## 3 Results
### Spatial Access Disparities to the MOH Healthcare Centers: Analysis of 2 SFCA Results
Accordingly, car ownership rates have been witnessing a huge increase in Jeddah, where about 90% of households own one or more cars, while the other 10% rely heavily on local taxis and buses for transportation purposes [63]. The use of different modes of transportation is not preferred in Jeddah due to (1) bad condition of buses, deficient infrastructure, and low accessibility [64], which leads to taking long times to access the desired destination, especially with the availability of high traffic congestion resulting from the full reliance on using private cars; and (2) districts are not suitable for walking or bicycling; thus, residents travel long distances by private cars in order to access required services. Since private car is the only convenient way to travel in Jeddah, what about those who do not have a private car and reside, for example, in areas away from healthcare facilities? How can they access healthcare at the right time, especially with the lack of public transportation in Jeddah? In fact, the use of drive time as a measure of spatial accessibility to healthcare may not reflect the experience of those who do not have a private car. According to [PERSON] et.al. [65], spatial access to healthcare needs to select an appropriate measure, where there are several measures of varying complexity and specificity. However, better measures, which integrate public and private transportation, are needed to accurately reflect the experience of those who are without their own transport. This will contribute to mitigating spatial inequity in access to healthcare. There are several studies such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [66] and [PERSON] et al. [67] that used multiple transportation modes to measure spatial accessibility to healthcare. Accordingly, decision makers should formulate intervention priorities aimed at improving the public transportation system in Jeddah, which contributes to facilitating access to healthcare services at the right time, especially for those who do not have cars. Furthermore, a future study that integrates multiple modes of transportation is needed to accurately assess spatial access disparities to healthcare services in Jeddah. However, the results of study indicate that the MOH healthcare centers are insufficient in Jeddah city, where the outputs of the 2 SFCA method revealed spatial disparities in access to healthcare centers. Spatial accessibility to healthcare centers is unevenly distributed and concentrated, where it is remarkably higher in central districts than peripheral districts. The disparity in access is largely a result of the unbalanced spatial distribution of healthcare centers, where most of which are concentrated in central districts and their concentration decreases towards the edge of the city. Furthermore, peripheral districts have a limited road network that does not sufficiently connect them with other parts of the city, which negatively affected the accessibility of the population residing in these districts. About 97.51% of the Jeddah population have access to healthcare centers, but with disparate levels of accessibility. In contrast, the area of districts that has no accessibility is approximately a quarter of the total area of urban Jeddah districts, and it includes about 2.49% of the total population of Jeddah. The percentage of the population that has no accessibility is, in fact, very small compared to the total population in the study area. However, identifying the areas in which these populations live is a necessary procedure for formulating planning interventions that can reduce spatial disparities in access to health resources, where a healthcare system that meets the requirements of availability and affordability will be useless if the spatial accessibility to healthcare is not provided to all equally [68]. It seems logical that government institutions or even the private sector focus on allocating healthcare services in densely populated areas in order to provide access to the majority of the population.