## 5 Conclusions  
This research analyzed the spatial layout of urban residential areas based on large geodata and evaluated the NVP of four typical spatial layouts based on the LCDM. The study found that, in the susceptible seasons of winter and spring, when the outbreak of the pandemic occurred in Wuhan, the NVP of the residential areas with the center-around and points spatial layout was better than that of those with mixed and parallel layouts. However, the current residential areas in the study area were still dominated by the parallel spatial layouts with low-ventilation effects, and the proportion of residential areas with higher NVPs in the center-around and point spatial layouts was low. This research suggests that in the design of future residential areas, priority should be given to the center-around and point spatial layouts to improve the overall NVP and the ability to resist airborne viruses. Under the normalization of the pandemic, urban residents have increasingly higher requirements for their living environment. A higher-ventilated building can help control the spread of diseases such as COVID-19. Our research found that the Jianghan, Qiaokou, Jiang'an, Hanyang, and Wuchang districts, as the central urban areas of Wuhan, comprise most of the residential areas in Wuhan; however, the parallel and mixed residential communities with low NVPs have a wide agglomeration range and strong agglomeration, and the ventilation status is not optimal. This enlightens planners to consider the environmental elements of a central city in urban planning and design, such as the NVP of residential areas, so as to design an environment that is more conducive to healthy living for residents. In addition, our research found that the overall NVPs of Wuhan's residential areas did not greatly improve over time. Although the number of center-around residential areas with a good NVP increased over the study period, the growth value was only 0.48%, while the number of mixed residential areas with a low NVP had a growth rate of 3.97%. The delineated residential areas with a low NVP declined overall, but they still accounted for a large percentage. This suggests that strengthening and improving the ventilation of residential areas cannot be accomplished in a short-term duration, and a substantial effort is required. Our work did not incorporate Wuhan's COVID-19 cases during the outbreak into the NVP assessment due to inadequate data availability at the residential area level. This is similar to other research. For example, still lacking COVID-19 cases, research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed an improved Wells-Riley model to predict the infection risk of COVID-19 in the main functional space of an outpatient building [112]. The results showed that the semi-enclosed hospital street design could improve natural ventilation, further dilute viral aerosols, and reduce the risk of infection to a negligible level (below 0.04%). In the future, COVID-19 case data at the residential area level can be used to prove whether or not there is a link between the spatial features of residential areas, their NVP level (I, II, III, and IV), and the number of cases, so as to enhance the authenticity and practicality of current research. This study conducted a static pattern evaluation on the NVPs of four representative residential areas in the early stage of the severe epidemic situation in Wuhan. Such a static evaluation is similar to [PERSON]'s and [PERSON]'s research. [PERSON] et al. found that having moderate ventilation is an important means of reducing the pollutants' concentration [113]. [PERSON] et al. selected fifteen occupied single-family dwellings from three sites to quantify the effects of natural ventilation systems on particle concentrations in residential areas [114]. However, there are some ongoing issues that require continued work for conducting virus propagation dynamics evaluation, e.g., how does the virus propagation change with the wind direction?