esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Soil Moisture Retrieval from Multi-GNSS Reflectometry on FY-3E GNOS-II by Land Cover Classification
## 5 Conclusions  
The FY-3E GNOS-II is the first multi-GNSS reflectometry mission that can monitor global soil moisture variation with GPS, BeiDou and Galileo signals. Reflectivity observations from the three systems were carefully intercalibrated under coherent and incoherent scattering. The effect of vegetation attenuation was also corrected by 16 land cover classifications. An empirical model was constructed on each 36 km ease grid by matching GNOS-II-observed reflectivity to SMAP soil moisture using one-year data from July 2021 to June 2022. Retrieved soil moisture from GNOS-II was validated by SMAP soil moisture and independent in situ measurements. Results from the three systems have the similar good retrieval accuracy. This paper, for the first time, demonstrates the global soil moisture using multiple GNSS signals, enabling a better spatiotemporal coverage.  
Conceptualization, Y.S., W.B., Q.D., X.W. and Y.C.; methodology, C.Y., F.H., J.X. and X.Z.; software, C.Y., J.X. and F.H.; validation, C.Y., J.X. and F.H.; resources, G.Y., X.Z., J.W., P.Z., Y.S., X.H. and N.X.; data curation, C.Y., J.X. and F.H.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Y.; writing--review and editing, F.H. and J.X.; project administration, G.Y., X.Z., J.W., P.Z., Y.S., X.H. and N.X.; funding acquisition, J.W., P.Z. and X.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the Key Program of Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province under Grant U22A20586, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 42074042 and 42104032 and in part by the Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (JCTD-2021-10) and in part by the Feng Yun 3 (FY-3) Global Navigation Satellite System Occulation Sounder (GNOS and GNOS II) Development and Manufacture Project led by the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC/CAS).  
The SMAP Enhanced 9 km Soil Moisture product is available at: [[https://nsidc.org/data/smap/data](https://nsidc.org/data/smap/data)]([https://nsidc.org/data/smap/data](https://nsidc.org/data/smap/data)) (accessed on 3 November 2022). The International Soil Moisture Network in situ soil moisture product is available at: [[https://ismn.earth/en/data/](https://ismn.earth/en/data/)]([https://ismn.earth/en/data/](https://ismn.earth/en/data/)) (accessed on 23 November 2022). The OSI SAF Sea Ice Concentration product is available at: [[https://osi-safe.eumtest.int/products/osi-401-b](https://osi-safe.eumtest.int/products/osi-401-b)]([https://osi-safe.eumtest.int/products/osi-401-b](https://osi-safe.eumtest.int/products/osi-401-b)) (accessed on 11 November 2022).  
The authors would like to acknowledge NASA NSIDC, ISMN, and OSI SAF, for providing the SMAP Enhanced L3 Radiometer Global and Polar Grid Daily 9 km EASE-Grid Soil Moisture data, the in situ soil moisture data and sea ice concentration data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Related Work
In some proposed schemes, intermediate data forwarding nodes can aggregate the inward packets from different clusters together with its own packet. The correlation degree of data coming from different clusters is very low and makes data aggregation at intermediate relay nodes an impractical option [25]. Authors in [67] investigated the problem of constructing virtual backbones to increase the network life and proposed a distributed algorithm to find a backbone in the dual-radio network whenever a new backbone is needed. Similarly, a virtual backbone construction heuristic for maximizing the network lifetime in dual-radio based WSNs was proposed in [68]. In both the previously mentioned studies, sensor nodes are supposed to be equipped with two radio interfaces: short range and long range radios. We investigate the energy efficiency problem in WSNs from an entirely different perspective wherein the security against the previously mentioned attacks, the filtering strength of the available intermediate routes (for example: the number of verification keys on the path and the average distance of verification nodes from the data generating cluster) are considered while developing a heuristic based solution for path selection that provides the maximum security against the FVIA and FRIA attacks at the same time. In contrast, the solutions proposed in [67; 68] are scheduling strategies that consider the energy power of the nodes while constructing a backbone. One of the important pieces of information required in choosing the energy efficient path for data dissemination is the number of upstream nodes holding the corresponding data authentication keys and their distances from the data generating cluster. Authors of [69] studied and investigated the scheduling of virtual data aggregation trees to try to maximize the network life. An en-route filtering scheme requires that the data being verified by the intermediate verification nodes be generated by the nodes whose corresponding authentication keys are shared with the intermediate verification nodes. In en-route filtering schemes, only data that is temporally and spatially correlated can be aggregated making authenticity verification at the intermediate verification nodes easy and convenient [29]. Moreover, input information related to the verification keys at the intermediate verification nodes is important in determining a suitable path for information delivery, and those keys need to be distinct to avoid repeated authentications. A virtual data aggregation tree may include more nodes possessing the same verification key, which makes them verify the same report several times against a single authentication key.
# Experimental Study on Permeability Characteristics of
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Testing Method for Permeability Characteristics of the CBB
#### 2.3.3 Permeability Characteristic Test  
To study the influence of axial pressure, particle size range, and cement dosage on the permeability characteristics of the CBB samples, a controlled variable method was used to test the permeability characteristics of the CBB, as shown in Table 1. The gangue slurry ratio remained consistent with that in Section 2.1, and a total of 20 experiments were conducted. Under each test condition, the water pressure was controlled at 1, 2, 3, and 4 MPa for steady-state seepage tests. Considering the economic cost of cement, the maximum cement dosage in this study was determined to be 6% after pre-experimentation [1]. Among them, the cement dosage refers to the percentage of cement mass to the mass of gangue slurry.
###### Abstract  
Cellular mobile systems aim at aggressive spectrum reuse to achieve high spectral efficiency. Unfortunately, this leads to unacceptable interference near cell borders. To control this, network multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) can be adopted to improve coverage and cell-edge throughput through multi-cell cooperation. With network MIMO, multiple geographically separated base stations (BSs) cooperatively serve their cell-edge users (CEUs) using their antennas, acting together as a network of distributed antenna array. It can be single-user (SU) or multi-user (MU) network MIMO by coordinating channel allocation in adjacent cells. In this paper, we make a capacity comparison of SU- and MU-network MIMO. In network MIMO, a collaborative BS simultaneously serves its own cell-center users (CCUs) and CEUs, and the CEUs of other partner BSs under a power constraint. As a result, power management among three types of users (intra-cell CCUs/CEUs, inter-cell CEUs) becomes necessary. Accordingly, we propose power management methods to help raise the signal strength of inter-cell CEUs and in the meantime gravity the performance of intra-cell users. Simulation results show that MU-network MIMO with superposition coding errors much better CEU capacity than SU-network MIMO. As for the CCU capacity, MU-network MIMO is generally better than SU-network MIMO.  
single-user network MIMO; multi-user network MIMO; OFDMA; power management
# Sirtuin 1 and Hormonal Regulations in Aging
## 3 SIRT1, Hypothalamus, and Endocrine Regulations  
### SIRT1 and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis  
In people over the age of 80, thyroid hormone secretion undergoes significant changes, with increasing levels of thyrotropin (TSH) and decreasing triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis [9; 10]. Furthermore, the half-life of T3 in blood plasma is prolonged from seven days in younger adults to nine days in the elderly, reflecting age-related changes in thyroid function [10]. SIRT1 is highly abundant in human thyrotropes [11]. SIRT1 plays a significant role in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis by deacetylating phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma (PI4P5K1), an enzyme that promotes the release of TSH from thyrotropic cells in the pituitary gland in rat and mice [11]. This process is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in mammals [11].  
Studies using SIRT1 knockout (KO) mice have shown that the lack of SIRT1 results in decreased thyroxine (T4) secretion, leading to weight loss and increased appetite, highlighting the importance of SIRT1 in thyroid hormone regulation [12]. Interestingly, caloric restriction did not extend the lifespan of these SIRT1-deficient mice. Furthermore, HPT axis activity affects SIRT1 expression; for example, thyroxine suppresses SIRT1 expression in the liver of fasted mice, indicating a bidirectional relationship between thyroid hormones and SIRT1 activity (Figures 1A and 2B) [13].
## 8 Evaluation and Validation of HEAD Metamodel
### Evaluation and Validation  
Comparatively to the proposed metamodels in the literature, HEAD contributes to several essential advancements in the domain. HEAD metamodel allows the specification, formalization, generation, and verification of AC policies. In contrast to tackling each issue separately, the HEAD metamodel draws up a complete strategy. In our experience so far, AC research and practice focus on one phase and confuse issues that cut across multiple phases. However, (1) as for the specification, HEAD metamodel is flexible enough to allow identifying the E\({}_{\text{x}}\), I\({}_{\text{m}}\), and S\({}_{\text{t}}\) entities (with their attributes) based on the AC requirements of a system. Using the HEAD metamodel, system administrators and security experts are not restricted to defining some entities for some models. Instead, they can create any entity (and attribute) for any model whether it is an existing AC model or a non-existent model. (2) For formalization, after specifying the needed AC entities, the DSL language of HEAD metamodel allows formalizing the specified AC models (common AC models, hybrid models, and other models) with the ability to follow technology upgrades by allowing the definition of new entities and attributes. The power of the DSL language of the HEAD metamodel is simple and flexible to appropriately express any AC policy requirements, it overcomes the complication of existing language expressions, and also it is independent of specific AC models. (3) For the generation of AC policies, the nature of meta-components of HEAD metamodel which allows deriving any model, can also be adapted to represent the concrete instance of any AC model and generate the needed AC policies. In this paper, we use Eclipse Xtend notation to depict the concrete instances of the derived models. The AC rules are expressed and generated in a format of Cypher queries. Another generator
## 4 Performance Evaluation and Result Analysis
### Key Observations in Trade-Offs  
Energy efficiency vs. BLER--GRAND and its variants have better error correction for high-rate short-block-length codes but are less energy efficient.  
Energy efficiency vs. coding gain--Automorphism ensemble decoders have higher energy efficieny but coding gain is less compared to GRAND decoders.  
Throughput vs. latency--Successive cancellation decoders have higher throughput but lower latency compared to other decoders.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
Greece, and especially the western part, where Lefkada Island is located (Figure 1), has been characterized as the region displaying the highest seismicity within Europe [22; 23; 24]. Earthquakes occurring in this specific region are associated with the subduction of the African plate and the continental collision of the Apulian platform [25; 26; 27]. The dextral strike-slip Cephalonia Transform fault constitutes the prevalent tectonic structure in this region [28; 29; 30]. Moreover, seismicity in conjunction with the geological setting of western Lefkada are the main triggering factors for the occurrence of landslides [31]. In more detail, the bedrock of the west overhanging cliff of Lefkada consists of Mesozoic carbonate rocks with intercalation of Tithonian-Berriasian black schist layers, along with Pleistocene red-brown clays and conglomerates [32; 33]. The Pleistocene period resulted in the formation of a series of fault-controlled basins located in the inland part of the west coast, while Holocene scree and debris cones are detected along the western coast of the island and on the cliffs located north of Vassiliki valley [32; 33]. These screes are primarily composed of angular cobbles and rare boulders attaining a thickness of 1-10 m (Figure 2), which are rested on the hillslopes that render the area vulnerable to mass movements [34]. Structural mapping along the west coast indicates its deformation through a dense array of, more or less, NS-trending strike-slip faults.  
Figure 1: Location of the study area within Greece and the respective Pleiades orthophoto.  
Figure 2: Outcrop of screes in the study area showing that angular mixtures of sediments are prevalent, despite the fact that there are also wide grain size distributions primarily concentrated in the sizes of the cobbles and sands. Boulders in this assemblage are rare. The width of the photo is 4 m.  
A 6.2 Mw earthquake occurred on 14 August 2003 offshore in the northern part of Lefkada [35; 36]. A few years later, on 17 November 2015, another strong earthquake (Mw 6.4) struck the western inland part of the island. Since then, a large body of studies has been carried out concerning the analysis of the co-seismic deformation, the slip distribution, the source parameters, and the slip model [37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42]. In addition to the seismotectonic perspective, other researchers have examined the macro-seismic effects of these events via the recording of different types of mass movements as well as the identification and assessment of ground failures [43; 44; 45]. Two characteristic images acquired from the UAV on November 2020 depicting the mass movements and rockslides on the coastal area of Egremni are presented in Figure 3[19; 20]. Extending from this, respective studies focused on using statistical analysis models, simulations, or fuzzy logic to create susceptibility maps in order to obtain useful information about the spatial distribution of potential earthquake-induced mass movements [46; 47; 48].
# Experimental Study on Engineering Properties of Cemented Soil with High Water Content
## 4 Analysis and Discussion  
### The Effect of Confining Pressure on Maximum Deviatoric Stress  
The correlation between the maximum deviatoric stress and confining pressure for cemented soil with a cement content of 18% is shown in Figure 11. As shown in the figure, the maximum deviatoric stress presented a nonlinear growth correlation as the confining pressure increased.  
The structure of the cemented soil was very dense and it was difficult for the penetration of water due to the hydrolysis and hydration reaction between the water, soil, and cement. The cemented soil was probably not fully saturated in the experiments and actual engineering project [23,24]. Therefore, the effective stress on the cemented soil increased with confining pressure, and the consolidation process made the maximum deviatoric stress of cemented soil increase when the confining pressure increased from 0 to 400 kPa. This phenomenon was very common in unconsolidated-undrained tri  
Figure 11: Correlation between the maximum deviatoric stress and confining pressure (cement content: 18%).  
Figure 10: Photographs of cemented soil specimens after test. (**a**) Tension failure; (**b**) Tensile shear failure; (**c**) Conjugate shear failure; (**d**) Single shear failure.  
soil [25]. The air in the void spaces were highly compressed when higher confining pressure was applied and the solubility of void air in the void water was increased. Therefore, the increase in the maximum deviatoric stress of the cemented soil was small due to the increase in the sample saturation when the confining pressure was between 400 and 1600 kPa. This is consistent with the phenomenon for unsaturated soft clay [26; 27].
## 3 Proposed Scheme
### Power Control Scheme  
Power control methods include open-loop power control and closed-loop power control. Open-loop power control can provide a coarse estimate of the transmission power and does not require the receiver to provide feedback, which is simple to realize and convenient for engineering applications. Closed-loop power control needs feedback information from the receiver with higher complexity and better performance compared with open-loop power control. The process of these power control methods is shown in Figures 4 and 5.
# IoT IP Overlay Network Security Performance Analysis with Open Source Infrastructure Deployment
## 3 Components of Overlay Architecture
### Linux Daemons  
On Linux systems, setting up a VPN using IPsec involves implementing the IKE, AH, and ESP protocols through software, utilizing appropriate kernel modules. The IKE protocol is used to authenticate VPN peers (using methods like pre-shared keys, public key typing, or freeradius), dynamically generate keys, and share them between peers. These keys are also used in the second phase of IPsec from IKE. LibreSwan implements the IKEprotocol through its bar program. The ESP protocol, which defines the actual policy agreed upon by peers, is implemented within the Linux kernel's IPsec stack (NETEY/XFRMi).
# MQC-MB: Multiphoton Quantum Communication Using Multiple-Beam Concept in Free Space Optical Channel
## 4 The Implementation of MQC-MB
### Initial Phase
#### 4.1.2 Step 2: Creation of Multiphoton  
For each bit encoded, multiple photons were transmitted [39], denoting one bit of information, let us say three photons for each bit. In multiphoton, as long as all the photons are in the same phase, the transformation and their complex conjugate transformation will have the same effects on them. The advantage of multiphoton is the original photon can be easily recovered when an error occurs in one of the three photons.
# Design and Calibration of a Tri-Directional Contact Force Measurement System  
[PERSON]  
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.F.), [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Z.)  
[PERSON]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and [PERSON]  
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.F.), [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.Z.)  
[PERSON]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and **Abstract** In low pressure turbine stages, adjacent blades are coupled to each other at their tip by covers, called shrouds. Three-dimensional periodic contact forces at shrouds strongly affect the blade vibration level as energy is dissipated by friction. To validate contact models developed for the prediction of nonlinear forced response of shrouded blades, direct contact force measurement during dynamic tests is mandatory. In case of shrouded blades, the existing unidirectional and bi-directional contact force measurement methods need to be improved and extended to a tri-directional measurement of shroud contact forces for a comprehensive and more reliable validation of the shroud contact models. This demands an accurate and robust measurement solution that is compatible with the nature and orientation of the contact forces at blade shrouds. This study presents a cost effective and adaptable tri-directional force measurement system to measure static and dynamic contact forces simultaneously in three directions at blade shrouds during forced response tests. The system is based on three orthogonal force transducers connected to a reference block that will eventually be put in contact with the blade shroud in the test rig. A calibration process is outlined to define a decoupling matrix and its subsequent validation is demonstrated in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the measurement system to measure the actual contact forces acting on the contact.  
turbine blade vibrations; blade shrouds; friction damping; contact force measurement; force sensors
# A Comparison of Deep Learning Methods for ICD Coding of Clinical Records
## 4 Methods
### Advanced Models
#### 4.2.2 Mvc-(R)lda  
**MVC-LDA** and **MVC-RLDA** can be seen as extensions of DR-CAML. Similar to that model, they are based on a CNN architecture with a label attention mechanism that considers ICD coding as a multi-task binary classification problem. The added functionality lies in the use of parallel CNNs with different kernel sizes to capture information of different granularity. MVC-LDA, the top module in Figure 6, is a multi-view CNN model stacked on an embedding layer. MVC-RLDA reintroduces the per-label attention mechanism introduced in the previous subsection.  
In general, the multi-view CNNs are constructed with four CNNs that have the same number of filters but with different kernel sizes. This convolutional layer is followed by a max-pooling function  
Figure 5: DR-CAML (after [23]).  
across all channels to select the most relevant span of text for each filter. A separate attention layer for each label comes next, helping the model to attend to relevant parts of a document for each label. A linear layer with weight vector \(V_{j}\) is implemented for the \(j^{th}\) label and \(CV_{j}\) is the attention for the input \(C\) and label \(j\). This attention vector \(CV_{j}\) is the output of a dense layer with softmax activation function leading to a relative weighting of the input elements \(C\).  
Then, the pooled outputs of the attention layer are computed as  
\[P_{j}=C^{T}(CV_{j}). \tag{14}\]  
At the end, a dense layer is used for each label. The length of an input document is also encoded into the output layers with embedding function  
\[T_{j}(I)=Sigmoid(K_{j}l+d_{j}), \tag{15}\]  
to decrease the problem of under-coding to some extent. This is done as in [24], which showed a statistically significant Pearson's correlation between the input length and the number of ground truth codes. Therefore, the model can derive an underlying bias that, on average, shorter input documents represent a lower amount of categories.  
Parameters \(a\), \(K_{j}\), and \(d_{j}\) in the length embedding function respectively represent the input length, and the layer's weight and bias, respectively, for a given label \(j\). The prediction \(y_{j}\) for class \(j\) is then computed as  
\[y_{j}=Sigmoid(U_{j}^{T}P_{j}+b_{j}+T_{j}(a)). \tag{16}\]  
Similar to DR-CAML, this model tries to minimize the binary loss function. Adding the label description embedding to MVC-LDA, the lower part of Figure 4 leads to MVC-RLDA whose loss function includes an extra weighted term as a regularizer. It guides the attention weights to avoid  
Figure 6: MVC-(R)LDA (after the work in [24]).  
overfitting. In addition, this regularization forces the attention for classes with similar descriptions to be closer to each other. The loss function is again explained in more detail in Section 4.2.3.