## 1 Introduction  
Microgrid (MG) technology was reintroduced as a transient solution for current sustainability challenges in the energy sector. Until cleaner and more powerful methods of producing and transporting electricity are found; the best course of action would be to aim for an increase in efficiency. By miniaturizing and distributing the power production across the network, the distance between the energy source and the load is reduced, this leads to less transportation losses. Additionally, integrating clean resources such as solar and wind driven power plants, will subsequently alleviate the burden of power generation on the utility grid. These systems, known as multi-source microgrids, exhibit inherent fault tolerance under appropriate conditions, attributable to the diversity of their power inputs. Depending on the penetration of renewables in a microgrid, off grid or islanded mode may be attained, this is especially advantageous in remote areas or in difficult terrain where establishing a conventional grid is not economically viable [1, 2, 3]. Although the term microgrid is ubiquitously used in academia there is no universal definition that contains it. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) defines a microgrid as \"a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode\" [4]. On the other hand, the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) defines a MG to be \"a better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation in a systematic approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem\" [5]. A MG clearly has the potential to be a platform for achieving sustainability reliability and profitability, however it does not guarantee it. To achieve these objectives, it is essential to implement an energy management system. This can be accomplished through the utilization of electrical storage systems or by incentivizing end-users to engage in load shifting or load shedding. The system's performance must comply with specific quality control standards, which primarily translates to a stability issue. In other words, the system must maintain a consistent quality despite any perturbations. A substantial body of literature, as referenced in sources [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12], enumerates and catalogs MG topologies and structures observed in real-world applications. This literature also details the technologies employed for stabilizing the voltage bus and the methodologies for implementing energy management systems under various economic criteria for both AC and DC microgrids. One trend that can be observed is proliferation of DC MGs, although the AC counterpart enjoy perks such as an already established mega infrastructure (utility grid) as well as maturely developed protection apparatus. Researchers increasingly favors the use of DC or AC/DC microgrids due to their inherent compatibility with solar panels and batteries, as well as the ease of converting from AC to DC. Furthermore, the rising consumption of DC loads in urban areas, such as electric vehicles and LED lighting, further supports the integration of this technology in urban settings. A multitude of studies have been conducted to tackle the challenges of integrating renewable energy sources into microgrids. In [13], a distributed supervisory secondary control scheme was developed to address the problem of voltage regulation and current sharing amongst a number of energy sources. This was achieved by switching between two candidate voltage and current controllers. Whereas in [14], an optimally-coordinated and cooperative multi-layered EMS was formulated with a consensus algorithm. This study concentrated more on scalability in real-time, privacy, and improved reliability.