## 10 Conclusions  
This paper introduces a new energy-efficient BN-MAC hybrid protocol with mobility support. The BN-MAC is proposed and simulated for the battlefield scenario over WSNs. The protocol leverages the features from both CSMA and TDMA. CSMA features embedded in BN-MAC consist of semi-synchronization, which uses a short preamble to access the channel and maintain the schedule at the one-hop neighbor nodes. TDMA features are imported into BN-MAC for collision-free data delivery. We have introduced the IDM model, which automates the sensor nodes to work either in the passive or active mode with respect to the environment. The IDM model reduces the energy consumption when working in the passive mode. BN-MAC also has a reduced idle listening time based on the use of the AAS model. The AAS model forces the sensor nodes to go into the sleep state after collecting information on the events. Latency is reduced using the LDSNS model and EAP routing protocol. LDSNS provides the efficient one-hop path search. EAP is suitable for maintaining route discovery and path maintenance at the one-hop destination for faster data delivery. BN-MAC also uses two types of messaging schemes to control congestion and reduce latency: Anycast is used to obtain information from the one-hop neighbors, and unicast is used to forward the data. To evaluate the features of the proposed BN-MAC in the battlefield scenario, we used ns2.35-RC7 to demonstrate the performance from different perspectives. We have also simulated other hybrid protocols, such as Z-MAC, A-MAC, ADC-SMAC, LPRT-MAC, and Speck-MAC. The simulation results demonstrate \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No:\#** & **Parameter** & **ADC-SMAC** & **LPRT-MAC** & **BN-MAC** & **Speck-MAC** & **A-MAC** & **Z-MAC** \\ \hline
1 & Coverage & Low & Medium & High & Medium & Low & Medium \\
2 & Network lifetime & Low & Medium & High & Low & Low & Medium \\
3 & Average Latency & Medium & Medium & Low & High & Medium & Low \\
4 & Mobility & Low & Low & High & Low & Low & Medium \\
5 & Throughput & Low & Medium & High & Low & Low & Medium \\
6 & Residual energy & Low & Medium & High & Medium & Low & Medium \\
7 & Packet size affect & High & Medium & Low & High & Medium & High \\
8 & Duty cycle \% & High & High & Low & High & Medium & Medium \\
9 & Sensing Range-effect & & High & High & Low & Medium & Medium \\  & on performance & & & & & & \\  & Various floods/flows & & & & & & \\
10 & affect & Medium & High & Low & High & High & Medium \\
11 & Delivery ratio \% & Medium & Low & High & Low & Medium \\
12 & Path detection time & High & Medium & Low & High & Medium & Medium \\
13 & Broken paths\% & Medium & Low & Low & Medium & High & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Characteristics and affecting factors of Hybrid Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols and BN-MAC protocol. that BN-MAC reduces the energy consumption by 18%-45%, improves the throughput, and decreases the latency compared with other hybrid MAC protocols with the same node density and topology. Our findings prove that BN-MAC is a scalable and mobility-aware protocol with real-time communication support. The protocol can be disseminated for other WSN applications, such as monitoring, controlling natural disasters, human-centric applications, and tracking mobile and static home automation devices. In the future, we will implement its features in a realistic environment. The authors wish to thank [PERSON], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for discussing the existing hybrid MAC protocols and helping to set up simulation scenarios in ns2. The special thanks to [PERSON], Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, USA for his valuable comments and suggestions for improving the quality of the paper. Finally, we are also thankful to anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback. This research work is part of [PERSON]'s Ph.D. dissertation work. The work has been primarily conducted by [PERSON] under the supervision of [PERSON].