# Determination of Effective Parameters for Hydropower Plants' Energy Generation: A Case Study
## 1 Introduction  
The expansion of both the population and industrial sectors has led to a significant surge in worldwide energy consumption. Hydropower stands out as the predominant renewable energy source, constituting a significant proportion of the entire renewable energy portfolio, with a commanding share of 83.6% [1]. The growing interest in hydropower development may be attributed to many factors, including reduced emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases, increased efficiency, enhanced operational flexibility, lower operating and maintenance costs, and potential economic benefits [1, 2]. The generation of electricity from hydropower facilities is subject to the effect of several characteristics and circumstances, including the particular design and geographical placement of the plant. Water flow rate or discharge is one of the main effective parameters that directly affects energy generation. The \"head\" is another key factor that directly influences the magnitude of gravitational potential energy, determining the amount that can be harnessed and transformed into electrical energy. Turbine and generator efficiencies, reservoir size, seasonal and weather variations, ecological flow requirements, maintenance, sedimentation, etc., are also effective parameters in energy generation from a hydropower plant. The optimization of these parameters has significant importance in the context of optimizing the energy output and efficiency of hydropower facilities, while simultaneously limiting their environmental effect [3]. Furthermore, the selection of hydropower technology, such as run-of-river or reservoir types, has a substantial impact on energy generation and the adaptability of the system. Energy generation from hydropower plants is significantly influenced by seasonal variations, with the impact depending on the geographical placement and structural characteristics of the hydropower installation, potentially having a substantial effect on water resources [4, 5] including the hydrological regime of the basin [6, 7, 8, 9]. Seasonal fluctuations may directly impact hydropower output via many processes, including alterations in precipitation, river flow changes, evaporation changes, sedimentation, and dam safety [10, 11]. For instance, energy generation from hydropower plants can be affected by variations in the pattern of precipitation [12; 13; 14]. Besides the precipitation pattern, availability of water sources, hydrological cycle, air temperature, and river discharge (flow) also have significant impacts on energy generation [15; 16]. The rise in the strength and occurrence of severe weather phenomena might potentially have negative consequences on hydropower systems and heighten the hazards linked to crucial circumstances for energy generation [17]. The cost-effectiveness, lower emissions, and rapid response to peak demands make hydroelectricity a beneficial energy generation method. Consequently, much emphasis is being placed on the examination of the consequences of the aforementioned parameters on hydropower plants. Numerous investigations have analyzed the effects of climatic fluctuations on various regions [18; 19; 20; 21; 22], specifically focusing on increased temperatures, higher evaporation rates, changes in annual precipitation patterns, changes in mean flows, and alterations in river regimes resulting in reduced runoff [23; 24; 25]. A recent study on the examination of the impact of seasonal variations on the capacity for the generation of power from photovoltaic solar and hydropower plants in Brazil has been conducted by [PERSON] et al. [26]. The analysis of trends indicates that there was a yearly rise of 3.43 mm in total rainfall at the plant site during the studied period. However, there was a corresponding drop in electricity output of 3.23 MWh per year due to the prioritization of water use for human consumption and irrigation reasons.