esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Reverse-Net: Few-Shot Learning with Reverse Teaching for Deformable Medical Image Registration
## 5 Results
### Comparative Experiments  
We compared our method with four state-of-the-art registration methods, including symmetric normalization (SyN) and three deep-learning-based methods, VoxelMorph, VM-diff, and Cof-net. On the same datasets, we trained deep learning methods with rec  
Figure 8: Registration ability of different numbers of segmented labels on the MRbrain dataset ((**a**–**c**) are the line graphs formed by the model under the three evaluation metrics of Dice, Preciaion, Recall respectively).  
Figure 7: Results of ablation experiments on MRbrain.  
ommended hyper-parameters from scratch. We quantitatively evaluated the performance from four perspectives: Precision, DSC, Runtime, and Det.Jac.  
Table 2 summarizes the experimental results on the MRbrain dataset. It can be seen that our method obtains better mean DSC scores and lower running times while achieving the lowest number of folds. In the MRbrain dataset, compared with VoxelMorph, the DSC score and Precision score of our model increased by 4.36% and 3.31%, respectively. The Det.Jac indexes of our model are decreased from 0.006% to 0.004%. Compared with Cof-net, our model improves 3.5% in the DSC metric and 3.82% in Precision, and Det.Jac decreases from 0.006% to 0.004%. At the same time, our model has a lower average processing time per slice compared to Voxelmorph, VM-diff, and Cof-net. In addition, it can also be seen from the boxplot in Figure 9 that our model achieves the best results among the three evaluation metrics.  
Figure 10 shows the visualization of the images from the perspective of axial slices. The columns marked with W indicate the warped images. \(\varphi\) indicates the deformation field visualization figure. The red color in the visualized image indicates the horizontal transformation and the green color indicates the vertical transformation. The higher the red or green signal, the larger the transformation. As shown in Figure 10, typical registration results from the MRbrain dataset show that the warped image generated by our method is most like the fixed image; our method can achieve the better registration among several methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **DSC (\%)** & **Precision (\%)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Runtime** \\ **(s)/Slice** \\ \end{tabular} & **Det.Jac (\%)** \\ \hline SyN [1] & 79.48 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 84.07 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 2.034 & 0.071 \(\pm\) 0.007 \\ Voxelmorph [22] & 80.84 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 91.10 \(\pm\) 1.18 & 0.558 \(\pm\) 0.017 & 0.006 \(\pm\) 0.002 \\ VM-diff [45] & 79.59 \(\pm\) 2.31 & 86.68 \(\pm\) 2.52 & 0.423 \(\pm\) 0.011 & 0.013 \(\pm\) 0.005 \\ Cof-net [46] & 81.70 \(\pm\) 3.71 & 90.59 \(\pm\) 3.05 & 0.367 \(\pm\) 0.013 & 0.006 \(\pm\) 0.002 \\ Reverse-net & **85.20 \(\pm\) 1.18** & **94.41 \(\pm\) 0.89** & **0.359 \(\pm\) 0.011** & **0.004 \(\pm\) 0.001** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Quantitative results on the MRbrain dataset. Bold indicates the highest score.  
Figure 9: Boxplots of the results of different methods on the MRbrain dataset.
# Meteorological Conditions that Promote Persistent Contrails
## 2 Data and Methods
### Instantaneous Radiative Forcing  
The instantaneous radiative forcing (iRF) is the difference in radiation flux at the top of the atmosphere in two situations, one with a contrail and the other without the contrail, but otherwise equal. To calculate this quantity, we assume that all contrails are 500 m high and that their ice crystals have an effective radius of 30 \(\upmu\)m. Furthermore, we assume that all humidity in excess of ice saturation is converted to ice. For nearby and overlying cirrus, we assume a thickness of 1500 m and an effective radius of 60 \(\upmu\)m. With these assumptions, we estimate the optical thickness of contrails and cirrus and then use the parameterization by [15] to compute iRF. For more details, we refer to WGR21. Here, we define contrails with an iRF exceeding 19 W m\({}^{-2}\) as particularly strong cases. The value 19 W m\({}^{-2}\) has no special significance. It is just about the mean iRF plus one standard deviation from WGR21.
## 6 Conclusions  
Regarding the problem that mutual inductance and load variations will affect WPT system performance, this article presents a coordinated control method to achieve constant voltage output and maximum efficiency tracking. In the proposed method, mutual inductance can be estimated in real-time within a certain range of WPT load and mutual inductance variations, and maximum system transmission efficiencies are reached while maintaining system constant voltage output. It can significantly improve system transmission efficiency. Additionally, the short feedback control loop minimizes the delay time, thus enabling a quick and stable output for WPT systems.  
The proposed coordinated control method is verified through simulations and experiments. The results show that the maximum mutual inductance estimation error is less than 3.50% at different coil misalignment distances. Based on the proposed coordinated control method, the developed WPT prototype can achieve constant voltage output, and the system transmission efficiencies are maintained at high levels. Furthermore, the average system transmission efficiency is increased by 1.80% and the efficiency fluctuation is reduced by 2.67% in the load resistance range from 12 \(\Omega\) to 96 \(\Omega\), while the average system transmission efficiency is increased by 1.80% and the efficiency fluctuation is reduced by 3.14% over the range that the mutual inductance varies from 28.27 uH to 45.30 uH. Therefore, the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control method has been verified under the conditions of WPT load resistance and mutual inductance variations.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON] and Y.G.; methodology, X.W.; software, R.W.; validation, X.W and R.W.; formal analysis, X.W.; investigation, R.W.; resources, Y.G.; data curation, X.W.; writing--original draft preparation, X.W.; writing--review and editing, X.W.; visualization, Y.G.; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, Y.G.; funding acquisition, Y.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 52107176 and No. 52237008.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & **Number of** & & & & \\  & **DC–DC** & **Controller** & **Number of** & **Response Time** & **Maximum** \\  & **Converters** & & & & **Efficiency** \\ \hline
[13] & Two & FPGA controller & Two & Not provided & 85\% \\
[14] & One & STM32F429 VIT6 & Six & \textless{}100 ms & 85.4\% \\
[16] & One & Not provided & One & 100 ms & 88\% \\
[17] & One & TMS320F28379D & Five & 17 ms & Not provided \\
[20] & Zero & FPGA controller & Three & Not provided & 94.4\% \\ proposed & One & TMS320F28335 & Three & \textless{}50 ms & 88.6\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of the control methods.
# Fuzzy Logic-Based Geographic Routing Protocol for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Simulation and Complexity Analysis
### Feasibility Simulation of FLGR Forwarding Mode
For the GPSR forwarding mode, the probability of turning to the peripheral forwarding mode is small; thus, the number of hops decreases. For the FLGR forwarding mode, the probability of selecting the optimal forwarding node increases, because nodes in CNR increases with the increase in node number. Figure 8: Comparison of average number of hops between FLGR and greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR). In addition, when the network is sparse (\(n=20\)), the average number of hops under the FLGR forwarding mode is less than that under the GPSR mode. This phenomenon occurs because there are more void nodes in the sparse network. For the GPSR forwarding mode, the probability of turning to the peripheral forwarding mode becomes large, resulting in more hops. For the FLGR forwarding mode, the void nodes can be discarded through the routing void avoidance scheme.
## 4 Discussion
### TMDs Prevalence and Etiology
#### 4.1.2 Sex-Related Differences  
Females exhibit a consistently higher prevalence of TMDs compared to males during adolescence [48; 50]. Studies suggest that adolescent girls experience a significantly higher risk of TMDs symptoms due to hormonal influences, such as estrogen's effect on TMJ cartilage metabolism and pain sensitivity [47; 50]. [PERSON] et al. (2020) found that increased prolactin levels in females were associated with a higher prevalence of anterior disc displacement (ADD), a common TMDs subtype, during puberty [50]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2019) observed that hypermobility and TMJ clicking sounds were more prevalent in females than in males, likely due to the modulating effects of sex hormones such as estradiol and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) [47].  
Although specific odds ratios for female TMDs prevalence were not consistently reported, multiple studies support the notion that hormonal fluctuations, including those linked to estrogen, contribute to the observed gender disparity in TMDs prevalence [47; 50]. Estrogen's role in enhancing pain sensitivity and modulating inflammatory responses underscores the importance of considering gender-specific approaches to TMDs diagnosis and management [47; 50]. Tailored interventions are crucial for addressing the unique physiological and hormonal factors influencing female adolescents [48; 50].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Areas  
Three CHS in China were studied, including the Yungang Grottoes, the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian, and the Chengcun Ancient City Ruins. Among them, the Yungang Grottoes belong to cave temples; the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian is an ancient architectural building; and the Chengcun Ancient City Ruins are typical ancient sites.  
The Yungang Grottoes, located in the city of Datong, Shanxi Province, are ancient Chinese Buddhist temple grottoes (with 252 caves and 51,000 statues) from the 5 th and 6 th centuries. They were selected on the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) list in 2001. The Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian, also known as the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple, is a wooden Chinese pagoda in Ying County, Shanxi Province. It was built in 1056 during the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty. In 2013, the tower was selected on the tentative lists of UNESCO. The Chengcun Ancient City Ruins, located in Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, is the largest and best-preserved Han Dynasty city site found in southern China. In 1999, it was included in the World Heritage List as the major item in Wuyishan city's application for UNESCO's World Cultural Heritage and World Natural Heritage status. In 2013, it became the project unit for the establishment of the National Archaeological Park. Figure 1 shows the locations, protected areas, and remote-sensing images of these three CHS.
## 1 Introduction  
End-stage ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is a severely disabling chronic disease, causing pain and functional impairment [1; 2; 3; 4]. It often causes ankle joint deformities; modifies foot and ankle physiological biomechanics; and develops a compensatory gait pattern [5]. Inthis condition, the contralateral foot bears an abnormal load during dynamic activities and therefore an asymmetrical gait pattern occurs [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11].  
In the case of symptomatic end-stage OA, surgery is indicated [4; 12]. Currently, the main two options for the treatment of end-stage OA [12; 13] are represented by ankle arthroresis (AA) and total ankle arthroplasty (TAA).  
AA consists of the tibo-talar joint fusion, and it has been the gold-standard treatment for many years [14; 15]. TAA [16] has been proposed in order to preserve a physiological gait and reduce the chance of secondary arthritis of nearby articulations. Recently, TAA has grown in popularity and indications, with encouraging results over time [12; 17; 18].  
To date, preoperative and postoperative evaluations are mainly performed using clinical tests and diagnostic imaging. However, these methods do not objectively assess the biomechanics of the foot and ankle, which should serve as functional indicator for monitoring the effectiveness and outcomes of surgery. Recent technological developments ensure that health figures and orthopedists acquire new tools for validating surgical treatment in a more objective way. Thanks to the inertial sensors with a dedicated protocol, it was possible to detect function-specific movements to assess the state of the ankle biomechanics, allowing orthopedic surgeons to better understand the clinical and kinematics outcomes. Despite this, studies reporting gait analysis characteristics in patients treated for TAA are rare in the literature because in vivo gait analysis is rarely performed due to the tools' cost and complicated usage, while innovative inertial sensors are cheap and easy to use. Moreover, the current routine in clinical practice is to measure the ankle joint angle with a universal goniometer, but this measurement highly depends on a clinician's expertise and has poor inter- and intra-rater reliability [19]. Alternatively, the method of assessing range of motion (ROM) using radiographs, as described in the literature, may be compromised by the fact that joint movements at maximum degrees are passive and may differ from physiological ROM during gait [20]. Inertial sensors measurement may provide an accurate and reliable method of active joint ROM assessments and to overcome the poor inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of goniometric ankle measurements.  
The main focus of this study was to achieve greater insight into postoperative TAA evaluations. In particular, the aim was to introduce an innovative technology; to assess its accuracy and feasibility compared to standard clinical assessment methods; and to objectify kinematic outcomes in patients with end-stage ankle OA before and after TAA surgery.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Standard Characterization of FGD Wastewater  
FGD wastewater samples were analyzed for pH and the concentrations of calcium, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, as well as select species that have been identified as interfering ions for any of the electrodes. Concentrations are shown in Table 2.  
The FGD wastewater samples had a consistent pH between 7 and 8.1. This measurement was taken by AEP at the time of collection and verified using a Thermo Scientific Orion multimeter and pH probe before each experiment. This is expected as a basic pH is necessary to maximize the solubility of sulfur compounds and is consistent with previous studies characterizing FGD wastewater [6]. Numerous interfering ions were tested for, but only iron and strontium were found at detectable levels (greater than 0.5 PPM).  
Of the target species, nitrite and nitrate were found at the lowest levels at less than 2 ppm for all measurements. These values are significantly lower than those given in the EPA Final Rule 2015 data set, which is 96 ppm of N as nitrate and nitrite combined. More recent revisions have these targets lower at 4.4 mg/L over a 30-day average [1]. Target species calcium and chloride were found in relatively high concentrations of 0.028 and 0.15 M respectively. Combining all measured species, while accounting for the possibility of monovalent and divalent counter ions, gives an average ionic strength of solution of about 0.3 M. This ionic strength is well beyond the threshold that is normally considered acceptable for assuming idealized activity coefficients for electrochemical systems, which is typically around 0.01-0.1 M [6; 7].  
The determined amount of sulfur, assumed to be sulfate, is much higher than the average determined in the EPA Final Rule 2015 data set, 1770-2200 ppm S (5300-6600 ppm sulfate) compared to 420 ppm S (1260 ppm sulfate) [1]. This is particularly significant in regard to the use of the chloride electrode, which has a crystalline membrane that can be damaged by exposure to excessive amounts of sulfur (the exact quantities of which are not described by the manufacturer) [8]. During experimental trials, exposure of the chloride electrode to sulfate concentrations of less than 100 ppm caused no permanent damage or measurement deviations in the chloride electrode.
# Vibration Reduction on Circular Disks with Vibroacoustic Metamaterials
## 2 Numerical Design of the Circular Disk with a Vibroacoustic Metamaterial
### Numerical Design of the Unit Cell  
With the numerically obtained material parameters of the disk, the unit cell is designed. The design has already been validated for circular saw blades in [12; 29; 30] and is used as a resonator (see Figure 5). The frequency range at which sawing noise is particularly loud and disturbing is used as the requirement for the stop band frequency range. According to [31; 32], this is in between the frequency range of 2000 Hz and 3000 Hz. Therefore, this frequency range is used as a requirement for the design of the VAMM.  
The resonators need to be arranged at a distance smaller than half the wavelength of the vibration that is to be reduced. The wavelength \(\lambda\) within the disk can be calculated using Equation (4).  
\[\lambda=\sqrt[4]{\frac{(2\pi)^{2}}{f^{2}}\frac{t^{2}E}{12\rho(1-v^{2})}} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 4: (**a**) FE model of the circular disk with driving point (blue) and measurement points (red). (**b**) Measured and simulated averaged accelerate transfer function.  
Figure 5: Unit cell design. Thickness: \(t\)[12].  
At a frequency \(f\) of 2000 Hz and with the parameters of the disk as described above, the wavelength \(\lambda\) is 98.5 mm. Thus, the resonators need to be smaller than 49.25 mm.  
By applying the Bloch theorem [33], the stop band behavior of an infinitely periodic VAMM can be predicted by calculating the dispersion curve of a single unit cell. Figure 6 (right) shows the dispersion curve of the unit cell with parameters \(a=24\) mm, \(b=16\) mm, \(c=4.5\) mm and \(d=1\) mm, and a thickness \(t=2\) mm. Figure 6 (left) shows the resonator in its first eigenmode and the Brillouin contour on which the dispersion curve is calculated. The parameters have been chosen in accordance with [12].  
For the infinite periodic VAMM, the dispersion curve indicates a stop band in the frequency range of 2045 Hz to 2967 Hz (see Figure 6, right, gray-marked frequency range), where no free wave propagation for elastic waves is possible. The dotted curves on the left and right side of the dispersion curve, which cross the stop band, correspond to in-plane vibrations (longitudinal and shear waves). Since the aim of the work is to reduce the out-of-plane vibrations, these dotted curves can be neglected.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Removal of RbB  
Applying the optimum conditions for biochar is important for its cost-effective application in contaminant removal. Thus, we investigated the effects of pyrolysis temperature,  
Figure 4: FTIR spectra of the biochar samples at different (**a**) pyrolysis temperatures and (**b**) ball-milling times.  
Figure 5: Zeta potentials of the biochar samples at different (**a**) pyrolysis temperatures and (**b**) ball-milling times.  
milling time, adsorbent dosage, and contact reaction time on RhB removal using biochar. Figure 6 shows the photoluminescence spectra and the RhB removal efficiency at different pyrolysis temperatures, milling times, adsorbent dosages, and contact reaction times; the inset of the graph displays a photograph of the corresponding stage. The RhB removal efficiency is calculated at a maximum wavelength of 576 nm by Equation (1). The effect of the pyrolysis temperature on RhB was investigated using a biochar concentration of 50 mg. The contact reaction time was fixed at 10 min. Evidently, the removal percentage increases rapidly as the pyrolysis temperature increases, and a maximum percentage removal of 82% is observed for RhB using RB600 (Figure 6a). In the remaining experiments, we evaluated the RhB removal characteristics of the biochar using RB600. Figure 6b shows the RhB removal efficiency of the biochar for different milling times. The removal efficiency increases with increased milling time; the removal efficiencies of the unmilled and 180-min milled biochar samples are 5% and 82%, respectively. This finding suggests that ball milling is an excellent engineering method for improving organic pollutant removal characteristics.
## 2 6G Key Enabling Technologies
### Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies  
A key concept in 6G networks will be advanced physical-layer technologies that can support ultra-high data rates with minimal latency. The concept of mMIMO deployments has already been introduced in 5G networks. Moving forward, in 6G networks, distributed mMIMO configurations are expected to play a key role in the provision of high data rate services, as also mentioned in the previous section. In the same context, NOMA and relay nodes (RNs) that can amplify the signal towards desired users are also of significant interest [39]. In this case, MSs can also play the role of an RN that can relay selected information to other MSs in its area of coverage based on channel conditions. Hence, latency times can be improved. Finaly, THz communications are also a promising technology for upcoming 6G networks. The THz band has large unused frequency areas and high spatial resolution enabled by the short signal wavelength and large bandwidth [40]. It works by leveraging the high-frequency spectrum to achieve ultra-high-speed wireless communication, surpassing the capabilities of current microwave and mmWave technologies. Consequently, highly demanding application scenarios in terms of transmission rates can be supported.  
However, there are certain challenges and limitations regarding the usage of the THz frequency band. It is apparent that as we move deeper into the THz spectrum, corresponding free space losses increase accordingly. Hence, appropriate strategies are  
Figure 3: The cell-free concept.  
required that can enhance the transmitted signal over these areas. In the same context, a holistic transformation approach is required regarding the design and implementation of transceivers that can operate in the THz band. Till now, there are no channel models that have been proposed for this spectrum area to examine all potentials. Finally, it should be noted that highly directional signals are easily blocked and hard for mobility applications. Thus, new error control mechanisms should be proposed, and new networking strategies should be developed to improve the coverage and support the seamless connection [41].