esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Materials and Methods
### Module Description
#### 2.3.5 Cloud Masking  
Clouds and haze are impediments when working with optical satellite data, especially in cloud-prone areas such as the tropics (for instance, a quantitative analysis of cloud cover on Landsat data over Brazilian Amazonia from 1984 to 1997 is given in [47]). In land cover applications, cloudy and heavily hazy areas are normally excluded from further processing as they considerably contaminate the spectral signature of areas of interest.  
Traditionally, cloud masking makes use of a thermal band. However, VHSR sensors do not come with such, and, when available in medium resolution it is of a coarser resolution than the other channels (e.g., the spatial resolution of Landsat 7 ETM+ is 60 m while that of Landsat 8 TIRS is 100 m [48]). Some alternatives proposed to address this limitation have been the use of Markov random fields [49], linear spectral unmixing [50], pixel-based seed identification and object-based region growing [51], and a multi-temporal approach at constant viewing angles [35]. Some cloud-specific masking algorithms are the AFAR algorithm (ACOLITE/FMASK Aquatic Refined) developed by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), the Automatic Cloud Cover Assessment modified (ACCAm) algorithm (ACCA modified) by VITO, and Idepix developed by Brockmann Consult GmbH.  
We tested several algorithms for cloud detection in the different landscape environments and concluded that they largely depend on the radiometry of image and background (i.e., the land cover radiance). It is therefore difficult to identify a single best method for automation without fine-tuning that will provide a universally acceptable cloud mask for any arbitrary study area. None of the discussed methods yielded accurate results in all cases. Our implementation assumes that pixels corresponding to clouds have the highest reflectance in short wavelength bands within the scene; this hypothesis is on par with other thresholding techniques for cloud masking. It is a universal approach that is suitable for the purpose of study and the areas of interest as smallholder farming prevails in relatively low latitudes; however, in cases of snowy, icy, or other high reflective areas in the landscape, the cloudy pixels will not be the brightest pixels, which renders this technique unsuitable. Under this assumption, the problem of detecting cloudy pixels is reduced to locating the brightest pixels of a shortwave band and deriving the percentage of cloud cover within the scene. The threshold of the percentage of cloud pixels is set by the metadata of each image, which lists the percentage of pixels corresponding to cloud for each delivery. In regard to the selection of the appropriate shortwave band, a comparison between the blue and cyan channels for detecting the brightest pixel values led to no substantial difference, and the blue channel was eventually chosen. The cloud mask, therefore, contains the pixels with the highest reflectance value in the blue band determined by the histogram and that fall within the percentage of cloud coverage reported in the metadata of the image delivery.
# Nutritional Analysis of Plant-Based Meat: Current Advances and Future Potential
## 4 Current and Potential Solutions to Improve Plant-Based Meat Nutrition
### Balanced Amino Acid Composition for Better Meat Protein Quality  
With respect to addressing the deficiency of one or more essential amino acids in plant proteins, arriving at a strategic combination of two or more protein sources has often been the approach to achieve a balanced amino acid composition in plant-based meat. For instance, combining protein derived from chickpea (a legume deficient in cysteine, methionine, and tyrosine) and rice (a cereal deficient in lysine) can aid in increasing the PDCAAS (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score) of the resultant protein blend. Alternatively, plant-based meat manufacturers may supplement their products with the missing essential amino acids [38].  
According to the FAO/WHO, the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is the preferred method to measure the protein value in human nutrition. The method is based on comparing the concentration of the first limiting essential amino acid in the test protein with that of the amino acid in a reference (scoring) pattern. This scoring pattern is obtained from the essential amino acid requirements of the preschool-age child. The resultant chemical score is corrected for true fecal digestibility of the test protein ([PERSON], 2000).
# Model-Driven Deep-Learning-Based Underwater Acoustic OTFS Channel Estimation
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a DnCNN-based OTFS channel estimation method to address the issue of performance degradation in OMP channel estimation in the UWA channel with severe Doppler shift. The proposed method incorporates a residual network to alleviate the nonstrict sparsity problem of channel information in the OMP algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated in both simulated and experimental UWA channels. The results demonstrate that the proposed DnCNN-based channel estimation method performs robustly with increasing Doppler shifts. Furthermore, the proposed method demonstrates superior MSE and BER performance compared with the conventional threshold-based and OMP channel estimation methods. These findings highlight the efficacy of the DnCNN-based approach in addressing the challenges associated with UWA channel estimation and improving overall system performance.  
Conceptualization, Y.Z.; data curation, S.Z.; formal analysis, Y.Z.; funding acquisition, Y.Z.; investigation, Y.Z.; methodology, X.L. and Y.W.; project administration, Y.Z.; resources, Y.Z.; software, S.Z.; supervision, Y.Z.; validation, Q.L. and Y.W.; visualization, S.Z.; writing--original draft, S.Z.; writing--review and editing, Y.Z. and X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 61801372, U19B2015, 62001360, 61801371, Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Education Department under grant No. 22 JK0454.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement**: Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. These data can be found here: [[https://www.ffi.no/forskning/prosjekter/watermark](https://www.ffi.no/forskning/prosjekter/watermark)]([https://www.ffi.no/forskning/prosjekter/watermark](https://www.ffi.no/forskning/prosjekter/watermark)), accessed on 30 June 2022.  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
These edge cloud servers communicate with each other in a MAN (metropolitan area networks), and an edge cloud cluster and a central cloud server communicate through a WAN (wide area networks) network. The connection with the base station provided by the ISP is not assumed. For the evaluation, we measured the delay by network type (i.e., WLAN, MAN, and WAN) and considered the failure caused by the user's mobility and the excessive CPU usage of the node--these elaborations of the experiments proved the performance improvement of our proposed algorithm more accurately. We will explain the details of the experiments and discuss the result in detail in the later part of the paper. The proposed method is based on task classification, in which we divide cloud tasks into two categories: latency-sensitive and latency-tolerant tasks. A latency-sensitive task, such as augmented reality tasks or autonomous vehicle tasks, must be completed within a given deadline. A latency-tolerant task is a task that can tolerate a certain level of deadline violation. Generally, a task is classified based on its real-time properties, and the proposed approach consists of two main procedures. First, when we need to offload tasks based on an offloading policy, we prefer latency-tolerant tasks over latency-sensitive tasks because the performance degradation incurred by offloading can lead to deadline violation of latency-sensitive tasks. Second, we develop a task offloading scheduling mechanism that provides fine-grained priority control for selecting tasks to be offloaded and selecting destination edge cloud servers for offloading. Our work has strengths over traditional task scheduling algorithms in that we design and implement a novel offloading mechanism based on a task classification approach. The major contributions of this study can be summarized as follows:* We designed a latency-aware task classification mechanism based on the urgency level of tasks and the avoidance level of deadline violation. * We developed task scheduling and target server selection algorithms that solve problems regarding when and how tasks should be offloaded in a manner which minimizes the delay. * We conducted extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed LCDA. The results demonstrate that the LCDA not only achieves a significant reduction in the delay of latency-sensitive tasks compared to previous algorithms, but also guarantees resource efficiency, maximum profit, and the preservation of real-time attributes. * We proved the effectiveness of our technique by separating the cause of the task failure into three factors: CPU capacity, user mobility, and network delays. This classification results in a more accurate evaluation compared to the evaluations of prior researches, which use only performance measure: delay time. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The motivation and the core concepts of this study are discussed in Section 2. The proposed LCDA is detailed in Section 3. Performance evaluation and related work are presented in Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Finally, our conclusions are presented in Section 6.
# A Semi-Random Elliptical Movement Model for Relay Nodes in Flying Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Setup
* Connection Time (CT): The average duration during which two nodes remain within communication range and maintain a valid routing path simultaneously. * End-to-End Delay (EED): The time it takes for a packet to travel from the source to the destination. * Hop Count: The number of hops required for a packet to reach its destination. These quantitative metrics were used to analyze the overall ability of each mobility model to provide stable and efficient relay-based communication in the FANET environment.
applied sciences  
Azima tetracantha Leaf Methanol Extract Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation through Induction of Redox Imbalance and Cytochrome C Release  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1,*(), [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4, [PERSON] 5 and [PERSON] 5,*  
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Joseph's College Devasiri (Autonomous), Kozhikode 683581, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
The Comfort Animal Hospital, Seongbuk-gu, Sungin-ro-S0, Seoul 04339, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Department of Pharmacology, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Malapuram 673634, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.-J.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.A.); Tel.: +91-984-779-3528 (A.N.)  
The antiproliferative effects of Azima tetracantha support its traditional uses; additionally, it may emerge as a possible source of promising anticancer biomolecules in the future.  
Azima tetracantha is a traditionally used medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system and folk medicines. The plant has been used for various purposes including inflammatory ailments, arthritis, and various types of toxicities. There are no available reports on its anticancer activity; hence, the study aimed to evaluate its anti-proliferative potential in gastric cancer cells (AGS and KATO III). We observed a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation in both the gastric cancer cells; furthermore, a concomitant reduction in the cellular antioxidant status was observed. Pre-treatment with _A. tetracantha_ methanol extract showed a significant reduction in intracellular glutathione levels, and subsequently raised inbiophutri acid reactive substances. Together with this, a significant increase in the cytochrome c release was noted in _A. tetracantha_ treated cells, alongwith an increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes such as BAX, CASP3, CASP7 and APAF1. Furthermore, RTqPCR analysis indicated an increased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, to confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the proliferation inhibition, DCFH-DA-based analysis was carried out, where a dose-dependent increase in ROS levels was observed in these cells. Overall, the study confirms the anticancer efficacy of _A. tetracantha_ leaf methanol extract mediated through the induction of redox imbalance and cytochrome c release.  
Azima tetracantha; gastric cancer; apoptosis; redox imbalance; cytochrome c
# Construction Industrialization in China: Current Profile and the Prediction
## 3 Construction Industrialization Profiles in China
### Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Production Capacity and Actual Production  
The production capacity of reinforced concrete is quantified as the volume of reinforced concrete for each province and municipality, based upon the number of prefabrication plants and the capacity of production plants in this survey. Table 3 shows the production capacity of reinforced concrete for the 19 provinces and municipalities surveyed. In Table 3, it can be observed that Hunan Province has the highest annual capacity (11.2 million m\({}^{3}\)), accounting for 36.8% of the overall national reinforced concrete capacity, followed by Zhejiang Province (3.91 million m\({}^{3}\)) and Shandong Province (2.88 million m\({}^{3}\)). Figure 4 demonstrates the production capacity of reinforced concrete by province and municipality in China. From the survey results, we are also informed that the reinforced concrete production is mainly carried out domestically in China (192 of a total of 203 production lines).  
The actual production of reinforced concrete is obtained through the survey; the comparison between the production capacity and the actual production is listed in Table 4. In Table 4, it can be observed that: (1) the total actual production of reinforced concrete in 2014 only accounts for 8.55% the total production capacity; and (2) for each province/municipality, the ratio of the actual production and production capacity ranges between 2.31% (Tianjin) and 42.43% (Fujian). Overall, the production capacity of reinforced concrete greatly exceeds the actual production in 2014.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Province/Municipality** & **Production Capacity (million m\({}^{3}\))** & **Percentage (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & Hunan & 11.200 & 36.8\% \\
2 & Zhejiang & 3.905 & 12.8\% \\
3 & Shandong & 2.879 & 9.5\% \\
4 & Jilin & 2.739 & 9.0\% \\
5 & Ningxia & 2.300 & 7.6\% \\
6 & Anhui & 1.877 & 6.2\% \\
7 & Sichuan & 1.100 & 3.6\% \\
8 & Tianjin & 0.980 & 3.4\% \\
9 & Liaoning & 0.870 & 2.9\% \\
10 & Beijing & 0.550 & 1.8\% \\
11 & Fujian & 0.460 & 1.5\% \\
12 & Shanghai & 0.390 & 1.3\% \\
13 & Hebei & 0.330 & 1.1\% \\
14 & Hubei & 0.300 & 1.0\% \\
15 & Henan & 0.254 & 0.8\% \\
16 & Chongqing & 0.100 & 0.3\% \\
17 & Shaanxi & 0.100 & 0.3\% \\
18 & Xinjiang & 0.080 & 0.3\% \\
19 & Qinghai & 0.000 & 0.0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Production capacity of reinforced concrete.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Validation
#### 3.1.3 Leaf Angle Estimates Based on Plane-Fitting Method  
As is evident from the results shown in Figure 8, the absolute error of leaf angles in the Japanese camellia (\(6^{\circ}\)) was higher than in the mochi tree (\(3^{\circ}\)), which is evident from the \(R\)-squared value for the mochi tree (\(R^{2}=0.81\)) and the Japanese camellia tree (\(R^{2}=0.69\)). The average absolute error was higher than the absolute error (\(2.5^{\circ}\)) obtained in Reference [25]. This was because most of the sampling species used in that study had broad leaves that had a lower curvature (flat) and contained less overlapped leaves. In general, the leaf angle estimate based on the fitting surface method is susceptible to surface curvature in the samples. The normal vector used to calculate the leaf angle cannot be accurately estimated in higher-curvature clusters by a single fitted plane [33; 34]. More internal leaf segmentation with multiple plane-fittings is required to calculate a more accurate local leaf angle within the leaf. Given this initial condition, \(r\) will be less than the specific number specified in the study, and the internal leaf segmentation will have to be split more; in other words, the partition size of segmentation will have to be smaller to make the leaf angle estimation accurate if following the plane-fitting method. However, as described in Section 3.1.2, the computational efficiency and the size of the segmentation area are susceptible to ambient noise. Because such an experiment requires a larger variety of samples, a detailed description of the effect of curvature on determining the \(k\)-means is omitted here.  
Figure 7: Randomly extracted samples for the validation of leaf segmentation in (**a**) the mochi tree and (**b**) the Japanese camellia.
## 3 Results
### Results of Structural Equation Modelling  
Figure 2 shows the SEM that was ultimately adopted in this study. Work-family conflict was found to affect musculoskeletal pain (standardized path coefficient = 0.113). This means that the greater the work-family conflict, the greater the complaints of musculoskeletal pain. The influential variables of work-family conflicts are concentration (0.933) and responsibility (0.907).  
Work-family conflict was also found to have an effect on sleep-related problems (standardized path coefficient = 0.212). This indicates that the greater the work-family conflict, the greater the sleep-related problems. Additionally, musculoskeletal pain impacted sleep-related problems (standardized path coefficient = 0.350). This can be interpreted as the more musculoskeletal pain complaints, the greater the sleep-related problems. The influential variables of musculoskeletal pain were upper extremity pain (0.760) and back pain (0.715). Sleep-related problems were more affected by musculoskeletal pain (0.350) than work-family conflict (0.212). The influential variables of sleep-related problems were waking up repeatedly (0.902), difficulty falling asleep (0.816), and exhaustion/fatigue (0.801).  
Musculoskeletal pain was also found to affect well-being (standardized path coefficient = 0.115). This can be interpreted as the more a worker complains of musculoskeletal pain, the more it negatively affects their well-being. On the other hand, sleep-related and work-family conflict had no statistically significant effect on well-being. The influential variables of well-being were good spirit (0.893), active (0.856), vitality (0.807), relaxation (0.806), and interest (0.784).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Hypothesis** & **Paths** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Standardized** \\ **Coefficient (\(\lambda\))** \\ \end{tabular} & **Critical Ratio** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Result** \\ \hline H1 & \begin{tabular}{c} Work–family conflict \\ \(\rightarrow\) Musculoskeletal pains \\ \end{tabular} & 0.068 & 2.139 & 0.032 * & Supported \\ H2 & \begin{tabular}{c} Musculoskeletal pains \\ \(\rightarrow\) Sleep-related problems \\ \end{tabular} & 0.635 & 6.460 & \textless{}0.001 * & Supported \\ H3 & \begin{tabular}{c} Work–family conflict \\ \(\rightarrow\) Sleep-related problems \\ \end{tabular} & 0.234 & 4.420 & \textless{}0.001 * & Supported \\ H4 & \begin{tabular}{c} sleep-related problems \\ \(\rightarrow\) Well-being \\ \end{tabular} & 0.124 & 1.308 & 0.191 & Not supported \\ H5 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Work–family conflict \\ \(\rightarrow\) Well-being \\ \end{tabular} & 0.108 & 1.156 & 0.248 & Not supported \\ H6 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Musculoskeletal pains \\ \(\rightarrow\) Well-being \\ \end{tabular} & 0.363 & 2.007 & 0.045* & Supported \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
* Significant difference at 0.05.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Results of hypothesis testing of the proposed relationships.
# Design of Conical Foundations with Increased Bearing Capacity in Areas of Undermined Soils
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the results of the study, the following points have been highlighted:  
1. Laboratory, numerical and field testing confirmed the stability and higher load-bearing capacity of a conical foundation under horizontal tensile strains compared to isolated shallow foundations of the same cross-sectional area, at an intersection with the soil's surface.
2. The installation depth of a conical foundation in the ground with partial immersion provides advantages in the form of a safety margin compared to an isolated shallow foundation. In this case, the load-bearing capacity increases in direct proportion to the insertion depth of the conical block.
3. Model tests have shown that the bearing capacity of conical foundations enhance with the increasing angle of conus aperture and diameter of the foundation base. The discrepancies between calculations during laboratory tests and numerical modeling were no more than 9%.
4. Isolated shallow foundations lost their bearing capacity after 0.15 kN in laboratory tests and after 75 kN in the field tests, while the ultimate bearing capacity of conical foundations with a similar cross section at the soil surface was not achieved even  
Figure 16: Graph of the relationship S\({}_{u}\)/S\({}_{0}\) depending on tensile strains based on the results of numerical, field and model laboratory tests.  
after 0.2 kN during laboratory tests with horizontal soil displacement and at a load of 100 kN in field tests.
* The dependence of soil settlement after undermining and soil settlement before undermining on the magnitude of horizontal soil displacement for conical foundations was determined.  
The horizontal tensile strains caused by the horizontal displacement of the soil mass in undermined or seismic areas can be eliminated by installing a special rolling joint located between the conical foundations and the plinth structure.  
Conceptualization, A.Z. and A.S.; methodology, A.Z. and B.B.; software, A.O.; validation, B.B., A.Z. and A.S.; formal analysis, A.S.; investigation, A.S. and B.B.; resources, A.Z.; data curation, A.S.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S.; writing--review and editing, A.S.; visualization, A.S.; supervision, A.Z.; project administration, A.S.; funding acquisition, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, grant number AP13268861 <<Development of structures of smart foundations in undermined and seismically hazardous territories>>.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors are grateful to the colleagues of Geotechnical Institute of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and \"KGS-Astana\" for the provided administrative and technical support.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.