## 3 Experimental Verification Using Benchmark Test Functions
### Comparative Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Fun** & **Measure** & **IRSA** & **RSA** & **BMO** & **PSO** & **GWO** & **AAO** & **DGCO** \\ \hline
**F17** & **Best** & 0.39788 & 0.40742 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 \\ \hline  & **Worst** & 0.397897 & 1.27099 & 0.42696 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 & 0.39788 \\ \hline  & **Average** & **0.397891** & 0.64371 & 0.40330 & **0.39788** & **0.39788** & **0.39788** & **0.39788** \\ \hline  & **STD** & 3.8146e-06 & 0.25782 & 0.01085 & 7.2909e-07 & 4.2567e-07 & 4.3534e-08 & 3.6445e-07 \\ \hline
**F18** & **Best** & 3.00000 & 3.00000 & 2.99999 & 3.00000 & 3.00000 & 3.00000 & 3.00000 \\ \hline  & **Worst** & 3.000001 & 3.39511 & 42.1054 & 3.00011 & 3.00002 & 95.1885 & 3.000000 \\ \hline  & **Average** & **3.000000** & 3.04555 & 10.1188 & **3.00002** & **3.00001** & 23.1248 & **3.00000** \\ \hline  & **STD** & 5.1797e-07 & 0.12303 & 13.0276 & 3.477e-05 & 7.920e-06 & 28.7189 & 6.458e-10 \\ \hline
**F19** & **Best** & \(-3.86277\) & \(-3.85920\) & \(-3.85436\) & \(-3.86276\) & \(-3.86277\) & \(-3.86277\) & \(-3.86278\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(-3.85374\) & \(-3.57053\) & \(-1.28898\) & \(-3.86201\) & \(-3.85315\) & \(-1.00081\) & \(-3.86277\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(-3.86101\) & \(-3.75028\) & \(-3.44530\) & \(-3.86263\) & \(-3.86034\) & \(-1.85933\) & \(-\)**3.86277** \\ \hline  & **STD** & 0.00367 & 0.09664 & 0.81662 & 0.00024 & 0.00403 & 1.38235 & 3.6601e-06 \\ \hline
**F20** & **Best** & \(-3.32086\) & \(-2.89690\) & \(-2.45549\) & \(-3.32121\) & \(-3.20304\) & \(-3.32194\) & \(-3.32189\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(-3.20101\) & \(-0.17365\) & \(-0.54213\) & \(-3.19851\) & \(-3.08259\) & \(-3.15098\) & \(-3.13200\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(-3.27287\) & \(-1.54187\) & \(-1.24769\) & \(-3.22497\) & \(-3.17957\) & \(-\)**3.27776** & \(-3.21025\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & 0.06116 & 1.03850 & 0.75791 & 0.05061 & 0.04241 & 0.071964 & 0.06482 \\ \hline
**F21** & **Best** & \(-10.1206\) & \(-5.0552\) & \(-4.9619\) & \(-10.2512\) & \(-10.0712\) & \(-10.1531\) & \(-10.1494\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(-5.0552\) & \(-5.0552\) & \(-1.8717\) & \(-5.0552\) & \(-5.0552\) & \(-5.0552\) & \(-5.0549\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(-9.0840\) & \(-5.0552\) & \(-3.8482\) & \(-6.0943\) & \(-6.0745\) & \(-6.0747\) & \(-7.0926\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & 2.2573 & 3.8458e-07 & 1.3134 & 2.7922 & 2.2793 & 2.2798 & 2.7900 \\ \hline
**F22** & **Best** & \(-10.3586\) & \(-5.08767\) & \(-5.05414\) & \(-10.4029\) & \(-10.4024\) & \(-10.4029\) & \(-10.3960\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(-3.72361\) & \(-5.08766\) & \(-2.32919\) & \(-3.72365\) & \(-5.08765\) & \(-3.72429\) & \(-3.72380\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(-8.44500\) & \(-5.08766\) & \(-3.83632\) & \(-5.87780\) & \(-\)**9.33904** & \(-7.60893\) & \(-6.66468\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & 2.83980 & 1.0352e-06 & 0.98429 & 2.449069 & 2.24067 & 2.97300 & 3.25225 \\ \hline
**F23** & **Best** & \(-10.52251\) & \(-5.128480\) & \(-4.99447\) & \(-10.53637\) & \(-10.5361\) & \(-10.5363\) & \(-10.5309\) \\ \hline  & **Worst** & \(-3.83461\) & \(-5.12847\) & \(-2.49710\) & \(-3.83472\) & \(-5.12845\) & \(-2.29603\) & \(-3.83496\) \\ \hline  & **Average** & \(-8.48605\) & \(-5.12847\) & \(-3.77437\) & \(-6.62130\) & \(-\)**8.91314** & \(-7.34602\) & \(-6.50874\) \\ \hline  & **STD** & 2.94732 & 2.3686e-06 & 0.76135 & 2.73097 & 2.61167 & 3.32172 & 3.45155 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._Figure 4: Convergence curves for F1–F23.