## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antenna Array with BM Network
This feature is especially valuable in underground mining, where maintaining reliable communication with moving targets, such as miners or vehicles, is essential. The antenna's ability to dynamically steer its beams toward specific angles ensures continuous connectivity while reducing the likelihood of signal degradation due to polarization mismatches. Unlike the monopole, rectangular patch, and dipole arrays discussed in previous studies, the proposed antenna can adapt its signal to both user movement and environmental conditions, ensuring enhanced performance and communication reliability [97]. The performance of the proposed antenna was evaluated against existing designs reported in the literature to emphasize its distinct advantages. Table 7 presents a comparative analysis of critical performance parameters. The results indicate that the proposed antenna outperforms its counterparts, particularly in gain, bandwidth, and circular polarization, making it highly effective for the demanding conditions of underground mining applications. Furthermore, the antenna's installation simplicity is crucial for industries like mining, where rapid deployment is critical to minimize downtime. Its compact size and straightforward installation process, such as mounting on a pole or bracket, make it ideal for confined spaces, allowing for efficient and flexible deployment. This combination of advanced beam steering, circular polarization, and ease of installation makes the proposed antenna a highly effective solution for maintaining reliable communication in underground mining environments. The generalized illustration of the proposed single-element square patch antenna with circular polarization and beam steering is given in Figure 22. The circular polarization is a key feature that allows for the antenna to transmit and receive signals in all directions, which is essential in environments like underground mines where obstacles such as rocks and walls can disrupt communication. Circularly polarized antennas are particularly beneficial in such scenarios, as they reduce signal degradation caused by polarization mismatches [102]. Another important characteristic of this antenna is beam steering, which enables it to direct its signal toward specific directions, an advantage when multiple users or obstructions are present in the region. Beam steering in antenna systems is a well-documented solution for overcoming interference and multipath effects in confined environments [105]. The ease of installation of the single-element square patch antenna with circular polarization and beam steering is crucial in industries like mining, where downtime can be costly. The compact size and simple installation process, such as mounting on a pole or bracket, make it suitable for confined areas, ensuring effective and reliable communication. Reliable communication is critical in underground mining to ensure miner safety and the effectiveness of mining operations. Even in the most difficult underground settings, the single-element square patch antenna delivers dependable transmission. The circular polarization and beam steering capabilities ensure a strong and reliable signal, decreasing the possibility of interference or signal loss, which is essential in environments like underground mines where communication is often disrupted by obstacles such as rock formations and walls [106]. Moreover, by transmitting electromagnetic signals exclusively in desired directions and increasing the antenna system's gain, the implementation of a smart antenna system holds the potential to significantly decrease power consumption in underground mine communication. Smart antenna systems have been shown to optimize energy efficiency and reduce interference, which is particularly beneficial for applications