## 5 Conclusions  
The GIS modeling of soil loss and of the probability of landslide occurrence is a very important activity in territorial analysis at national, regional, or local levels. In this case, the analysis was performed at the level of Cluj County, the most developed county in the North-West Region of Romania. The territory of this county is affected by soil erosion and a significant number of active and potentially reactivated landslides. The spatial planning decisions for Cluj County, Romania, presented in this article emphasized the critical role of multidisciplinary studies, particularly those utilizing geographic information system (GIS) assessments. The comprehensive analysis of geomorphic processes, specifically landslides and soil erosion, revealed the intricate dynamics shaping the territory and influencing its development potential. The integration of GIS technology and semi-quantitative models, such as the landslide hazard assessment and the universal soil loss equation (USLE) model, provided a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by the region. The findings underscore the impact of active landslides on community accessibility, safety, and the compromised agricultural outputs resulting from accelerated soil erosion. By categorizing risk classes for landslides and soil erosion, decision makers can gain valuable insights into vulnerable areas, enabling informed choices for efficient territorial planning. The identified hectares affected by soil erosion, landslide occurrence probabilities, and risk classes for transport infrastructure can all contribute to a comprehensive risk assessment for Cluj County. It is noteworthy that a substantial portion of the study area faces medium to high probabilities of landslide occurrence, particularly in hilly and mountainous regions. Quantitatively, it is noteworthy that 3175 hectares within Cluj County exhibit soil erosion, categorizing them into the medium class and constituting 7.8% of the total county area. Furthermore, 113 hectares fall within the medium-high class, and an additional 10.5 hectares are classified as high and very high, with an annual soil loss surpassing 20 t/ha. The high probability class for landslide occurrence, characterized by a hazard coefficient (Km) ranging between 0.5 and 0.8, encompasses 92.3 km\({}^{2}\), equivalent to 1.4% of the analyzed territory. A substantial portion of the study area, precisely 45.1% or 3007.7 km\({}^{2}\), presents a medium probability of landslide occurrence, primarily concentrated in the hilly sector dominated by geological deposits such as clays, marks, and intercalation of tuffs. A medium-high probability of landslide occurrence characterizes 1.4% of the study area, notably affecting administrative units situated in mountainous regions like Belis, Valea Jerii, Margau, Marisel, and Baisora. In these cases, this medium-high probability is influenced by morphometric features, particularly the slope, as well as higher precipitation levels and the primary drainage network density, serving as pivotal factors triggering landslides. These findings necessitate geotechnical studies before initiating new construction projects, ensuring the resilience of residential areas and transport infrastructure. Additionally, risk mitigation strategies, such as insurance for residents in high-risk areas and the implementation of monitoring systems, become imperative elements in the decision-making process. County and local governments are responsible for regulating risk areas and for constantly monitoring and updating the landslide database. Appropriate spatial planning can ensure the avoidance of the negative consequences of risk processes for settlements and infrastructure and the sustainable management of affected areas. Conceptualization: C.M., B.D. and S.R. ; methodology: S.R. and B.D. ; software: S.R., B.D. and T.M. ; validation: R.R. and C.-D.U. ; formal analysis: S.R., C.M. and T.M. ; investigation: C.M., B.D. and T.M. ; resources: B.D. and C.-D.U. ; data curation: C.M., T.M. and R.R.