## 4 Conclusions  
This study investigates bioactive glass preloaded with vancomycin (BG-V) as a novel drug delivery system designed for long-term antibiotic delivery. BG-V was synthesized using a chemistry-based sol-gel method, where a vancomycin solution was prepared and mixed with different metal oxides, followed by overnight stirring. The mixture was then dried at room temperature to produce the final BG-V powder, which was used without further modifications. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of vancomycin into the BG-V structure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a smaller surface area and blocked pores, indicating that vancomycin was entrapped within the BG-V. By the end of drug release studies, changes in surface area and BJH analysis showed an increase in surface area and the opening of pores post-release. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated an initial slight burst release, with approximately 20% of the drug released on the first day, followed by a steady release until the end of the experiment. The analysis of the drug release data using various kinetic models revealed that BG-V follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, suggesting that the drug was released through a combination of diffusion and matrix degradation. A disc diffusion test against _S. aureus_ on Mueller-Hinton agar showed a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 35 \(\pm\) 0.2 mm, indicating a  
Figure 10: Bacterial killing assay comparing the control group to BG-V at 1 h, 5 h, 24 h, and 48 h. The figure shows the log bacterial growth of the control group compared to BG-V. The statistical difference is indicated by the *, where * shows that the \(p\) < 0.05, while *** shows that \(p\) < 0.001. The data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation and all the experiments were performed in triplicates.  
strong antibacterial effect. Furthermore, the investigation of the bacterial killing ability of BG-V demonstrated significant log reductions in bacterial growth after 5, 24, and 48 h, with values of 3.73, 9.55, and 10.176, respectively. These results highlight the substantial reduction in bacterial growth achieved with the application of BG-V.  
Conceptualization, D.A. and Y.D.; methodology, D.A.; software, D.A.; validation, D.A. and Y.D.; formal analysis, D.A.; investigation, D.A.; resources, Y.D.; data curation, D.A.; writing--original draft preparation, D.A.; writing--review and editing, Y.D.; visualization, D.A.; supervision, Y.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
Figures have been produced using OriginPro Software (OriginLab Corporation, 2025 10.2, Education edition).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} BET & Braunauer-Emmett-Teller; \\ BG-V & Bioactive glass preloaded with vancomycin; \\ BJH & Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda; \\ CMC & Critical micelle concentrations; \\ FTIR & Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; \\ HCA & Hydroxyapatite; \\ HCl & Hydrochloric acid; \\ ICP-OES & Induced Coupled Optical Emission Spectroscopy Plasma; \\ MBG & Mesoporous bioactive glass; \\ NBO & Non-bridging oxygens; \\ SBF & Simulated body fluid; \\ SDA & Surface-directing agents; \\ SEM & Scanning electron microscopy; \\ XRD & X-ray diffraction; \\ ZOI & Zone of inhibition \\ \end{tabular}