## 2 Atmospheric Conditions of Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica  
The meteorological data of Zhongshan Station were obtained from a manned weather station in 2015. Table 1 summarizes the various sensors used in the manned weather station. The weather station consists of a wind speed and wind direction detection sensor (Wind Monitor Model 05103-45, R.M.Young, Traverse City, MI, USA), a temperature and humidity sensor (HMP155A, Vaisala, Vantaa, Finland), an atmospheric pressure sensor (PTB110, Vaisala, Vantaa, Finland). The Wind Monitor sensor has a rugged and corrosion-resistant construction which is suitable for wind measuring applications in harsh environments. The four blade helicoid propeller of the wind speed sensor produces an AC sine wave voltage by rotation. The vane angle of the wind direction sensor is sensed by a precision potentiometer. The Wind Monitor sensor mounts on standard one-inch pipe. The temperature and humidity sensor has excellent stability and can withstand harsh environments. The temperature and humidity probe is protected with a sintered Teflon filter and a radiation shield, which can increase its lifetime by waterproofing, sandproofing and dustproofing. The atmospheric pressure sensor (PTB110) with the capacitive detection principle is a silicon capacitive absolute pressure sensor, which combines the outstanding elasticity characteristics and mechanical stability of single-crystal silicon. The data of wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity and air pressure measured by the weather station in Zhongshan Station from 1 December 2014 to 1 November 2015 are shown in Figure 1. The height of the wind speed and direction with respect to the ground is \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor Name** & **Performance** & **Sensor Model** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Wind speed} & Temperature range: \(-\)60–30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & Wind Monitor Model 05103-45, \\  & Accuracy: 0.5 m/s & R.M.Young, Traverse City, MI, USA \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Wind direction} & Temperature range: \(-\)60–30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & Wind Monitor Model 05103-45, \\  & Accuracy: 0.3\({}^{\circ}\) & R.M.Young, Traverse City, MI, USA \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Air temperature} & Temperature range: \(-\)60–10 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \\  & Accuracy: 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C & HMP155A, Vaisala, Vantaa, Finland \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Air humidity} & Temperature range: \(-\)60–10 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \\  & Accuracy: 2\%RH & HMP155A, Vaisala, Vantaa, Finland \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Atmospheric pressure} & Temperature range: \(-\)60–30 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \\  & Accuracy: 0.6 hPa & PTB110, Vaisala, Vantaa, Finland \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Sensor information of the manned weather station. 10 m. During this period the mean wind speed was 9.8 m/s. The maximum and minimum values of wind speed were 35.9 m/s and 0 m/s, respectively (Figure 1a). The wind near Zhongshan Station was dominated by strong easterly winds, but there were westerly winds with lower wind speeds in February and March (Figure 1b). Surface winds at Zhongshan Station are generally consistent with the observations before. Air temperature of Zhongshan Station is shown in Figure 1c. The average air temperature was \(-\)11.18 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The maximum and minimum values of air temperature were 8.30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-\)39.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The lowest air temperature occurred on 8 July 2015 and the highest was on 20 December 2014. The results of air temperature distribution are similar to the previous observations. The average relative humidity was 59.6%. The maximum and minimum values of relative humidity were 96% and 26%, respectively. The highest relative humidity occurred on 25 October 2015 and the lowest was on 26 November 2015. As shown in Figure 1d, Zhongshan Station has low relative humidity and dry air. The average atmospheric pressure was 982.4 hPa. The maximum and minimum values of atmospheric pressure were 1013.3 hPa and 942.3 hPa, respectively.