esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Enhanced Objective Function for Routing in Agricultural Low-Power and Lossy Network
### Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function with Composite Routing Metrics
#### 4.2.1 The Problem Statement of Energy-Aware Routing Metric Composition  
SCAOF can furnish the information and network characteristics with the routing metrics but it needs a new DIO carrier format. Meanwhile, the selected composite metrics of SCAOF should be suitable for the A-LLNs' requirements as well as the monotonicity and strict isotonicity so the RPAL protocol can converge to optimal paths in a loop-free topology.  
In [41, 68], ETX has been proved to be strictly isotonic and monotonic. As we have already considered energy-aware routing metrics with ETX and RE, in fact, if ETX is calculated as the first metric, then it will dominate the path selection regardless of the path weights of the remaining metrics. Namely, the lexical metrics composition will take the second metric RE into account only if more than one path mapping has equal/less than the weights of ETX. In this case, essentially, the energy cost of retransmission is considered firstly, but if only a few paths are under a defined low threshold, they will have more traffic load than the others. Thus, a combination of ETX and RE in a lexicographic manner cannot completely solve the hot spot problem but can mitigate the consequential network disconnection issue.  
The basic purpose of energy-aware routing is to increase of the network lifetime [70]. The RE indicating the lowest energy level in the path is concave and max-min criterion. If we define \(\omega(\alpha)\) to reflect the RE of a link \(\alpha\), and \(\mathcal{H}\) is the node set that constructs link \(\alpha\) and i is an end node of this link, we can assume that \(\omega(\alpha)=\min\{\text{RE}^{\text{i}}|\text{ i}\in\mathcal{H}\}\) and \(\text{RE}^{\text{i}}=\frac{\text{C}_{\text{now}}^{\text{i}}}{\text{C}_{ \text{max}}^{\text{i}}}\leq 1\). If one node tries to select a forwarding path between \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\), the order relation \(\lesssim\) is \(\max\{\omega(\alpha),\omega(\beta)\}\), namely the \"more than or equal\" relation over real numbers. Thus, assuming \(\omega(\alpha)<\omega(\beta)\), it may happen that \(\omega(\alpha)<\omega(\beta)\leq\omega(\gamma)\) in which a special case: \(\omega(\alpha\oplus\gamma)=\max\{\omega(\alpha),\omega(\gamma)\}=\omega( \gamma)=\max\{\omega(\beta),\omega(\gamma)\}=\omega(\beta\oplus\gamma)\). Thus, this RE routing metric is not strictly isotonic.  
Moreover, although the RE metric of path can avoid the most fragile routing path, it is not good enough when sensor connectivity and coverage are considered [37]. Especially, when the RPAL model cannot capture sufficient and opportune energy-related attributes of all the routing paths, the parent selection may not be optimal due to the loss and delay of DIO control messages. Furthermore, as the aggregation rule of this RE metric is concave (min.), it only can be used in the lexicographic combination manner and additionally it limits the scalability of the RPAL objective function.
# Millimetre-Wave Backhaul for 5G Networks: Challenges and Solutions
## 3 System Overview and Problem Statement
### Challenges and Design Goals
#### 3.2.1 Overcoming Path Loss  
It is widely acknowledged that one of the biggest challenges of mm-wave communication is high path loss. The link attenuations at the 28 GHz and 60 GHz bands are approximately 21 dB and 28 dB larger than experienced in the conventional 2.4-GHz system with the same transmission distance, respectively. In order to compensate for such large loss, beamforming techniques are necessary in mm-wave backhauling. Benefiting from the tiny wavelength and progress in the modern complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, complex antenna arrays can easily be integrated into smart devices at a low cost over a wide gigahertz frequency band [15]. Highly steerable beams are generated to form directional links. Beamforming codebooks, a group of predefined antenna array weight factors, are commonly adopted in mm-wave standards, such as IEEE 802.15.3c and IEEE 802.11 ad [5]. However, with the continuous increase of data demands and service types, more efficient and adaptive beamforming techniques are required to satisfy such requirements.
# An Improved Small Target Segmentation Model Based on Mask Dino
## 3 Materials and Methods
### FFPN Module  
In real-world datasets, objects vary significantly in size, and small objects constitute a substantial portion. Traditional networks that only utilize the deeper feature maps for segmentation can severely lose detailed features of these small objects [31], which are crucial for their accurate segmentation. Therefore, it is important to extract more contextual information and semantics to correctly distinguish small objects from the background. This paper introduces a new multi-scale feature module, FFPN, based on FPN [32; 33], as shown in Figure 3. Taking Resnet50 as an example, assuming the input image is a 640 \(\times\) 640 \(\times\) 3 RGB image, each CONV generates feature matrices C2, C3, C4, and C5, corresponding to {1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32} of the input image with channel counts of {256, 512, 1024, 2048}, respectively. Unlike the original FPN, which uses a 1 \(\times\) 1 2D convolution to adjust the number of channels for each feature map to 512, this paper employs a 3 \(\times\) 3 2D convolution to adjust different-sized feature maps to the same number of channels, followed by normalization and activation. To retain more detailed features, reduce training parameters and network size, and increase training speed, this paper eliminates the doubled up-sampling followed by feature fusion used in the original FPN [34]. With this approach, the 1/4 feature map in the mask branch of Mask Dino will retain more underlying detailed information while fusing details from different resolution feature outputs, enhancing contextual information extraction and improving segmentation accuracy for small objects.  
Figure 3: FFPN decomposition diagram.  
Figure 2: Improved backbone network Transformer structure diagram.
## 3 Results  
### The PAT Values at Different Breathing Patterns  
Table 2 summarizes the mean of the 5 min average PAT values by the breathing patterns and the fiducial points. The Friedman test showed a significant difference in the mean PAT regarding the breathing patterns at each fiducial point; however, not at the T\({}_{1/3}\)T\({}_{2/3}\) delay (Table 3). We found a significant increase on the post hoc Wilcoxon test at each of the PAT reference points comparing single-paced breathing to the 1:2 or 1:1 i/e ratio, except PAT-T\({}_{\rm{0 LM}}\) at the single-paced to 1:1 comparison (Table 4). Figure 4 graphically demonstrates the increased PATs on dual-paced versus single-paced breathing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **T0\({}_{\rm{LM}}\)** & **T0\({}_{\rm{EP}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{1/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{1/2}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{2/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{3/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{diff}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{smdiff}}\)** \\ \hline
1:0–1:2 & 0.005 \({}^{*}\) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.002 \({}^{*}\) & 0.003 \({}^{*}\) & 0.004 \({}^{*}\) & 0.012 \({}^{*}\) & 0.011 \({}^{*}\) \\
1:0–1:1 & 0.019 & 0.005 \({}^{*}\) & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{*}\) & 0.003 \({}^{*}\) & 0.002 \({}^{*}\) \\
1:2–1:1 & 0.25 & 0.87 & 0.70 & 0.63 & 0.62 & 0.20 & 0.53 & 0.54 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) indicates when \(p<0.01667\).  
\end{table}
Table 2: The mean of the PAT values (ms) at different fiducial points of the PPG (\(n=35\)): local minimum (T0\({}_{\rm{LM}}\)), extrapolated point (T0\({}_{\rm{EP}}\)), 1/3 height (T\({}_{1/3}\)), 1/2 height (T\({}_{1/2}\)), 2/3 height (T\({}_{2/3}\)) of the ascending slope, the peak (T\({}_{3/3}\)), the time interval between T\({}_{1/3}\) and T\({}_{2/3}\) (T\({}_{1/3}\)T\({}_{2/3}\)), the peak of the first derivative (T\({}_{\rm{diff}}\)) and the smooth derivative (T\({}_{\rm{smdiff}}\)) of the PPG signal, at different breathing patterns: single-paced breathing (1:0), 1:2, and 1:1 i/e ratio.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Breathing** & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**PAT Reference Points**} \\ \cline{2-10}
**Pattern** & **T0\({}_{\rm{LM}}\)** & **T0\({}_{\rm{EP}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{1/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{1/2}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{2/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{3/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{1/3}}\)T\({}_{\rm{2/3}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{diff}}\)** & **T\({}_{\rm{smdiff}}\)** \\ \hline
1:0 & 132.16 & 158.67 & 188.91 & 203.30 & 219.38 & 322.36 & 30.47 & 200.82 & 198.29 \\
1:2 & 134.30 \({}^{*}\) & 161.30 \({}^{*}\) & 192.98 \({}^{*}\) & 207.75 \({}^{*}\) & 224.78 \({}^{*}\) & 332.47 \({}^{*}\) & 31.80 & 203.89 \({}^{*}\) & 201.28 \({}^{*}\) \\
1:1 & 133.38 & 161.59 \({}^{*}\) & 193.98 \({}^{*}\) & 209.11 \({}^{*}\) & 226.49 \({}^{*}\) & 337.26 \({}^{*}\) & 32.51 & 205.54 \({}^{*}\) & 202.92 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) represents the significant differences compared to 1:0 breathing by post hoc Wilcoxon test (see Table 4).  
\end{table}
Table 3: The p values of the Friedman tests (\(n=35\)) according to the PAT-fiducial points.
# Hybrid Trust Model for Node-Centric Misbehavior Detection in Dynamic Behavior-Homogeneous Clusters
## 6 Hybrid Trust Value Based on Weighted Vehicle Behavior
### Trust Value Initialization  
Based on the hierarchical trust assessment model, the derived composite trust values are normalized to fall from 0 to 1. A trust value closer to 1 indicates a higher level of node trustworthiness. In this context, a trust value of 0 signifies complete distrust, while a value of 1 indicates absolute trust. During the initialization phase, vehicle nodes are considered to be in a neutral state, neither fully distrusted nor entirely trusted. Hence, the initial trust value of a vehicle node is set at 0.5 to ensure neutrality [28].
###### Abstract  
Patient-to-medical image registration is a crucial factor that affects the accuracy of image-guided ENT- and neurosurgery systems. In this study, a novel registration protocol that extracts the point cloud in the patient space using the contact approach was proposed. To extract the optimal point cloud in patient space, we propose a multi-step registration protocol consisting of augmentation of the point cloud and creation of an optimal point cloud in patient space that satisfies the minimum distance from the point cloud in the medical image space. A hemisphere mathematical model and plastic facial phantom were used to validate the proposed registration protocol. An optical and electromagnetic tracking system, of the type that is commonly used in clinical practice, was used to acquire the point cloud in the patient space and evaluate the accuracy of the proposed registration protocol. The SRE and TRE of the proposed protocol were improved by about 30% and 50%, respectively, compared to those of a conventional registration protocol. In addition, TRE was reduced to about 28% and 21% in the optical and electromagnetic methods, respectively, thus showing improved accuracy. The new algorithm proposed in this study is expected to be applied to surgical navigation systems in the near future, which could increase the success rate of otolaryngological and neurological surgery.  
patient-to-image registration; image-guided ENT- and neurosurgery system; surface registration; piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci.
# Recent Progress in Pressure Sensors for Wearable Electronics: From Design to Applications
## 3 Fabrication Technologies
### Printing Methods  
The printing technique has gained the most attention for future applications due to its low material wastage, the capability of large-area production, and low cost. Recently, an additive manufacturing technology that can print plastics, as well as metals, has emerged in various fields [122]. [PERSON] et al. fabricated 3D structure using carbon black (CB)/polycaprolactone (PCL) composite [123]. The CB/PCL based resistive pressure sensor could detect finger motion. The author also demonstrated a \"smart\" vessel. They produced a cup containing two conductive traces acting as a capacitor. The capacitance value increases as the amount of water in the cup increases. [PERSON] et al. fabricated a 3D-printed mold to enhance the deformability of the PDMS dielectric layer [23]. The capacitive pressure sensor with micropatterned PDMS showed a sensitivity of 1.62 kPa\({}^{-1}\). These results are meaningful for the development of electronic devices of various shapes, film-like thin sensors, and for pioneering wider applications.  
Solution-based printing methods, such as screen printing, roll-to-roll printing, offset printing, gravure printing, and inkjet printing are also used in this field [124]. Inkjet-printed PDMS can directly act as a pattern, such as a pyramidal pattern, and the control of various experimental variables such as dot size, the distance of each dot, the number of overprinting, and printing speed is much simpler than other surface modification methods. [PERSON] et al. produced inkjet-printed PDMS micropatterns and investigated the effect of pattern distance on the pressure sensitivity (Figure 6) [125]. The sensitivity was improved as the pattern distance increased due to the enhanced deformability. In addition, this device was able to fabricate TENG simply by changing the structure of the device and successfully produced an output voltage of 1.23 V.
## 8 Discussion
### Recommendations
#### 8.2.3 Sustainable Development and Smart Environments  
Information and communications technologies (ICTs) incorporating wireless communications, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are expected to play a critical role in advancing global sustainability and improving the quality of life for all people. These technologies have the potential to make significant contributions to improving health care and enabling the creation of smart cities, which may include the construction of intelligent transportation and energy distribution infrastructure. A pervasive sensing framework, as well as a distributed decision and actuation system, are required to achieve some of these objectives. 6G will make a substantial contribution to this by depending on 3D communication platforms that can enable almost instantaneous distributed edge cloud features, such as distributed decision procedures, to be implemented. When it comes to situations such as autonomous driving, reliable safety procedures are critical in reducing the likelihood of an accident. This will necessitate extremely high levels of communication reliability (i.e., greater than 99.9999%) as well as low end-to-end latency (below 1 ms). Furthermore, intercommunication among automobiles will be critical in lowering the likelihood of a collision. To do this, high-speed data linkages between vehicles and between vehicles and roadside equipment will be required.
# Structural Performance of a Precast Concrete Modular Beam Using Bolted Connecting Plates
## 2 Concept of Modular Concrete Beam with Bolted Connecting Plates  
In the typical PC modular beam using grouted splice sleeve, there was a possibility that the rebar was not positioned exactly at the center of the sleeve. As a result, the rebar was not fully grouted, and the full strength of the rebar could not be exploited. This study proposed a PC modular beam system using bolted connecting plates to improve the constructability of PC modular beams as shown in Figure 2. In a previous study [20], an L-shaped PC module with bolted connecting plate was proposed considering the role of a shear key in the PC module. However, construction difficulties were observed. The connection region was not fully grouted because of the module's shape. To improve constructability, a new connection detail was proposed in this study. The PC module has a linear-shape to improve dealing with grouting problems that occurred in a previous study [20]. The proposed method is to connect the connecting plates protruding from each module and connect them using bolts. The bolted connecting plates consisted of a pair of U-shaped and I-shaped plates. The shear studs were welded to both ends of the bolted connecting plate to improve the bond capacity between the connecting plate and concrete. The module with the I-shaped plate was lifted and connected with the module with the U-shaped plate, reducing the construction time and on-site work required. In addition, the connecting plates were connected by bolting, which improves the splicing performance. After joining the connecting plates, non-shrink mortar was injected into the gap between the two PC modules. The non-shrink mortar used for bonding between modules was cheaper and had better fluidity than the epoxy adhesives used to fill the gaps between modules in the general PC modular method, allowing it to fill the connection region well. In addition, the construction costs can be saved.  
The construction procedure for the proposed precast concrete modular beam system is shown in Figure 3. First, PC modules were assembled by connecting the U-shaped and I-shaped plates as shown in Figure 3a. As shown in Figure 3b, the connecting plates of the adjacent modules were joined by using bolts. Finally, the two modules were fully connected by injecting non-shrink mortar. Since this construction process is very simple compared to the construction process of the typical PC modular system, the proposed method is expected to improve constructability. In addition, the proposed method is expected to improve structural performance because construction errors can be reduced and integrity can be ensured.  
Figure 2: Schematic of the proposed precast concrete modular beam using a bolted connecting plate: (**a**) front view; (**b**) I-shaped plate; (**c**) U-shaped plate.
## 3 Optimization Problem  
The aim here is to maximize the sum rate for users in NOMA system on the basis of optimizing the power factors for each user in accordance with the channel conditions. The sum of the above-mentioned possible rates for N users downlink NOMA network can be written as follows [19; 20]:  
\[R_{sum}=\sum_{k=1}^{N}\text{log}_{2}\Bigg{(}1+\frac{|h_{k}|^{2}P_{t}\alpha_{k }}{|h_{k}|^{2}\sum_{j=1}^{k-1}P_{t}\alpha_{j}+\sigma^{2}}\Bigg{)} \tag{8}\]  
In the proposed system, the objective function and the constraints considered for the optimization problem can be clarified in the following sections.
## 2 N-Way GPR Target and N-Way Detection
### N-Way Detection  
When estimating a GPR target, the output signal will be similar to the original signal passing through the target. Therefore, the target structure has an effect on the value of the output signal. As the channels are usually symmetrical, we can assume that the 2D target will be in the following form irrespective of ITI.  
\[\mathbf{G}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0&0&0\\ r&1&r\\ 0&0&0\end{array}\right] \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: Data edge of 2D signal.  
Figure 2: Cases of N-way interference.  
The output signal for this target, which includes \([-2r-1,\,-1,\,2r-1,\,-2r+1,\,1,\,2r+1]\), is listed in the form of a trellis diagram as shown in Figure 3:  
The detection scheme described above is known as the conventional Viterbi algorithm (VA). To implement the MVA [12], we would need to add and subtract a small coefficient \(p\) to the output value in each branch. The trellis diagram of the MVA is shown in Figure 4.  
In the MVA, the upper and lower channel interference coefficients are denoted by \(\varepsilon\), corresponding to four-way interference. Therefore, the detection for four-way interference is equivalent to four-way detection. In addition, as \(\varepsilon\) interference originates from above and below the signal, \(p=2\varepsilon\). For three-way interference, the trellis diagram for the MVA was used, and the corresponding detection was a three-way detection with \(p=\varepsilon\). This is due to the \(\varepsilon\) interference originating only from above or below the signal. Finally, in the  
Figure 4: Trellis diagram for the modified Viterbi algorithm (MVA).  
Figure 3: Trellis diagram for conventional Viterbi algorithm (VA).  
case of two-way interference, the corresponding detection is a two-way detection, where \(p\) = 0. The trellis diagram is the same as the conventional Viterbi algorithm (VA). Figure 5 illustrates the branch values for each N-way detection.  
In [12], the MVA is a combination of the two-way GPR target and four-way detection to minimize ITI. As the two-way GPR target was used, an appropriate \(\varepsilon\) had to be determined and kept constant for the algorithm. In our proposal, we used a three-way GPR target to help estimate \(\varepsilon\). In other words, \(\varepsilon\) and the GPR target were estimated simultaneously.  
In the proposed model, we use a GPR target represented in matrix form \(\mathbf{G}_{u}\) and \(\mathbf{G}_{l}\) such as Equation (3). The matrix consists of the three-way interference information relating to ITI interference.  
\[\mathbf{G}_{u}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0&g_{-1,0}&0\\ g_{0,-1}&1&g_{0,1}\\ 0&0&0\end{array}\right]\text{ or }\mathbf{G}_{l}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0&0&0\\ g_{0,-1}&1&g_{0,1}\\ 0&g_{1,0}&0\end{array}\right] \tag{3}\]  
However, ITI may be added to the signal when applying the three-way interference. Therefore, to eliminate ITI, we implemented a feedback path at the detector. Finally, we use a three-way MVA to match the three-way GPR target. The results show that our proposed model achieves higher BER performance compared to the MVA [12] by itself.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Sensitivity Analysis
#### 4.3.3 Installation of Redundant Heater  
Figure 17 presents the availability depending on the design stages with the installation of the redundant heater. As mentioned in Section 4.1, the most critical component in the availability was the heater regardless of the design stages. The availability was estimated depending on the installation of the redundant heater or not. The availability was considerably increased when the redundant heater is installed. The availability is 99.028% without the redundant heater at Stage III, whereas it is 99.514% with the redundant heater. That is, the redundant heater increased the availability by 0.486%. Although 0.486% availability seems to be low, it is not a negligible value in the system (LNG-FPSO).
# Fault Studies and Distance Protection of Transmission Lines Connected to DFIG-Based Wind Farms
###### Abstract  
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farms are being increasingly integrated into power grids with transmission lines, and distance protection is usually used as either the main or the backup protection for the transmission line. This paper analyzes the composition of a DFIG short circuit current and indicates the existence of a rotor speed frequency component. By analyzing several real fault cases of the DFIG-based wind farms connected to transmission lines, the weak power supply system and current frequency deviation of the wind farm side are illustrated. When a fault occurs on the transmission line, the short circuit current on the wind farm side is small and its frequency may no longer be nominal due to the existence of rotor speed frequency component, whereas the voltage frequency remains nominal frequency because of the grid support. As a result, the conventional distance protection cannot accurately measure the impedance, which can result in unnecessary circuit breaker tripping. Therefore, a time-domain distance protection method combined with the least-squares algorithm is proposed to address the problem. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated with real fault cases and simulation.  
D 2018 8 562 31 March 2018; Published: 5 April 2018