esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experiments and Discussion
### Comparative Experiments
Figure 8 illustrates the training-validation loss curves on the Vaihingen and Potsdam datasets. The blue curve represents the training loss, while the orange curve corresponds to the validation loss. As shown in the figure, both losses exhibit a consistent downward trend and tend to stabilize after approximately the 60 th epoch, indicating that the model successfully converges without showing signs of severe overfitting. Moreover, the validation loss closely follows the trend of the training loss, further demonstrating the strong generalization capability of the proposed PLGTransformer on two distinct remote sensing datasets. In our study, all experiments were conducted using an GeForce RTX 4090 GPU, NVIDIA, Macao SAR, China, with 24 GB of memory, implemented under the PyTorch 1.12.0 framework. For a standard input size of \(256\times 256\), the batch size was set to 4, and the model achieved an average inference time of approximately 0.018 s per image, with an average memory usage of around 484 MB. During the testing phase, we employed a \(32\times 32\) sliding window strategy to perform tiled inference on large-scale images, effectively controlling memory consumption while preserving spatial continuity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Imp. Surf. (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Building (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Car (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Low Veg. (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Tree (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**mIoU (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**mFl (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **IoU** & **F1** & **IoU** & **F1** & **IoU** & **F1** & **IoU** & **F1** & **IoU** & **F1** & **IoU** & **F1** \\ \hline Swint & 65.17 & 74.50 & 58.66 & 63.03 & 51.71 & 58.41 & 67.84 & 79.01 & 58.74 & 68.76 & 60.30 & 68.74 \\ Swint UNet & 95.52 & 69.86 & 54.59 & 60.22 & 56.77 & 65.22 & 63.08 & 75.12 & 52.06 & 62.35 & 57.26 & 65.95 \\ BANet & 63.25 & 72.82 & 55.99 & 61.28 & 53.51 & 59.82 & 66.67 & 78.09 & 54.65 & 64.62 & 58.83 & 67.33 \\ FUNNetFormer & 66.87 & 75.78 & 59.23 & 63.96 & 57.66 & 63.24 & 70.16 & 81.14 & 60.25 & 70.30 & 62.83 & 70.88 \\ CTFuse & 67.98 & 76.75 & 68.81 & 81.52 & 59.96 & 74.66 & 77.46 & 87.30 & 61.37 & 76.06 & 67.04 & 79.22 \\ PLGTransformer & 58.90 & 74.14 & 85.21 & 92.01 & 70.44 & 82.66 & 61.11 & 70.40 & 75.14 & 85.81 & 70.16 & 81.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison results of different models on the Potsdam dataset. Figure 8: The loss function curves of the Vaihingen and Potsdam datasets.
## 1 Introduction  
As the advancement in the electronic era proceeds, power devices are finding their scope in automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries. In recent years, the incorporation of new semiconductor materials like SiC, GaAs, Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\), and AlN in power devices demands stable interconnects with high operating temperatures (>250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [1]. Therefore, the conventional low melting point solders such as Sn-Pb, SnAgCu, and Sn-Bi cannot be used for power electronic devices [2]. Currently, these power devices are interconnected using thermo-compression joining [3], high temperature soldering [4], and nano Ag paste sintering [5]. However, the major drawbacks in these methods are (1) high joining temperature, which enhances the interface diffusion; (2) high applied pressure, which damages the semiconductor substrates; and (3) high manufacturing cost.  
An intermetallic compound (IMC) layer bonding technique named transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding surpassed the above difficulties. In this method, a low melting temperature metal is sandwiched and melted between high temperature parent metal to make a joint. The reaction between low temperature metal with the parent metal results in the formation of IMC with a high melting temperature. Devices interconnected using TLP bonding method can withstand an operating temperature higher than the joining temperature [6]. Many successful TLP joints, such as Cu/Sn/Cu [7], Ag/Sn/Ag [8], Ni/Sn/Ni [7], and Cu/Sn-Bi/Cu [9], are well-established. The major limitation in TLP bonding is the longer joining duration and brittle fracture of IMC, which deteriorate the joint stability [6]. Recently, the use of Sn coated Cu powders in TLP joining reduced the joining duration [10]. However, enhancing the strength of Cu-Sn IMC in TLP bonding remains unsolved.  
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) [single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)] composites are effective in enhancing the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of metals and hence exist as potential candidates in electronic packaging [11; 12; 13; 14]. CNTs are used in electrically conductive epoxy resins [12]. Ni coated CNTs are effectively used in solder joints [13], and Cu coated CNTs are used in through-silicon via (TSV) filling [14]. In the present work, Sn coated Cu-MWCNT powders are fabricated by consecutive Cu and Sn electroless plating and employed as interconnected material for TLP joining of Cu. The formation of IMC's after joining, the strength of the joints, and their fracture surfaces were examined.
# Collision Risk Assessment and Operation Assistant Strategy for Teleoperation System
## 6 Experiment and Discussion
### Effectiveness of the Operation Assist Strategy  
#### 6.3.1 Experiment Setup  
For evaluating the proposed operation assistance strategy, a real teleoperation system was setup in the laboratory. The graphic virtual environment was constructed based on the remote environment, and the system setup is shown in Figure 19. Five obstacles were placed on the worktable, and the ArUco marker was fixed on the workpiece.
# Current Harmonic Suppression Algorithm for Asymmetric Dual Three-Phase PMSM
###### Abstract  
Based on the vector space decomposition (VSD) transformation, the currents of an asymmetric dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (ADT-PMSM) with isolated neutral points are decoupled into the torque, producing \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\) components in the fundamental subspace and the loss-producing \(x\)-\(y\) components in the harmonic subspace. In order to suppress the current harmonics, a feedforward voltage compensation that is calculated according to the dead time, turn on/off time, and the voltage drop is added to the reference voltage of the control algorithm. Due to the limitations of the feedforward voltage compensation method, a feedback current control loop is set up in the \(x\)-\(y\) subspace, where an improved resonant controller is adopted to generate the compensation voltage. The improved resonant controller can achieve a high gain at a specific frequency. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.  
asymmetric dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor; vector space decomposition; current harmonic suppression; feedforward voltage compensation; resonant controller
# A Novel Virtual Power Plant Uncertainty Modeling Framework Using Unscented Transform
## 2 Virtual Power Plant (VPP)
### Technical Virtual Power Plant (TVPP)  
The VPP essentially depends on a TVPP for its existence and operation. It works and communicates mainly at the distribution-and-transmission-network level of the same geographical placement, as represented in green in Figure 2 [14].  
The generation capacity of DERs is aggregated in the distribution network, where the VPP can participate in a competitive electricity market, and may require detailed knowledge of the local grid to provide technical services to the system operator, such as ancillary services and balancing services [15], similar to a system operator, especially in energy-balance performance [16].  
The TVPP is involved in managing and easing grid constraints, as well as in aggregating DERs with appropriate parameters for distribution [17]. It may dispatch controllable resources and decide whether to buy from, or sell energy to, the electricity market, while considering various sources of uncertainty [18; 19].
## 4 Discussion  
### Hydrological Parameters  
Akkeshi-ko Estuary is a lagoon with a maximum depth of 9 m [27]. Several rivers flow into the estuary. The Bekanbeushi River accounts for 98.8% of the total water flow into Akkeshi-ko Estuary [28]. The basin area of Bekanbeushi River is 447 km\({}^{2}\). The common flow rate is estimated to be \(\sim\)10 billion kg week\({}^{-1}\), and it doubles to \(\sim\)20 billion kg week\({}^{-1}\) during the snow-melting season [28]. The hydrological environment of Stn. 1 located in the central part of Akkeshi-ko Estuary thus showed a tendency of low-salinity conditions due to the influence of the increased water from the Bekanbeushi River during the snow-melting season (Figure 2b).  
Station 2 was located at the inner part of Akkeshi Bay, and it tended to show low salinity (Figure 2d). The phytoplankton taxa were dominated by Euglenoids and pennate diatoms from April to early June (Figure 3b). Pennate diatoms were reported to be more dominant than centric diatoms in Akkeshi-ko Estuary [29]. Station 2 is located in coast of Akkeshi Bay close to the mouth of Akkeshi-ko Estuary where the estuarine waters flow out and have significant impacts.  
A thermocline was observed in Akkeshi Bay at a depth of \(\sim\)5 m [30; 31], and a similar phenomenon was observed at Stn. 3. The seawater from the open ocean and the estuarine water are mixed at Stn. 3, and the influence of open ocean water was thought to be rather strong (Figure 2e,f).  
Figure 14: Phylogenetic tree for \(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-proteobacteria isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences (\(\sim\)1300 bp). The tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method (ML). Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values (neighbor joining method (NJ)/ML). Numbers after the strain name are the accession numbers. PAB: particle-associated bacteria, FLB: free-living bacteria, Leaf: isolated from a leaf of the seagrass _Zostera marina_. The bacterial name AK is the strain isolated in this study. The outgroup algicidal bacteria are reported by previous study [32].
# The Effect of the Water Table on the Bearing Capacity of a Shallow Foundation
## 5 Conclusions  
The following main conclusions are drawn from this study:  
1. Through the sampling analysis of drilling holes and pits, the foundation soil layer affected by immersion is mainly a low-liquid-limit clay layer. The physical mechanics of the main soil layers of the building foundation in the typical immersion area in the natural and saturated state are carried out, and the geotechnical test parameters for evaluating the impact of reservoir submersion are obtained.
2. The results show that the compressive index of low liquid limit clay increases gradually with the increase of saturation, while the compressive modulus decreases gradually. At the same time, the cohesion and internal friction angle gradually decrease with the increase of saturation.
3. Based on the relevant specifications for the critical burial depth of submerged groundwater for buildings and the research on the immersion mechanism of reservoirs, a method for determining the critical burial depth of submerged buildings was proposed. Among them, the influence of the rising groundwater level on the stability of the building foundation can be considered, and the method and process of determining the depth of the safety influence limit are given.
4. The immersion example of typical building foundations in Luohuang Town, Xiaonanhai Reservoir immersion area was analyzed, and the influence of foundation width and burial depth on the safety limit depth was studied. Other conditions being the same, the limit depth of independent foundation groundwater level rise varies with the width of the foundation increases and decreases with the increase of the depth of the foundation.
5. The effects of porosity, permeability, different foundation types, and reinforcement measures can also be studied. Thereby increasing the bearing capacity of the building foundation, reducing the influence of the rising water table in the immersion area, and ensuring the safe use of the building.  
Data curation, W.C.; Investigation, W.C.; Methodology, E.W.; Project administration, Q.L.; Resources, E.W.; Writing--review & editing, Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable for studies not involving humans or animals.  
Not applicable for studies not involving humans.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Recycling Waste Paver Blocks in the Manufacture of New Concrete Paver Blocks and Building Bricks
## 3 Results
### Flexural Strength  
The flexural strength test results at 28 days of age are shown in Figure 7, and the results were similar to those of compressive strength. The flexural strength decreases when replacing fine aggregate for the RB and RC series, and increases for the RG series. The flexural strengths of the RB and RC series were 6.0-6.41 MPa and 6.37-7.24 MPa, respectively, which were 15.8-21.2% and 4.9-16.4% lower than the reference mixture, respectively. However, up to the 30% replacement level of RG, the concrete mixtures showed improved flexural strength. The flexural strength of the RG series was 7.79-8.14 MPa, which was increased by 2.28%, 4.43%, and 6.94% at replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The rough, angular texture of RG may have improved flexural strength by increasing friction between aggregates and cement paste. Another cause of improved flexural strength is similar to the reasons described for compressive strength, i.e., better formation of C-H-S gels. The increase in flexural strength due to the addition of RG as a replacement for fine aggregate is consistent with the results reported in the literature [22; 23].  
The flexural strength for all concrete mixtures satisfied the KS requirements. According to the standards, flexural strength is not required for concrete building bricks, whereas it should exceed 5.0 MPa for concrete paving blocks. The lowest flexural strength observed was measured on RB-30, which was 6.0 MPa. Therefore, replacing 30% of fine aggregates  
Figure 7: Flexural strength of concrete with different waste blocks.  
with RB, RC, and RG is a viable option to recycle old paving blocks into new paving blocks and building bricks.
# Periodic Monitoring and Filtering Suppression of Signal Interference in Mine 5G Communication
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparing the Interference Suppression Capabilities of Different Methods
#### 4.2.2 Suppression of 5 MHz Crosstalk  
Similarly, the bandwidth of interfering becomes 5 MHz crosstalk, whose power is equal to the signal power. Considering that notch filtering cannot cope with broadband interference, it was replaced by the conventional blind source separation here. Figure 7a-d shows the spectra of the original signal without any suppression, the signal after traditional equalization, the signal after conventional blind source separation, and the signal after the fusion anti-interference scheme, respectively. Obviously, equalization did not achieve any effective suppression, and the effects of blind source separation and the fusion scheme were both close to 11 dB. Unless the interference conditions change rapidly, the abilities of blind source separation and fusion scheme are basically the same. The fusion anti-interference scheme monitors the interference state every 500 ms, and then determines whether to trigger the operation or not, which effectively avoids the impact on the low-latency characteristics of 5G.
# Theoretical Study: High Harmonic Generation by Light Transients
## 2 Method
### Scanning the Amplitude and the Delay  
The influence of the energy ratio and the delay between the three channels on the resulting high harmonic radiation were first analyzed individually. To this end, the amplitude of each channel was scanned from 0.1 to 1 with a step size of 0.05. For selected amplitude ratios, the delay between the three channels was then altered from \(-\)8 fs to \(+\)8 fs with a step size of 0.25 fs. Here, each delay setting was shifted in time to be centered around \(t=0\) to avoid cutting the pulse with the specified time window (Equation (1)).  
To find waveforms leading to a cutoff energy above 1 keV, both energy ratio and delay were scanned simultaneously. Based on our initial analysis, the MIR amplitude was varied from 0.6 to 1 with a step size of 0.2, while both VIS and NIR were scanned from 0.1 to 0.4 with a step size of 0.1. The delay was scanned from \(-\)6 to \(+\)6 fs with a step size of 0.3 fs. To reduce the calculation time, the scan was performed in two steps. First, the dipole response was only calculated up to an energy of 1 keV to eliminate amplitude and delay combinations resulting in sub-keV cutoff energies. The second step was to calculate the full dipole response of the remaining waveforms up to an energy of 1.7 keV.
# Underlay Loosely Coupled Model for Public Safety Networks Based on Device-to-Device Communication
## 3 Underlay D2D Network Based on ProSe Service
### Reference ProSe Architecture  
The Third Generation Partnership Project has also defined a Proximity Service (ProSe) in both 4G [3] and 5G [12]. From Figure 2, some main components can be identified:  
* The ProSe App Server serves as a public safety answering point and can directly communicate with an application defined in UE.
* The ProSe UE App is an application installed on the UE side that uses ProSe capabilities.
* A ProSe function/DDNFM acts as the reference point for the ProSe App Server and UEs. This function is responsible for the verification, authorization, and configuration of UE. It also allows network core-level discovery for direct communication scenarios between devices.  
In addition to PC5, several other interfaces have been defined by 3 GPP to allow interaction between the various ProSe components and network core functions. We can  
Figure 2: Non-roaming reference ProSe architecture for 4G/5G networks.  
mention the PC1 interface that enables applications installed on the UE to exchange data with the ProSe Server, while the PC2 is used by ProSe functions to obtain updates from the server and to support all functionalities used for direct D2D communication. On the other side, the UE can use the PC3 interface for D2D discovery and communication.  
The architecture presented in Figure 2 shows a basic case of two UEs belonging to the same public land mobile network (PLMN) supporting 4G and 5G networks. However, it is possible that UEs register to different PLMNs or even belong to different radio access networks (RANs) such as LTE-A and WiFi. Some other interfaces not mentioned in this paper can be used for roaming scenarios to keep the home ProSe function/DDNFM reachable for both the roaming UE as well as the visiting ProSe function.
# Double-Consensus Based Distributed Optimal Energy Management for Multiple Energy Hubs
## Nomenclature  
\begin{tabular}{l l} EMP & Energy management problem \\ DDC & Distributed double-consensus \\ CHP & Combined heat and power \\ KKT & Karush-Kuhn-Tucker \\ \(i,j\) & energy hub indices \\ n & Number of energy hubs \\ m & Linear inequality constraint indices \\ \(E_{int}^{c}\), \(E_{int}^{S}\) & Inputs of electricity and natural gas powers \\ \(E_{i,in}^{c,min}\), \(E_{i,in}^{c,max}\) & Lower and upper bounds of \(E_{i,in}^{c}\) \\ \(E_{i,in}^{c,min}\), \(E_{i,in}^{c,max}\) & Lower and upper bounds of \(E_{i,in}^{c}\) \\ \(E_{out}^{c}\), \(E_{out}^{c}\) & Outputs of electricity and heat powers \\ \(\eta^{\alpha\epsilon}\), \(\eta^{\epsilon,chp}\), \(\eta^{h,chp}\), \(\eta^{bol}\) & The transformer efficiencies of transformer, CHP unit from gas to \\ \(\rho\) & Electricity, CHP unit from gas to heat and boiler \\ \(C_{i}(E_{i,in}^{c})\), \(C_{i}(E_{i,in}^{\delta})\) & Dispatch factor \\ \(W_{i}(\eta,E_{i,in}^{c})\) & Electricity and natural gas cost functions \\ \(a_{i}^{\epsilon,min}\), \(a_{i}^{\epsilon,max}\), \(u_{i,in}^{g}\) & Penalty function \\ \(\chi_{i}\), \(\widetilde{X}_{i}\) & Cost coefficients \\ \(w^{T}\) & penalty coefficients \\ \(X\) & Local electricity and natural gas loads connected to \(i\)th energy hub \\ \(\lambda_{i,\sigma,p}(k)\), \(\lambda_{i,\epsilon,c}(k)\) & Coefficients of \(m\)th linear inequality constraint for variables \(E_{i}^{\delta,\rho}\) and \\ \(\lambda_{i,g,c}(k)\) & Electricity and heat multipliers for the equality
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analysis  
Before and after exposition, Petri dishes were dried and weighed. The amount of TSP was determined by the difference in mass. The sampled material was ground to a flour in an agate mortar. From each ground sample, the mixture of 0.5000 g of Licowax binder and 0.1000 g of milled material was prepared, homogenized for 10 min, and a pressed pellet with a 10 mm diameter was made. Each pellet was pressed for \(\sim\)3 min using 15 KN (Press PP25).  
The Wageningen analytical exchange program [27] sample 989 and standards 190 ERM-CZ120, NIST 2702, NIST 2709, NIST 2782, as well DC73022 and DC73317a were prepared pari passu as TSP samples, analyzed, and were used for recalibration. From each of them, three sub-samples were made. The set of all of them was analyzed in triplicate: at the beginning, middle, and end of a series of all studied TSP samples. All pressed pellets were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) equipment Spectro Xepos HE (Kleve, Germany) using the TurboQuant (TQ) II for the pressed pellet calibration procedure elaborated by the manufacturers. The TQ method combines different procedures: calculation of the mass attenuation coefficient, using the extended Compton model, and final calibration based on fundamental parameters method. The advantages of polarization and TurboQuant calibration method were described by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28]. The last modification of TQ method, TurboQuant II, intended for Xepos HE, is offered by manufacturers for samples with various matrices [29,30]. Quality control and improving of laboratory results has been performed since 2007 by participation in \"International Soil-analytical exchange\" (ISE) program organized by Wageningen University [27,31]. From this period, more than 90 ISE reference samples and other certified reference materials were used by current analysis for the recalibration of results.  
In this study, Spectro Xepos HE was used to determine the contents of 22 analytes: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, and Pb. For this, each pressed pellet was examined from both sides. The medians of relative standard deviation (%RSD) values of measurements of both sides were \(<\)5% for Fe, Sr, Ca, K, V, Rb, Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Zr, Pb, Mn, Br, and S, 5-10% for Cr, P, Ti, Cl, Al, and Si, and 14% for Mg. The minimum determined values of examined analytes in complete dataset of TSP (Table S2) exceeded the lower limits of detection (3 sigma) at least 15,984 for Ca, 4303 times for Fe, 2232 for S, 1154 for Si, 1102 for K, 1093 for Ti, 1030 for Zn, 720 for Mn, 463 for Sr, 247 for P, 133 for Al, 98 for Zr, 94 for Cu, 61 for Br, 42 for Rb, 40 for V, 25 for Cl, 16 for Pb, 5.5 for Cr, 4.7 for As, 2.8 for Ni, and 1.2 times for Mg. The average value of measurements was used for data analysis and statistical treatment, which made it possible to reduce the impact of joint random errors.