# Carbon Storage Potential and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Mineral-Fertilized and Manured Soil
## 1 Introduction  
Soil organic carbon shapes the soil properties and, importantly, contributes to the sequestration of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\)-C in terrestrial ecosystems [1]. Several studies have shown that an improvement in the soil productivity is achieved through an increase in the content of the organic fraction in the soil [2, 3]. The effect of fertilization on the soil organic carbon (SOC) content has been thoroughly addressed in scientific literature. Organicand inorganic fertilization leads to a direct and indirect increase in the total content of organic carbon and its fractions in soil [4; 5; 6; 7]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] reported that, after 40 years of soil manuring, the organic carbon content in the soil increased by 48.8%. These results corresponded with the data obtained by [PERSON] et al. [9], who reported that manure increased the content of humins, humic, fulvic acids, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil. In contrast to soil manuring, long-term mineral fertilization did not enhance the soil carbon content [2]. However, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] found that among the nutrients applied in mineral fertilizers, nitrogen and potassium increased the content of the SOC in sandy soil by 20% and 15%, respectively. Soil contains a significant portion of the world's carbon stock and is one of the major sources of atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\)[10; 11; 12]. Therefore, agriculture is considered both a sink and a source of CO\({}_{2}\)[13]. Globally, 25-29% of anthropogenic CO\({}_{2}\)-C emissions originate from cultivated soils [14; 15]. Soil CO\({}_{2}\)-C emissions result from a multi-factorial interaction between the soil's properties and the intensity of the plant growth and soil tillage [16; 17; 18; 19]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] reported that the relationship between soil CO\({}_{2}\)-C emissions and the soil temperature and soil moisture were linear. [PERSON] et al. [21] noted that CO\({}_{2}\)-C soil emissions are better correlated with the air temperature and soil moisture than with the content of NO\({}_{3}\)- in the soil. However, [PERSON] et al. [22], researching loamy sand soil under drought conditions, found that CO\({}_{2}\)-C soil emissions were more strongly correlated with the NO\({}_{3}\)- contents than with the air temperature and soil moisture. N-fertilizers are generally assumed to increase autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration [18]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] reported that an increase in the dosage of the mineral nitrogen fertilization increased CO\({}_{2}\)-C soil emissions to a lower extent than an additional dosage of manure. [PERSON] et al. [23] also measured higher CO\({}_{2}\)C soil emission levels in a mineral-organic fertilization system than under exclusive mineral fertilization. According to the literature data, intensive mineral and organic treatment may, thus, have an utterly divergent effect on CO\({}_{2}\)-C soil emissions. A high dosage of N-fertilization can mitigate CO\({}_{2}\)-C emissions from the soil [20; 24], whereas high dosages of different types of manure can increase CO\({}_{2}\)-C soil emissions [25]. The potential for organic carbon accumulation in agricultural soils continues to be of interest to researchers and European policymakers [26; 27; 28]. As discussed above, mineral and organic fertilization may have different effects on the SOC content and CO\({}_{2}\) release from soils. Although short-term research provides reliable results [29], long-term fertilization experiments form the most suitable and well-established frameworks for evaluating the impact of mineral and organic fertilization on CO\({}_{2}\)-C soil emissions and carbon storage potentials in the soil [30]. The importance of long-term fertilization experiments was recently addressed in the literature by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] through the example of the world's oldest experiments in Rothamsted (England). The value of such experiments (as well as their cost) increases with their duration.