## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & & **Wireless Sensor Networks** & **Cyber Physical Systems** \\
**Aspect** & & & \\ \hline _Network_ & \(\bullet\) & Field and application specific & \(\bullet\) & Can encompass several overlapping networks from different applications \\ _Formation_ & \(\bullet\) & Less mobility support for infrastructure monitoring & \(\bullet\) & Supports dynamic joining and leaving of a network \\ \hline _Communication_ & \(\bullet\) & Data communicated to a central point & \(\bullet\) & Supports intra WSN communication \\ _Pattern_ & \(\bullet\) & Use of collective node effort to route data & \(\bullet\) & Frequent cross layer interaction support for control \\ _Pattern_ & \(\bullet\) & Mostly query and response interactions occur & \(\bullet\) & over numerous actuators and QoS provisioning \\  & & between nodes & \\ \hline _Power_ & \(\bullet\) & Power management is critical since system & \(\bullet\) & CPS is supported by web cloud in most cases where power concerns may not be as critical due to \\ _Power_ & \(\bullet\) & lifetime is associated with it & \(\bullet\) & power concerns may not be as critical due to \\ _Management_ & \(\bullet\) & Nodes are activated and put to sleep depending on & \(\bullet\) & abstraction of middleware network \\  & & the mission sensitivity and critical situations & \(\bullet\) & The monitoring station and actuation centre might \\ \hline _Network_ & \(\bullet\) & Strict requirements to meet network coverage for & \\ _Coverage_ & \(\bullet\) & specific environments & \(\bullet\) & Broader coverage and connectivity options that lie \\ _Coverage_ & \(\bullet\) & Network needs to remain in connected state for & outside of WSN domain \\  & long periods of time & & \\ \hline _Node Mobility_ & \(\bullet\) & Both controlled and uncontrolled mobility of nodes can be used in a network & \(\bullet\) & May include mobile and static node networks \\ _Node Mobility_ & \(\bullet\) & Both controlled and uncontrolled mobility of & \(\bullet\) & Data from nodes of hybrid interconnected networks \\  & nodes can be used in a network & & collected in dynamic and random fashion. \\ \hline _Knowledge_ & \(\bullet\) & More focus is on collecting and aggregating & \(\bullet\) & More elaborate information gathering and knowledge base population \\ _Mining_ & \(\bullet\) & sensed data & \(\bullet\) & Intelligent decision making platforms dedicated to \\  & & & analyzing information. \\ \hline _Quality of Service_ & \(\bullet\) & Quality of sensed data is important for WSN due to low data rate restrictions & \(\bullet\) & QoS for CPS relates to a higher level cross \\  & & & layered approach \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Technical requirements for cyber physical systems and wireless sensor network architectures. Figure 3: Cyber physical system applications with interconnecting boundary between cyber and object domain. In contrast to CPS, WSN architecture focuses more on node design and inter-node communication and networking. Hence, WSN may be considered a subsystem of a largely deployed CPS architecture where the portion from gateway to remote monitoring station may be replaced with the Internet Cloud. Considering WSN as a standalone system, the basic sensor node is dedicated to measuring metrics from various environmental monitoring sensors related to physical, biomass and chemical parameters and converting them into digital information to be inferred by a remote monitoring facility. Form an application perspective, we can classify important resources in WSN node as the sensing unit, information processing element, transceiver device and power management module. Once WSN and CPS converge, communication and networking for CPSN needs to handle joining and departure of hundreds of nodes while providing scalability. Hence, for real-time data transportation in CPSN, re-configurability of nodes and manipulation of hardware during run-time needs to be taken into account [13,14].