# Advances in the Study of Bioactive Compounds and
## 3 Bioactive Compounds in Goji Berry and Advancements in Their Cultivations
These compounds are known for their antioxidant properties and potential benefits for eye health. Zeaxanthin is the predominant carotenoid in goji berries, accounting for up to 60-80% of the total carotenoid content [65]. Zeaxanthin in goji berries is primarily present in the form of zeaxanthin dipalmitate, an esterified form that may enhance its stability and bioavailability. Concentrations of zeaxanthin in dried goji berries have been reported to range from 0.5 to 1.2 mg/g dry weight. \(\beta\)-Carotene is another significant carotenoid found in goji berries, typically present at concentrations of 0.1-0.5 mg/g dry weight [66]. Other carotenoids identified in goji berries include \(\beta\)-cryptoxanthin, neoxanthin, and lycophyll. The high content of zeaxanthin in goji berries has attracted particular interest due to its potential role in eye health. Zeaxanthin, along with lutein, accumulates in the macula of the eye, where it is thought to protect against oxidative damage and filter harmful blue light. This has led to investigations into the potential of goji berry consumption for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration [67]. **Advancements in goji berry cultivation. ** The cultivation of goji berries has experienced significant developments in recent years, particularly in Northwest China, where it has been traditionally grown for over 2300 years [68]. As of 2022, the cultivation area in Ningxia alone reached approximately 380,000 mu (62,600 acres), with an impressive annual fresh fruit output of 300,000 tons. The rapid expansion of cultivation areas reflects the growing demand for goji berries in both health food and research applications. Ningxia has emerged as a core production region, distinguished by its comprehensive foundation, integrated production factors, robust scientific and technological support, and prominent brand advantage in goji berry cultivation [69]. The region's success in goji berry cultivation can be attributed to several advanced agricultural practices and environmental conditions. Modern cultivation techniques have been developed to optimize various growth parameters. Research by [PERSON] et al. [70] investigated the effects of cultivation techniques and varieties on goji berry quality, particularly focusing on leaf production. Among the 11 recommended varieties, the \"Mingan\" cultivar demonstrated superior characteristics, including the highest yield potential and rapid regeneration after cutting. Their study established that the proper timing of cuttings and appropriate cutting length (60-70 cm) are crucial factors for effective plant regeneration. Advanced cultivation practices also incorporate sophisticated pruning strategies to enhance aeration, light penetration, and nutrient optimization [71]. Annual pruning during spring and winter has become standard practice to maintain optimal reproductive growth and energy distribution within the plants. However, this generates approximately 200,000 tons of branch waste annually in Ningxia alone, leading to the development of sustainable waste management practices in cultivation systems. The industry has also made progress in soil management and environmental adaptation. Goji berry's high salt tolerance and biological drainage abilities make it particularly suitable for windbreaking and saline soil conservation [72]. This characteristic has enabled the expansion of cultivation into previously underutilized agricultural lands. Recent advancements have also focused on standardizing production technologies. The establishment of industrial standards such as GH/T 1237-2019 [73] and T/NXFSA 002S-2020 [74] has helped regulate cultivation practices and ensure consistent product quality. These standards have been particularly important in the production of goji berry pulp, which has seen rapid market growth, with annual sales reaching 1 billion RMB [75]. Additionally, cultivation research has expanded to include various parts of the plant beyond fruit production.