esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Magnetic Resonance Roadmap in Detecting and Staging Endometiosis: Usual and Unusual Localizations
## 2 Indications for MRI
### Procedure and Patient Preparation  
There is no consensus regarding patient preparation [11]: fasting is the most suggested for evaluation of DIE imaging for at least three to six hours before the exam. It is also recommended to refrain from voiding for \(1\) h before the MRI, so as to reach a correct angle of the uterus and displace the small bowel [14], and to improve the detection of small implants in the anterior compartment. An extremely filled bladder could in fact cause spastic movements of the detrusor muscle with consequent artifacts [8].  
Bowel preparation before the examination is not routinely suggested. When required, it consists of two doses of an oral laxative the day before imaging, or an enema; the patient should also follow a low-residue dietary regimen on the day before and on the day of the MRI [18].  
The supine position is recommended, but for those who suffer from claustrophobia, the prone position is accepted [19].  
Just before the MRI, it is recommended to perform an injection of 10 mg or 20 mg of butylescopolamine, an anti-peristaltic agent, to reduce bowel peristalsis. Intravenous administration is preferred to intra-muscular [20].  
Vaginal opacification is considered an option in the valuation of deep pelvic endometriosis. Some studies describe a better visualization of small implants in the middle compartment, while others do not find any advantage. Usually, when performed, 20 mL of sonographic gel is infused into the vagina to distend the fornix [12]. Rectal opacification is suggested as an option: some studies consider this practice as useless and uncomfortable for the patient, causing movement artifacts and an increase in bowel peristalsis, which may cause blurring of the images. Moreover, the non-dilated colon above may become spastic. In addition, bowel wall retracting, a valuable sign of the presence of an endometriic lesion, is likely to disappear when the rectum is distended [20]. Regarding timing, some authors underline the need to perform the exam between the 8 th and 12 th day of the menstrual cycle so as to obtain a spontaneous T1-weighted imaging (T1 WI) signal intensity of blood in the days before the exam [21]. Others argue that it is best to perform the exam in the post-ovulatory phase to aid interpretation, while others suggest avoiding the menstrual phase due to the thickness of the junctional zone leading to inappropriate diagnosis [22].
## 2 Broadband System
### Wireless Broadband System
#### 2.2.2 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service  
MMDS is a broadcasting and communication system that is also known as Broadband Radio Service or wireless cable. It was primarily presented as an alternative to conventional Cable TV. Nevertheless, its application has been extended to the Internet and telephone/fax communication services [16,18]. MMDS operates in the lower end of ultra-high-frequency (UHF) range between 2.1 and 2.7 GHz [16,151,152]. As aforementioned, a typical microwave link is a PtP LoS wireless transmission system with a relatively shorter coverage area. To extend the coverage, a considerable number of PtP links will be required. The limitations can be addressed with MMDS implementation. In MMDS, the usual PtP antenna system of microwave links is replaced with a sector antenna system. The configuration enables signal transmission to multiple locations within a 60\({}^{\circ}\) or 90\({}^{\circ}\) angle sector. Apart from being an effective microwave solution for attending to the PtP microwave link limitations, relatively wider coverage can be realized at a reduced cost per link. The offered PtMP architecture can be employed for video and voice communications [16].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of Two-Sided Surcharge/Unloading on the Tunnel Below Using Wet Sand  
#### 3.2.1 Influence on Lateral Convergence  
The variation in the lateral convergence of each measurement point in the tunnel under different surcharges in Case 4 is shown in Figures 16 and 17, while the variation in the lateral convergence of the 1 st and 2 nd measurement points with the surcharge in Case 2 and Case 4 is shown in Figure 18. A positive value of transverse convergence means that the tunnel's transverse section becomes larger, while a negative value means that the tunnel's transverse section becomes smaller.  
Figure 15: Variation in additional surrounding pressure under different surcharges for Case 3 (unit: kPa).  
Figure 16: Variation in the lateral convergence of each measurement point in the tunnel under different surcharge conditions for Case 4.  
Figure 17: Variation in the lateral convergence of the tunnel under different surcharges for each measurement point in Case 4.  
Figure 18: Variation of transverse convergence with surcharge for the 1 st and 2 nd measurement points in Case 2 and Case 4.  
Analysis of Figures 16-18 shows the following:  
1. In the wet sand, the maximum transverse convergence value of the tunnel occurs at measurement point 2 when the eccentric surcharge on two sides of the tunnel is 172 kg, which is consistent with the case of dry sand in soil under the same conditions, but the maximum transverse convergence value of the tunnel in the wet sand is 0.3193 mm--only 57.4% of the transverse convergence of the tunnel in the dry sand under the same conditions--indicating that under the same test conditions, compared with the dry sand, the maximum transverse convergence of the tunnel in the wet sand is significantly reduced.
2. The unloading of either side in wet sand can effectively reduce the lateral convergence value of the tunnel when two sides are surcharged, which is consistent with the performance under dry sand soil. Taking measurement point 2 as an example, after unloading the two-sided surcharge, the transverse convergence value is reduced from the maximum 0.3193 mm to 0.2044 mm, representing a reduction of 36.0%.
3. The lateral convergence value of measurement point 5 is obviously different from that of the other measurement points, which is influenced by the boundary effect of the model test.
# Contributing towards Representative PM Data Coverage by Utilizing Artificial Neural Networks
###### Abstract  
Atmospheric aerosol particles have a significant impact on both the climatic conditions and human health, especially in densely populated urban areas, where the particle concentrations in several cases can be extremely threatening (increased anthropogenic emissions). Most large cities located in high-income countries have stations responsible for measuring particulate matter and various other parameters, collectively forming an operating monitoring network, which is essential for the purposes of environmental control. In the city of Athens, which is characterized by high population density and accumulates a large number of economic activities, the currently operating monitoring network is responsible, among others, for PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{2.5}\) measurements. The need for satisfactory data availability though can be supported by using machine learning methods, such as artificial neural networks. The methodology presented in this study uses a neural network model to provide spatiotemporal estimations of PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{2.5}\) concentrations by utilizing the existing PM data in combination with other climatic parameters that affect them. The overall performance of the predictive neural network models' scheme is enhanced when meteorological parameters (wind speed and temperature) are included in the training process, lowering the error values of the predicted versus the observed time series' concentrations. Furthermore, this work includes the calculation of the contribution of each predictor, in order to provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between the model's output and input. The results of this procedure showcase that all PM input stations' concentrations have an important impact on the estimations. Considering the meteorological variables, the results for PM\({}_{2.5}\) seem to be affected more than those for PM\({}_{10}\), although when examining PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{2.5}\) individually, the wind speed and temperature contribution is on a similar level with the corresponding contribution of the available PM concentrations of the neighbouring stations.  
artificial neural networks; feed-forward networks; spatiotemporal predictions; particulate matter; climatic parameters; machine learning +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
11 July 2021  
Accepted: 8 September 2021  
Published: 11 September 2021
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Morphology  
Microscopic examination of the TM-PEC films provided information about the homogeneity of the samples. Figure S1 presents the microscopic images of the TM-PEC films. Although both films appeared homogeneous, their comparison showed that TM-PEC %1 had a less dense structure than the more compact TM-PEC %0.4 film. Chitosan could decrease the network densities because it may induce relatively entangled porous sizes and perturb the stable three dimensional polymer networks [51].  
The morphology of the films was investigated by SEM to observe film surface and cross section structures, homogeneity, and porosity of the composite PEC films. The SEM photos of the surface and cross section of the TM-PEC films incorporated with nanoemulsion are presented in Figure 2. The morphological structures of the PECs-TM were composed of a dense outer surface layer and a porous inner cross-section layer. TM-PEC films showed a relatively flat and smooth surface but irregular cross-sectional morphology. It was found that with increasing content of chitosan, structural irregularity and porosity increased.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **N1 * & **N2 * & **N3 * \\ \hline Dia.(nm) & 50 \(\pm\) 8 & 68 \(\pm\) 10 & 165 \(\pm\) 13 \\ PDI & 0.188 \(\pm\) 0.001 & 0.202 \(\pm\) 0.003 & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.004 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* N1 = Nanoemulsion 1 %v/v, N2 = Nanoemulsion 2 %v/v, N3 = Nanoemulsion 3 %v/v.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Hydrodynamic diameter of emulsions.  
Figure 2: SEM Photos of (**a**) TM-PEC %0.4 (**b**) TM-PEC %1: Surface (left) and cross section (right).
# Virtual Pseudonym-Changing and Dynamic Grouping Policy for Privacy Preservation in VANETs
## 6 Experimental Evaluation Setup
### Evaluation Metrics  
Various metrics are used to evaluate location privacy in a vehicular network. Most of the existing research work considers anonymity set size, entropy, and traceability. The detail of these parameters is given below.
# Integrated Optical Phased Arrays for Beam Forming and Steering
## 5 Material Platforms
### Si Photonics Platforms  
There are four major Si photonics platforms, which can be used for integrated OPAs. As two main platforms, most integrated OPAs are implemented based on the Si platform or the Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) platform. Based on mature Si/Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) platform, large-scale WGAs of mm-size can be accurately and reliably fabricated. The high-power handling problem of large-scale OPAs can also be solved by the Si/Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) platform. The germanium (Ge)/Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) platform is mainly used for the mid-infrared (MIR) applications, thanks to the very low optical absorption of Ge in this wavelength range.
# A Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Osteopontin in Infant Formula
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation  
#### 3.2.1 System Suitability  
The system suitability was investigated by comparing the retention times after injecting 1 mg/L OPN for 10 times (Table 2). The low value of % RSD (<1) indicates the suitability of this method.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Injection of OPN** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Intra-Day**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Inter-Day**} \\ \cline{2-5}
**(1 mg/L)** & **Retention Time (min)** & **RSD (\%)** & **Retention Time (min)** & **RSD (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & 4.059 & & 4.051 & \\
2 & 4.060 & & 4.055 & \\
3 & 4.056 & & 4.048 & \\
4 & 4.050 & & 4.061 & \\
5 & 4.071 & & 4.055 & \\
6 & 4.052 & 0.161 & 4.059 & 0.148 \\
7 & 4.049 & & 4.049 & \\
8 & 4.058 & & 4.060 & \\
9 & 4.063 & & 4.054 & \\
10 & 4.057 & & 4.042 & \\
**Mean** & \(4.058\pm 0.007\) & & \(4.053\pm 0.006\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Intra-day and inter-day precision in retention time using 1 mg/L OPN injected for 10 times.  
Figure 1: Chromatogram of osteeopontin (OPN): **(A)** 0.625 mg/L, **(B)** 5 mg/L, **(C)** infant milk formula (IMF) and **(D)** IMF spiked with 5 mg/L OPN. Chromatographic conditions: C18 column (\(4.6\times 100\) mm \(\times\) 5 micron), injection volume 10 \(\mu\)L, flow rate 0.3 mL/min, column temperature 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and detection at 214 nm. Chromatograms from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are provided in supplementary material (Figure S1).
# A Semi-Random Elliptical Movement Model for Relay Nodes in Flying Ad Hoc Networks
## 3 SREM Model
### Implementation of SREM
In (a), only 10 steps are performed, and each UAV travels in straight lines between randomly selected points on the ellipse boundary, forming relatively constrained paths within a limited area. In (b), after 50 steps, the nodes begin to cover a broader region of the ellipse, resulting in more diverse trajectory patterns and a denser spatial distribution. Finally, (c) shows the distribution after 200 steps, where the trajectories of each node are uniformly spread across the entire elliptical area. This demonstrates that SREM is a model that effectively combines structured repetitive linear movement, relay-centric spatial alignment, and spatial diversity.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### X-ray Diffraction  
The prepared catalysts' crystallinity, purity, and particle size were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of HfO\({}_{2}\), graphene, and HfO\({}_{2}\)-graphene composites. The XRD pattern of pure HfO\({}_{2}\) (Figure 1) exhibited the monoclinic phase with a preferential orientation of the (111) plane. [PERSON]'s formula estimates the particle size (7 nm) of the HfO\({}_{2}\).  
\[\mathbf{D}\ =\ k\lambda/\beta cos\theta \tag{3}\]  
where \(\mathbf{k}\) = dimensionless constant (0.94). \(\lambda\) indicates X-ray wavelength, \(\beta\) peak full width half maximum, and \(\theta\) represents Braggs angle.  
The observed XRD pattern and its peaks are matched with the monoclinic HfO\({}_{2}\) phase (JCPDS card No: 06-0318). We don't find any other diffraction peaks, indicating the catalysts' successful preparation. A broad and robust peak appeared at a 20 value of 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which corresponded to the (002) plane of graphene (Figure 1b) [50].  
In the XRD pattern of the graphene-HfO\({}_{2}\) nanocomposites (Figure 1c-e), it is observed that the Graphene-HfO\({}_{2}\) nanocomposites with different weight addition ratios (10, 30, and 50 wt%) of graphene exhibit similar XRD patterns. Notably, the peaks corresponding to graphene disappeared in the graphene-HfO\({}_{2}\) nanocomposites. The reason is that the main characteristic peak of graphene, that corresponds to (002) plane, might be shielded by the main peak of the monoclinic HfO\({}_{2}\) that belongs to the (-111) plane [51; 52].
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, the UFMC-based underwater transceiver with the integration of a G.729 voice encoder, an LDPC code, adaptive 4-QAM, and 16-QAM, and a power assignment mechanism, was proposed. The BERs and power-saving ratios for the proposed underwater transceiver with a PCE and CEEs of both 5% and 10% were demonstrated. The simulation results showed that the PCE outperformed CEEs of 5% and 10%, under 4-QAM, with gains of 0.5 and 0.9 dB, respectively, with an MSE of \(6.2\times 10^{-5}\). The PCE outperformed CEEs of 5% and 10%, under 16-QAM, with gains of 0.5 and 2.4 dB, respectively, with an MSE of \(1.5\times 10^{-4}\). The received voice signal was clear, and the received transmission BER was below \(10^{-3}\). Thus, the UFMC-based underwater transceiver with an LDPC code would be suitable for future underwater voice transmission.  
This research received no external funding.  
The author acknowledges the valuable comments of the reviewers.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
# Data Sensing and Processing Tensioning System Based on the Internet of Things
## 3 Intelligent Tensioning System Design
### Application Layer  
The application layer consists of APP and web pages, with mobile terminal APP and PC browsers as display media.  
(1) The APP for mobile terminal consists of job monitoring, job activation reminder, remote monitoring, and job parameter analysis. The job-monitoring service, which gives text and voice reminders after detecting push messages, comes from Google's personal push messages. When the tensioning job is started on-site, the server immediately pushes the job start reminder to the mobile terminal. The remote job monitoring requests job data from the server in polling mode, displays force and displacement data with curves, gives warnings on measured values that exceed the warning, and performs statistical analysis on the job parameters. The transport between the app terminal and the server adopts a lightweight JSON data format, which reduces the difficulty of computer generation and analysis and improves network transport efficiency.  
(2) The web pages consist of job process reports, job result display, and data analysis summary. A two-dimensional table is used to display the changes in each force and displacement during the entire operation process. The changing trend is described by curves and compared with the theoretical design value and the trend of the curve. Each job control indicator is displayed in terms of channels, and a tensioning construction record table is formed. The monthly workload, normal number, and normal rate are shown in charts, and the actual data are compared with theoretical calculation values.
# Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains
## 2 Background  
### Remote Ship Operations  
The process of teleoperation refers to the operation of a machine (teleoperator) at a distance such that there is continuous and direct human control of the machine [4]. In other words, teleoperation can be defined as the remote control of a vehicle by a human [5]. Remote ship operation is a process involving the control, manipulation, supervision, and administration of vessels from a distance, such that operators can collect vessels' operating information (e.g., fuel consumption and health status) from sensors and an onboard automated system.  
Remote operations can be applied in different ways for different vessels. Table 1 provides a general overview of how remote operations cover and complete the operations of three types of vessels, including manned vessels, unmanned vessels, and autonomous vessels, inspired by [6] and by the Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks (MUNIN) project. While most of the literature treats unmanned and autonomous vessels as identical; this paper distinguishes between these two concepts because only one of these types can have a crew onboard. Below, remote ship operation is explained in detail in relation to both of these types, and the role of human factors in relation to remote ship operations is described.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Autonomous execution and control, remote operation, wireless monitoring and control, satellite communication, etc. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Three types of vessels and remote ship operations.
# Phase Compensation Technique for Effective Heat Focusing in Microwave Hyperthermia Systems
## 3 Electromagnetic Focusing for Microwave Hyperthermia
### Electromagnetic Focusing for Multifocal Breast Cancer
Antennas #1-#6 transmit microwaves to tumor #1, while #7-#12 transmit EM energy to tumor #2 in the simultaneous cancer treatment regimen. The calculated input phases aimed to concentrate the E-field on the two tumors in different positions. However, the SAR patterns were formed at positions away from the desired locations, and an unwanted E-field was applied to the breast phantom, as shown in Figure 8b. Although each antenna sub-array focused the electric field on different targets (tumors #1 and #2), incorrect field synthesis occurred outside of the target area due to the interactions of the E-fields passing through the tumor cells. In addition, unwanted E-field synthesis was observed due to interferences from the TSA antennas, which were facing each other. To minimize unwanted interference and provide a correct beamforming condition to the target positions, the phase compensation technique will be discussed in the next section.
_Article_  
Self-Q-Switch and CW Operation of a Tunable  
Dual-Wavelength Er/Yb Double-Clad Fiber Laser  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 1,  
[PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4 and [PERSON] 1  
Optics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, L. E. Erro 1,  
Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.I.-E.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.P.-R.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.A.K.)  
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT)--Optics Department,  
Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla,  
Puebla 72824, Mexico  
Facultad de Ciencias Fisico Matematicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad S/N,  
Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT)--Facultad de Ciencias Fisico Matematicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria,  
San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Tel.: +52-222-266-3100 (ext. 8112)  
Received: 15 December 2017; Accepted: 22 January 2018; Published: 25 January 2018  
**Featured Application:** High-power light sources, terahertz generation, thulium-doped fiber laser, pump power sources.  
**Abstract:** In this paper, a double-clad Er/Yb fiber laser with self-Q-switched and continuous wave operation depending on the pump power range is experimentally demonstrated. The linear cavity is formed on one side by a pair of cascaded tunable fiber Bragg gratings used for the selection and tuning of the generated laser lines. On the opposite side, a fiber optical loop mirror with high birefringence fiber in the loop is used to adjust the intra-cavity losses to obtain dual-wavelength emission by temperature changes on the fiber loop. Continuous wave dual-wavelength laser operation is obtained for tunable separation of the generated laser lines in a range from 1 to 7 nm, maximum output power of 3.6 W with a pump power of 10 W and laser wavelengths linewidth of ~0.2 nm. Self-Q-switched laser pulses are obtained with low pump power in a range from 322 to 890 mW. Q-switched pulses with minimum pulse duration of ~1.5 \(\upmu\)s and maximum pulse energy of ~3.5 \(\upmu\)J are obtained.  
**Keywords:** fiber lasers; Q-switched lasers; fiber Bragg gratings; Er/Yb double-clad fibers; fiber optical loop mirror