# Methodology for CubeSat Debris Collision Avoidance Based on Its Active ADCS System
## 2 State of the Art
### International Committees on Space Debris  
The concern about the risk that the space environment might be dominated by space debris in the future has motivated the development of different mitigation procedures. In addition, the need to mitigate space debris and its effects on space operations motivated the development of numerous mitigation procedures. The most important are the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) Mitigation Guidelines, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Space Debris Mitigation Standards, but there are some others national and international documents to limit the expected growth of the debris population in Earth's orbit. The early implementation of debris mitigation methods is considered a necessary step in order to preserve the outer space environment for future generations. The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) [11] is an international forum of governmental bodies for the coordination of activities related to the issues of man-made and natural debris in space. The primary purpose of the IADC is to exchange information on space debris research activities between member space agencies, to facilitate opportunities for co-operation in space debris research, to review the progress of ongoing co-operative activities, and to identify debris mitigation options. The IADC has a Steering Group and four specialized Working Groups covering the following information: Measurements; Environment and Data Base; Protection and Mitigation. The application of the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines is recommended during the mission planning and the design and operation of spacecraft and launch vehicles in order to minimize or eliminate generation of debris. In 1959, the General Assembly of the United Nations established the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) to guide the exploration and use of space for \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Debris Size** & **Mass (g) Aluminum Sphere** & **Kinetic Energy (I)** & **Equivalent TNT (Kg)** & **Energy Similar to** \\ \hline
1 mm & 0.0014 & 71 & 0.0003 & Baseball \\
3 mm & 0.038 & 1910 & 0.008 & Bullets \\
1 cm & 1.41 & 70,700 & 0.3 & Falling anvil \\
5 cm & 176.7 & 8,840,000 & 37 & Hit by bus \\
10 cm & 1413.7 & 70,700,000 & 300 & Large bomb \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The larger the debris size, the more dangerous will be the collision. the benefit of all humanity: for peace, security, and development. The Working Group on Space Debris set recommended guidelines based on the IADC Space Debris Mitigation guidelines, taking into consideration the United Nations treaties and principles on outer space. These guidelines aim to promote responsible and sustainable space practices to ensure the continued use of space resources for future generations. To limit debris released during normal operations, spacecrafts should be designed with materials that are less prone to breaking apart, and potential sources of debris should be identified and addressed before launch. Additionally, spacecraft operators should plan for the safe disposal of any debris generated during operations. Minimizing the potential for break-ups during operational phases involves reducing the stresses on spacecrafts and launch vehicles during launch, orbit insertion, and other operational phases. This can be achieved through careful design, testing, and verification of the systems used during these phases. To limit the probability of accidental collisions in orbit, spacecraft operators should track their satellites and be aware of the positions of other objects in space. They should also take steps to minimize the risk of collisions, such as adjusting orbits or performing avoidance maneuvers. Avoiding intentional destruction and other harmful activities is crucial to ensure the long-term sustainability of space.