esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Online Privacy Fatigue: A Scoping Review and Research Agenda
## 4 Discussion
### Future Research
**Recommendation 11:**_More privacy fatigue research should be conducted on the influence of knowledge and information._ Specifically, such research should focus on the extent to which _information overload_ influences a user's level of powerlessness (or possibly learned helplessness) within the context of online privacy fatigue. Research on this is absent from the literature, and those that do study related aspects within a privacy context (such as learned helplessness) have done so by focusing on privacy concerns and perceived stress [74] instead of fatigue. **Recommendation 12:**_In addition to the above, more research is required on the relationship between online privacy fatigue and differential privacy as a form of privacy-preserving technology._ This is especially important within the context of information misuse given that such technologies enable user data to be analyzed while preserving the privacy thereof [75; 76]. Users may still feel fatigued (and daunted) by these technologies, despite the sheer number of options and settings accessible to them when using privacy-preserving technologies [77]. For instance, Apple's differential privacy feature enables customers to choose whether or not to share specific data with the company, but this option is tucked away in the settings menu and may not be readily visible to users. In addition, some users might not completely comprehend the ramifications of choosing to utilize or forego particular privacy-preserving technologies, which could make them frustrated or uninterested in controlling their privacy settings [78]. Thus, while privacy-preserving methods are crucial for safeguarding user information, it is also necessary to take into account how these methods may increase online privacy fatigue. To avoid privacy fatigue, developers and businesses should work to build clear, understandable privacy settings and policies that are simple for consumers to maintain. **Recommendation 13:**_We also advise future researchers to further explore online privacy fatigue as a coping mechanism, particularly when apps and systems are used in an ephemeral way._ We argue that privacy fatigue, as a means of coping with complex and overwhelming privacy technologies, may be related to ephemerality [79]. For example, employing platforms that offer temporary or self-deleting content (i.e., ephemeral content) may provide comfort to people who feel overwhelmed by the constant need to control their online privacy using complex settings and technologies. This might lessen the necessity for continuing privacy management. Having said this, we caution researchers to be cognizant that ephemera based features may also cause privacy fatigue if people feel as if they are losing control over their personal information or find it difficult to keep track of what data are shared or removed. Therefore, the nature and scope of the relationship between these two concepts would require more investigation.
## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the market for autonomous mobile robots has experienced significant growth, driven by the necessity of having systems that can navigate in dynamic environments. Now, they are commonplace, from vacuums to industrial robots. All of these machines have a core need to position themselves in the environment so that they can navigate and be useful, for which they need reliable algorithms that can perform with high precision at all times. To achieve this end, mobile robots deploy an array of different technologies, the most widely used being odometry. This can be calculated using a variety of sensors, with some of the most popular in this field being global positioning systems (GPSs), inertial measurement units (IMUs), and LiDARs. However, a GPS relies on external signals that can limit its performance in certain conditions, such as underground environments. Additionally, IMUs and LiDARs may not always provide a reliable and cost-effective solution for a wide range of applications.  
An alternative and classical approach to robot navigation consists of the use of onboard cameras for landmark and SLAM techniques. This method, known as visual odometry, estimates the movement of the robot by analyzing the sequence of captured images. This approach, despite being common, has several disadvantages, mainly its high cost, the significant computational resources it requires, and its elevated sensitivity to external conditions and dynamic environments. The objective of this work was to propose a new approach to relative robot positioning that combines the cost savings and simplicity of traditional odometry while, at the same time, addressing the core issues with traditional vision approaches. For this purpose, the proposed system uses a single downward-facing, monocular camera, which provides several benefits: Firstly, it allows for better control over the conditions under which images are captured, enabling the algorithm to perform consistently across a wider range of environmental conditions. Secondly, photos taken directly of the ground are less susceptible to the changes in the environment that outward-facing cameras might encounter (e.g., people passing by), which is a significant benefit in dynamic and unpredictable environments. The feasibility of this configuration has been proven through several studies [1].
# Exploring the Health Information Management System of Kuwait: Lessons and Opportunities
## 1 Introduction
The study found that health data or information was unavailable for decision-making by public health managers, policymakers, and researchers. Although the government of India has regulations and policies in place to ensure proper data capture, analysis, and dissemination in a reliable and timely manner to enable effective decision-making, the study found discrepancies in data availability. The existing staff in most of the public health sector are burned out as they lack training in data collection and reporting. The study concluded that such challenges impeded the shift to EHRs [20]. A similar study conducted in Jordan assessed the structure and functions of the existing medical records system in 11 Ministry of Health hospitals, and found that there is a need to improve the work environment of the medical records department; address the shortage of qualified personnel; and offer training programs for medical records personnel, residents, interns, doctors, and head nurses. Additionally, a manual containing medical records policies and procedures should be prepared and disseminated, and medical records forms should be reviewed and updated. A national patient numbering system, terminal-digit filing system, record tracing system, and management system for active and inactive records must also be established. Additionally, several more medical records processes were delineated by the paper and recommended to be enhanced [21]. These findings are consistent with a study conducted in Egypt that was designed as a situation analysis of the quality of documentation of medical records in some Egyptian healthcare facilities. This study found that fundamental basic forms, such as general consent and discharge summaries, were missing in more than half of the reviewed records. Additional findings highlighted weaknesses like incorrect data, duplication of patient records, and illegible entries. The researchers concluded that such unreliable and poor quality of data should not be used in healthcare settings for decision-making. These results were in accordance with several common problems in documentation systems around the globe, where a lack of timely and quality data can lead to poor choices in clinical practice, medication errors, inappropriate repeating of tests, unnecessary referrals, and wastage of time and other resources [22]. With a focus on contributing significantly to the literature, our study aimed to investigate, explore, and assess the existing status of the medical records system in Kuwait's six general, 17 tertiary, eight private hospitals, and one oil sector hospital. The objectives of the present study were to:  
1. Evaluate the existing condition of medical records in Kuwait's healthcare centers;
2. Establish whether medical records policies, procedures, and filing systems have been appropriately implemented and followed;
3. Assess the disparity of the medical record system among the hospitals being studied;
4. Assess the level of top management support for the management of medical records.
# Artificial Neural Networks for Navigation Systems: A Review of Recent Research
## 4 Navigation Integration Enhanced by the ANN
### More Recent Development of NNs for Navigation System Designs
#### 4.3.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) NN
An RVBAKF/LSTM hybrid technique [90; 92] was proposed to address the issue that when performing the work of an underwater vehicle, the underwater integrated navigation system is easily interrupted and the output is inaccessible. It is crucial to increase the fault tolerance of the integrated navigation system because given the value obtained, the DVL is subject to outliers or even discontinuation in the autonomous underwater vehicle's (AUV) actual underwater learning environment. First, when the DVL output is standard, it chooses the SINS output linked to AUV velocities, such as velocity, attitude, angular velocity, and specific force, as the training input. The integrated navigation system receives pseudo-measurement results from the LSTM model if DVL output is disrupted. The technique can significantly increase the efficiency of the INS when the DVL output is stopped [92; 102].
# Image Watermarking between Conventional and Learning-Based Techniques: A Literature Review
## 2 Image Watermarking Background
### Detection Phase  
The image watermarking system aims to permanently embed data in the original image and then attempt to accurately identify or extract it. The watermarked image \(I_{w}\) can be subjected to different attacks, resulting in a distorted watermarked image \(I_{w}^{*}\). Watermark detection/extraction from the distorted watermarked image \(I_{w}^{*}\) must be conducted during the detection phase. According to different image watermarking schemes, there are two modes of watermark detection/extraction. The first mode requires the original image and the second does not [32]. The choice of the mode will depend on the application envisaged and the protocols employed.
# Video-Based Parking Occupancy Detection for Smart Control System
## 1 Introduction
Our approach displayed strong indications that it could be effectively generalized to other parking lots. In this paper, a method for efficient street-side parking occupancy detection on embedded devices is proposed, which is easily deployed on any street using existing roadside equipment and real-time processing on a Jetson TX2 [33; 34; 35]. The method uses existing surveillance cameras and embedded devices to produce an efficient, high-speed, and lightweight detection model. To find free parking spaces, the model supports one-shot object detection to find vehicles, and uses image processing to identify parking grid occupation from a sequence image. At night, streetlights assist in detecting  
Figure 1: The real-world presented large variations in appearance, occlusions, and displayed different camera angle: (**a**) Horizontal view, (**b**) Side view, and (**c**) Vertical view. Figure 2: Actual parking spaces in label patches. In the real-world four categories may be encountered: (**a**) Occupied, (**b**) Vacancy, (**c**) Occlusion, and (**d**) dark or nighttime. the object, provide on-demand adaptive lighting, and make streetlights adjust their brightness based on the presence of pedestrians, cyclists, or cars. Furthermore, the proposed system detects vehicle occupancy with deep learning that uses various operations to check each parking space. This method, however, may represent a burden to the hardware. Therefore, our novel approach was proposed for existing streetlight cameras that use technology with deep learning and match with local computers to calculate occupancy results for parking spaces on entire roadsides. This system compares with actual sensor system approaches. The sensor may accurately sense every parking space in real-time, but each parking grid requires at least one sensor device. This would increase the difficulty of construction and maintenance and even cause expensive costs. Our method uses existing streetlights with embedded systems to build a visual-based model. The model intelligently detects all objects at once, instead of each parking space individually, and adapts to a wide range of light conditions and angles of view. Due to the fact that visual-based methods are easily affected by the environment, this paper proposes an algorithm to detect parking occupancy from a wide range of perspectives and employs existing streetlights. The rest of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 explains the method in detail and provides the experimental results of a laboratory-scale prototype. Section 3 describes the experiments and results. Finally, Section 4 presents the conclusions.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, we developed a rapid, environmentally friendly strategy for the decoration of bio-inspired PDA NSs with AuNPs using a plasma-assisted method. Specifically, 10.3 \(\pm\) 2.0 nm AuNPs can be decorated on PDA NSs to form hybrid PDA-Au within 10 min of direct plasma treatment. The characterization results from SEM, XRD, and FTIR confirmed successful AuNP formation on the PDA NS surface. The impact of Auric ion precursor concentration on the morphology of PDA-Au was also investigated. The formation of AuNPs on PDA NSs is attributed to the plasma-induced reducing agents such as solvated electrons and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\). The synthesized PDA-Au nanocatalysts demonstrated excellent catalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B with the pseudo-first-order kinetic rate of 1.405 min\({}^{-1}\), confirming their potential for the removal of organic pollutants in aqueous environment.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15105280/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15105280/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15105280/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15105280/s1)), Figure S1: Particle size distribution histogram of PDA-NSs. Figure S2: Particle size histogram of PDA-Au (prepared by plasma-assisted method) and cPDA-Au (prepared by chemical synthesis method). Figure S3: (a) UV-Vis spectrum and (b) SEM image of AuNPs synthesized by plasma without PDA NSs. Figure S4: Catalytic degradation of MB by (a) PDA-Au and (b) PDA NSs with presence of NaBH4. Figure S5: (a) Degradation rate of RhB under catalysis of PDA-Au and PDA NSs. (b) The pseudo-first-order kinetic for the removal of RhB of PDA-Au and PDA NSs.  
Conceptualization, L.N.N.; methodology, T.M.N., L.T.N. and G.T.N.; software, T.M.N.; validation, N.K.; formal analysis, T.H.N.; investigation, N.K. and H.S.P.; resources, E.H.C.; writing--original draft preparation, T.M.N. and L.N.N.; writing--review and editing, N.K.K. and L.N.N.; visualization, N.K.; supervision, N.K.K. and L.N.N.; project administration, L.N.N.; funding acquisition, L.N.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology under project number THTEXS.06/22-25. The present research was conducted by the Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2025 and National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (2021R1A6A1A03038785).  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
Figure 7: The reusability of PDA-Au for RhB removal after 5 repeated catalytic cycles.
## 2 Related Theory  
### AE  
AE was first proposed in the literature [29] as an unsupervised learning method and is often used for feature dimensionality reduction. AE consists of two parts: the encoder and the decoder. The encoder reduces the dimensionality of the input signals and extracts the high-level representations. The decoder takes the output results of the encoder as the input and reconstructs the input signals. AE uses a back-propagation algorithm to update the internal parameters to minimize the reconstruction error. The structure of a typical AE is shown in Figure 1.  
Assume that the input of the encoder is \(\mathbf{x}=[x_{1},x_{2},\dots,x_{l}]\). \(l\) is the length of the input data. Then, the output \(\mathbf{s}\) of the encoder can be expressed as:  
\[\mathbf{s}=f_{e}(W_{e}\mathbf{x}+b_{e}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(W_{e}\) and \(b_{e}\) denote the weight and bias, respectively, and \(f_{e}\) denotes the encoder activation function. Then, the the decoder output \(\hat{\mathbf{x}}=[\hat{x}_{1},\hat{x}_{2},\dots,\hat{x}_{l}]\) can be expressed as:  
\[\hat{\mathbf{x}}=f_{d}(W_{d}\mathbf{s}+b_{d}) \tag{2}\]  
where \(W_{d}\) and \(b_{d}\) denote the weight and bias, respectively, and \(f_{d}\) denotes the decoder activation function. The autoencoder optimizes the internal parameters by minimizing the reconfiguration error. The reconfiguration error \(L_{AE}\) can be expressed as:  
\[L_{AE}=\frac{1}{l}\sum_{i=1}^{l}\left(x_{i}-\hat{x}_{i}\right)^{2} \tag{3}\]
## 3 Results  
### Effects on Germination and Seedling Emergence  
Dry seeds of common buckwheat seeds were treated with CP for 5 or 7 min (these treatments are abbreviated further as CP5 and CP7, respectively). The treatment of dry seeds with EMF was performed for 10 and 15 min (these treatments are further abbreviated as EMF10 and EMF15, respectively). The early response of two buckwheat cultivars 'VB Nojai' and 'VB Vokai' to pre-sowing seed treatment with CP and EMF was estimated by the germination tests in vitro 4 days after seed treatment. Richards plots were used to determine the main indices of germination kinetics presented in Table 1.  
Seeds of both cultivars showed high in vitro germination ability: maximal germination percentage was close to 100% in all experimental groups. The median germination time (M\({}_{\rm e}\)) was also similar and, therefore, there was no difference in germination kinetics between the two cultivars or treatment groups. The only exception was the CP7 treated 'VB Nojai' seeds, where Me was reduced by 7% in comparison to the control, indicating a slight stimulating effect on germination rate. The morphometric analysis of germinated seedlings performed 5 days after sowing did not reveal any statistically significant differences in seedling length and weight between cultivars and treatment groups (data not shown).  
The percentage of buckwheat seedlings that emerged under field conditions was determined by counting the number of seedlings on the 6 th day after sowing in the experimental field plots of Voke branch, the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. The obtained results are shown in Table 2.  
The difference in the percentage of the emerged seedlings between the two cultivars in the control was not statistically significant. The number of seedlings in the control group was larger in comparison to certain groups of the treated seeds: the percentage of the emerged seedlings was reduced by EMF15 (11%) and CP5 (13%) in VB Vokai', and by EMF10 (15%) and CP5 (20%) treatments in 'VB Nojai'. Thus, in contrast to CP and EMF effects obtained under in vitro germination conditions (Table 1), negative effects on buckwheat emergence were revealed in field experiments (Table 2).
# Rain Monitoring with Polarimetric GNSS Signals: Ground-Based Experimental Research
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Statistical Results of G27 Satellite in 2015
#### 3.1.2 Comparison with Weather Radar  
In order to verify the reliability of phase shift, the weather radar data in the same period is compared and analyzed.  
In Figure 7a,b, each GPS ray is shown by minute and every point along the ray can be identified by its height (in km); radar reflectivity is interpolated along GPS rays, which is shown by color scale. Here, the GPS rays are assumed to be straight line propagating through rain area. The \"pink+\" line is the path-averaged rain rate (in mm h\({}^{-1}\)) from radar reflectivity (left \(y\) axis) and phase shift \(\Delta\phi_{+}(\beta)\) is plotted as a red solid line with the values indicated by the right \(y\) axis. The rain rate from radar is computed using the radar reflectivity under 1 km based on a typical empirical Z-R relation (\(R=\left(Z/200\right)^{1/1.6}\)) [31]. Figure 7c shows the sky view of G27 at this selected time. It has to be mentioned that once the satellite comes into the observed area (see Figure 2, enclosed by red dashed line), its signals can be tracked and received.  
Figure 5: Examples of phase shift from two no-rain days: (**a**) on 8 June 2015; (**b**) on 3 August 2015.  
Figure 6: Examples of phase shift from two rainy days: (**a**) on 6 July 2015; (**b**) on 10 August 2015.  
In the case of 6 July, it can be seen that when the phase shift is not zero, there is radar reflectivity along the GPS ray path though the radar reflectivity is weak. Moreover, the phase shift is quite obvious during 6-30 min, when the path-averaged rain rate is not zero. The case of 10 August has the similar feature. Generally, when the radar reflectivity is stronger, the maximum phase shift is larger. However, the phase shift is not obviously positive correlation with radar reflectivity. This may be due to the fact that phase shift induced by nonspherical raindrops is offseted by the difference of canting angles along GPS ray path [25]. Here, the phase shift is expected to be obtained by experiment. Fortunately, it is detected in rainy days after the above calculation.
# Conditional GAN-Based Two-Stage ISP Tuning Method: A Reconstruction-Enhancement Proxy Framework
## 1 Introduction
Propose ReEn-GAN and build an AI-assisted ISP tuning process for CV tasks based on a proxy method. The system uses ReEn-GAN as a two-stage proxy to fit the entire ISP and its parameters, and reversely optimizes the proxy parameters through the evaluation indicators of CV tasks and applies them to the existing ISP, greatly simplifying the process of manual tuning ISP;
2. Utilize the prior knowledge of ISP to decompose the ISP pipeline into two processes: reconstruction and enhancement. By using an alternating network structure and loss functions of the two-stage proxies, the problems of significant changes in image color and texture that result from parameter adjustments, parameter interference and proxy training difficulties in the end-to-end proxy method are solved;
3. Verify the feasibility of using ReEn-GAN for auto-tuning in CV scenes such as image denoising and object detection, as well as the impact of different loss functions and pyramid pooling module (PPM) additions on proxy tuning performance. The remaining sections of this paper are organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of related works on ISP tuning, including proxy-based tuning methods and other algorithms in CV-oriented ISP optimization. Section 3 provides a detailed introduction to the tuning process and the architecture of ReEn-GAN proposed in this paper. Section 4 presents the results of various experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the main contributions of this paper.