## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
3-D Three-dimensional
3 GPP 3 rd Generation Partnership Project
4G Fourth-generation
5G Fifth-generation
6 LoWPAN 1 PV6 over low-power wireless personal area networks  
A2A Air-to-air  
A2G Air-to-ground  
ACM Adaptive coding and modulation  
Adam Adaptive moment estimation  
ADC Analog-to-digital converter  
ADCS Attitude determination and control systems  
AI Artificial intelligence  
ANN Artificial neural network  
ATM Air traffic management  
B5G Beyond 5G  
BAN Body area network  
BER Bit-error-rate  
BLE Bluetooth low energy  
CAPEX Capital expenditure  
CAPP Certified Applications Provider Programme  
CCTV Closed circuit television  
CNN Convolutional neural network  
CoAP Constrained application protocol  
CPS Cyber-physical system  
CSI Channel state information  
DAC Digital-to-analog converter  
DAP Distributed aerial processing  
DBS Drone base stations  
DE Differential evolution  
DL Deep learning  
DNN Deep neural network  
DQL Deep Q-learning  
DQN Deep Q-network  
DRL Deep RL  
DVB-NGH  
DVB-Next Generation Handheld  
DVB-RCS2 Digital Video Broadcasting--Return Channel via Satellite - Second Generation  
DVB-S2 DVB--Satellite--Second Generation  
DVB-SH DVB--Satellite to Handheld  
EC-CSM-IoT Extended Coverage-Global System for Mobile Communications for the IoT  
eMBB Enhanced mobile broadband  
EMBG Electromagnetic bandgap  
EMEA European, Middle Eastern, and African  
ESN Echo state network  
FAA Federal Aviation Administration  
FANET Flying ad-hoc network  
FDL Federated DL  
FSO Free-space-optical  
GAP Generalized assignment problem  
GEO Geostationary Earth orbit  
GM Gaussian mixture  
GPS Global positioning system  
GPU Graphics processing unitGSNGlobal sensor network  
HAPHigh-altitude platform  
HealthIIoTHealthcare IIoT  
HEOHighly elliptical orbit  
HTSHigh throughput satellites  
IBMInternational Business Machines  
IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers  
IHHIoT-powered in-home healthcare  
IIoTIndustrial IoT  
IoTInternet of Remote Things  
IoTInternet of Things  
IoVInternet of Vehicles  
IPInternet protocol  
IRInfrared  
ISMIndustrial, scientific, and medical  
ITInformation Technology  
kNNk-nearest-neighbor  
KPIKey performance indicator  
LAPLow-altitude platform  
LEOLow Earth orbit  
LIDARLight imaging, detection, and ranging  
LLRALow-latency routing algorithm  
LoRaLong-range  
LoRaWANLong-range wide area network  
LoSLine-of-sight  
LPWANLow-power wide area network  
LTELong-Term Evolution  
LTEfor machines  
LWALeaky-wave antennas  
M2 MMachine-to-machine  
MCUMicro-controller unit  
MDPMarkov decision process  
MECMobile-edge computing  
MEOMedium Earth orbit  
MFGMean field game  
MGMinority games  
MIMOMultiple-input multiple-output  
MLMachine learning  
mMTCMassive machine type communications  
mm-wavemillimeter-wave  
MTDMachine-type device  
MUMulti-user  
NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration  
NB-IoTNarrowband-IoT  
NDVINormalized difference vegetation index  
NFCNear field communication  
NFVNetwork function virtualization  
NLoSNon-line-of-sight  
NOMANon-orthogonal multiple access  
NSRNorthern Sky Research  
NTNNon-terrestrial network  
OPEXOperation and maintenance expenditure  
OSPAOptimal subpattern assignment  
OTOperational technology  
PHDProbability hypothesis density