## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Body Part** & **Pre** & **Post** & **\% Difference** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Cohen’s d** \\ **(Pre vs. Post)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Face & 29.4 \(\pm\) 0.8 & \(29.1\pm 1.1\) & 1.0 & \(-\)0.38 \\ Chest & 30.9 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 30.2 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 2.4 & \(-\)1.17 \\ Abdomen & 30.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 30.3 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 0.7 & \(-\)0.22 \\ Right Arm & 30.3 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 29.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 1.4 & \(-\)0.44 \\ Left Arm & 30.4 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 29.5 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 3.2 & \(-\)1.00 \\ Right Leg & 26.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 26.4 \(\pm\) 2.4 & \(-\)0.6 & 0.14 \\ Left Leg & 26.3 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 28.3 \(\pm\) 2.3 & \(-\)7.9 & 2.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Thermographic result before and after the ultra-endurance event in \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
higher dependency on glycolysis for ATP supply, consistent with findings in [34]. These elevated glucose levels highlight glycolysis as a primary energy pathway during the event, comparable to intensities observed in different exercises, such as half-marathon races and resistance training [35], and even surpassing levels noted in other ultra-endurance studies [25]. The added challenge of carrying a 10 kg backpack likely contributed to this increased glycolytic activity, as demonstrated by a notable rise in VO2 and cardiorespiratory response compared to a no-load condition [36]. This aligns with previous research on soldiers performing graded races with equipment weight [37]. The study also observed significant weight loss from the first to the fourth day, underscoring the high energy demands of multi-stage ultra-endurance events, often resulting in an energy deficit [38]. In the study, hand strength remained stable between the first and fourth stages of the ultra-endurance event, likely because hand muscles are not heavily utilized in prolonged walking activities [39]. This stability is also influenced by the consistent sympathetic activity throughout the event [29]. In contrast, leg strength showed a noticeable decline from the first to the fourth day, reflecting the extensive use of lower body musculature in such events [39]. This decline was significant in the initial three days, aligning with the literature on fatigue and muscle damage in endurance sports [40]. Interestingly, a slight increase in leg strength was observed in the post-values of the fourth stage, possibly due to the participants' sense of accomplishment in completing the 160 km challenge, highlighting the interplay between performance and emotions in endurance activities [41]. This research, focused on low-intensity, long-duration exercises, is not related to peripheral fatigue. Peripheral fatigue is more commonly associated with high-intensity activities and the biochemical and metabolic changes that occur at the muscular level to maintain homeostasis [42]. The urinary marker analysis across the event stages revealed an uptrend in urine pH during the third and fourth stages, suggesting possible alkalinization, potentially due to dietary or hydration changes. The urine's colorimetry decreased initially but increased slightly in the fourth stage, possibly indicating fluctuations in urinary concentration or fluid intake. Notably, the consistent absence of glucose in the urine throughout all stages highlighted adherence to effective nutritional guidelines, in line with observations by [PERSON] et al. (2019) [4]. Creatinine kinase (CK) levels, indicative of muscle damage, showed a decreasing trend from the second to the fourth stage, suggesting possible muscle recovery or adaptation. A significant increase in urinary proteins during the third stage could indicate renal impairment or muscle breakdown, aligning with [PERSON] et al. 's (2018) findings that link urinary proteins to muscle degradation [43]. The variability of these markers across stages highlights the dynamic physiological response to endurance activities and the necessity for continuous health-monitoring in athletes.