# Influencing Factors of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Hail City, Saudi Arabia
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Design of PV System  
The PV*SOL Premium Simulator was used in this investigation to create an EVCS scenario and evaluate how solar integration affects EV charging capabilities. When solar PV was installed at the Scientific Center, several significant aspects of the module areas were found through feasibility modeling. The system considered was a carrot-mounted system planned to charge EVs. It was also assumed that EV stations will stay alive all day. The maximum number of EVs that can be charged, estimated at 2400 vehicles, can be charged each day at different times through solar and grid-connected systems. For simulation purposes, it was considered that all EVs are initially charged to 0%. The consumption of solar energy on-site is ~100%, considering that auxiliary consumption is partially covered by solar energy and balanced by the local grid. Five chargers are divided into 11, 22, 50, 100, and 150 kW, whereas each EV group contains 120 vehicles that can be observed easily through a single-line diagram. An overview of the solar array installations throughout the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Variable Parameter** & **Value** & **Description** \\ \hline Vehicle type & Sedan, truck, and bus & Different vehicle categories. \\ \hline Car battery capacity, BC (kWh) & Compact car (25, 50), sedan (75), and luxury SUV (100) & Varying battery capacities for each vehicle type [47]. \\ \hline Charging requirement (kW) & 7, 15, and 25 & Maximum charging rates for vehicles. \\ \hline Consumption rate, R (kWh/km) & 0.05 to 0.40 & Energy consumption per kilometer. \\ \hline Charging probability & Varies hourly (0.05 to 0.9) & Probability of vehicle charging at each hour. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Car battery profile parameters. To evaluate the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the developed PV arrays, the energy balance of the PV system for the Scientific Centre solar project was examined. The initial radiation measurement was recorded at 2221 kWh/m\({}^{2}\). However, after accounting for factors such as spectral deviations and module orientation, the final net global radiation at the module surface was determined to be 2210 kWh/m\({}^{2}\). The irradiance was subsequently spread across the entire module area, which measures 3108.4 m\({}^{2}\), resulting in potential energy generation of 6869.564 MWh. The module efficiency, rated under standard test conditions (STCs), is 22.54%. This results in a helpful energy output of precisely 1548.340 MWh. Additional losses, including partial shading, temperature variations, diode losses, and mismatched module information and configuration, were all considered in the calculation. The DC energy is lowered to 1410.455 MWh through a series of deductions, at which point the inverter regulates the remaining energy. When all relevant elements were considered, the system's alternate current (AC) production of 1373.552 MWh was finally computed. The production was adjusted to 1373.659 MWh when minor regulatory and standby consumptions were considered. Table 8 displays the corresponding energy balance, a methodical organization of the specific examination of these values, and their respective impacts. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Number of PV Modules** & **1112** & \\ \hline PV generator output & 1112 \(\times\) 0.630 = 700.56 & kWp \\ \hline PV generator surface & 3308.2 & m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Number of inverters [48] & 6 GW100K-HT \(\times\) 100 & kW \\ \hline No. of vehicles & Up to 2400 * & EV/day e-Charge \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The number of charging vehicles depends on CP and the time needed to charge each vehicle fully.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: PV system specifications. Figure 9: PV modules’ general layout.