esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Molecular Imprinting Technology (MIT) is today a viable synthetic approach to design robust molecular recognition materials able to mimic natural recognition entities, such as antibodies and biological receptors [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9].  
The design of synthetic materials, which are able to mimic the recognition processes found in nature, has become an important and active area of research making in recent years molecular imprinting one of the strategies followed to create materials with recognition ability comparable to the natural systems. MIT is considered a versatile and promising technique which is able to recognize both biological and chemical molecules including amino acids and proteins [10; 11; 12], nucleotide derivatives [13], pollutants [14; 15], drugs and food [16; 17]. Further, application areas include: separation sciences and purification [14; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23], chemical sensors [24], catalysis [25], drug delivery [26], biological antibodies and receptors system [10; 27; 28].  
MIT is based on the formation of a complex between an analyte (template) and a functional monomer. In the presence of a large excess of a cross-linking agent, a three-dimensional polymer network [29] is formed. After polymerization process, the template is removed from the polymer leaving specific recognition sites complementary in shape, size and chemical functionality to the template molecule (Figure 1). Usually, intermolecular interactions like hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole and ionic interactions between the template molecule and functional groups present in the polymer matrix drive the molecular recognition phenomena. Thus, the resultant polymer recognizes and binds selectively only the template molecules.  
Figure 1: Scheme of molecular imprinting.  
The main advantages of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are their high selectivity and affinity for the target molecule used in the imprinting procedure. Imprinted polymers compared to biological systems such as proteins and nucleic acids, have higher physical robustness, strength, resistance to elevated temperature and pressure and inertness towards acids, bases, metal ions and organic solvents. In addition, they are also less expensive to be synthesized and the storage life of the polymers can be very high, keeping their recognition capacity also for several years at room temperature.  
The scope of this review is to provide a general overview on MIPs field, some significant aspects about preparation and application of the molecular imprinting polymers with examples taken from the recent literature will be outlined. The discussion will evaluate some theoretical and experimental parameters for MIPs design in terms of the interaction between template and polymer functionalities, and synthesis methods for the improvement of MIP recognition properties. In the present review various MIPs applications will also be considered focusing on more recent separation techniques, sensors and biosensors, catalysis and drug delivery.
## 4 Core Insights and Critical Reflections
### Evolution and Breakthroughs of Key Technologies
#### 4.1.4 Intelligentization of Data Processing and Analysis Methods  
The automation, intelligence, and real-time processing of data are important directions for future development, aiming to improve data processing efficiency and shorten the time from data acquisition to information extraction to meet the needs of applications with high timeliness requirements, such as emergency response. UAV-RS can obtain a large amount of high-resolution image data, which puts forward higher requirements for data processing and analysis methods. Traditional remote sensing data processing methods, such as radiometric correction, geometric correction, image fusion, and classification identification, have been widely applied and developed in the field of UAV-RS. In recent years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, especially the rise of deep learning methods, revolutionary breakthroughs have been brought to UAV-RS data processing. Inthe papers published in recent years, the processing of image data (RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral) mainly adopts neural network methods. For example, algorithms for object detection, image segmentation, and scene classification based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have shown superior performance in land use/land cover mapping, change detection, disaster assessment, and other aspects. However, for some special types of data, such as LiDAR data, there is still a lack of end-to-end neural network processing methods [23]. In addition, SfM and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) technologies, which reconstruct three-dimensional scenes from overlapping sequential images to quickly generate high-precision Digital Surface Models (DSM) and 3D point clouds, have become an important means for UAV-RS to obtain elevation information. Moreover, the development of UAV-RS big data cloud processing technology has provided an effective solution for the storage, management, and analysis of massive data, promoting the development of UAV-RS towards intelligence and real-time processing.
## 3 Numerical Results
### An Arbitrary Radiator in the Half-Space Domain  
As shown in Figure 1, an arbitrary object that is symmetric in the XY plane was treated as the studied case. Figure 1 can be considered as the half-space problem, and the infinite plane was assumed to be rigid (i.e., positive image) in this paper. The pulsating amplitudes and radiating pressures on the symmetrical part are positive with respect to the actual part. The actual part is composed of a cube (Faces 1-4) and a pyramid (Face 5). The side length of the cube is 1 m. The arbitrary geometry includes sharp edges, an apex, and an enormous variation in curvature. The center is at (0, 0, 0). The mean density of the air is 1.21 kg/m\({}^{3}\), and the speed of sound is 343 m/s. The number of elements on the object is 1960.
###### Abstract  
Ultrasonic multi-angle plane-wave (PW) coherent compounding relies on delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming of two-dimensional (2D) echo matrix in both the dimensions PW transmit angle and receiving channel to construct each image pixel. Due to the characteristics of DAS beamforming, PW coherent compounding may suffer from high image clutter when the number of transmit angles is kept low for ultrafast image acquisition. Delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) beamforming exploits the spatial coherence of the receiving aperture to suppress clutter interference. Previous attempts to introduce DMAS beamforming into multi-angle PW imaging has been reported but only in either dimension of the 2D echo matrix. In this study, a novel DMAS operation is proposed to extract the 2D spatial coherence of echo matrix for further improvement of image quality. The proposed 2D-DMAS method relies on a flexibly tunable \(p\) value to manipulate the signal coherence in the beamforming output. For \(p=2.0\) as an example, simulation results indicate that 2D-DMAS outperforms other one-dimensional DMAS methods by at least 9.3 dB in terms of ghost-artifact suppression. Experimental results also show that 2D-DMAS provides the highest improvement in lateral resolution by 32% and in image contrast by 15.6 dB relative to conventional 2D-DAS beamforming. Nonetheless, since 2D-DMAS emphasizes signal coherence more than its one-dimensional DMAS counterparts, it suffers from the most elevated speckle variation and the granular pattern in the tissue background.  
adaptive imaging; Delay-Multiply-and-Sum (DMAS), spatial coherence; nonlinear beamforming; plane-wave imaging +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Design and Evaluation of Flexible Support Based on Space Mirror
## 4 Analysis and Evaluation
### Forced Displacement Analysis  
Regarding the mirror component in the ground mounting process, the parts and parts assembly contact surface can not reach the ideal fitting, and the surface-to-surface fit will cause relative displacement, which can be directly or indirectly transmitted to the mirror to cause changes in the mirror surface shape; we usually refer to this influence factor as the forced displacement. Analyze the degree of impact through simulation in the component design process and make corresponding countermeasures [18]. According to the support structure of the mirror component designed in this paper, there are two contact points that will produce forced displacement, which are the contact surface between the support base and the base plate, and the contact surface between the base plate and the other structures, as shown in Figure 8 below; at this stage, the contact surface error can be considered to be 5 \(\upmu\)m.  
The variation of coordinates of all points on the mirror surface are obtained by the simulation and analysis software, which are brought into MATLAB 2014 calculations to simulate the values of the face shape. As shown in Table 8, the following is the root-mean- square value of the face shape of the mirror component after undergoing forced displacement obtained through simulation analysis.
# Optical Behavior of an Enhanced Monofocal Intraocular Lens Compared with a Standard One
## 1 Introduction  
In recent decades, the visual needs of the general population have significantly changed due to the incorporation of electronic devices in daily tasks, which increases the intermediate- and near-vision demands. In parallel with these changes, new intraocular lens (IOL) designs have been constantly evolving to meet these needs, with models appearing on the market that offer good functional vision at different distances. Despite such advances, currently, monofocals are still the most commonly implanted IOLs [1]. The reasons for not selecting a multifocal IOL design include disadvantages such as loss of retinal image contrast; greater vision loss when there is a residual refractive error; or the appearance of dysphotoposis, such as halos or glare [2, 3], particularly for diffractive designs.  
To overcome these problems, IOL manufacturers have focused on what is currently referred to as \"enhanced monofocal lenses\". This \"enhanced monofocal lens\" design is based on a monofocal refractive lens with an added modification, such as a certain amount of induced spherical aberration, targeting a mildly deeper depth of focus. In this way, it is possible to improve intermediate vision while avoiding the shortcomings of multifocal lenses [4, 5]. Such an increased amount of intermediate vision that the patient perceives does not usually fulfill the requirements established for these models to be considered extended range and, hence, the preferred terminology is enhanced monofocallens [6]. While multifocal or extended-range lenses usually feature diffractive optic designs to obtain different focal points, with enhanced monofocal lenses, a certain amount of induced spherical aberration, whether positive or negative, is often a characteristic of these designs [7].  
Given that the spherical aberration of any optical system is, by definition, dependent on the height of incoming light rays with respect to the optic axis, and therefore, on the diameter of the entrance pupil of the system, it is important to measure the power profiles of these lenses to understand their impacts on vision. The main aim of this study was thus to compare enhanced monofocal and standard monofocal IOLs of identical platform and material in terms of their radial profiles, spherical aberration values and high-order aberrations (HOAs). We also examined whether the nominal powers of these IOLs influenced the added power that can be obtained with these designs by assessing +10.00 D, +20.00 D and +30.00 D lenses. These two objectives could be key to deciding IOL indications and the management of patients implanted with this type of IOL.
# Low-Cost Handheld Spectrometry for Detecting Flavescence Doree in Vineyards
## 3 Results
### Healthy and Diseased Plants to Spectra  
To compare the reflectance of healthy and diseased plants, the average reflectance of all healthy and diseased plants from both sensors are presented in Figure 8. The difference in the reflectance of healthy and diseased are observed, and it can be seen that the reflectance of the Hamamatsu sensor shows high differences between healthy and diseased while the reflectance from the NIRScan sensor has small differences in the spectra. In the early growth stages, the differences between healthy and diseased Hamamatsu spectra are small but they get higher for the later stage. For the first and second weeks, both groups show similar values; but, in the second and third weeks, higher reflectance is observed in VIS-NIR spectral region (400-850 nm) for healthy plants compared to diseased plants, while in the fourth week an opposite pattern is observed. On the other hand, both plant groups did not show any big differences in spectra acquired by the Texas instrument, and almost for all growth stages, both groups show similar reflectance values. Only a small difference in spectra is observed in the spectral range of 900-1300 nm in the second and fifth week of the data acquisition but for other dates, the spectra of both groups almost show similar values.  
Figure 7: Representative results of a nested PCR amplification, with BN-specific (upper panel) or FD-specific primers. Amplicons of the expected size are visible in the positive controls and in some analyzed samples.  
Figure 8: Average spectra of healthy and diseased leaves of both sensors for five dates (8 June 2022, 15 June 2022, 21 June 2022, 1 July 2022, 6 July 2022), (**A–E**) spectra of Hamamatsu, and (**F–J**) spectra of NIRScan sensor.
# Durability of Superamphiphobic Polyester Fabrics in Simulated Aerodynamic Icing Conditions
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization  
A Kruss DSA 30 (Hamburg, Germany) contact angle measuring device with an automatic tilting axis was used for the measurements of the equilibrium contact angle and roll-off-angle. Milli-Q water droplets were 6 \(\upmu\)L in volume and oil droplets (sunflower oil, THOMY, Frankfurt, Germany) were 10 \(\upmu\)L. The stage was tilted at a rate of 1.5\({}^{\circ}\)/s and recorded at 1 frame per second, resulting in a minimum measurement uncertainty of 1.5\({}^{\circ}\). The Young Laplace fitting method in the Kruss ADVANCE software was used to calculate the water contact angle, and the ellipse fitting was used for that of oil. The accuracy of the measurement was decreased by the optical nature of the fabrics, which made it difficult to measure the three-phase contact line for angles above 160\({}^{\circ}\). Visible bumps and a lack of reflectivity made it difficult to accurately define a baseline. On superhydrophobic and superamphiphobic surfaces the advancing contact angle is expected to be close to 180\({}^{\circ}\)[27]. The water contact angle of pristinely coated fabrics has been measured previously using confocal microscopy [15].  
Following icing wind tunnel and wetting properties tests, a circular punch was used to cut 5 mm-diameter circular samples near the center of each fabric for SEM measurements.
# Compressed Nonlinear Equalizers for 112-Gbps Optical Interconnects: Efficiency and Stability
## 3 Experiment and Results
### Efficiency Comparison
On the other hand, NNE is still able to achieve remarkable equalization performance for B2B and 100 m  
Figure 4: Impact of activation function and layer number of NNE on equalization performance. Figure 3: (**a**) BER versus memory length of first-order VE with received optical power of 1 dBm and 0 dBm (B2B) and 0 dBm (100 m); (**b**) BER versus input symbol number with 51 hidden neurons and three layers and received optical power of 1 dBm. cases. Therefore, NNE has significantly more robust performance than VE in a harsh link situation. With pruning algorithms, NNE attains around 50% complexity reduction compared to conventional NNE at the FEC limit of BER with \(3.8\times 10^{-3}\). In addition, at the same complexity, equalizer without pruning algorithms shows worse BER performance due to reduced memory length. From Figure 6, we also learn that VE outperforms NNE when complexity is lower than 800 since that VE can always maintain the least linear equalizer. However, the performance of NNE, on the other hand, will decline rapidly after large-scale pruning, as NNE fails to have the property of separate order like VE.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Imaging on a Rainy Day  
A rainy day is a common scenario for imaging. Finally, we conducted intensity imaging measurements on a day with moderate rainfall through the window of our laboratory. The imaging results with a resolution of 128 \(\times\) 128 pixels, including a microwave radar antenna positioned at 150 m, a clock situated atop the building at 250 m, a building under construction located at 1500 m, and an attic within the building observed at 2000 m, are depicted in Figure 6. At these distances, the profiles and details can be clearly observed. For instance, a Chinese character \"\(\dagger\)\(\dagger\)\" is discernible in the lower right section of the image (refer to Figure 6c), which is part of the slogan. Moreover, the structure of the attic with the building can be clearly captured (see Figure 6d). These imaging results demonstrate that the transmitter, equipped with such a camera lens, possesses sufficient resolution. Compared to the imaging results obtained during haze weather, where particle scattering is the primary source of interference, this LiDAR system exhibits a comparable imaging capability even in rainy conditions. However, due to its indoor deployment, measurements were not taken for distant objects that were obscured.
# Rebirth of Distributed AI--A Review of eHealth Research
## 3 A Look into eHealth of the Future
### Enabling Technologies, Their Roles and Interplay
#### 3.3.1 The Role of 6G  
Compared to 4G, 5G networks are offering better services with significant advancement in terms of data rate, latency, and capacity. Although 5G has laid the foundation for supporting AI-empowered applications, there is still a need to fill the gaps in many of the requirements for full AI adoption and support. Therefore, research and development of the new wireless generation network, 6G, is actively ongoing. It is expected that in 2030, with the realization of the envisioned 6G, full AI-empowered health applications will be possible.  
Table 3 reflects the enhancement 6G will bring compared to its predecessor 5G [28; 29]. As the figures reflect, compared to 5G, 6G will be faster, more reliable, wider in coverage, and greater in bandwidth and capacity. It will meet all the communication requirements for future health applications of real-time and distributed intelligence. In terms of real-time intelligence, ultra-low latency is the key. With E2E latency that is less than 1 ms, 6G will revolutionize real-time health applications. In addition to ultra-low latency, 6G's increased data rate of 1 Tbps, and the tripled bandwidth (compared to 5G), 6G will allow life-critical health applications such as telesurgery and intelligent ambulances to take a great leap forward. This increase is due to the envisioned utilization of THz transmission [30].  
In terms of distributed intelligence, the 6G communication network will be ubiquitous and integrated and will provide deeper and broader coverage through device-to-device. Such coverage will be feasible by using terrestrial and satellite mobile communication. It is estimated that satellite transmission distance will reach above 600 km compared to 1 km terrestrial [31]. The increased capacity and mobility of 6G will also realize the ubiquitous intelligence by accommodating the connectivity of a large number of devices and sensors and through its ability to manage nodes mobility with proactive cashing [28].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Capability** & **5G** & **6G** \\ \hline Per device peak data rate & 10 Gbps & 1 Tbps \\ \hline E2E Latency & 10 ms & 1 ms \\ \hline Mobility Support & Up to 500 km/hr & Up to 1000 km/hr \\ \hline Satellite integration & No & Fully \\ \hline THz & Very limited & widely \\ \hline Energy efficiency & 1000X relative to 4G & \textgreater{}10X relative to 5G \\ \hline Reliability & 99.9\% & \textgreater{}99.999\% \\ \hline Traffic density & 10 TB/s/km\({}^{2}\) & \textgreater{}100 TB/s/km\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Positioning precision & Meter level & Centimeter level \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Reflects the latency, data rate and reliability of telesurgery enabling technologies.  
Figure 2: Envisioned Interplay of the enabling technologies and concepts.
# Survey of Blockchain-Based Applications for IoT
## 5 Data Protection and Privacy
### Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)  
The ZKP is a concept in cryptography that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that they know a certain piece of information without revealing what that information is. This idea was first introduced by [PERSON] et al. in 1985 [42]. The key properties of a ZKP are [43] as follows:  
1. Completeness: If both the prover and verifier follow the protocol correctly, the verifier will, with high probability, accept a valid proof;
2. Zero-knowledge: The verifier does not gain any additional knowledge about the prover's secret aside from the fact that the statement is true;
3. Soundness: A dishonest prover cannot convince the verifier to accept a false statement as true.  
ZKPs can be interactive or non-interactive, each with distinct applications in cryptographic verification [44]. Interactive ZKPs (IZKPs) require a three-phase protocol:  
1. Witness phase: The prover first generates a proof;
2. Challenge phase: The verifier issues a set of challenges;
3. Response phase: The prover responds to these challenges, allowing the verifier to accept or reject the proof.  
This back-and-forth interaction ensures security but may be inefficient for blockchain applications. In contrast, non-interactive ZKPs (NIZKPs) streamline the process by eliminating the need for multiple rounds of communication. Instead, they involve three steps:  
1. Setup, where a proving key (PK) and verification key (VK) are generated;
2. Prover, where the proof is created using the PK;
3. Verifier, where the VK is used to validate the proof.  
Non-interactive ZKPs have gained popularity in blockchain applications, particularly in anonymous payments, identity protection, cross-chain interoperability, and off-chain computation verification.  
On a blockchain, proofs are recorded in a shared ledger, which can pose a risk to privacy if verifiers can share proofs with unauthorized third parties. To address this, [PERSON] et al. proposed a Blockchain Designated Verifier Proof (BDVP) scheme to enhance privacy in blockchain applications using ZKPs [43]. Unlike traditional ZKPs, where a verifier can share a proof with third parties, BDVPs allow the verifier to forge a fake proof, making it impossible for outsiders to determine whether the prover actually possesses the secret. This ensures non-transferability of the proof, protecting the prover's privacy even if the proof is recorded on a blockchain. The scheme also incorporates post-quantum security using lattice-based cryptography, making it resistant to quantum attacks while maintaining efficiency.