# OntoTouTra: Tourist Traceability Ontology Based on Big Data Analytics
## 2 Related Work
As a synthesis of this review of the related work, Table 1 depicts the highlighted ontologies and their respective objectives. In Table 1, we see that all ontologies meet a particular objective, which is why their domain of knowledge is well defined. We show that none of the ontologies listed in this table have tourist traceability as their domain. [PERSON] et al. [1] established two thematic cores of the movement of tourists and the tracking methodologies in the relationship of traceability and the tourist. In this sense, they considered tourist traceability as the set of actions, measures, and technical procedures to identify and record the activity of tourists in a given destination. For the above, to keep this record, it is necessary to build a spatiotemporal causality. Through a tourist traceability system, we gather information on the activities of interest to tourists, the most frequented POIs, the timing of visits, tourist satisfaction with their experience, visitor profiling, and a portfolio of tourist experiences, among others. In turn, a TTS allows decision-making by the DMO, establishing KPIs that determine the level of service offered to improve destination management. With the above considerations, it is essential to have a knowledge base of the TTS domain, with updated, accessible, actionable, and reliable data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Ontology** & **Year** & **Purpose** & **TTS Concepts Covered?** \\ \hline Architectural ontology [32] & 2018 & e-tourism resources & No. It has an architectural domain. \\ \hline OnTraNetBD [20] & 2017 & Uses WorNet for mapping key concepts & No. The ontology establishes the formal relationship between tourist attractions and other travel elements, but not the space-time causality of the tourist. \\ \hline Ontology-Based Tourism Recommendation System [33] & 2017 & Travel ontology & Partially. It defines a travel recommendation system based on ontologies, but does not analyze tourists’ routes in the destination. \\ \hline Ontology-Based Human-Computer Cloud [34] & 2017 & Building ad hoc decision support services in tourism in general, but not specifically for the TTS. \\ \hline Dwipa Ontology III [35] & 2017 & Cultural parks, artists, and monuments & No. It is limited to POIs. \\ \hline TRSO [26] & 2016 & Recommender system for tourists with the context to suggest tourist information. \\ \hline SigTur/E-Destination [36] & 2011 & Activities and guides & No. It provides a catalog of destination resources to offer personalized information to tourists. \\ \hline Mondeca [13] & 2011 & Profiling tourist and cultural objects & Partially. Mondeca has a large number of concepts on tourism, but it is not freely available. \\ \hline Moroccan Tourism [8] & 2011 & Ontology of this destination city & No. It is limited to presenting the importance of the knowledge domain in tourism. \\ \hline University of Karlsruhe [13] & 2007 & OnTourism project for evaluating the Semantic Web five management tools to create ontologies. \\ \hline OnTour project [12] & 2006 & Accommodation and activities & No. It focuses to e-tourism. \\ \hline Harmonize Ontology [10] & 2004 & Exchange data between organizations & No. It is aimed at developing an interoperability platform for SMEs in the tourism sector. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Tourism domain ontologies found in the literature review. This study took advantage of data from ubiquitous sources, especially from OTAs, because these satisfy the above requirements, especially tourist reviews. Furthermore, these allow identifying, among others, data on spatiality, temporality, satisfaction, feelings, preferences, and experiences. The analysis of these data is boosted through link data, for instance, with georeferenced data from tourist reviews, we reach more location levels, establishing a relationship between the review location and the hotel, destination, POI, or service reviewed.