## 5 Discussion
### Impact of Level and Trend of NGCL on ADR  
ADR in the study area was not negatively affected by NGCL, which suggests that the upgrading of food consumption structure may aggravate the current \"non-grain\" behavior. In general, the factor inputs are quite different in cash crops and cereal crops. The former faces additional factor input, such as labor, technology and capital, whereas vegetable greenhouses and short-term cash crop planting can avoid the adverse effects of climate changes and natural disasters on crop planting returns [65]. In line with relevant studies [66], it should be affirmed that in the short term, NGCL has positive implications for farm households' livelihoods because it may resist the market risk of grain price decline and the fluctuation of production factor price, partly optimizing the household labor allocation [66]. Meanwhile, NGCL reflects the adaptive behavior of interest subjects to the factor market changes, and the correlation among the game of different subjects at different stages in the agricultural development system. Specifically, in the early stage of \"non-grain\" behavior, the adaptability of the subject behavior to the changing of external environment (such as capital going to the countryside) is rapidly improved [67]. It can also realize the rapid optimization of resource allocation and structure function among factors, and the improvement of potential of agricultural development system. However, the occurrence of such a behavior trend may face the interference of external policies and the feedback of land use system [68]. The spontaneous adjustment of planting behavior lacks standardized and productive characteristics in the agricultural development system, which releases the factors' resilience and leads to the decline in ADR. There is no spatial correlation between the influence of ADR on individual farmers, suggesting that information exchange and neighborhood effects do not have a significant impact on neighboring areas. This is in line with the convergence and short-term, individual economic behavior characteristics of farmers in terms of wealth and security [63]. Their decisions are based on perceived market environment risks and policy values based on their own family development ability and family life cycle [69]. There is some adjustment and trial and error involved in the allocation of household production factors for farmers. Such blindness and behavior inertia brought disturbance and risk to the agricultural development system, which is not conducive to the improvement of ADR. Considering the previous studies on cultivation culture [70], in terms of the agricultural production practices, typical planting decision-making behavior is widespread particularly in areas with a strong agricultural organization culture [71]. Therefore, in the face of the general environment of declining income from food cultivation and the upgrading of the population's food consumption structure, it is necessary to manage the potential risks of \"non-grain\" behavior. Other studies have focused on the impact of labor size shift and land transfer on NGCL or sustainable agricultural development [25; 72]. However, the moderating role of labor size and land have not been mentioned in the relationship between NGCL and agricultural development. The threshold effect regression indicates that agricultural practitioner scale constrains \"non-grain\" production, as well as the process of household and agricultural production factor allocation. When the proportion of agricultural practitioners is low, the labor-constrained \"non-grain\" behavior is somewhat blind. In addition to reducing the efficiency of cultivated land use, it enables high-concentration fertilizers and pharmaceuticals to be applied, consequently destroying the ecological environment for agricultural development [72]. When the proportion exceeds a certain scale, the \"non-grain\" behavior and labor force size shows a proportional matching relationship.