## 4 Results and Discussion
### Impact on the Risk-Based Maintenance Program at the Utilization Phase  
As previously described, the risk-based maintenance program has a circular management framework with eight functional blocks. Table 11 illustrates the functional blocks affected for each case study. Emerging practices are observed to have affected all functions of the maintenance program in most cases. The \"execution\" and \"improvements\" functions had been impacted in some cases. The \"goal and requirement\" function must accommodate the new maintenance concepts and their associated requirement and expected value. The \"maintenance program\" function becomes more complex as new maintenance concepts and technologies have merged into the preventive maintenance program. These new concepts have their own new data sources, types, and volumes that require greater integrity of the program. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline
**Aspect** & **Case 1** & **Case 2** & **Case 3** & **Case 4** & **Case 5** & **Case 6** & **Case 7** \\ \hline Installation type & Midstream & Topside & Topside & Topside & Subsea & Drilling & Wind farm \\ Equipment type & Rotating & Rotating & Static & Safety & Safety & Rotating & Rotating \\ \hline Goal and requirements & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ Maintenance program & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ Planning & X & X & X & X & & X & X \\ Execution & & & & X & & & X \\ Reporting & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ Analysis & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ Improvements & X & & & X & & & \\ Management and verification & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ Maintenance engineering & X & X & X & X & X & & X \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: The summary of emerging practices’ impacts on the risk-based maintenance program. The \"Planning\" function has evolved with advanced analytics (diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive) to be able to diagnose, prognose, prescribe, and schedule maintenance work. Opportunistic maintenance has received more attention in maintenance planning, especially for unmanned assets. It is worth mentioning that digital twins are mostly at the descriptive level of capability and are not used in the planning function yet. In most cases, the \"execution\" function is mainly performed by humans or ROVs, except for the inspection tasks, which are affected by mobots, mostly drones. The \"reporting\" function has definitely been affected most as the level of monitoring has clearly increased with IoT and cloud computing technologies, with a higher volume of data of different types (numeric, text, image). The \"analysis\" function has transformed into the \"analytics\" function, where in most cases the analysis is on its way to be automated by machine learning algorithms. There is a common trend to build reinforcement algorithms that connect \"analysis\" to reinforce the \"planning\" function. The \"improvements\" function is mainly responsible for strategic actions or modifications that are minorly affected by simulation modeling technology to gain insight into possible scenarios (actions or modifications). The \"Management and verification\" function is affected mainly by huge and diverse data and insights; it is digitally transformed; however, there is a trend to be transformed further into model-based rather than only digital documents. Figure 5 illustrates the risk-based maintenance management loop and the technologies that have impacted its functions. In summary, emerging practices in several case studies show a trend in the management framework to be more reinforcing, continuous learning, and agile. The digitizing of the maintenance operations enables more automatic and complete reporting. Although ISO 14224 has specified several data to collect, the use was mainly used to generate a statistical distribution of failure rates and repair times, which has a limited use, i.e., in design or modification projects.