# A Graph DB-Based Solution for Semantic Technologies in the Future Internet
## 4 Connection between the LPG and SW
### SPARQL Mapping
GraphBRAIN comes in the form of an API, which allows any Internet-based application to have access to its functionality. Given a DB and an ontology, the API wrapsthe former and ensures that any access is compliant with the latter. Two Web Applications come with GraphBRAIN: one allows form-based CRUD and query operations on the knowledge (both ontology and instances), plus all of the analysis, mining, and reasoning tools embedded in the framework; the other is specifically aimed at interactive browsing and exploration by end users and ensures seamless compliance with the SW standards and repositories. GraphBRAIN is currently adopted by several projects, many of which are in the Cultural Heritage field. This paper also reported an assessment of the framework and its interfaces in these domains, proposing it as a viable solution for semantic-based knowledge processing on the future Internet. Conceptualization, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; methodology, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; software, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; validation, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; formal analysis, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; investigation, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; resources, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; data curation, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; writing--review and editing, S.F., E.B., D.D.P. and D.R. ; visualization, E.B. ; supervision, S.F. ; project administration, S.F. ; funding acquisition, S.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was partially supported by the projects FAIR--Future AI Research (PE0000013), spoke 6--Symbiotic AI, and CHANGES--Cultural Heritage Active innovation for Next-GEn Sustainable society (PE0000020), and Spoke 3--Digital Libraries, Archives and Philology, under the NRRP MUR program funded by the NextGenerationEU. The data in the prototype Web Application of GraphBRAIN can be explored at [[http://digitalmind.di.uniba.it:8088/GraphBRAIN/](http://digitalmind.di.uniba.it:8088/GraphBRAIN/)]([http://digitalmind.di.uniba.it:8088/GraphBRAIN/](http://digitalmind.di.uniba.it:8088/GraphBRAIN/)) (accessed on 1 September 2023). The authors declare no conflict of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:

AI Artificial Intelligence

AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process

DB Data Base

KB Knowledge Base

KG Knowledge Graph

LPG Labeled Property Graph

OWL Ontology Web Language

RDF Resource Description Framework

SW Semantic Web

KRR Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

KR Knowledge Representation

URI Uniform Resource Identifiers

DBMS Data Base Management Systems

SHACL Shapes Constraint Language

ShEx Shape Expressions

RML RDF Mapping Language

LOD Linked Open Data

GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility

NLP Natural Language Processing

GBS GraphBRAIN Schema

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