## 8 Future Prospects  
Over the past decade, the world has experienced an acceleration in global industrialization and technological development, which has resulted in an increase in water pollution due to the discharge of untreated effluents into waters around the world. The presence of excessive and highly toxic levels of pollutants in the environment has switched the focusfrom innovation to sustainability. As previously discussed, nanoparticle adsorbents are extremely efficient in terms of synthesis, operation, adsorption capacity, stable performance, and economic feasibility, and they can be surface engineered to be tailor-made for specific persistent pollutants. Aside from the advantages to society, environmental engineers and scientists should hypothesize on and depict potential dangers of engineered nanomaterials associated to their large-scale implementation. Exposure to nanoparticles does not yet represent a significant danger to human health; nonetheless, the potential for inadvertent ecological issues may develop with the widespread societal usage of diverse forms of these nanomaterials. On the other hand, a number of studies on non-traditional low-cost adsorbents for pharmaceutical removal increased exponentially over the years, whereas there is still a lack of understanding about their practical application. In addition to additional research on fixed-bed adsorption, adsorbent regeneration, and cost assessment, publications that reflect real-world systems are required, because the majority of current studies use synthetic or nano-component solutions at concentrations higher than that typically detected in the environment. As a result, several points must still be investigated for industrial application. Future research should focus on multicomponent adsorption, real-world wastewater treatment, continuous adsorption, and adsorption regeneration. Therefore nanomaterials, especially electrospun nanofiber-based adsorbents are recommended for future works. ENFM have demonstrated several advantages in the adsorption removal of heavy metals from water and the same can be performed for pharmaceuticals. By combining and electrospinning different functional polymers, altering surface functional groups, or inserting inorganic components, various ENFMs with high adsorption capability may be produced. Furthermore, ENFMs are easily removed from water and do not cause secondary contamination. Currently, laboratory preparation of ENFMs is time-consuming. Although numerous businesses have begun mass production of ENFM products in recent years, most of them concentrate on the electrospinning of conventional or single polymers with good spin ability, and very few studies reported on the mass production of composite nanofibrous membranes for the removal of pharmaceuticals such as NSAIDs and ARVs. Furthermore, while developing ENFM-based adsorbents for real-world applications is a genuine issue, the regeneration of ENFMs is seldom investigated in the published literature. As a result, further research should be conducted to solve these issues, particularly by employing actual wastewater under industrial operating settings. More research on the dynamic and selective adsorption of various pharmaceuticals on ENFMs is also required. Most current research has concentrated on the static and single-component adsorption of heavy metals by ENFMs and only a handful have been reported on NSAIDs and ARVs. Dynamic adsorption research on the co-existence of multiple pharmaceuticals should be of importance in order to deal with the complicated water environment in practical applications. The column adsorption experiment is particularly useful and vital for practical application. There have been few reports on how to fabricate ENFMs for adsorption columns or how to lower the resistance of liquid flow within the columns.