## 3 Literature Review
#### 3.1.2. Peatland Management and Restoration Strategies
Growing trees in degraded peatlands causes tree transpiration and lowers the water table [106]. Fire is a risk in peatlands after afforestation. Forest fires have increased in boreal regions due to climate change. Fires in reforested peatlands cause carbon loss. deforestation also impacts nutrient release and water storage capacity [46]. CO2 uptake exceeds CH4 losses, resulting in a net CO2 equivalent reduction in the longer period [139]. Studies have demonstrated that net carbon emissions from peatland reforestation exceed the emissions the planted trees absorb. In Scotland, afforestation on shallow peat and mineral soils with minimal disruption has increased carbon storage. Afforestation is not a common method in Scotland to restore peatlands due to scientifically indicated risks and alternative methods being investigated [12; 139]. (5)  Paludiculture  
The paludiculture method implies land-use change, from degraded pre-drained peatlands to cultivating plants typical in peatlands in wet conditions. In recent years, paludiculture has become an increasingly used method to reduce GHG emissions from peatlands [119; 140]. In paludiculture, plants that tolerate wet conditions are grown. The constant hydrological conditions and cultivated wetland plants reduce peat oxidation and CO2 emissions [141]. Paludiculture strategies are classified into two categories--deliberately cultivated plants such as Cattail (Typha) or sphagnum moss, which are planted and harvested. The second category is moisture-resistant plants that seed naturally, for example, reeds,which are harvested after a certain period [25]. The cultivated plant biomass is a suitable bioresource for sustainable energy production. The paludiculture approach can reduce N\({}_{2}\)O and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [119; 142; 143; 144]. Besides reducing emissions, the peatland quality is improved as peatland-native plant species are planted and cultivated, and farmers and landowners gain financially from cultivating and harvesting the plants [143]. In paludiculture, farmers and landowners use the land, but after rewetting, the land is not suitable for growing crops. Paludiculture allows for growing and harvesting moisture-resistant plants and using the harvest to produce energy or innovative products and materials [45; 119]. Similarly to peat rewetting, the plants used in paludiculture need a high water table that does not change throughout the year, contributing to CO\({}_{2}\) emission reduction [25]. Areas proper for paludiculture, mire, shallow lakes, or wet forests can be formed after the rewetting of peatlands [34]. Cultivating paludiculture crops in peatlands can be considered carbon farming on organic soils. Carbon farming implies agricultural practices that increase the rate at which CO\({}_{2}\) is captured from the atmosphere and converted to soil organic matter. Carbon farming in paludiculture can reduce peatland GHG emissions [84; 144]. Emission and emission reduction from paludiculture can be hard to evaluate because of the diversity of the wetlands plants that can be used in paludiculture practices. In shallow lakes, CO\({}_{2}\) emissions might be low to moderate [11]. Paludiculture practices and paludiculture-based products can positively affect emissions reduction from traditionally used energy-intensive products and the storage of carbon in these products [5]. The harvested biomass may serve as a resource to produce high-added-value products [25]. Paludiculture lowers CO\({}_{2}\) emissions compared to agriculture, and emissions can also be reduced through carbon storage in products [5; 84]. Paludiculture products can replace products that create high carbon emissions [5]. Reed substrate application in agricultural lands can reduce the emissions and store GHG. Greenhouse gases are stored in various products obtained from paludiculture biomass [83]. It is estimated that reed substrate and insulation boards from cattail positively impact GHG emission reduction, compared to land use for agriculture.