}^{-1}\) (gray area in Figure 7). This broadening effect hints at the potential erosion of the bottom layer after laser treatment, i.e., as a result of the paint-laser interaction, the aged surface layer of the bottom paint has been removed together with the vandalism layer, revealing a deeper and unaged paint. Figure 6: (a) Micro-ATR–FTIR spectrum of AlkB (unaged), AlkY (aged), and aged AlkY–AlkB cleaned with QS laser (asterisks indicate PY74 signals); (b) pyrogram of aged AlkY–AlkB cleaned with QS laser; (c) pyrogram of aged AlkB spray. Moreover, in Figure 7, it is noticeable that, post-cleaning, the relative absorption of the peaks associated with pigment PY74 (yellow area) and filler (green area) is more intense than the peaks of the binder. This suggests that, after the cleaning process, the paint film is richer in pigment and filler but poorer in binder. This alteration may lead to a loss of cohesion in the original paint, necessitating further maintenance.