# Applications of Machine Learning and Computer Vision in Industry 4.0
## 1 Introduction  
Among the most important economic activities of humankind is industry. In general terms, it is defined by activities in the course of which raw materials, inputs and products are transformed into new value-added products. The new products are destined for final consumption or are used in further production processes. In this way, the continuous development of both human society and industrial production is ensured. Modern recognition methods and intelligent diagnostics are closely linked to the current fourth industrial revolution [1].  
Industrial development is closely linked to technological development and vice versa. The mass introduction of machine production by factories resulted in the emergence of a powerful impetus for social development as well--the Industrial Revolution. Such impulses brought about fundamental industrial and social changes, which can be referred to by the adjectives first, second and third industrial revolution [1, 2].  
In the late 18 th century, the transition from manual to machine production was set in motion, giving rise to the changes known as the First Industrial Revolution. An important catalyst for these changes was the invention of the steam engine, which was patented by [PERSON]. There was a reduction in production and travel costs, increasing the speed of production and transportation, resulting in the development of cities and the migration of the population in search of work [3].  
The period of the turn of the 19 th and 20 th centuries can be considered the beginning of the second industrial revolution. Electricity and the electric motor became important means of energy, the chemical and petrochemical industries developed, and motoring and the manufacture of automobiles and aeroplanes took off. Automobile production comes up with a revolutionary production method--belt-based production lines. These principles of mass production have been transferred to other manufacturing industries, resulting in increased labor productivity and a concomitant reduction in production costs. However, mass production also carried with it negatives. Products were produced in huge quantities, their variability was low, and any change in product mix or production meant high costs. Large corporate firms with thousands of employees emerged. The disparity between developed and underdeveloped countries is increasing [1, 2].  
The beginning of the third industrial revolution came in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Progressive changes and advances in communication technology are the main technical drivers. Automation, computer control, electronic and information technologies are introduced in manufacturing. Traditional heavy industries are no longer the backbone of the economy and a transformation is taking place. There is an increase in investment in banking, finance, insurance, trade, telecommunications and tourism. Information technology, science, research and innovation are playing an important role in the manufacturing sector. Product life cycles are decreasing and product variability is increasing. The process of digitizing industry is beginning [4].