## 1 Introduction  
Renewable energy, especially PV energy, has experienced strong growth in recent years. According to the International Energy Agency, solar PV generation increased by 131 TWh in 2019 and represented the second-largest generation growth of all renewable technologies, slightly behind wind energy [1]. With this increase, power generation from PV is approximately 720 TWh and shares almost 3% in global electricity generation. To optimize PV energy yield, besides inventing new technologies and reducing cost, predicting the performance of a PV module under on-site conditions plays an important role in selecting a PV module and installation method. Various studies showed that the performance of a PV module depends not only on its own properties such as material, glazing-cover transmittance, and plate absorptance but also on the actual weather conditions such as ambient temperature, wind speed, and the spectral distribution of incident irradiance [2; 3; 4; 5]. Even operating under conditions similar to Standard Test Conditions (STC) solar irradiance, the outdoor operating efficiency of multi-crystalline PV was found to be on average 18.1% lower than the given STC efficiency [6]. Typically, every 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C of increasing temperature results in a 0.5% reduction in efficiency of crystalline PV module, while this figure of amorphous silicon PV module is 0.27% on average [7]. One of the most important loss factors, which have a negative impact on the final energy produced by a PV system, is the operating temperature of the modules. This loss is represented by the temperature loss coefficient, which depends on the technology of the module as well as on the materials. Notwithstanding that those coefficient values are supplied by manufacturers, the cell operating temperature must be known as a prerequisite for estimating the total thermal loss. For this reason, accurately predicting the outdoor operating temperature plays an important role in modeling the energy yield of a PV system. As a result, various studies have been conducted to find the most suitable methodology for modeling the outdoor operating temperate of a PV module. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON], these models can be distributed in two main categories: implicit and explicit models [8]. The concept of implicit models is based on the knowledge of the thermal properties of the PV module and their heat transfer mechanisms, which is the so-called steady-state energy balance. These models have proven that they are able to determine the operating temperature of a PV module under outdoor conditions. However, this type of model seems complicated to implement in practice as they require the PV module to be in steady-state, which rarely happens under real operating conditions [9]. Moreover, since these models are composed of many factors that greatly depend on module materials and local meteorology, various parameters need to be provided at high precision to obtain the expected performance. This inconvenience makes it difficult to transfer the implicit models to other PV technologies since they have mainly been applied to crystalline silicon solar cells. One of the most well-known models is based on a simple energy balance proposed by [PERSON] et al. [10] and then developed by [PERSON] et al. [11]. The explicit models, on the other hand, emphasize the link between cell temperature and ambient temperature as well as the incident solar radiation flux. Some of them consider the wind speed, such as [PERSON] et al. [3], [PERSON] et al. [12], and [PERSON] et al. [13], while the others do not [11; 14; 15] but, in both cases, the solar irradiance is the main factor for increasing the PV module temperature. Moreover, the temperature of the module is strongly influenced by the thermal insulation of the module backside resulting from the roof-mounting or building integration [3; 16]. Out of all models, the one put forward by [PERSON] et al.