###### Abstract
In recent years, researchers have developed a large number of novel biosensors with high specificity and sensitivity [10; 11]. Traditional biosensor recognition elements mainly consist of biological molecules with molecular recognition capabilities, such as antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, and semi-synthetic receptors based on them. However, they have inherent drawbacks, such as difficulty in preparation, high cost, and poor stability, which greatly limit their application in the analysis of diabetes kidney disease biomarkers. Compared with traditional biosensors, the biomimetic recognition elements of biomimetic recognition biosensors (BRBS), including MIPs and APT, can be synthesized through in vitro preparation methods. This not only effectively avoids the tedious work of bio-receptor preparation using experimental animals but also reduces the batch-to-batch variability of recognition elements, significantly lowering manufacturing costs. The application of BRBS in the electrochemical sensing field has greatly promoted the development of analytical chemistry and electroanalytical chemistry. Among them, molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIECS) combine the predetermined recognition and specificity of molecular imprinting technique (MIT) with the high sensitivity, easy operation, low cost, and miniaturization advantages of electrochemical technology [12]. MIT is inspired by the \"antigen-antibody\" theory and prepares MIPs targeted to specific molecules. Currently, most MIPs are made of vinyl organic compounds or acrylic acid as functional monomers, forming through free radical polymerization under the influence of crosslinking agents, initiators, light or heat, etc. MIPs can selectively recognize template molecules (TM) or their analogs mainly because, after removing the TM in the polymer, highly crosslinked polymers retain \"empty holes\" with multiple active sites that match the size and conformation of the TM. MIPs demonstrate excellent resistance to harsh environmental interference, but there is a possibility of template leakage when analyzing complex samples, especially for trace analysis, the leakage of residual templates directly affects the accuracy of the analysis results. Moreover, the preparation of MIPs becomes difficult due to the poor solubility of certain specific TM. Using a dummy template molecule that has a similar structure or the same functional groups as the template molecule solves this issue, as the 3D cavity structure and interaction sites left by the dummy molecularly imprinted polymer still have some compatibility with the template molecule. Thus, dummy molecular imprinting technology can solve the problems of template leakage, high costs, and difficulties in preparing MIPs due to the poor solubility of certain specific TM [13]. However, the binding sites, shape, and size of the cavities prepared by the dummy template may not completely match the target molecule, which may reduce sensitivity and detection limits. Therefore, the selection of appropriate functional monomers, crosslinking agents, solvents, polymerization conditions, washing conditions, and preparation methods is crucial for obtaining good specific molecular recognition capabilities during the preparation of molecular imprinting membranes. To achieve breakthrough progress in the field of MITelectrochemical sensing, it is necessary to design and develop better MIP preparation technology strategies. Research shows that nucleic acid APT are single-stranded RNA or DNA molecules extracted from a library of oligonucleotide ligands through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. They have advantages such as non-toxicity, ease of preparation, low cost, chemical stability, and high binding efficiency to target molecules [14]. Compared to antibodies, APTs have much lower molecular weight, can recognize subtle structural differences in biomarkers, and are easily dissociable [15].