esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Consumer Evaluation of Celery Samples
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Consumers** & **Number** & **Percentage (\%)** \\ \hline Total number of volunteers & 118 & \\ Age & & \\ mean & 34.9 & \\ median & 30 & \\ min & 19 & \\ max & 71 & \\ Gender & & \\ male & 42 & 35.6 \\ female & 75 & 63.6 \\ prefer not to say & 1 & 0.84 \\ Working Status & & \\ working & 57 & 48.3 \\ unemployed & 3 & 2.5 \\ student & 56 & 47.5 \\ other & 2 & 1.7 \\ working in food/nutrition/sensory sector & 51 & 43.2 \\ Ethnic group & & \\ White & & \\ Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups & 2 & 1.7 \\ Asian or Asian British & 21 & 17.8 \\ Black, African, Caribbean or Black British & 15 & 12.7 \\ other ethnic group & 7 & 5.9 \\ Celery liking & & \\ yes & 83 & 70.3 \\ no & 35 & 29.7 \\ Consumption Frequency & & \\ less than once a month & 54 & 45.8 \\ once a month & 19 & 16.1 \\
2 to 3 times per month & 19 & 16.1 \\ once a week & 13 & 11 \\
2 to 4 times per week & 9 & 7.6 \\ once a day & 4 & 3.4 \\ Purchase Frequency & & \\ once a month & 80 & 67.8 \\ once a week & 17 & 14.4 \\ never & 21 & 17.8 \\ Method of consumption & & \\ I do not eat celery & 15 & 12.7 \\ raw (on its own) & 25 & 21.2 \\ raw (with conditions) & 49 & 41.5 \\ raw (in salads) & 42 & 35.6 \\ cooked (boiled, roasted, fried, on its own) & 47 & 39.8 \\ cooked (in soups, stocks or sauces) & 68 & 57.6 \\ other & 6 & 5.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Consumer demographics and characteristics of the consumer panel. Labelling each participant present within each cluster as a liker or non-liker, 60.8, 82.6 and 57.1% were celery likers in clusters 1, 2 and 3. Interestingly, cluster 3 contained the highest proportion of celery non-likers and they liked the most genotype 12, a genotype that expressed a high abundance of volatile compounds and profiled as very aromatic with a strong bitter taste, whereas 25x12 was the least liked and profiled as less aromatic (Table 2). On the other hand, hybrid 25x12 was the most liked of the hybrids according to clusters 1 and 2. One reason might be the high score of crunchiness and moist mouthfeel by the trained panel (Table 2); both attributes ranked as important according to consumers (Table 5). There was also significant interaction between sample x cluster for overall liking confirming that consumers scored differently the samples in each cluster (Table 6). Sensory attributes assessed by the trained panel (Table 2) and mean liking scores of each cluster were regressed onto the first two principal components of the consumer overall
# Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenes: A Case of Small Molecules Punching above Their Weight
## 4 Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenes
### In Vivo Antidiabetic Effects

Table 2: _Cont._As shown in Table 2, hyperglycemia is the primary criteria assessed in all studies and the indicated monoterpenes have shown promising effects in all studied models. In addition to lowering the blood glucose level, the common antidiabetic effect assessment involves the measurement of glycated hemoglobin, primarily HbA1c. This is also indicated for many compounds studied (Table 2). In the liver, one of the main antidiabetic drugs target, increasing the level of glycogen level has been reported for borneol [67], citronellol [78] and myrtrenal [90; 91]. Modulation of key hepatic
###### Abstract  
The use of antagonistic microorganisms and their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to control plant fungal pathogens is an eco-friendly and promising substitute for chemical fungicides. In this work, endophytic bacterium ETR-B22, isolated from the root of _Sophora lonkinensis_ Gagnep., was found to exhibit strong antagonistic activity against 12 fungal pathogens found in agriculture. Strain ETR-B22 was identified as _Burkholderia cenocepacia_ based on 165 rRNA and _recA_ sequences. We evaluated the antifungal activity of VOCs emitted by ETR-B22. The VOCs from strain ETR-B22 also showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against 12 fungal pathogens. The composition of the volatile profiles was analyzed based on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Different extraction strategies for the SPME process significantly affected the extraction efficiency of the VOCs. Thirty-two different VOCs were identified. Among the VOC of ETR-B22, dimethyl trisulfide, indole, methyl anthranilate, methyl salicylate, methyl benzoate, benzyl propionate, benzyl acetate, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, allyl benzyl ether and nonanoic acid showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity, and are key inhibitory compounds produced by strain ETR-B22 against various fungal pathogens. Our results suggest that the endophytic strain ETR-B22 and its VOCs have high potential for use as biological controls of plant fungal pathogens.  
volatile organic compounds; antifungal activity; biocontrol agents; bacteria; _Burkholderia cenocepacia_
# \(L_{1}\) Adaptive Control for a Vertical Rotor Orientation System
###### Abstract  
Bottom-fixed vertical rotating devices are widely used in industrial and civilian fields. The free upside of the rotor will cause vibration and lead to noise and damage during operation. Meanwhile, parameter uncertainties, nonlinearities and external disturbances will further deteriorate the performance of the rotor. Therefore, in this paper, we present a rotor orientation control system based on an active magnetic bearing with \(L_{1}\) adaptive control to restrain the influence of the nonlinearity and uncertainty and reduce the vibration amplitude of the vertical rotor. The boundedness and stability of the adaptive system are analyzed via a theoretical derivation. The impact of the adaptive gain is discussed through simulation. An experimental rig based on dSPACE is designed to test the validity of the rotor orientation system. The experimental results show that the relative vibration amplitude of the rotor using the \(L_{1}\) adaptive controller will be reduced to \(\sim\)50% of that in the initial state, which is a 10% greater reduction than can be achieved with the nonadaptive controller. The control approach in this paper is of some significance to solve the orientation control problem in a low-speed vertical rotor with uncertainties and nonlinearities.  
vertical rotor; adaptive control; orientation; uncertainty; nonlinearity; stability Article
## 1 Introduction
It provides data support for atmospheric density modeling, thus improving the accuracy of the model [21]. It is of great significance for monitoring changes in space weather and evaluating extreme weather conditions [22].
## 3 Implementation and Validation
### Implementation of Enhanced Data Transmission Mode and Validation
 \tag{3}\]  
Based on Equation (3), the correction code and associated codes for the 5/6 coding rate are incorporated into Veins. Together with the previously mentioned 256-QAM BER \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(N_{DBPS}\)} \\ \cline{3-4}
**MCS** & **R** & **IEEE 802.11p** & **IEEE 802.11 bd** \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **10 Mhz** & **20 MHz** \\ \hline BPSK & 1/2 & 24 & 54 \\ QPSK & 1/2 & 48 & 108 \\ QPSK & 3/4 & 72 & 162 \\
16-QAM & 1/2 & 96 & 216 \\
16-QAM & 3/4 & 144 & 324 \\
64-QAM & 2/3 & 192 & 432 \\
64-QAM & 3/4 & 216 & 486 \\
64-QAM & 5/6 & N/A & 540 \\
256-QAM & 3/4 & N/A & 648 \\
256-QAM & 5/6 & N/A & 730 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Data transmission modes and corresponding \(N_{DBPS}\). calculation code and related codes, the three newly introduced enhanced data transmission modes are implemented, as shown by the three dotted lines on the far right in Figure 3.  
The solid line on the left in Figure 3 represents the original data transmission modes in 802.11p. It is evident that the three newly introduced enhanced data transmission modes achieve significantly higher data transfer rates. However, concurrently, the demands for the SNR during data transmission are also escalating rapidly (experiencing almost exponential growth), consistent with the theoretical traits of QAM. As the types of OFDM symbols increase (the number of data bits carried by each OFDM symbol increases), the reduction in symbol spacing and the reduction in energy efficiency make the OFDM symbols more susceptible to noise and interference, resulting in a higher BER. Additionally, the blurring of adjacent symbol decision boundaries raises the probability of incorrect demodulation at the receiver. These factors contribute to an exponential rise in the required SNR for data transmission.
## 4 Experiment Results and Discussion
Each one of the approaches consumed much reduced time for training once the relevant attributes were eliminated. In all datasets, OGBDTs have a maximum accuracy rate to predict the attack. Figure 5: Recall rate comparison. Figure 6: F-measure rate comparison. It can be observed from Figure 8 that the OGBDTs outperform other models by taking the least time to train the framework compared to others. Each one of the approaches significantly reduced the time for training once the relevant attributes were eliminated. In all datasets, OGBDTs have minimum time to predict the attack. The results of the statistical metrics are as follows:  
Accuracy: The accuracy score shows how effectively the model generates precise predictions in general. Among all the proposed models, OGBDT had the highest accuracy rate to predict the attack (0.9981). Out of all the datasets, OGBDTs had the greatest attack prediction accuracy rate. To obtain a more complete picture of the model's performance, it is important to analyze it using various performance measure scores, such as Recall, Precision, and F1 SCORE. Recall: Recall can be utilized as a metric to assess the efficacy of our model when all of the real values are positive, and OGBDT has a high recall rate for all of the datasets. Precision: Compared to all other classifiers over the full dataset, OGBDT's precision is high, and this actual value can be discriminated from all expected actual values. F1 score: This metric can combine recall and precision by calculating its mean value, and it is also noticeably higher for OGBDT. Prediction Time: OGBDTs outperform other models by taking the least time for training the framework, compared to others. Figure 8: Prediction time comparison. Figure 7: Accuracy comparison. Evaluation criteria used to assess SVM, DT, K.N.N, ANN, and suggested OGBDT algorithms included sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, recall, and F1 score. These algorithms were tested using a binary classification method, and the performance of the algorithms was statistically quantified and compared to the body of existing literature [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11] (Table 1) for validation purposes. The findings showed that the OBGDT algorithm was quite effective in identifying attacks. The performance of the suggested model was superior to all others. KDD99 had a higher detection rate than the other two datasets. The OGBDTs outperformed all other models in terms of accuracy, because they do not require as many derived factors during preprocessing. OGBDTs can forecast attacks with a minimum amount of time in all datasets. The proposed OGBDTs framework can significantly improve the performance of cyber-attack classification by jointly optimizing the GBDTs and improving the classification results.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Benchmarks  
Three benchmarks were adopted to assess the performance of the approach: the Horacle approach, the Zero Exploration approach, and the Continuous Exploration approach.  
In the Horacle approach, the decision-maker is assumed to know the future values of supplier delivery punctuality perfectly. The order allocation decisions resulting from the Horacle approach thus represent the optimal decision, and the resulting cost obtained when implementing this approach represents an ideal lower bound for the other approaches. While the Horacle approach aims to provide a reference point to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach in optimally solving the multiperiod SSOA problem, the two other approaches aim to investigate the advantages of providing a new approach to balance the trade-off between data acquisition benefits and order emission costs.  
The Zero Exploration approach assumes that the value of parameter \(\theta_{i}^{data\ benefit}\) is equal to zero for both suppliers. A decision-maker relying on this approach supposes that no data acquisition benefits are present for either supplier. Sending orders for the same period to both suppliers is not considered in this approach (exceptions are only dictated by capacity constraints). The acquisition of new data points related to supplier delivery punctuality is assumed not to affect the value of future forecasts; therefore, orders are always allocated to the supplier reporting the best value in the initial estimates.  
Contriwise, in the Continuous Exploration approach, the value of parameter \(\theta_{i}^{data\ benefit}\) is assumed to be large enough to generate at least one order emitted to both suppliers in each period. A decision-maker relying on this approach assumes that sending orders to both suppliers (even if in different quantities) is always an effective strategy. Indeed, even if sending orders to only one of them can result in an immediate lower cost, acquiring new data can affect forecast values and thus lead to revised order allocation decisions.
# Thermochromic Yams' Application in Fever Detection for Young Children
## 3 Results and Discussion
### RQ2: Consumer Perceptions, Concerns, and Suggestions
#### 3.2.4 Summary of the Answer to RQ2  
When addressing RQ2, the majority of potential purchasers consider the product concept to be beneficial. However, only a little over 50% of them expressed a desire to purchase the product. This could be because parents thought the product design lacked attractiveness. Most buyers expressed concern regarding the product's safety, accuracy, and usability. They suggested conducting a sufficient number of tests, creating more design alternatives, and carefully considering consumer feedback before marketing the project. The customer survey unveiled both the advantages and disadvantages of the concept. Although there is enthusiasm for utilizing thermochromic textiles for fever detection, a hat may not be a suitable medium for implementing this technology.  
The researcher was inspired to investigate alternative places on the body and clothing and accessory categories for the application of thermochromic materials. In recent times, there has been a growing inclination to discuss the efficacy of hats in preventing hypothermia and raising concerns about overheating [28]. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends using axillary measurements to determine the body temperature of children under the age of five [29]. [PERSON] et al. [30] discovered that back and neck temperatures are the most accurate indicators of typical proximal skin temperatures. Hence, it is recommended that the customers' perspectives on the concept of fever-detection body-suits for young children be investigated in the future. These bodysuits would incorporate thermochromic yarns in the back, neck, or axilla regions.
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Solution of the Deterministic Planning Problem
#### 4.1.1 Results for the Case without Reliability Requirements
In this way, it is possible to highlight the importance of two effects that converge towards the value of community association when planning urban microgrids: First, the diversity of user load profiles, which achieves a significant investment cost reduction when microgrids of more than one client are established (explaining over 20% on average of the savings for the groups of 10, 20 and 100 clients, respectively). Second, the use of EoS for the microgrid assets further increases savings for the community (up to 15% additional savings), achieving up to a 35% overall reduction in investment costs for community microgrids.
## 5 Application of the Proposed Method
### Experimental Verification
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Fault Type** & **Fault Frequency** & **Period of Interest \(T\)- (* is \(i\), \(o\))** \\ \hline Outer race & \(f_{o}\) (76.7 Hz) & \(T_{o}\) = 200 \\ Inner race & \(f_{i}\) (122.7 Hz) & \(T_{i}\) = 125 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The parameters \(T\)- (* is \(i\), \(o\)). Figure 16: The variation curves of MTEK and TEK for case 2: (**a**) T\({}_{o}\) = 200, the tendency of MTEK with M; (**b**) T\({}_{o}\) = 200, the TEK result for outer race; (**c**) T\({}_{i}\) = 125, the tendency of MTEK with M; (**d**) T\({}_{i}\) = 125, the TEK result for outer race. Figure 15: The analysis results of case 2 with the parallel dual-Q-factor bases sparse decomposition: (**a**) Low resonance component; (**b**) envelope spectrum. (2) When T\({}_{i}\) = 125, Figure 16c,d show the relationship between \(M\) and MTEK, and the relationship between the filter length \(L\) and the TEK by iterative calculation respectively. It was found that when \(M\) = 6, the MTEK value was the largest from Figure 16c, and when \(L\) = 250, the TEK value was the largest from Figure 16d, so the optimal parameters \(T_{i}\), \(M_{i}\), and \(L_{i}\) were determined [125; 6; 250]. The low resonance component was deconvoluted and filtered with the obtained optimal parameters [\(T\)-, \(M\)-, \(L\)-] (* is \(i\), \(o\)) using MCKD. Finally, the analysis result is presented in Figure 17. It was noticeable that the impulse components in the time-domain of outer race fault and inner race faults were found clearly in Figure 17a,c respectively. From Figure 17b,d, the harmonic components of the characteristic frequencies 76.88 Hz and 121.9 Hz were revealed noticeably. It is consistent with the theoretical fault characteristic frequency (\(f_{o}\) (76.7 Hz),\(f_{i}\) (122.7 Hz)). The results show that the proposed method successfully separated the fault information of the outer race and inner race of the bearing from the composite fault signal.
## 3 Proposed Algorithm
### Properties of ISOD
#### 3.4.4 Hyperparameter-Free and Unsupervised  
The ISOD algorithm is an easy-to-understand unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm with the following advantages: (1) The ISOD algorithm is a statistic-based algorithm that calculates the anomalies in each dimension and aggregates them to obtain final anomaly scores for the sample data. Therefore, the algorithm has no hyperparameters, and no parameter tuning is required. (2) The algorithm is an unsupervised algorithm that does not need to prepare a large amount of labeled data for training, which gives the algorithm high interpretability and, at the same time, lays a better foundation for the practical applications of the algorithm.
# Pitch Channel Control of a REMUS AUV with Input Saturation and Coupling Disturbances
## 3 Control Strategy
### Augment \(L_{1}\) Adaptive Control with Riccati-Based Anti-Windup Compensator
A straightforward choice of \(D(s)=1/s\) is to keep \(C(s)\) a first-order filter, that is  
\[C(s)=\frac{\omega k}{s+\omega k} \tag{24}\]  
Comparing the two control methods with and without the AW compensator, since \(A_{m}\) and \(D(s)\) are constant after AW compensator is extended into L1 AC, it can be seen that \(G(s)\) in Equation (23) does not change. Thus, the proposed controller can fulfill \(L_{1}\) norm condition. The compensator will output signals only when \(\tilde{u}\) is not zero, and the two signals can be used to correct the \(u_{c}\) or compensate the speed \(q\) as well as the pitch angle \(\theta\). In Equation (21), the modification for controller is simply achieved through replacing \(x(t)\) with \(x(t)+x_{uw}(t)\) in adaption law and control law. The stability of L1 AC controller can be ensured because the value of the control law given by the Equation (21) is always less than \(u_{c}\), which means the set of \(u\) is a subset of the set of \(u_{c}\). The model of REMUS and linear system model for control has been introduced in Section 2. In Section 4, this controller is implemented in REMUS underwater vehicle. As shown in Figure 2, L1 AC with AW compensator approach is utilized to control the pitch channel of REMUS vehicle with desired set-points \(\theta_{CMD}\).
# Multi-Objective Design Optimization of the Reinforced Composite Roof in a Solar Vehicle
## Materials and Methods
### Overall Methodology  
The present investigation was also based on the following concepts and phases (Appendix A):  
1. Preliminary shape definition when different geometrical shapes were considered, specifically rectangles, ellipsis and triangles, in terms of their ability to minimize the surface.
2. Manufacturing techniques taken into consideration since the very beginning, identifying two practical solutions in production and four geometrical options (Figure 2): - A composite laminate made in a single piece where rectangular holes, with rounded edges (a), or elliptical ones (b) where shaped through; - A grid-based structure, made up of a series of intersecting straight (vertical, horizontal and angular) lines (grid lines), forming a rectangular (c) or triangular (d) texture of beams.
3. Geometric shape (topology) optimization performed by automatic algorithms using screening and response surface method respect to the most relevant geometric parameters (e.g., axes for ellipsis, lengths for rectangle, distances between grids (as reported in Table 4)).
4. Score criteria, as flexural and torsional stiffness or first resonance frequency, derived by finite element analyses (FEA) using commercial codes in static and modal simulations.
5. Valuations performed, at first, respect to a basic unit, dimensionally set to a \(500\times 500\) mm section (roughly equivalent to \(4\times 4\) solar cells).
6. An overall structure for the roof made up by a repetition of this basic unit.
7. The basic unit solution, as here optimized, adopted to produce a larger section, a \(2500\times 800\) mm (\(\sim\)2 m\({}^{2}\)) flat mock-up, to be used for experimental (modal) test and numerical model validation.
8. This design solution also applied to the roof shape in accordance with its real double curvature and the 3D model (\(\sim\)5200 \(\times\) 1.600 mm) then analyzed by FEA respect to static and dynamic loads.
9. The roof definite structure manufactured by autoclave composite techniques, installed on the solar car and finally examined in real operative conditions.  
It is noteworthy that, actually, Table 4 reports only a subset of parameters suitable to describe in their generality the geometric properties of the represented shapes (i.e., rounded rectangles, ellipses, rectangular and triangles) especially as regards the grid configurations since the possibility to overlap beams in a large variety of combinations (angles, distance between elements' recurrences, etc.).  
Figure 2: Shape definition: four geometries were considered: (**a**) rounded rectangles and (**b**) ellipses holes, or (**c**) rectangular and (**d**) triangles in quadridirectional grids.
## 2 Study Areas and Data  
### Study Areas  
The study area of this research is primarily concentrated in the Pacific Island region, which is characterized by rich ecosystems and a strong correlation between economic development and the ecological environment. There are a large number of islands and atolls in this region, but there is a lack of stable and reliable remote sensing data in this region due to the scattered distribution of islands and the vulnerability to cloudy and rainy weather conditions [21; 22; 23]. In this study, four islands or atolls within the region were selected as research objects, as shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Distribution map of the four study areas, where the red solid line indicates the orbit of the ICESat-2 satellite.