## 2 Starch Modification Processes
### Applications of Modified Starch
#### 2.5.3 Applications of Chemically Modified Starch
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Applications** & **Modification Techniques** & **Examples** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Packaging} & \multirow{3}{*}{Crosslinking} & Cross-linked-TPS & [116] \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Cross-linked starch & [117] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Cross-linked films of quaternary ammonium modified starch and Polyvinyl alcohol & [137] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grafting & PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol)/starch and cellulosic material barley husk (BH) & [117] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grafting & Polyvinyl alcohol/modified starch-based biodegradationablen nanocomposite films & [138] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Oxidation & 7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin doped Polyvinyl alcohol/oxidized maize starch & [119] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Com starch oxidation was performed using sodium periodate & [118] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Dual Modification & Etherified-oxidized cassavastarch/Polyvinyl alcohol blends & [139] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Bio-based adhesives} & Crosslinking & Cassava starch, citric acid and Polycarboxylic acid. & [120] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grafting & Com starch-g poly (vinyl acetate-o-butyl acrylate) & [121] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grafting & Stanke-g-polyvinyl alcohol & [122] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Pharmaceutical Industries} & \multirow{3}{*}{Ehrenification} & Anionic carboxymethyl and cationic carboxymethyl & [140] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Carboxymethyl starch & [141] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Carboxymethyl starch & [123] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Carboxymethyl corn starch & [124] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Acetylation & Acetylated starch nanocrystals & [142] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Crosslinking & Stank coated iron oxide nanoparticles & [143] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grafting & FeQu/starch-g-polyester nanocomposite & [144] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Cellulose nanofther-assisted starch graft-Polyacrylic acid & [145] \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Esterification} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Cleuryel succinic anhydride modified starch} & [125] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Key applications of modified starch. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Applications** & **Modification Techniques** & **Examples** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Agiculture Industry} & Crosslinking & Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer & [127] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Oxidization & Search-Based Antibacterial Nanocomposites & [129] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grafting & Polyacrylic acid graft- starch & [130] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Cassava starch-graft-polyacrylamideonitrile-coated urea fertilizer & [128] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Starch crosslinked with acrylic monomers & [131] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Crosslinking & Crosslinked starch santhate & [146] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Dithiocarbamate-modified starch & [147] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{n}\) nanoparticles-Starch nanocomposite & [148] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Modified starch with zinc oxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate and graft & [132] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & copolymerized with potassium acrylate monomer & [132] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic 2 & [149] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & acid)-o-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel & [149] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Crown ether modification of starch & [150] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Grafted amylose and amyloseption using poly(sodium acrylate) & [134] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Esterification} & Succinylated starch & [133] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Facile esterification & [133] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Modified corn starch with malic acid (MA) and taconic acid (IA) & [151] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Modified cassava starch using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEGS) as the chemical & [134] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & modifying agent and Pluronic 123 as the structure directing agent & [134] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Oxidations & Oxidated starch nanoparticles (SNN) & [152] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._