## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Setup  
In order to investigate the influence of the tracing speed of the tip on the obtained measurement results in relation to the nature of the measured surface measurements of comparative roughness standards were carried out. For this purpose, a set of comparative roughness standards presented in Figure 1 was used along with the parameters summarized in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Machining Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Symbol of the Standard**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Nominal Parameters**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **Ra, \(\mu\)m** & **Rz, \(\mu\)m** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Flat lapping} & FL 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.55 \\  & FL 0.1 & 0.1 & 1.0 \\  & FL 0.2 & 0.2 & 1.6 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Reaming} & R 0.4 & 0.4 & 3.0 \\  & R 0.8 & 0.8 & 6.0 \\  & R 1.6 & 1.6 & 10.0 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Grinding} & G 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.55 \\  & G 0.1 & 0.1 & 1.0 \\  & G 0.2 & 0.2 & 1.6 \\  & G 0.4 & 0.4 & 3.0 \\  & G 0.8 & 0.8 & 6.0 \\  & G 1.6 & 1.6 & 10.0 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Horizontal milling} & HM 0.4 & 0.4 & 2.5 \\  & HM 0.8 & 0.8 & 4.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & HM 1.6 & 1.6 & 8.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & HM 3.2 & 3.2 & 16 \\ \cline{1-1}  & HM 6.3 & 6.3 & 32 \\ \cline{1-1}  & HM 12.5 & 12.5 & 50 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Vertical milling} & VM 0.4 & 0.4 & 2.5 \\  & VM 0.8 & 0.8 & 4.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & VM 1.6 & 1.6 & 8.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & VM 3.2 & 3.2 & 16 \\ \cline{1-1}  & VM 6.3 & 6.3 & 32 \\ \cline{1-1}  & VM 12.5 & 12.5 & 50 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Turning} & T 0.4 & 0.4 & 2.5 \\ \cline{1-1}  & T 0.8 & 0.8 & 4.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & T 1.6 & 1.6 & 8.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & T 3.2 & 3.2 & 16 \\ \cline{1-1}  & T 6.3 & 6.3 & 32 \\ \cline{1-1}  & T 12.5 & 12.5 & 50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Roughness parameters of standards used in the experiments.  
Figure 1: Roughness standards used in the experiments.  
Measurements of the surface roughness of the standards were performed on the Taylor Hobson Form Talysurf PGI 1230 tactile profilometer (Taylor Hobson Ltd., Leicester, UK), shown in Figure 2.  
The PGI 1230 tactile profilometer is a high-quality instrument for the analysis of the primary profile, waviness, and surface roughness on a micro and nano scale. The transducer in the PGI 1230 system is the so-called phase-grating interferometer.  
The instrument table is made of granite and equipped with an active vibration isolation system. The operation of this system is based on the fact that when vibrations are detected, the system generates a damping wave. The damping wave combined with the vibration waves from the outside eliminates them. The instrument is equipped with a motorized table for measuring the surface topography of the samples. The table is positioned using an incremental scale with a resolution of 0.1 \(\upmu\)m. The instrument is controlled using the appropriate software options or manually using a special control panel.  
The measuring tip can move from point to point or along a previously defined track, usually along a straight line or along an arc. The lowest pressure value of the measuring head is 1 mN, and a constant pressure value is ensured by electronic control systems.  
In the work [1], the measurement uncertainty of the instrument was estimated, which for the most commonly used amplitude parameters was 85 nm.  
The instrument's interference transducer provides a vertical tip displacement resolution of 0.8 nm in a range of 12.5 mm. The horizontal positioning accuracy of the tip is less than 1 \(\upmu\)m. The maximum measurement length is 200 mm when the sampling interval is 0.125 \(\upmu\)m. The maximum straightness deviation of the tip over a length of 200 mm is 0.2 \(\upmu\)m. The instrument is placed in a specially designed cabin, which isolates the measuring system from contamination and weather influences.  
The instrument's control computer is equipped with Talymap Platinum ver. 6.2 software, utilized for measurements as well as the comprehensive analysis of the results obtained.