esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# CubeSat Mission Scheduling Method Considering Operational Reliability
## 5 Case Study  
### Parameter Setting  
In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the CubeSat optimal scheduling method proposed in this paper, 3U CubeSat mission data is used for simulation. Nine tasks participate in the scheduling allocation, named A to I respectively, and all tasks are not in the working state before the scheduling starts. Here, an orbital period is set to be 100 min, where \(T=100\) min. In order to simplify the scheduling model and scheduling method, an orbital period is divided into 100 time periods, which are divided in minutes, where \(\Delta t=1\) min. The input power of the solar panel is calculated minute by minute, among which 33-69 min is the shaded area, and the PV input is 0. Light and eclipse times vary from year to year, so the orbital parameters here apply only to a given orbit and are not universal. In this example, set the CubeSat mission parameters as shown in Table 5([PERSON], 2018); the parameters of the battery are shown in Table 6, and the parameters of the orbit are shown in Table 7([PERSON], 2018; [PERSON], 2018).  
In this example, tasks A to H represent the mission payload, and task I represents all the core modules of the CubeSat; this part has the highest priority. Here, it is set that task I is always in execution state and consumes 400 mW of power ([PERSON], 2018). Payload A is an image sensor module that must take a small number of images when passing through a specific area of the Earth and has a specific time window.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & \(SOC_{1}\) & \(SOC_{max}\) & \(SOC_{min}\) & \(\gamma\) & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nominal** \\ **Voltage (V)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Nominal** \\ **Capacity (mA\_h)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Nominal** \\ **Number** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Lithium & 0.75 & 1.0 & 0.5 & 0.9 & 3.7 & 2500 & 5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Battery parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Payload** & \(j\) & \(n_{j}\) & \(q_{j}\)**(W)** & \(y_{j}^{min}\) & \(y_{j}^{max}\) & \(t_{j}^{min}\) & \(t_{j}^{max}\) & \(p_{j}^{min}\) & \(p_{j}^{max}\) & \\   A & 1 & 5 & 3.2 & 2 & 3 & 5 & 6 & 8 & 32 & 31 & 80 \\ B & 2 & 2 & 1.23 & 2 & 4 & 6 & 25 & 18 & 52 & 1 & T \\ C & 3 & 1 & 1.8 & 2 & 6 & 7 & 20 & 15 & 49 & 1 & T \\ D & 4 & 4 & 1.3 & 3 & 7 & 4 & 32 & 25 & 59 & 1 & T \\ E & 5 & 1 & 2.5 & 2 & 5 & 8 & 35 & 28 & 62 & 1 & 60 \\ F & 6 & 3 & 1.4 & 2 & 6 & 3 & 18 & 15 & 49 & 41 & 80 \\ \hline G & 7 & 1 & 2.1 & 1 & 7 & 6 & 30 & 22 & 56 & 1 & T \\ H & 8 & 2 & 0.7 & 1 & 8 & 7 & 22 & 15 & 49 & 1 & T \\ I & 9 & 6 & 0.4 & 1 & 1 & T & T & T & T & 1 & T \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: 3U CubeSat payload parameters.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Instrumentation
#### 2.1.1 ELIO Spectrometer by XGLab Srl  
This spectrometer is based on 25 mm\({}^{2}\) area, Peltier-cooled, Silicon Drift Detector characterized by an energy resolution of 130 eV on the Mn-k\({}_{\alpha}\) line at 0.5 \(\upmu\)s shaping time, a peak-to-background ratio of the order of 15,000, and by silicon thickness of 500 \(\upmu\)m. The excitation source is a low power (4 W), 50 kV, transmission X-ray tube with Rh anode, coupled to a 1 mm collimator. The source exploits interchangeable filters and provides a 1.2 mm spatial resolution on the sample at the focusing position. The design of the source and detection system and the large solid angle of X-ray collection are optimized to obtain a high counting-rate capability even if a low power X-ray tube is used. The compact detection head is completed by an integrated microscope camera (magnification \(\times\)10, field of view about 8 \(\times\) 6 mm), an external video-camera, focal and axial lasers for fine positioning,and LEDs light for sample illumination on the analysis region with dimming adjustment. The system can be equipped with an XY translation stage (with 100 mm total travel and 100 um step size), for 2D mapping. For a typical XRF map (50 \(\times\) 50 mm of scanned area, 1 mm step, and 1 s acquisition per step) the total measurement time is less than 1 h. Since the excitation scheme does not require poly-capillary optics, the spectrometer is highly sensitive in the full range of 1-40 keV. A tripod with 3D orientation makes the instrument portable and compatible with almost any measurement geometry (horizontal, vertical, tilted). Mapping measurements have been performed on the gable \"God the Father with Angels\" by [PERSON], employing a tube voltage of 50 kV, a tube anode current of 80 uA, and an acquisition d-well time of 1 s for each point. The total XRF map, 60 \(\times\) 30 mm with a lateral step of 1 \(\times\) 1 mm, has been recorded in about 50 min. The isolated XRF single-point spectra have been collected with slightly different acquisition parameters: acquisition time of 120 s, tube voltage between 20 and 50 kV, tube anode current between 40 and 200 uA depending on the point.
In severe cases, it can impair the quality of life and may be dangerous for the elderly [5]. It may also exacerbate neuropsychiatric illness [5]. Short-term hypothyroidism's impact on brain metabolism is not yet totally clear or well understood. A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study performed after the partial withdrawal of levothyroxine revealed deficits in a working memory task and the activation of brain areas associated with working memory ability, namely in the cerebellum, insula, parietal, frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes, lingual gyrus, and the cuneus [6]. A recent cross-sectional study based on [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) detected different brain metabolism patterns between papillary thyroid cancer patients that suspend levothyroxine for four weeks before the [18F]FDG PET/CT scan and patients that kept their regular levothyroxine intake [7]. Depression and anxiety were also detected in the patients that suspended levothyroxine intake [7]. As an alternative to levothyroxine withdrawal, recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) may be administered in the two days before radioactive iodine therapy [3; 5; 8; 9] or before periodic serum thyroglobulin measurements for disease restaging and radioiodine scanning, with similar treatment efficacy, as induced by hypothyroidism [10]. Although a few studies have focused on understanding the effects of short-term hypometabolism in the brain functioning induced by levothyroxine withdrawal, the effects of rhTSH administration on brain metabolism remain unknown. These are the main motivations of the current study. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the brain metabolism between short-term hypothyroidism (levothyroxine withdrawal) and rhTSH stimulation against regular levothyroxine intake in patients submitted to total thyroidectomy. This is assessed based on glucose consumption measured by [18F]FDG PET/CT in a longitudinal study. In addition, it also aims to investigate the optimal period after [18F]FDG injection for performing the PET/CT scan, which translates into greater differences when compared to the regular levothyroxine intake condition.
## 4 Experiment Setup and Results
### Security and Privacy Analysis  
High-availability systems span multiple global networks. Although firewalls and physical security measures are used, it is essential that those networks are secured and do not allow an attacker to attack a vehicle's data. The compromised server cannot be used to compromise other parts of the system. Hence, some schema is needed to create trust between the vehicles in the network. The proposed system supports secure communication among vehicles using TLS. Vehicles can assign their cryptographic operations to a Hardware Security Module. This secures the secret keys and executes cryptographic functions, enabling vehicles and RSUs to sign and endorse transactions without revealing the secret keys.
# Escaping Printable Encoded Streams to Embed Out-of-Band Data
## 4 Printable Encodings and Case Studies of Payload Data Embedding
### Integrity Information, Message Authentication Code, and Digital Signature Embedding  
The printable encoded data may be stuffed and/or terminated with security information such as a cryptographic hash, a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or a signature covering the whole or a portion of the encoded data. Due to the bit length of these binary strings, it is more efficient to employ three unused sequences \(\mathsf{S}_{\mathsf{h}}\), \(\mathsf{S}_{\mathsf{m}}\), \(\mathsf{S}_{\mathsf{d}s}\) from \(\mathcal{U}\) to specify the type of security information, respectively, hash, MAC, and signature, encoded in the following sequences and then use a fixed number of sequences in \(\mathcal{E}\) to store the hash, the MAC, or the signature (Figure 2). In this case, \(\mathcal{Z}=\{\mathsf{S}_{\mathsf{h}},\mathsf{S}_{\mathsf{m}},\mathsf{S}_{ \mathsf{d}s}\}\).  
Figure 1: Simple schemes to show possible encodings of CRC codes (gray arrows show the sequences covered by the CRC). (**a**) CRC encoded in a single unused sequence. (**b**) CRC encoded in multiple unused sequences. (**c**) CRC encoded in an unused sequence and multiple legal sequences.  
**Example 4**.: _As shown in Figure 2, a single unused sequence \(S_{h1}\) of the Base41 encoding [1] may be employed to specify that the following eight sequences belonging to \(\mathcal{E}\) (each one encoding \(16\) bits) will store a \(8\times 16=128\) bits hash, such as MD5 [19]. Furthermore, another unused sequence \(S_{h2}\) of the Base41 encoding can be utilized to indicate that the following sixteen sequences belonging to \(\mathcal{E}\) (each one representing \(16\) bits) will encode a \(16\times 16=256\) bits hash such as SHA3-256 [20]. In this case, \(\mathcal{Z}=\left\{S_{h1},S_{h2}\right\}\)._
# Fast and Efficient Lunar Finite Element Gravity Model
###### Abstract  
In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is integrated with orthogonal polynomial approximation in high-dimensional spaces to innovatively model the Moon's surface gravity anomaly. The aim is to approximate solutions to [PERSON]'s classical differential equations of gravity, employing classical Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. Using classical Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions, the least-squares approximation was used to approximate discrete samples of the approximation function. These test functions provide an understanding of errors in approximation and corresponding errors due to differentiation and integration. These test functions provide an understanding of errors in approximation and corresponding errors due to differentiation and integration. The first application of this project is to substitute the globally valid classical spherical harmonic series of approximations with locally valid series of orthogonal polynomial approximations (i.e., using the FEM approach). With an error tolerance set at \(10^{-9}\) m s\({}^{-2}\), this method is used to adapt the gravity model radially upwards from the lunar surface. The results showcase a need for a higher degree of approximation on and near the lunar surface, with the necessity decreasing as the radius increases. Notably, this method achieves a computational speedup of five orders of magnitude when applying the method to radial adaptation. More intrinsically, the second application involves using the methodology as an effective tool in solving boundary value problems. Specifically, this approach is implemented to solve classical differential equations involved with high-precision, long-term orbit propagation. This application provides a four-order-of-magnitude speedup in computational time while maintaining an error within the \(10^{-10}\) m s\({}^{-2}\) error range for various orbit propagation tests. Alongside the advancements in orthogonal approximation theory, the FEM enables revolutionary speedups in orbit propagation without compromising accuracy.  
spherical harmonics; finite element model; lunar gravity model; chebyshev polynomials; orthogonal approximation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Total Phenolic Content in Spice Extracts  
Similar to the AC results, TPC in extracts of the various spices prepared using three DESs and two conventional solvents differed significantly (\(p<0.05\), Duncan test) (Figure 3).  
Among all examined spices, clove was found to be the richest source of phenolic compounds (TPC = 9.8-60.9 mg GA/g DM), while TPC values (0.08-1.7 mg GA/g DM) were the lowest for cardamom extracts. Furthermore, the Duncan test revealed that, across all spices tested, ethanol proved to be the most efficient solvent for extracting phenolic compounds, yielding a range of 1.7-60.9 mg GA/g. Surprisingly, the TPC results presented by both [PERSON] et al. [27] and [PERSON] et al. [28] indicated that spice extracts prepared with 50% ethanol (TPC = 140.80-167.22 mg GA/g DM and 160 mg GA/g DM for clove and cinnamon extracts, respectively) provided a more efficient extraction of phenolics than pure ethanol (TPC = 60.2-130.9 mg GA/g DM and 72.4 mg GA/g DM for clove and cinnamon extracts, respectively). On the other hand, pure ethanol, being less polar than 70% ethanol, might disrupt cell membranes more effectively, enhancing their permeability and resulting in superior extraction performance [34].  
Moreover, as highlighted by [PERSON] et al. [35], factors such as the storage time of ground spices, the mesh size of the grinder sieve, and the peripheral velocity of grinding wheels can also significantly affect the TPC in spice extracts.  
Similar to their performance with AC, DESs were found to be suboptimal solvents for isolating phenolic compounds from spices. Typically, DESs are characterized by relatively high viscosity, which could pose a significant challenge to their application due to hindered mass transfer [36]. The viscosity of DESs can vary depending on water content and temperature [37]. It was determined that DESs, based on ChCl and U or Gly at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, exhibited viscosities of 214 and 177 mPa-s, respectively. In contrast, the same mixtures with 20% water content at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C displayed viscosities of 14.35 mPa-s and 23.48 mPa-s, respectively [36]. For comparison, traditional solvents such as ethanol and methanol have significantly lower viscosities (1.07 mPa-s and 0.9 mPa-s, respectively) [38]. This reduced viscosity may constitute a key advantage in the extraction of phenolic compounds from plant samples.  
Figure 3: Total phenolic content (TPC) in spices determined by the F-C method. Bars with different lowercase letters (a–f) indicate significant differences between the TPC of extracts obtained using the same solvent. Bars with different capital letters (A–E) represent significant differences in TPC of extracts obtained using the same spice (one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, \(p<0.05\)).
# Acoustic Material Monitoring in Harsh Steelplant Environments
## 3 Data Acquisition and Preprocessing Methods
### Audio Frames with Noise
#### 3.3.2 Threshold Determination  
The selection of the threshold \(\alpha\) is a trade-off. As shown in Figure 9, a low \(\alpha\) leads to frequent overall restoration yielding to strong removal of informative content of the signal and material class, whereas a high \(\alpha\) to low removal of non-characteristic sequences of impulses. The selection of \(\alpha\) is done by means of the five-fold cross-validation and classification performance, which is shown later.
## 4 FE Analysis and Result
### Comparison of Analysis Results and Experimental Values
Overall, the analysis results match the actual experimental results well in terms of the concrete failure state, shear connector deformation and fracture location, load-slip displacement curve, etc. Table 8 compares experimental and FE analysis results for ultimate load and maximum slip displacement for each model. In the case of FE analysis, it is difficult to directly compare with the experimental results because displacement control analysis was performed; however, it is possible to compare the ultimate load. In the case of the buried nut-type S2 and S3 models, the contact surfaces are more complicated than other models, hence, the analysis results show a maximum error of 29.3% compared to the experimental results. In the case of the S4 model proposed through the analysis, it showed reliable results throughout analysis with an error of less than 4.4%. Overall, the analysis results showed a higher breaking load than the experimental results. Figure 17: FE analysis results (load–slip relationship): (**a**) S1 (welding stud); (**b**) S2 (single-nut stud bolt); (**c**) S3-20 (tapered-nut stud bolt, 20”); (**d**) S3-45 (tapered-nut stud bolt, 45\({}^{\circ}\)); (**e**) S4-20 (Y-shaped stud bolt, 20\({}^{\circ}\)); (**f**) S4-45 (Y-shaped stud bolt, 45\({}^{\circ}\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Concrete Damage Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Shear Connector**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Compression** & **Tension** & **(von Mises Stress)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**S1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**S2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**S3-20**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**S3-45**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**S4-20**} \\  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: FE analysis results (damage mode of concrete and shear connector).
## 4 Discussion  
### Compression Process of the Seal Ring  
As shown in Figure 10, the compression ratio is directly proportional to the stress applied to the seal ring. When the compression rate is 10-20%, the stress generated by the sealing ring has a small influence range on the stepped ring. However, when the compression ratio reaches 25% to 30%, there is a noticeable increasing trend in the range of stress impact compared to a compression ratio of 20%. With the increase in compression ratio, the sealing width between the seal ring and the piston rod also increases. After compression, the maximum stress in the seal ring occurs at the contact surface between the step seal ring and the piston rod. However, when the compression ratio reaches 30%, the location of maximum stress shifts. It is no longer concentrated at the contact point between the step seal ring and the piston rod but shifts towards the inner portion of the step seal ring. This increases the risk of internal tearing of the step seal ring, and the impact of this failure mode is far more significant than the wear of the step seal ring.  
The necessary condition for a seal ring to achieve sealing is that the maximum contact pressure on the sealing contact surface must be greater than or equal to the high hydraulic pressure. When comparing the contact pressure curves of the three sealing surfaces in Figure 11 and Table 2 at the same compression ratio, it is evident that, under the same conditions, the contact pressure on sealing surface I is significantly higher than that on sealing surfaces II and III. Therefore, the sealing pressure limit of the seal ring is determined by sealing surfaces II and III.
## 3 A Prototype System for Pedestrian Positioning
### Heading Estimation  
A gyroscope provides an angular velocity \(\omega\). A direction change can be found by integrating \(\omega\) (_c.f._, Equation (23)). Thus a gyroscope can provide only a relative orientation as opposed to a magnetic compass. Experiments with a magnetic compass showed its susceptibility to magnetic field distortions due to tram lines, DC power lines with no return cable, cars changing a local magnetic field, _etc_. The magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field is _ca._ 50 \(\mu T\). By comparison, a departing tram produces 120 m away a magnetic induction of 5 \(\mu T\). Hence, a magnetic compass was not included. The absolute pedestrian orientation is sorted out run-time by the particle filtering algorithm based on other data. A magnetic compass could give a rough approximation \(\pm 90^{\circ}\) until the absolute orientation has been found and then switched off.  
Figure 7: **(a)** Path plotted for the pedometer and gyroscope readouts. The gyroscope readouts are corrected by the gravity estimation algorithm. **(b)** Path with no gyroscope correction. Points \((x,y)=(0,0)\) denote the starting point. There were 20 turns, each \(90^{\circ}\). The trial was started and ended in the same point. The difference between the heading direction at the beginning and at the end was \(\approx 21^{\circ}\), which corresponds to \(1^{\circ}\) of error per every rotation.
# The Effect of Slow-Release Fertilizer on the Growth of Garlic Sports and the Soil Environment
## 4 Conclusions  
The results showed that compared with T1, T2 was able to improve the quality of the garlic sprouts while reducing the fertilizer usage, increasing plant height by 2.58% and enhancing the chlorophyll, soluble sugar, free amino acid, and vitamin C contents by 3.88%, 1.16%, and 3.28%, respectively. However, stem diameter decreased by 0.48%, and the contents of soluble protein and allicin declined to some extent. The effect of T3 was more pronounced, with garlic sprout height and stem thickness increasing by 11.23% and 4.17%, respectively. Simultaneously, the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, free amino acids, vitamin C, and allicin increased significantly, with these improvements ranging from 5.31% to 44.64%. These findings indicate that slow-release fertilizers with equal fertility are more conducive to nutrient absorption and quality enhancements in garlic sprouts. In terms of soil improvement, T3 significantly reduced the pH of alkaline soil and increased the availability of potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, exchangeable magnesium, and the organic matter content, indicating that slow-release fertilizers can optimize soil nutrient supply. Additionally, the heavy metal content in the soil in the T2 and T3 groups decreased compared to that in CK and T1, owing to the chemical precipitation and ion exchange capacity of phosphogypsum, as well as the strong adsorption ability of bentonite. This suggests that slow-release fertilizers possess remediation potential for heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In conclusion, slow-release fertilizers--especially those applied with equal fertility--not only promote growth and enhance the quality of garlic sprouts but also improve soil fertility and reduce heavy metal risks, demonstrating considerable value for sustainable agriculture.  
Conceptualization: [PERSON]; supervision: [PERSON] and [PERSON]; writing--original draft: [PERSON]; writing--review and editing: [PERSON] and [PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by SDIC Xinjiang Luobupo Postash Co., Ltd., grant number H20230384.  
Not applicable.  
The data are contained within the article.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company SDIC Xinjiang Luobupo Postash Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
# Quantum Multi-User Broadcast Protocol for the \"Platform as a Service\" Model
## 4 Analysis
### Analysis of Security under Typical Attack  
The Security of this broadcast protocol depends on every process of communication between one source and a group of destinations. The protocol is divided into five parts as neighbor quantum node discovery process, neighbor quantum node pruning process, group routing tables building process, multicast date packet communication on quantum cloning process, and selective repeating process. Conventional data communication is used in processing classical information, and cleartext can be transferred through quantum channel. There is no information revealed. As for the vector attack, according to quantum no-cloning theorem, the attacker cannot accurately copy quantum nodes for DOS attack. If the attacker generates illegal users to prevent information transmission, it will be found in the authentication process by the key management system and the illegal communication will be terminated.