###### Abstract  
Water pollution, particularly from elevated fluoride ion (F\({}^{-}\)) concentrations, is a significant challenge in many developing countries, particularly those relying on groundwater. The stable form of fluoride, F\({}^{-}\), poses health risks, leading to concerns about various diseases and harmful effects. Despite global efforts, high F\({}^{-}\) concentrations (>1.5 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) persist in numerous countries, requiring effective and sustainable removal methods. Adsorption, known for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency, stands out as a promising technique for F\({}^{-}\) removal from drinking water. Successful commercial implementation necessitates the optimization of separation conditions. This systematic literature review focuses on the adsorption process for F\({}^{-}\) removal, exploring parameters such as temperature, adsorbent particle size, pH, adsorbent mass, and co-existing ions for efficient removal. Observations indicate that, despite the utilization of a diverse range of adsorbents, several limitations persist. These include low adsorption capacity, a sluggish adsorption rate, a restricted pH range, and high associated costs. The mechanistic understanding of adsorption and the ongoing development of novel adsorbents remain focal points for future research. Additionally, there is a need to explore alternative kinetic models grounded in statistical factors and give due consideration to thermodynamic studies. H 2024 2024 14 2  
must be removed. These constituents, which may be present naturally or contaminating water sources due to anthropic activity, have become a major public health problem [2; 7; 8]. Fluoride ion (F\({}^{-}\)) is the stable form of fluoride found in the environment and combines with other elements [9; 10; 11], and is the 13 th most abundant element in the Earth's crust [9]. Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly added to public water supplies in order to help prevent tooth decay. However, in some cases, fluoride can be present in water sources at levels that are higher than what is considered safe for consumption. Fluoride is found in all natural waters in some concentration [9; 10]; however, being one of the most abundant contaminants in water [12], it is most commonly found in groundwater [13]. Human health can be affected by insufficient or excessive presence of fluoride. In severe cases, it can also result in skeletal fluorosis, which can harm bones and joints and cause joint pain and stiffness. Dental caries can develop in concentrations between 0 and 0.5 mg L\({}^{-1}\), while dental fluorosis can appear in concentrations between 1.5 and 4 mg L\({}^{-1}\). In addition, there is an increased risk of skeletal fluorosis, paralysis, disability, or even death for higher concentrations of fluoride [14]. According to [PERSON] et al. [1], most fluoride-related health problems occur in poor communities in the developing world, where F\({}^{-}\) concentrations in groundwater are high and primary sources of drinking water are from hand-drilled or artesian wells. Various diseases and harmful effects caused by F\({}^{-}\)-contaminated water have been of great concern to society [2; 15]. In some villages in China, it exceeds 8 mg L\({}^{-1}\), and in some areas of India, it was as high as 30 mg L\({}^{-1}\)[16]. There were further reports in the literature that, in some countries, the concentration of F\({}^{-}\) in drinking water can be higher than 30-35 mg L\({}^{-1}\)[7; 17; 18; 19; 20]. Several studies described the occurrence of high concentrations of F\({}^{-}\) in drinking water, notably in countries in America, Africa, and Asia [21; 22]. Thus, it is evident that the presence of F\({}^{-}\) in water supplies is still a problem to be solved in many countries around the world [8]. In view of this, some kind of special treatment should be employed to remove the excess of this ion [4; 6; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27].