## 3 Results
### Molecular Analyses  
Stress-related genes expression in liver and kidney are presented in Figure 2. The expression of the WAP65-2 was 1.9-fold, HSP70 11.2-fold, and HSP90 was 8.2-fold higher in liver (Figure 2A), while WAP65-2 (3.9-fold) and HSP90 (1.7-fold) expression was higher in kidney (Figure 2B) of the wild-caught turbot compared to the farmed animals. ### Molecular Analyses  
Stress-related genes expression in liver and kidney are presented in Figure 2. The expression of the WAP65-2 was 1.9-fold, HSP70 11.2-fold, and HSP90 was 8.2-fold higher in liver (Figure 2A), while WAP65-2 (3.9-fold) and HSP90 (1.7-fold) expression was higher in kidney (Figure 2B) of the wild-caught turbot compared to the farmed animals. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plasma Parameter** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Farmed Turbot**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Wild-Caught Turbot**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\ \hline  & **Median** & \begin{tabular}{c} **25 th–75 th** \\ **Percentile** \\ \end{tabular} & **Min–Max** & **Median** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **25 th–75 th** \\ **Percentile** \\ \end{tabular} & **Min–Max** & **Min–Max** & **Min–Max** & **Min–Max** \\ \hline Glucose (mmol/L) & 2.31 & 1.50–2.94 & 0.66–3.88 & 1.61 & 0.75–4.21 & 0.05–16.4 & 0.367 \\ Triglycerides (mmol/L) & 7.54 & 5.69–9.73 & 1.26–14.46 & 1.49 & 0.95–2.06 & 0.37–5.17 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Cholesterol (mmol/L) & 3.85 & 3.37–4.77 & 2.64–5.44 & 4.21 & 3.42–5.99 & 0.87–12.32 & 0.1917 \\ Total protein (g/L) & 40.5 & 37–43 & 34–49 & 26 & 22.25–33.75 & 10–46 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Albumin (g/L) & 11.5 & 11–12 & 9–14 & 7 & 6–10 & 3.14 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Globulin (g/L) & 28.5 & 28–31 & 25–35 & 19 & 16.25–23.50 & 7–32 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ A/G ratio & 0.39 & 0.37–0.41 & 0.32–0.46 & 0.42 & 0.38–0.45 & 0.30–0.54 & \textless{}0.05 \\ Bilirubin (\(\mu\)mol/L) & 1.03 & 0.79–1.58 & 0.19–4.47 & 0.052 & 0.048–0.42 & 0.047–1.38 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Urea (mmol/L) & 2.26 & 1.85–2.62 & 1.13–3.56 & 2.42 & 1.76–3.47 & 0.64–5.18 & 0.295 \\ Creatinine (\(\mu\)mol/L) & 107 & 68–122 & 12–173 & 27.40 & 23.75–32.375 & 14.5–58 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Calcium (mmol/L) & 3.14 & 2.87–3.34 & 2.63–3.75 & 3.97 & 3.46–4.99 & 3.05–6.98 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Phosphorus (mmol/L) & 5.25 & 4.30–5.98 & 3.1–7.4 & 6.91 & 6.16–9.08 & 3.59–11.28 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) & 21.5 & 17–33 & 12–39 & 95 & 70.75–127 & 39–402 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Creatine kinase (U/L) & 211.5 & 78–1158 & 18–4032 & 16 & 4–54.5 & 1–795 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Superoxide dismutase (U/mL) & 0.881 & 0.423–1.792 & 0.179–3.579 & 0.232 & 0.003–0.334 & 0–0.649 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Glutathione peroxidase (U/L) & 210 & 185.5–240.5 & 127–317 & 582 & 283–870 & 108–2914 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ \hline Leucocyte profile & & & & & & & \\ \hline Lymphocytes (\%) & 81.30 & 67.40–84.22 & 44.90–91.67 & 67.20 & 55.55–78.13 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 33.33– \\ 89.16 \\ \end{tabular} & 0.053 \\ Neutrophils (\%) & 4.17 & 0.39–8.00 & 0–16.00 & 17.03 & 10.45–24.47 & 3.78–56.41 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Monocytes (\%) & 15.75 & 10.87–28.31 & 8.33–39.79 & 16.39 & 8.29–20.93 & 4.42–27.82 & 0.334 \\ N:L ratio & 0.05 & 0.005–0.10 & 0–0.36 & 0.23 & 0.13–0.50 & 0.05–1.69 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Biochemistry and leukocyte profiles of the farmed and the wild-caught turbot _Scophthalmus maximus_ from the northern Adriatic Sea. Figure 2: Relative expression of WAP65-2, HSP70, and HSP90 genes in liver (**A**) and kidney (**B**) of the wild-caught, compared to the farmed, turbot _Scophthalmus maximus_. Ct values obtained by quantitative real time PCR were analyzed with REST 2008. Data are presented relative to farmed turbot (expression set as 1) as whisker–box plots in order to see expression median and distribution of permutated expression values with 95% confidence level. Therefore, the expression ratio values of \(>\)1 denote higher fold-change in wild-caught than in farmed turbot and values of \(<\)1 denote lower fold-change in wild-caught than in farmed turbot.