# Reconstruction of Land and Marine Features by Seismic and Surface Geomorphology Techniques
## 1 Introduction  
Seismic reflection interpretation has existed for decades, beginning with a two-dimensional (2D) seismic reflection method and developing into a more intensive three-dimensional (3D) method. The primary components of seismic interpretation are seismic reflection data coupled with geologic depositional and tectonic models. These provide a framework for integrating borehole, microseismic, outcrop, and modern landscape analogue data that result in a realistic earth surface (geomorphology), subsurface reconstruction, and reservoir model [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Meanwhile, a proper understanding of seismic reflection data is a necessary precursor to successful interpretation [1; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. The seismic reflection data utilize the transmission of a sound wave (triggered by an air gun, vibroseis, etc.) that propagates into the subsurface and is reflected to the surface when encountering an interface between two different rock properties, such as density and velocity. The reflected sound wave is recorded at the surface by receivers that measure its amplitude and arrival time (two-way travel time). Later, the recorded data are processed utilizing mathematical and signal processing techniques to produce an image of the subsurface. The seismic processing workflow could be different from one dataset to another depending on the geological conditions, target, processor, etc. The processing of seismic reflection data could be utilized in commercial software, e.g., Vista(tm) (Schlumberger), SeisSpace ProMax(tm) (Halliburton), Echos(tm) (Paradigm), Geovation(tm) (CGG), and many more. Inaddition, open source and free license software are also available, e.g., Madagascar, Seismic UNIX (Colorado School of Mines), SEPIib (University of Stanford), any many more. The advancements in seismic acquisition and processing have provided significant improvements to the quality and resolution of seismic data; thus, the extraction of detailed geological information (and ultimately the development of a realistic 3D geological model) is becoming a reality. Plan-view images of the depositional elements and depositional systems (on a large scale) were provided by 3D seismic data, in which the morphology of these elements could be extracted from a seismic cube. Analysis of such images could significantly enhance predictions of the spatial and temporal distributions of subsurface lithology (reservoirs, sources, and seals), fluids, compartmentalization, and stratigraphic trapping capabilities. Furthermore, it can contribute to an enhanced understanding of process sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, and tectonics [15; 20; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42]. Seismic geomorphology itself is the study of the subsurface using plan-view images from three-dimensional seismic data and aims to extract geomorphological, depositional, and other geologically significant features [12; 15; 20; 27; 29; 43]. Seismic geomorphology, which depends on the interpretation of plan-view seismic images, is rapidly developing on several fronts, including [29]:  
* Understanding the development of seascapes and landscapes in elastic and carbonate settings;
* Advances in workflows directed toward lithological prediction through the integration of seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology;
* Revising and improving sequence stratigraphic models;
* Development of new and increasingly sophisticated analytical techniques. Furthermore, the quantification of geomorphology from seismic reflection data features morphometric analysis of (for instance) sediment conduits that play an important role in the quantitative interpretation of sedimentary processes and paleoenvironments [39; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53].