## 1 Introduction
However, the maximum flow discharge and average water depth of these rivers are 290 m\({}^{3}\)/s and 3.6 m, respectively. As a result, their findings may not be applicable to major mountainous rivers like the Yangtze River. Despite the fact that the method has been used to quantify bedload sediment transport for decades, the technology is still in development. The measurement of bedload transport in large mountainous rivers, in particular, is currently inadequate. The Swiss plate geophone (hereinafter referred to as SPG) is another indirect observation technique that has been used extensively for monitoring bedload sediment transport in Eurasian watersheds for many years [48; 49; 50]. However, the SPG application reveals that some variation occurs when the bedload impacts the SPG. [PERSON] et al. [51] enhanced the flume test by installing baffles on the SPG plate to separate the seismic signal from the particles that impacted the plate. However, even with the isolation plate in place, the SPG system continued to record the seismic signal of particles impacting the shock plate next door. To overcome this issue, they suggested a new filtering method to separate the genuine signals of the bedload impacts from the chaotic background sound. The filtering program was used to evaluate four river field observation data sets. Results showed that the filtering method effectively reduced the disparities across the observation sites, and the calibration curves for bedload transport were computed for the four observation rivers. However, the computed calibration curves were only applicable to the four rivers stated above. A thorough examination of the SPG results in various test flumes and rivers reveals that the relationship between the distinctive parameters of the bedload transport signal and the transport mass remains very obvious across all observation stations. [PERSON] et al. [52] investigated the factors that triggered bedload transport in the Alpine Basin. They quantified the contribution of rainfall and snowmelt to bedload transport based on five consecutive years of hydrological and bedload transport measurements in the Alpine Basin monitored by the SPG system (2016-2020). Their results showed that high-intensity rainfall and snowmelt played a significant role in bedload transport. Based on bedload transport signals collected from three field sites and a flume test, [PERSON] et al. [53] compared the performance of the SPG system with that of the acceleration impact plate (GP-Acc), the miniature acceleration plate (MPA), and the Japanese pipe microphone (JPM). The comparison showed that the signal of the geophone was more stable than the signal of the accelerometer sensor. Because of the advantages of geophones, accelerometers, and underwater microphones, the SPG can be applied to a broader range of observation environments. Based on the observed data, it may generate a relationship between the number of pulses measured and the bedload transferred mass, as well as identifying the size of pebble grains. In this research, the gravel pressure and voice synchronous observation system (GPVS) is developed and utilized to monitor and detect gravel sediment transport continuously based on an analysis of the peak frequency, pitch frequency, and energy eigenvector of the gravel movement [54]. The results from the flume trials are used to validate the system. In the case of strong bedload sediment transport, pressure sensor signals are processed to determine the average gravel bedload transport rate across the measurement duration. When bedload transport is weak, acoustic signals provide an assessment of the rate of bedload transport. The verified technology will be used to estimate bedload sediment transport in the Yangtze River's upper reaches (in another communication).