# An Integrated Testbed for Power System Cyber-Physical Operations Training
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works  
Previously published literature in this area has investigated the development of testbeds with physical systems built on a real-time simulator or offline power system software. In [13], the impact of cyberattacks on power systems is analyzed. By using a comprehensive and reconfigurable testbed that integrates a simulated power grid with an emulated communication network, real-world cyber events were simulated for security and performance validation. In [14], a cyber-physical testbed that integrates industrial-grade SCADA software with a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) was used and non-real-time analysis was performed using the DigSILENT PowerFactory software. In [15], a CPS testbed was built on top of an earlier version of the large-scale testbed (LTB) to simulate wide-area sophisticated replay attacks using PMUs, where the physical layer simulates power system dynamics, the network's physical layer is equipped with measurement devices and actuators, the communication emulation layer creates the software-defined networks (SDN) for data transmission, and the application layer consists of traffic monitoring and cyberattack defense. In [16], a multi-objective comprehensive testbed is presented. This system uses real-time power system simulators with fiber and ethernet networks to test smart and distributed management control. The various challenges and future research for CPS testing are analyzed, including big data analysis methods for in-depth testing, a combined schema for non-functional testing, a new test execution mechanism for hybrid CPS, and so on. A flexible hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed is presented in [17]. This study aimed to demonstrate the performance of stability control equipment to analyze cyber events, such as a false data injection attack (FDIA) on voltage control and a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack on the data link, and the effect on the power system by considering the impact of communication bit errors on the stability control system. In [18], a comprehensive survey on cyber-physical smart grid testbeds is presented to provide a taxonomy and insightful guidelines for the development and identification of the key features and design decisions while developing future smart grid testbeds. An MITM attack, a DoS attack, and a replay attack are also studied in the paper. The cybersecurity landscape in the industrial control system (ICS) and the concepts and principles for deploying cybersecurity methods have been studied using different attack scenarios to emphasize the optimal distribution of security protection in large legacy ICSs [19]. In [11], a cyber-power system testbed to develop new educational modules on distribution systems is presented to analyze the impact of cyber events on the power grid dynamics and performances. In a smart grid environment, a cyber asset such as a control, protection, and monitoring device being compromised by an attacker can cause damage to the physical power system components, such as the loads, breakers, generators, and transformers. The increased popularity of cybersecurity implementation in power systems and critical infrastructure has motivated different national laboratories and universities to adopt testbeds for both research and educational training purposes [20]. The software-in-loop testbed in [13] was used to test the impact of cyberattacks on the smart grid using RTDS, Network Simulator-3 for networking, and RT-VSMAC, a real-time monitoring and control tool for the application layer. The author investigated the malicious breaker trip attack, but MITM attacks, delay attacks, and packet modification attacks were not covered. The PowerCyber testbed [21] was implemented to test cyberattacks on smart grids using RTDS and an Internet-scale events and attack generation environment (ISEAGE). A similar testbed in [22] was developed using an OPAL-RT real-time simulator. The novel concept of software-defined networking was adopted to test the impact of cyber threats on critical infrastructures.