## 3 Results
### Angular Velocity Parameters  
The peak backswing angular velocities of the HL, SL, and UL were characterized by significant correlations (small to large, mostly moderate) to both ACHS and NCHS across all club conditions (Table 4). Faster backward rotations were associated with higher clubhead speed. All peak downswing angular velocities of the axle-chain system were significantly correlated to ACHS and NCHS across all club conditions. Faster downward rotations were associated with higher clubhead speed. At impact, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Club**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Driver**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**5-Iron**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pitching Wedge**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \(\mathbf{M\pm SD}\) & **ACHS** & **NCHS** & \(\mathbf{M\pm SD}\) & **ACHS** & **NCHS** & \(\mathbf{M\pm SD}\) & **ACHS** & **NCHS** \\ \hline \multicolumn{9}{c}{_Backswing peak_} \\ \hline Hip line & \(-657\pm 98\)* & 0.065 & 0.084 & \(-646\pm 94\) & 0.093 & 0.132 & \(-644\pm 93\) & 0.184 & 0.232 \\ \hline Shoulder line & \(-675\pm 75\) & 0.366 * & 0.249 * & \(-665\pm 75\) & 0.299 * & 0.272 * & \(-668\pm 77\) & 0.350 * & 0.337 * \\ \hline Upper lever & \(-572\pm 64\)* & 0.281 * & 0.214 & \(-565\pm 61\)* & 0.273 * & 0.168 & \(-565\pm 57\)[1] & 0.155 & 0.099 \\ \hline Club & \(-536\pm 71\) & 0.243 * & 0.100 & \(-553\pm 72\) & 0.194 & 0.089 & \(-569\pm 74\) & 0.152 & 0.112 \\ \hline Wrist (ocking) & \(-539\pm 93\) & 0.217 & 0.063 & \(-570\pm 105\) & 0.169 & 0.068 & \(-584\pm 100\) & 0.140 & 0.071 \\ \hline Time difference & SL/HL \(\rightarrow\) UL \(\rightarrow\) club & \multicolumn{2}{c}{SL/HL \(\rightarrow\) UL/club} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{SL/HL \(\rightarrow\) club/UL} \\ \hline \multicolumn{9}{c}{_Transition_} \\ \hline Hip line & \(-327\pm 24\)* & 0.215 & 0.294 * & \(-321\pm 25\)* & 0.211 & 0.318 * & \(-323\pm 29\)* & 0.315 * & 0.418 * \\ \hline Shoulder line & \(-286\pm 20\)* & 0.117 & 0.129 & \(-288\pm 25\)* & 0.121 & 0.086 & \(-294\pm 29\)* & 0.280 * & 0.326 * \\ \hline Upper lever & \(-266\pm 19\) & 0.442 * & 0.419 * & \(-265\pm 15\)[1] & 0.386 * & 0.382 * & \(-273\pm 19\)[1] & 0.479 * & 0.514 * \\ \hline Club & \(-258\pm 25\) & 0.499 * & 0.420 * & \(-262\pm 23\) & 0.429 * & 0.464 * & \(-270\pm 24\)[1] & 0.416 * & 0.447 * \\ \hline Wrist (uncocking) & \(-164\pm 63\)* & 0.182 & 0.206 & \(-160\pm 65\)* & 0.217 & 0.227 * & \(-172\pm 71\)* & 0.288 * & 0.330 * \\ \hline Time difference & HL \(\rightarrow\) SL \(\rightarrow\) UL \(\rightarrow\) club & \multicolumn{2}{c}{HL \(\rightarrow\) SL \(\rightarrow\) UL \(\rightarrow\) club} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{HL \(\rightarrow\) SL \(\rightarrow\) UL/club} \\ \hline \multicolumn{9}{c}{_Downswing peak_} \\ \hline Hip line & \(-87\pm 18\) & \(-0.014\) & \(-0.104\) & \(-76\pm 23\)* & \(-0.037\) & \(-0.146\) & \(-66\pm 27\)* & \(-0.202\) & \(-0.306\)* \\ \hline Shoulder line & \(-84\pm 25\)* & 0.184 & 0.082 & \(-83\pm 20\)* & 0.143 & 0.067 & \(-75\pm 28\)* & \(-0.006\) & \(-0.046\) \\ \hline Upper lever & \(-73\pm 6\) & 0.083 & 0.046 & \(-70\pm 6\) & 0.140 & 0.060 & \(-68\pm 6\) & 0.177 & 0.069 \\ \hline Time difference & HL/SL \(\rightarrow\) UL \(\rightarrow\) club & \multicolumn{2}{c}{SL \(\rightarrow\) UL \(\rightarrow\) club} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{SL/UL/HL \(\rightarrow\) club} \\ \hline Abbreviations: ACHS—actual clubhead speed, NCHS—normalized clubhead speed, and BI—ball impact. * Nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlation coefficient [ ] Number of outliers removed; * Statistically significant (\(p<0.05\)). & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Correlation coefficients of the kinematic-sequence time parameters (in ms; relative to BI) to clubhead speed (\(n=66\)). the angular velocities of the SL and UL were significantly correlated (small to moderate) to both ACHS and NCHS with one exception (UL/driver vs. NCHS). Faster rotations at impact were associated with higher clubhead speed.