## 6 Future Perspective
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c|c} \hline _Macophyte Properties_ & _Relevance in CWMFC_ \\ \hline _rapid growth and high biomass production_ & For winter insulation in cold and temperate regions, and particularly for the removal of nutrients by harvesting, as nutrients are absorbed by macrophytes to build their biomass [47]. In addition, according to [PERSON] et al. [76], species with high biomass production in CWMFC enhance the cell voltage and reduce the internal resistance of the system, which often results in higher bioenergy production. \\ \hline _good natural adaptation to the local climate_ & Native species should be best preferred. According to [PERSON] et al. [25], CWMFC plants are selected based on the region’s most common aquatic plants. [PERSON] et al. [66], also concluded that native species are best preferred due to their local climate adaptability. In their experimentation, the most common aquatic plants in the region showed improved performance in CWMFC than exotic species. \\ \hline _good root development_ & To provide a substrate for attached bacteria and oxygenation [46; 47]. \\ _no_ & Additionally, the root development or maturity of the wetland plant affects oxygen release. In a sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with wetland plant experiments conducted by [PERSON] et al. [58], their investigation has shown that young roots can execute more oxygen than mature or aging species. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [41] also observed that plant species with good root development produced better oxygen, which presented the highest voltage value, compared to plants with smaller poor root systems. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [77] \\ _no_ & operated a series of 6-CWMFC using Oriza sativa species. In their experimentation, they observed a reduction in power production as plants attained maturation. This was mainly because the maturation of the plant affected both oxygen release and exudate production. This signifies that the maturity of the root and its development is an essential factor in wetland plant selection [58]. \\ \hline _High oxygen transfer capacity_ & Oxygen transfer capacity from the roots creates an aerobic environment. Due to the great diversity of flora, different species have different radial oxygen loss (ROL) [25]. \\ \hline _nutrient absorption capacity_ & High nutrient absorption capacity helps in the effective removal of contaminants from the system. Species with high NAC use absorbed nutrients as a resource for their metabolism and growth [48; 62]. \\ \hline _adaptation and ease of propagation_ & The ease in obtaining seedlings, seeds, or vegetative propagules must be well considered to ensure system sustainability. \\ \hline _Good Rhizologosition; release of carbon sources as rhizodeposition from plant roots._ & Rhizodeposition supports the growth and activities of microorganisms associated with bioelectricity production [78]. \\ \hline _C4 Plants_ & The photosynthetic activity of plants is categorized into three phases: C3, C4, and CAM. In terms of oxygen production and CO2 fixation, plants in each category have different photosynthetic pathways. Plants in the group of C4 are those with more advanced photosynthetic activity than plants in the C3 and CAM groups. Consequently, because they have a higher conversion rate of solar energy into bioelectricity, it is suggested to integrate C4 plants [18]. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Characteristics of macrophytes and their relevance in CWMFC. investigation is needed to evaluate and select plant species with potential for CWMFC for simultaneous wastewater regeneration and bioelectricity production [79]. Macrophytes, particularly emergent plants, can cause substantial water loss in CWMFC through evapotranspiration. As the volume of wastewater flowing through the system decreases due to water loss, the treatment efficiency in CWMFs could be affected significantly when the evapotranspiration rate exceeds 2.5 mm/d [54; 80]. In addition, in the absence of light, plant cells and microorganism respiration consume O\({}_{2}\).