## 5 Applications Across Diverse Sectors
### New Materials
In SLS applications, ABS composites combined with thermoplastic starch have shown high thermal stability and reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, making them suitable for industrial and automotive use. However, conducting cost comparisons with existing materials is vital for evaluating their commercial viability and ensuring the economic feasibility and sustainability necessary for market adoption. Polyamides (PAs) are formed through condensation reactions between acids and amines. While traditionally synthesized from petroleum, there is a growing trend toward producing polyamides from biological sources, such as bio-succinic acid derived from microorganisms. The diverse structures of polyamides--ranging from crystalline to amorphous--make them suitable for various applications, particularly in prosthetics, where toughness and durability are essential. Notable examples include PA 6,6, PA 6, PA 12, and PA 11. PA 6,6, the first commercialized polyamide, is commonly used in products like toothbrush bristles, while PA 11, derived from castor beans, is frequently used in additive manufacturing, especially through selective laser sintering (SLS). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Picture** & **Characteristics** \\ \hline ESD & & ESD Fiberlogy filament protects sensitive electronic components from electrostatic discharges, reducing the risk of damage. \\ \hline CPE ANTIBAC & & This innovative antibacterial filament boasts high mechanical strength, temperature resistance, and antimicrobial properties, making it ideal for various applications. \\ \hline PCTG & & PCTG filament, a variant of PET-G, offers enhanced impact strength, temperature resistance, and clarity without needing a heated chamber. Its low shrinkage ensures high dimensional stability, making it ideal for novice 3D printing enthusiasts. \\ \hline CPE HT & & CPE HT filament, a modern copolyester, stands out for its high mechanical and temperature resistance. Unlike its counterparts like PETG and PCTG filaments, it excels in withstanding high temperatures, reaching up to 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, it exhibits ongoing high resistance to chemicals and lipids. \\ \hline FIBERFLEX & & Flexible-filament 3D-printed items have the following characteristics: excellent resistance to chemicals and abrasions, low temperature resistance, and high impact resistance. \\ \hline FIBERSAITIN & & FiberSatin filament offers a solution to the visible layer boundaries common in 3D printing, providing a high layer bondability and a semi-matte finish that gives models a refined appearance. It serves as an alternative to silk filaments, offering a distinctive matte finish with a touch of glossiness. \\ \hline FIBERSIK & & FiberSilk filament produces 3D printouts with a distinctive metallic shine, highlighting intricate details and enhancing aesthetic appeal. It has a low visibility of layer boundaries and high impact strength. \\ \hline FIBERMOOTH & & FiberSmooth, a type of PVB filament, offers easy post-processing by smoothing it with isopropyl alcohol (IPA). This process partially dissolves the model, improving layer adhesion and hiding layer boundaries, leading to a glossy, porcelain-like surface. \\ \hline FIBERWOOD & & Available for over a decade, it combines wood particles with resin, creating beautiful prints that smell like real wood. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Latest 3D printing materials. Adapted from Fiberlogy. Engineering thermoplastic polyesters are synthesized through the condensation reaction of acids with alkanediols, with some precursors now sourced sustainably to improve their bioconent. Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a notable example, recognized for its excellent electrical properties, chemical resistance, and high strength, particularly in automotive applications. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is another commonly used polyester, known for its thermal and chemical stability, making it suitable for automotive parts and packaging materials.