## 6 A Case Study of Pakistan's National Population Census Bureau  
Considering the challenges discussed in the literature review section, we picked a case study of Pakistan. The selection of Pakistan as the primary focus stems from one of the researcher's origins in the country, facilitating easier access to information for nationals compared to attempting the same for other countries. Additionally, the researcher in question expressed a desire to contribute to the well-being of her fellow citizens. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, face-to-face structured interviews were conducted at the National Census Bureau to identify challenges and propose a blockchain-based solution. This solution aims to address concerns related to census data sensitivity, privacy, and national security. This method offers the benefits of formulating relevant questions, ensuring the consistency and comparability of interview responses, and minimizing errors and biases. The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics stands as the country's principal official agency tasked with collecting, compiling, and disseminating statistical information pertaining to the national population census. During the second phase of our research study, a list of 34 questions for structured interviews was prepared and split into five sections: participant backgrounds, existing system, missed populations, blockchain awareness, and new system requirements (see Appendix A). It was then translated into Pakistan's national language--Urdu--so that participants could be comfortable during the session and completely understand what had been asked. The target participants were selected based on the following criteria: should \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Attributes** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Census Enumeration and** \\ **Internet Voting App** \\ \end{tabular} & **BINC-TAPS Framework** \\ \hline Application Type & Online, available to citizens &
\begin{tabular}{c} Online, available to \\ surveyors and NGOs \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Platform Type & Combined & Solo \\ \hline Blockchain & Multichain & Hyperledger Fabric \\ \hline Population Coverage Issue & None & Improves \\ \hline Racial and Ethnic Discrimination & No & Resolve \\ \hline Privacy Concerns & Resolves & Resolves \\ \hline Census Data Distribution & None & Resolves \\ \hline Cost of Census & Reduces & Reduces \\ \hline Cooperation and Participation & No & Improves \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: A comparison table between related systems and the BINC-TAPS framework. have 10+ years of experience and be part of a planning, data collection, consolidation, and compilation or IT support team. We set the minimum target bar for 10-15 participants because the national census bureau is a single federal body in the country, and the participants' teams will mainly use the proposed system [48]. The interviews took place during October-December 2022. Ten participants participated with consensus. A total of 450 data points were collected via 34 main questions and 11 derived questions. KoboToolbox was used for data collection, and Python and Jupyter-Notebook were used for data transformation, cleaning, and analysis. Pandas, NumPy, Plotly, and Sweetviz libraries were considered during the analysis [48]. The key findings from analyzing the structured interview responses are as follows [48]:  
* Supervisors can manually alter census data without immutable audit trails, raising concerns about integrity. Only supervisors can change data when inputting missing values, lacking transparency. * The census bureau relies solely on authorized surveyors for enumeration and does not cross-verify with external data sources, risking undercounting marginalized populations like the homeless. Some participants identified potentially missed groups, including those in remote areas, transgender individuals, and unregistered orphanages. * The proposed blockchain system could allow accredited entities to participate in enumeration for universal coverage.