## 1 Introduction
In a global context, Italy is one of the countries most prone to landslides. Due to its predominantly hilly and mountainous nature, Italy is susceptible to landslides, so it is essential to address this issue continuously. The monitoring of landslides aims to achieve several objectives:  
* Assess the depth and surface area of the landslide movement to determine its volume;
* Identify any ongoing movement and its location in space and time;
* Understand the hydrogeological characteristics of landslides. The Apennine chain has shown a high vulnerability to water erosion due to clayey deposits. When combined with the nature of these soils, the slope and erosion at their base create unstable conditions, especially during intense and prolonged rainfall. Continuous monitoring of landslide risk is a valuable service for ensuring public safety. Institutions like the IRPI and ISPRA play a crucial role in monitoring and addressing landslide risk. The IRPI (Institute for Research for Protection) and the ISPRA (Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) are crucial in monitoring and addressing landslide risk. The IRPI analyzes landslides and develops forecasting models to mitigate and manage risk. In collaboration with the Regions and Autonomous Provinces, the ISPRA has created the Inventory of Landslides in Italy (IFFI), the official national database on landslides [12]. Archiving information on landslides is essential for proper territorial planning, considering that most landslides can reactivate over time. The IFFI is essential for assessing landslide hazards in hydrogeological asset plans (PAIs). The ISPRA also published a report in 2021 focusing on hazard and risk indicators for hydrogeological instability related to landslides, floods, and coastal erosion [13]. The report updates the national landslide hazard maps of hydrogeological asset plans, identifying the areas at risk of landslides based on the perimeters of District Basin Authorities. The ISPRA has assessed hazards into the following categories based on specific criteria:  
* Landslide Hazard: Based on the mass and speed of the landslide body, the areas are divided into low hazard (low mass and speed) and increased danger (large masses and high speeds). * Flood Hazard: This is based on three scenarios: frequent (high hazard with a return time between 20 and 50 years), infrequent (medium hazard with a return time between 100 and 200 years), and low probability (extreme events). The territory has been divided into five categories of danger:
* AA: areas of attention, considered potentially susceptible to landslides or floods, which require particular vigilance and monitoring, even if they have not yet suffered instability events. * P1: areas with moderate probabilities of landslides or floods; it is advisable to exercise caution and take preventive measures. * P2: areas with a high probability of landslides or floods; it is necessary to take serious precautions and implement risk mitigation measures. * P3: areas with a very high probability of landslides or floods; these are the most dangerous areas, and drastic safety measures must be taken. * P4: this class represents an even higher level of risk than P3. The ISPRA has developed five national risk indicators for landslides and floods in Italy. These statistics cover the following areas:  
* Population: Notably, 1,303,666 people (2.2%) are at risk of landslides in high- and very high-hazard areas (P3+P4). Additionally, 6,818,375 people (11.5%) are at risk of flooding in medium-hazard scenarios (P2). * Households: There are 547,894 households at risk of landslides, and 2,901,616 households are at risk of floods. * Buildings: Out of 14.5 million buildings, 565,548 are located in areas designated as high and very high landslide hazard (3.9%), while 1,549,759 buildings (10.7%) are in flood-prone areas under medium-hazard scenarios. * Companies: The statistics also reveal the significant economic impact of these risks.