## 1 Introduction
It has also been demonstrated that the seismic response of liquid storage tanks under such ground motions increases when they are exposed to near-source earthquakes [24; 25; 26; 27]. Experimental studies conducted by [PERSON] et al. showed that cylindrical liquid storage tanks exhibit higher sloshing responses when subjected to long-period and near-field ground motions [26]. [PERSON] et al. studied the influence of the pulse-like ground motion on the sloshing response of cylindrical LNG tanks [27]. They found that pulse-like ground motions cause a significant increase in this response. Another study, conducted by [PERSON] et al., numerically studied nine two-dimensional liquid storage tanks with different dimensions under 10 near-fault earthquakes and 10 far-fault earthquakes [19]. It was demonstrated that the maximum sloshing response of the tanks significantly increases under near-fault earthquakes. The strength and characteristics of ground motions generated by earthquakes are qualified using parameters called intensity measures (IMs). Using these measures, it is possible to assess the potential impact of earthquakes on different structures. These IMs can be classified into three main categories: duration-based IMs (like significant durations--Ds5-75 and Ds5-95), amplitude-based IMs (like PGA and PGV), and frequency-based IMs (like mean period Tm). Engineering demand parameters are relatively weakly correlated with duration- and amplitude-based IMs, particularly when there are different fundamental structural periods involved in the system [28]. The effect of these IMs on the seismic response of liquid storage tanks has also been studied in the literature. Peak ground acceleration (PGA), as an intensity-based IM, and the first mode's spectral acceleration Sa(T1), as a frequency-based IM, are widely used to assess the response of building frames. It is not guaranteed, however, that these scalar variables can predict the intensity of different seismic responses of liquid storage tanks. In one study, it was found that an increase in PGA (in specific ranges) increases the conditional probability of failure of an elevated liquid storage tank [29]. The maximum sloshing response of liquid storage tanks was reported to increase with an increase in PGA [26; 30; 31; 32; 33]. A study has also shown that increasing the excitation amplitude can affect the resonance frequency of the sloshing response [34]. In another study, on the other hand, PGA was reported to be less effective than the other scalar IM in capturing the seismic response of a squat cylindrical liquid storage tank [35]. Fluid-filled tanks can be dynamically analyzed using generalized single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems, representing the impulsive and convective vibration modes of the tank-liquid system. Using this method to analyze the seismic behavior of liquid storage tanks, one study showed that only the first sloshing frequency (Tc1) is important [36]. Another study, however, showed that, unlike the sloshing response of liquid storage tanks under far-fault earthquakes, the second convective mode's response is significantly larger than that of the first one (Tc1) for near-fault earthquakes and cylindrical liquid storage tanks [25]. It was also shown in another study that the first three odd sloshing frequencies of rectangular LNG tanks tend to excite the most obvious sloshing under surge or sway excitations [37]. As mentioned above, the characteristics of external loads applied to liquid storage tanks and their effects on the tanks' responses have been studied in the literature. The proximity of the predominant earthquake period to the fundamental sloshing period of liquid storage tanks was reported to increase their maximum sloshing response [26; 31]. [PERSON] et al. studied this relationship in a cylindrical tank under 38 unidirectional earthquake excitations [26]. This relationship was also studied by [PERSON] et al. for a two-dimensional rectangular tank using the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method [31].