esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations
## 1 Introduction
### Blockchain Value in IoV  
Trying to overcome the aforementioned challenges, blockchain has emerged as a transformative technology in the context of the ITS and smart grids, enabling secure and reliable Peer to Peer (P2P) energy trading (i.e., P2P energy trading allows local distributed energy generators to sell their electricity at the desired price to consumers willing to pay that price) between Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), including EVs [11]. Due to blockchain's nature, a stable, open and decentralized ledger could be established for all data and transactions, related to energy production and consumption [12]. In addition, smart contracts can enable transparent and immutable transactions on the IoV and promote interconnections between EVs, RSU and charging stations in a decentralized and fault-tolerant environment [13]. Thus, a solution such as blockchain that does not have a central trust authority to ensure energy transactions in the IoV [14], is essential for creating a highly available, secure and privacy-protected environment. Furthermore, blockchain can deliver a significant number of novel solutions in most of IoV applications. The majority of such applications are real-time and mobile, generating and exchanging a huge quantity of data. Incorporating blockchain into IoV enhances system efficiency and automation while also increasing security, privacy, and dependability [5; 15; 16]. IoV built on blockchain has the potential to establish a new ecosystem for the transportation and car industries in which value can be transferred and maintained in a safe, transparent, immutable, and efficient manner. Moreover, the adoption of blockchain to the existing IoV can result in substantial improvements in terms of safety, efficiency and information delivery.
###### Abstract  
Several emerging mobile applications and services (e.g., autonomous cars) require higher wireless throughput than ever before. This demand stresses the need for investigating novel methods that have the potential to dramatically increase the spectral efficiency (SE) of wireless systems. An evolving approach is the Single-channel full duplex (SCFD) communication where each node may simultaneously receive and transmit over the same frequency channel, and, hence, this could potentially double the current SE figures. In an earlier research work, we derived a model of the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) in an SCFD-based cellular system with imperfect self interference cancellation, and investigated interference management under feasible QoS requirements. In this paper, game theoretic results are exploited to investigate the intercell interference management in SCFD-based cellular networks under infeasible QoS requirements. The investigation starts with a game formulation that captures two different cases. Then, the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium point are established. After that, a computationally efficient distributed algorithm, which realizes best effort and fair wireless services, is designed. The merit of this scheme is that, when the QoS requirements are feasible, they will be achieved with minimum energy consumption. Results of extensive simulation experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.  
full duplex; wireless network; self-interference; inter-cell interference; resource allocations; interference management; co-channel interference; game theory +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_**2019**, _11_, 156; doi:10.3390/611070156
# Passwordless Authentication Using a Combination of Cryptography, Steganography, and Biometrics
## 5 Evaluation and Discussion
### Limitations  
#### 5.2.1 LSB Steganography  
Considering that LSB is an easy method to implement as it offers a high data embedding capacity [30], it is also easily detected by steganalysis. While the typing ID embedded into the image is encrypted and cannot be accessed outside the SA server, modification of the stego-image LSB can prevent account retrieval. Future research will involve advanced steganography strategies resilient to steganalysis techniques.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Equivalent Properties of GDL for Different Compression Ratios  
The homogenization analysis for the GDL unit-cell was performed to identify the equivalent mechanical properties with the compression ratios based on FS-based homogenization theory verified in previous section. Figure 6 indicates the stress distributions for the GDL unit-cell at compression ratios of 30% and 50%, respectively, under the compression load of 100 N. In the figure, the 50% compressed GDL shows a denser fiber distribution and much higher stress distribution than the 30% compressed GDL, as expected. As the stress distribution is identified to be affected compression ratios, the effective physical properties are also considered to be influenced by the compression ratios. Figure 7 shows the resulting effective mechanical properties with compression ratios. From Figure 7a, it can be seen that the effective physical properties of the GDL increase in proportion to the compression ratios. The \(E_{11}\) and \(E_{22}\) are increasing rapidly at a compression ratio of 30% or more, and the \(E_{33}\) is remarkably small at a noncompression state but is greatly increased with increasing compression ratio. This is because the FVF of Table 3, which has the greatest effect on the longitudinal elastic modulus, increases sharply at a compression ratio of 30% or more. On the other hand, the shear moduli have  
Figure 5: Comparison of prediction results for homogenization theory.  
different behavior with the compression ratio. Further understating the effect of the compression ratio on the mechanical properties, each mechanical property is summarized with the compression ratios and shown in Figure 7b. In the figure, the longitudinal elastic moduli (\(E_{11}\), \(E_{22}\) and \(E_{33}\)) show a rapid increase according to the compression ratio, and the shear moduli have a relatively small effect. From these results, it can be stated that the change of fiber volume fraction according to the compression ratio has a great effect on the longitudinal elastic moduli but relatively little effect on the shear elastic moduli.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Aroma in Grape Juice and Skin  
The qualitative analysis of VOCs extracted from the Cannonau grapes showed the presence of 38 compounds (free and bound) in the grape juice and skins (Table 2). Some of the classical categories of compounds commonly detected by GC/MS in grapes were also found in the Cannonau grape. The compounds deriving from the oxidation of fatty acids were well represented by the aldehydes, hexanal and hexenal (in the free form only) and their respective alcohols, which were detected in both the free and bound forms. In addition to the compounds deriving from lipid oxidation, shikimic acid pathway derivatives were also found, including benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, and benzaldehyde. With regard to terpen, in addition to limonene and \(\alpha\)-terpineol, found in both the juice and skins, the GC/MS analysis showed an additional peak with a retention index of 1424 and a fragmentation pattern typical of terpenoids (136, 121, 110, 95, 93), but that could not, unfortunately, be identified. The only compounds detected in Cannonau grapes attributable to the class of \"heavy sulfur compounds\" were benzo[\(d\)]thiazole and 3-(methylthio)propan\(-\)1-ol, which were detected in the juice and skins. Tables 3 and 4 report the concentration ranges of free and bound compounds, respectively, and the average value for each compound detected and quantified in the samples collected in the three areas, NS, CS, and SS. The first insight obtained from the quantitative results was the presence of great variability within the samples. Quantitative data of VOCs in Cannonau grape juice and skins, obtained by internal standard calibration curves of FID chromatograms, showed there to be no significant differences among the three areas, NS, CS, and SS, with the exception of two free compounds present in the skin--benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol--and two compounds--benzyl alcohol and a terpenoid-- present in the juice, as shown by ANOVA (Table 3). As observed, the most abundant volatiles, hexanal, (\(E\))-hex-2-enol, hexanol, (\(Z\))-hex-3-en-1-ol, and (\(E\))-hex-2-en-1-ol, were the products of lipid oxidation (Table 3). The C6 compounds are considered responsible for the green, herbaceous, and vegetable aromas in wine [33]. Except for nonanal, also present in the bound form (Table 4), which could arise from the degradation of linolenic acid [11], other C6 compounds (aldehydes and alcohols) were only detected in free forms. One study in the literature has reported the presence of C6 alcohols in both the free and bound form [34], whereas others [12], in agreement with our results, report the absence of C6 aldehydes in the bound form.
# Effects of Adding Batteries in Household Installations: Savings, Efficiency and Emissions
## 6 Results  
The values of savings, efficiency and emissions were calculated in the simulations for each system. The results were summarized in Table 2. The payback was calculated with the initial costs, i.e., cost of the battery used (8240 \(\epsilon\)) [45] and cost of the installation (1000 \(\epsilon\)) [46] and also by considering the mean European inflation rate (1.97%) [47].  
Energy demand in the combined AC/DC system with battery is lower than in the current AC system, resulting in lower annual household electricity costs (\(-\)412.75 \(\epsilon\)). As there is no need of current conversion, the efficiency is higher (9.12%) and due to this, greenhouse gas emissions are lower (\(-\)0.18 \(\mathrm{t_{CO2}}\)).  
On the other hand, energy demand in the AC system combined with a battery is higher than in the current AC system, due to the need of current conversion at the connection point of the battery, which causes lower efficiency (\(-\)10.80%) and higher greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, due to the addition of the battery, annual electricity costs decrease (\(-\)283.10 \(\epsilon\)).  
Comparing both of the systems that include a battery, it can be determined that the combined AC/DC system can operate with lower losses than the AC system (\(-\)19.93%), resulting in lower  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Combined AC/DC System** & **AC System with** & **Combined AC/DC System** \\  & **with Battery Respect to** & **Battery Respect to** & **Respect to AC System** \\  & **Current AC System** & **Current AC System** & **(Both with Battery)** \\ \hline Savings (\(\xi\)/year) & 412.75 & 283.10 & 129.65 \\ Efficiency (\%) & 9.12 & \(-\)10.80 & 19.93 \\ Emissions (\(\mathrm{t_{CO2}}\)/year) & \(-\)0.18 & 0.21 & \(-\)0.39 \\ Payback (years) & 17.73 & 24.45 & \(-\)6.72 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of the systems evaluated.  
Figure 4: Total electricity costs for specific months of the year, by hours, for each system: (**a**) Current AC system on June. (**b**) Current AC system on December. (**c**) AC system with battery on June. (**d**) AC system with battery on December. (**e**) Combined AC/DC system with battery on June. (**f**) Combined AC/DC system with battery on December.  
greenhouse gas emissions (\(-0.39\) t\({}_{\rm CO2}\)). Both systems have annual electricity savings, but those of the AC/DC system are greater (129.65 \(\upxi\)).  
The payback period was calculated in battery systems, resulting in 17 years and 9 months for AC/DC system and 24 years and 5 months for AC system.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### CFD Analysis
#### 3.1.3 Optimal Hemispherical and Ellipsoidal Hub Arrangement Comparison  
The goal of the current study on optimum hub geometric designs involved hubs of both the hemispherical and ellipsoidal types. The comparative analysis of fan performance for several ideal hub geometry combinations is covered in this section. Head coefficient and relative theoretical efficiency were used as the performance metrics for this investigation.  
The optimal hemispherical hub configuration (S3) and elliptical hub configuration (E5) are shown in Figure 20 in comparison to the hub-less base configuration. It can be shown that the best ellipsoidal design (E5) slightly improves the head coefficient for all volume coefficients adopted for the present study. On average, this configuration results in a better head coefficient, i.e., 8.4% higher than that of the hub-less base model, while the same configuration produces a considerable increase in the head coefficient of roughly 1.04% above the hemispherical hub model (S3).  
Similar to this, Figure 20 shows the relative theoretical efficiency plot for the best elliptical hub (E5) and hemispherical hub (S3) designs. It can be shown that for the optimal hub configurations, the relative theoretical efficiency trend of variation follows the head coefficient trend. It can be seen that, on average, the best hub geometry configuration (E5) delivers an 8.6% gain in relative theoretical efficiency over the hub-less base model and a 3.8% increase over the best hemispherical hub model for the range of volume coefficients taken into consideration (S3).  
Both performance parameters seem to favor the ellipsoidal hub arrangement E5. This can be deduced from the fact that, when compared to a hemispherical hub model, the turning losses close to the impeller's eye certainly decrease in the presence of an optimized ellipsoidal hub arrangement. As a result, the flow in the inlet region is being streamlined better, and the overall gain for the entire fan is an improvement in both the head coefficient and relative theoretical efficiency for the E5 design.  
Figure 20: Plots comparing the performance of optimal hemispherical and elliptical hub arrangements.
## 3 Results
### Evaluation of Operator Comfort
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Driving** \\ **Surface** \\ \end{tabular} } & **Operating** & **Load** & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**R\({}^{\text{A}}\) Factor for Lumbar Spines According to ISO 2634-5**} \\ \cline{3-10}  & **Status** & **Conditions** & **T12/L1** & **L1/L2** & **L2/L3** & **L3/L4** & **L4/L5** & **L5/S1** & **R\({}^{\text{A}}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Soil \\ surface \\ \end{tabular} } & Static & Unloaded & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.71 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.77 \\  & & Loaded & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.87 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.87 \\ \cline{2-10}  & Dynamic & Unloaded & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.80 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.82 \\  & & Loaded & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.76 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Unpaved \\ road \\ \end{tabular} } & Static & Unloaded & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.82 \\  & Loaded & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.79 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.79 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & Dynamic & Unloaded & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.87 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.85 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-10}  & & Loaded & 0.80 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.80 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Risk Factor (R\({}^{\text{A}}\)) estimation according to ISO 2634-5. Figure 6: Vibration exposures measured at the operator seat for different driving surfaces and operating statuses under the unloaded (**a**) and loaded (**b**) conditions. ELV: exposure limit value (1.15 ms\({}^{-2}\)).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Influence of Sulfur and Development Time
#### 3.4.2 MSCR Test  
Figure 10 shows the MSCR test results of SBS-modified asphalt with and without sulfur added after high-temperature development. It is first seen that at every stage of development, sulfur addition always improves the asphalt performance.  
Figure 9: Fluorescence microscopy tests of SBS-modified asphalt with and without sulfur added during high-temperature development (100 times).  
For sulfur-free SBS-modified asphalt, the development process has a positive effect on the swelling of the SBS polymer. Thus, the longer the development process, the greater the performance improvement is.  
Regarding sulfur-added SBS-modified asphalt, its performance shows a slight improve from the start to 6 h, followed by a small reduction until the end of the development process (6-18 h), rendering the h development showing the optimal performance.  
When sulfur is added, it crosslinks with the asphalt and SBS polymer to form C-C and C-S bonds, which can improve the mechanical performance, but the bond energy of C-S is relatively low, making it easily broken by heat [40]. During the development process, both SBS polymer swelling and C-S bond breaks occur. On one hand, SBS swelling improves the performance of SBS-modified asphalt. On the other hand, when the development time is too long and the negative effect of the C-S bond break prevails, a reduced performance might be observed.
## 3 Results  
### Spatial Distribution Pattern of Annual Rainfall  
The spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation from the selected GPPs and RG data exhibited in Figure 2 provides an initial overview of how the datasets align with the observed precipitation patterns over the study region. The PMD observation data depict a significantly large variation from north to south in the annual total rainfall. The results manifest that the sub-northern area of Pakistan received the maximum rainfall, i.e., 1000 to 1357 mm annually from 2003 to 2020. The amount of rainfall reduces toward the south and reaches its minimum level of 47 to 200 mm in the most southern Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh. The southeastern part of Sindh, the northern part  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Datasets** & **Latest Version** & **Spatial Resolution** & **Modified Resolution** & **Time Span** \\ \hline CRU TS & CRU TS v4.08 & 0.5\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 1901–2023 \\ ERA-5 & ERA5-Land & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 1950–2024 \\ IMERG & IMERG v07B & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 1979–2020 \\ MSWEP & MSWEP v2.8 & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 0.1\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) & 2000–2024 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: List of selected precipitation products and their brief information.  
of Balochistan, and the central part of Punjab receive 200 to 400 mm of rain annually. In the northern mountainous region, the annual rainfall varies between 152 mm in the Gilgit district and 430 mm in Astore district. In KPK province, the rainfall varies between 450 mm and 1357 mm. In Figure 2, all the GPPs except ERA-5 also demonstrate similar rainfall patterns over the study area, with reasonable variation in the minimum and maximum values from the observed precipitation. Like, according to the CRU TS estimates, the mean annual precipitation varies between 33 and 1380 mm across Pakistan, while ERA-5, IMERG7, and MSWEP2.8 vary between 52 and 1418 mm, 30 and 1600 mm, and 52 and 1203 mm, respectively. However, considerable disagreement is depicted in northern Pakistan between ERA-5 and the observed precipitation. In GB province, ERA-5 predicted annual precipitation in the range of 890 to 1300 mm, which shows significant deviation from the RG values.
# Experimental Research on Mechanical Performance of SSRC Columns under Eccentric Compression
## 5 Crack Width Analysis
### Comparison of Calculation Results  
As is evident in Figure 12(a), both codes give accurate predictions when calculating the maximum crack width for the short-term load. The average ratio of the measured maximum crack width (\(w_{\rm max,s}\)) to the short-term maximum crack width (\(w_{\rm max,s}^{\rm EN}\)) calculated by EN1992-1 is 0.685, and the variation coefficient is 0.324. The average value of \(w_{\rm max,s}/w_{\rm max,s}^{\rm GB}\) is 0.738, and the variation coefficient is 0.223.  
It is evident from Figure 12(b) that the average ratio of the measured concrete crack spacing (\(L\)) and the crack spacing \(L_{\rm EN}\) calculated by EN1992-1 is 1.143, and the variation coefficient is 0.132. The average value of \(L/L_{\rm GB}\) is 1.078, and the variation coefficient is 0.053. The measured average crack spacing of all SSRC specimens is greater than and close to the value calculated using GB 50010-2010, which indicates that the calculation results are safe and conservative.  
The calculated and experimental values of the long-term maximum crack widths are compared in Figure 13c. Based on EN1992-1 and GB 50010-2010, the long-term maximum crack widths \(w^{c}_{\text{max,l}}\) of eight SSRC columns under eccentric compression are calculated. The average values of \(w_{\text{max,l}}/w^{c}_{\text{max,l}}\) obtained using EN1992-1 and GB 50010-2010 are 1.169 and 1.341, and the variation coefficients are 0.229 and 0.201, respectively. The calculation results of \(w^{c}_{\text{max,l}}\) using EN1992-1 are always safe; however, the results do not satisfactorily comply with \(w_{\text{max,l}}\). The calculation result of \(w^{c}_{\text{max,l}}\) using GB 50010-2010 is less than \(w_{\text{max,l}}\); however, it has a better correlation with \(w_{\text{max,l}}\).
# Scanning Electron Microscopy Techniques in the Analysis of Gunshot Residues: A Literature Review
## 4 Discussion
### Analytical Procedures and Protocols  
Once the samples are collected, they are mounted onto an SEM stub and placed into the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for examination. Automated software is utilized to screen the sample for candidate GSR particles. The SEM provides high-resolution images, which are then analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the elemental composition of the particles, offering both morphological and compositional data [27; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55]. The calibration and standardization of SEM-EDX instruments are critical to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of the analysis. This process involves performing a series of tests when the instrument is first commissioned or whenever significant modifications are made [27; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55]. Calibration ensures that the EDX detector is accurately measuring the energy peaks corresponding to different elements, thereby providing precise compositional data. Standardization involves using known reference materials to establish baseline measurements, which helps in comparing and interpreting GSR data [27; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53]. Quality control and validation of analytical results in SEM-EDX analysis are paramount to ensure the credibility of the findings. Instrument validation is performed to characterize the automated GSR instrumentation, ensuring it operates within the specified parameters [27; 50; 51; 52; 53]. Quality control measures, such as the use of blank samples and reference standards, are implemented to monitor the performance of the SEM-EDX system continuously. These checks help in detecting any anomalies or inconsistencies inthe data, thereby safeguarding the integrity of the analysis. Validation studies also include comparing the SEM-EDX results with those of other established methods to confirm their accuracy and reliability [53; 54; 55] (Figure 2).  
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)