## 3 Results and Discussion
### ZnO Nanoparticle Characterization Analysis
Figure 1: TEM images of Zn oxide nanoparticles prepared by reacting 0.05 M ZnCl 2 with _L.__pubescens_ shoot methanol extract (LPME): (**a**) 50 mg LPME; (**b**) 100 mg LPME. the ZnO nanoparticles in water versus DMSO, it was still significantly higher in the ZnO nanoparticles than that of the control drugs, augmentin/voriconazole, in water (estimated marginal mean of 5.50 mm). Figure 2: Interaction effects of solvent and microorganisms on microbial activity of ZnO nanoparticles loaded with LPME (50 and 100 mg) (concentration of 7.5 mg/mL): **(a)**: zones of inhibition (ZIs); **(b)**: minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs); **(c)**: minimum bactericidal/fungicide concentrations (MBCs/MFCs). Different letters indicate significant differences between means (\(n=12\)) according to pairwise comparisons. (*) indicates significant differences among estimated marginal means (\(n=48\)) according to pairwise comparisons. R (>30) refers to an inactive substance or drug-resistant microbe. Augmentin and voriconazole (50 mg/mL) were used as positive controls for bacteria and fungi, respectively. R was given a value of zero for ZI and 31 mg/mL for MIC and MBC/MFC. Bars indicate standard errors of means. When considering how microorganisms, solvents, and treatments interact, the 50 and 100 mg LP-ZnO NPs both showed stronger antifungal efficacy in water than in DMSO  
Figure 3: Interaction effects of solvent, microorganisms, and antimicrobial substances (LPME, ZnO, 50 and 100 mg ZnO nanoparticles, with a concentration of 7.5 mg/mL) on microbial activity against tested microbes: (**a**) ZIs; (**b**) MICs; (**c**) MBCs/MFCs. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between means (\(n=12\)) according to pairwise comparisons. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between means (\(n=3\)) according to [PERSON]’s test (\(p<0.05\)). R (\(>\)30) refers to an inactive substance or drug-resistant microbe. Augmentin and voriconazole (500 mg/mL) were used as positive controls for bacteria and fungi, respectively. R was given a value of zero for ZI and 31 mg/mL for MIC and MBC/MFC. Bars indicate standard errors of means. (Figure 2a-c). The highest antimicrobial activity of the 100 mg LP-ZnO NPs was seen in DMSO (Figure 2a-c). Furthermore, the studied ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in the water had significantly lower antifungal activities against _A. terreus_ and _A. niger_ (inhibition zones of 7 and 14 mm and 8 and 9 mm for 50 and 100 mg LP-ZnO NPs, respectively) when compared with ZnO (Table 2; Figure 2a). As can be seen from Table 2, the studied bacteria and fungi had significantly varied interactions toward the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents, with ZI marginal means of 10.50, 6.13, 12.5, and 11.5 mm for _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Aspergillus terreus_, and _Aspergillus niger_, respectively (\(p<0.05\)). _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ (a Gram-negative bacterium) was the least affected by the ZnO nanoparticles compared with _Staphylococcus aureus_ and the other tested fungi, which suggests that it has a resistance tendency towards ZnO nanoparticles.