## 5 Discussion  
According to [PERSON]'s study, cellular and biological tissue heating may result in reversible (or repairable injury) and irreversible (or lethal) thermal cell-death in living biological tissue. The continuous regeneration of living human tissue due to the continuous supply of oxygen through arterial blood must be taken into account to counterbalance the thermal degradation at quasi-static thermal conditions. There is a regeneration of healthy cells at the interface of tumor-healthy tissue. At the interface, the regeneration of healthy cells triggers an immune response of biological tissue towards continued heating to suppress prevent and restrict the further accumulation of thermal damage within damage bounds of \(\Omega\leq 1\). When modeling the kinetics of thermal damage to tumors, it is essential to incorporate the partial self-regeneration of normal connecting human tissues at the tumor periphery. This regeneration occurs due to the continuous matching of oxygen demands in the healthy tissue by the arterial blood [32]. Recent studies suggest a change in the interstitial space (porosity) of tissue during thermal ablation. In a systemic delivery of  
Figure 11: The thermal damage length and deviation between two distinct conditions with different laser power. Figure 10: The volume of totally damaged tissue. nanoparticles to tumors, nanoparticles traverse through the pores in the tumor capillary walls and diffuse within the interstitial fluid space. If the initial diffusion distance (D\({}_{\text{n}}\)) is 10 \(\upmu\)m, the enhancement in D\({}_{\text{n}}\) due to local heating could reach up to 23 \(\upmu\)m. This enhancement holds significant potential for improving nanoparticle penetration in the interstitial space, given that the typical capillary-to-capillary distance in tumors ranges from approximately 50-100 \(\upmu\)m. Therefore, employing mild or modest hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles as therapeutic agent carriers can achieve dual treatment efficacies by inducing thermal damage and enhancing uniform drug delivery [17]. In this theoretical model, ex vivo liver tissue is used as the sample, and factors such as blood flow and metabolic activity are not considered. Consequently, the contribution of oxygen from arterial blood can be disregarded in this simulation. [PERSON] introduces a groundbreaking approach to modeling thermal processes in biological tissues by refining the classical Pennes' Bioheat Equation (3). By incorporating the concept of heterogeneous blood perfusion, the study offers a fresh perspective on heat transfer dynamics within living organisms. This novel modification allows for a more accurate representation of blood flow variations across different regions of the body, thereby enhancing the precision of thermal simulations in biomedical applications such as the laser-tissue interactions discussed in this work. Through rigorous mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, [PERSON] demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed bioheat model in capturing the complexities of heat distribution and dissipation in heterogeneous tissue environments. This innovative research opens new avenues for exploring the intricacies of thermal physiology and holds significant promise for advancing the development of thermal therapies, biomedical device design, and clinical treatment planning. Through the accurate modeling of heat-source/heat sink, hot spots and cold-spots can be minimized. Areas with high blood perfusion tend to dissipate heat more rapidly, potentially leading to under-treatment, whereas regions with low perfusion may accumulate excessive heat, increasing the risk of over-treatment and collateral damage to nearby structures. By accounting for heterogeneous blood perfusion in thermal ablation models, clinicians can more accurately predict and control the distribution of thermal energy, thereby optimizing treatment efficacy and reducing the likelihood of adverse effects.