## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Topological**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Summer**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Winter**} \\ \cline{3-10} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Properties**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Summer**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Winter**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NT**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**CT**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NR**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**R**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NT**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**CT**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NR**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**R**} \\ \hline Number of nodes & 122 & 268 & 133 & 140 & 142 & 133 & 244 & 226 & 228 & 213 \\ Number of edges & 117 & 682 & 687 & 498 & 508 & 541 & 2532 & 1988 & 2187 & 1515 \\ Average degree & 1.918 & 5.09 & 10.331 & 7.114 & 7.155 & 8.135 & 20.754 & 17.593 & 19.184 & 14.225 \\ Average weighted degree & 0.008 & 0038 & 0.209 & 0.153 & 0.145 & 0.168 & 0.404 & 0.351 & 0.378 & 0.290 \\ Clustering coefficient & 0.436 & 0.432 & 0.559 & 0.483 & 0.506 & 0.555 & 0.578 & 0.549 & 0.527 & 0.548 \\ Modularity & 0.911 & 0.857 & 0.479 & 0.669 & 0.700 & 0.640 & 0.520 & 0.566 & 0.537 & 0.584 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Topological properties of soil fungi networks. as the CT with or without bagasse mulch [52]. Thus, the diversity of soil fungi could well reflect soil nutrient conditions. Soil fungi diversity shows seasonal dynamics, e.g., the number of fungi increased significantly during the flag leaf phenological period compared to in other periods [16]. The abundance and richness of fungal genera in soil samples were higher in winter than in summer. The possible driving forces regulating the temporal dynamics of fungal communities in different seasons may include the types of host plants or host plant carbon changing supply [53]. In our study, maize (grown in the summer) has been shown to be a typical C\({}_{4}\) plant, whereas winter wheat (grown in the winter) is a typical C\({}_{3}\) plant. A possible explanation of the seasonal differences in fungal community structure is that _Coprinellus, Pyrenochaeta, Talaromyces, Pseudogymnoascus, Tricholadium, Stachybotrys_ and _Entoloma_ can easily survive in a C\({}_{4}\) plant rhizosphere. In contrast, _Plectosphaerella, Neocosmospora, Octospora, Schizothecium, Hydropisphaera, Cladosporium, Articulospora_ and _Mymercidium_ may be better suited to surviving in a C\({}_{3}\) plant rhizosphere. Besides the host plant, climate and environmental constitutions can also affect fungal communities [16; 54]. In our study, soil fungal community abundance and the diversity index were generally higher in winter than in summer, indicating that the lower soil temperature in the winter is more suitable for soil fungi, and thus the soil fungal community structure showed a recovery trend. In our study, no-tillage and stubble retention conditions exhibited higher network complexity than conventional tillage and stubble retention. This indicates that agricultural practices significantly influence the complexity and stability of soil microbial networks. A study on crop rotation has shown that network complexity plays a greater role in enhancing soil multifunctionality than microbiome diversity and community composition, highlighting the crucial role of network complexity in maintaining soil functions [55]. Recent research has found that ecosystem functions are maintained by soil microbiome interactions in various environments, and the loss of complex associations between soil microorganisms can impair ecosystem functions and services [56]. Sustainable practices that enhance soil biodiversity and structure tend to support more complex and beneficial microbial interactions, contributing to overall soil health and agricultural productivity [57; 58]. The above conclusions indicate that no-tillage with stubble retention is beneficial to biological soil components, as it favored the establishment of more abundant and diverse soil fungal communities compared to conventional tillage in the Loess Plateau of China.