## 2 Carbon Nanostructures as Templates for Titania Nanomorphologies

Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Carbon** & **Titania** & **Precursor** & **Titania Phase** & **Preparation Method** & **Titania Morphology** & **Application** & **Ref.** \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Sol-gel & rGO@TiO\({}_{2}\)[2, 10] & Photoelectrocatalysis & [163] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase/Ratile & Sol-gel & rGO@TiO\({}_{2}\)[2, 10] & Photocatalysis & [164] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Rutile/Brookite & Sol-gel & Nanocrystals & Photocatalysis & [165] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Hydrothermal & rGO@TiO\({}_{2}\)[2, 10] & Photocatalysis & [166] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Hydrothermal & rGO@TiO\({}_{2}\)[2, 10] & Photocatalysis & [167] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Hydrothermal & Spherical & Photocatalysis & [168] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Solvothermal & Nanocrystals & Lubrication & [169] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Amorphous & Solvothermal & Nanorods & Microwave absorber & [170] \\ \hline rGO [10] & Ti(OBu)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Electrospinning & rGO@TiO\({}_{2}\)[2, 10] & Photocatalysis & [171] \\ \hline rGO [10] & TiCl\({}_{4}\) & Anatase & Hydrothermal & Irregular & Photocatalysis & [172] \\ \hline rGO [10] & TiCl\({}_{3}\) & Anatase & Microwave & Spherical & Battery anode & [173] \\ \hline Nano-graphite & Ti(DiPr)\({}_{4}\) & Anatase/Ratile & ALD [1] & graphite@TiO\({}_{2}\)[2] & Photocatalysis & [174] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* ALD = atomic layer deposition. 2 @ denotes core@shell structure. 3 SWCNTs = single-walled carbon nanotubes. 4 C\({}_{\text{G}0}\) is a fullerene with 60 carbon atoms. 5 MWCNTs = multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 6 PTO = potassium titanium oxide oxalate. 7 TDMAT = tetrakis (dimethylamino-lamino)titanium. 8 GO = graphene oxide. 9 CVD = chemical vapor deposition. 10 rGO = reduced graphene oxide. Ti(DiPr)\({}_{4}\) = titanium (IV) isopropoxide. ti(Obj)\({}_{4}\) = titanium (IV) butoxide. TiOSO\({}_{4}\) = titanium (IV) oxysulfate. (NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)Ti\({}_{6}\) = ammonium hexafluorotitanate. Ti(OE)\({}_{4}\) = Titanium (IV) ethoxide.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the physicochemical properties of carbon nanostructures decorated with titania over the last five years. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Carbon** & **Nanocarbon** & **Distinctive** & **Specific** & **TiO\({}_{2}\)** & \\
**Nanostructure** & **Surface** & **Raman** & **Surface Area** & **Crystallite Size (nm)** & **Ref.** \\
**(CN)** & **Functionalization** & **Peaks (cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **(m\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\))** & **Size (nm)** & **[**94**]** \\ \hline Fullerenol & OH & 1465 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & [94] \\ \hline Nano-onions & Oxidation & \(n.\)a. & 263 & \(n.\)a. & [95] \\ \hline Nano-onions & \(n.\)a. & 143, 195, 396, 518, 639 (A) [1] & \(n.\)a. & \textless{}10 & [96] \\ \hline Nano-onions & \(n.\)a. & 146, 370, 490, 610 (A) [1] & 101–148 & 9–10 & [97] \\ \hline Nanocones & Oxidation & Anatase, D and G bands (CN) & 126 & 11 & [98] \\ \hline Nanohorns & Oxidation & D and G bands (CN) & 148 & \(n.\)a. & [99] \\ \hline Nanohorns & \(n.\)a. & 138, 386, 506, 629 (A) [1] & \(n.\)a. & 9 & [100] \\ \hline Nanohorns & Oxidation, magnetization & Anatase, D and G bands (CN) & 38 & \(n.\)a. & [101] \\ \hline Nanodiamonds & Oxidation & 148, 398, 516, 636 (A) [1] & 77 & \textless{}5 & [102] \\ \hline Nanodiamonds & Oxidation & 152, 397, 516, 644 (A) [1] & 232–252 & 4 & [103] \\ \hline Nanodiamonds & \(\text{Pristine}/COOH/NH_{2}/CH\) & \(n.\)a. & 60–102 & 9–10 & [104] \\ \hline Nanodiamonds & Oxidation & \(n.\)a. & 153 & 4 & [105] \\ \hline SWCNTs 2 & SDBS 3 (non-covalent) & Anatase, rutile & & & \\  & & & RBM, D, G bands (CN) & 293 & 9 & [106] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\end{table}