esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# SGXDump: A Repeatable Code-Reuse Attack for Extracting SGX Enclave Memory
## 5 Attack Design
### SGXDump ROP Payload Structure
Since _target_address_ contains the base address of the target enclave, the addition of reg3 and reg2 (Line 6 in Listing 2) completes the memory address from which to leak data. Finally, SGXDump loads the data from the enclave and stores it in reg2 (Line 7 in Listing 2). ```
popreg2 index_address movreg2,byteptr[reg2] popreg3 target_address addreg3,reg2 movreg2,byteptr[reg3]
```  
**Step 3. Shifting protected data and accessing probe array. ** After collecting the protected data, the SGXDump uses the shl instruction to left-shift the data stored in reg2 by _0x_C (Line 1 in Listing 3). After loading _probe_array_address_ into reg3, the addition of reg2 and reg3 creates an address that falls into the reg2 th page of the probe array, assuming the page size is 4 KB. Next, SGXDump accesses a page of the probe array through that address. Please remember that the value stored in reg1 (Line 5 in Listing 3) is of no interest because the only reason for accessing the probe array is to set the access bit of its corresponding PTE to one. Figure 4: State of stack. Figure 5 shows an example of how an access bit is changed. When the gadget at Line 7 in Listing 2 accesses protected data at a certain enclave address, 0x1 ba6d000, it acquires 0x7f, and left-shifts it by 0 xC. As a result, the protected data becomes _protected data_ * 4096, 0x7f000. Since the start address of the probe array is 0x7 ffdc316000, the addition of reg2 and reg3 gives 0x7 ffdc395000. Line 5 in Listing 3 makes a read access at this address, setting the access bit of the page table to 1. **Algorithm 3**. ROP payload--Step 3. ```
shlreg2,0 xC popreg3 probearrayaddress addreg2,reg3 movreg1,byteptr[reg2]
```  
**Step 4. Looping. ** Next, the SGXDump increments the value stored at _index_address_ (Line 1-9 in Listing 4). Although this results in the same effect as using a certain gadget, inc addr, we would like to present an example showing that there are many ways of using the gadgets available to perform the desired operation when a specific gadget for that operation is not available. After this, the SGXDump stores an _offset_ value at _sync_address_ (Line 10-14 in Listing 4). This offset is the difference of two addresses, Line 2 and 5 in Listing 1, which is used to make Step 1 continue to check the sync address. The final step is to move the control flow into Line 2 of Listing 1 so that SGXDump waits for the PAM to retrieve the protected data from the page table and to reset the value at the sync address to zero. This is why _rsp_address_ has the address of Line 2 in Listing 1 and why the attacker loads it into the rsp register (Line 15 and 16 in Listing 4). Figure 5: Flow of access bit change. ```
popreg1 index_address movreg1,byteptr[reg1] popreg2 0x1 addreg1,reg2 popreg2 index_address movbyteptr[reg2],reg1 popreg2 sync_address popreg3 offset movbyteptr[reg2],reg3 poprsp loop_start_address
```  
**Listing 4**ROP payload--Step 4.
## 4 Applications
### Analysis and Comparison of Batching Results
#### 4.4.1 Case 1: When the Formula at the Present Moment Meets the Production Requirements  
1. In the previous moment, the formula became the cluster center.  
As shown in Table 3, the table details the formula labeled as \"Ratio One\" from 1 July 2023 at 13:11:23 with \(\text{TMQ}=18\), which lists the elemental content of the current formula and its ingredients. After activating the intelligent formula system, users can access the recommended formulas, as shown in Scenario 1 of Tables 4 and 5. It can be seen that H is the human formula from the previous time, A is the formula after online AP clustering, and I is the final formula after fine-tuning. It can be observed that the data in columns H, A, and I are the same, indicating that the formula became the center of the formula cluster after online AP clustering during the previous time. Furthermore, it can be seen from Scenario 1 in Table 5 that the center of the formula cluster meets production requirements and does not require fine-tuning, so H, A, and I are all the same. The intelligent ingredient system will recommend using the current formula.  
1. At the previous moment, the formula did not become the cluster center.  
As shown in Table 6, the formula labeled as \"Ratio Two\" from 2 July 2023 09:21:42 has a TMQ of 18. The table details the current formula and the elemental content of each ingredient. After activating the intelligent formula system, users can access the recommended formulas, as shown in Scenario 2 of Tables 4 and 5. It can be seen that H is the human formula from the previous time, A is the formula clustered by online AP, and I is the final formula after fine-tuning. It can be observed that the elemental content of H meets the production standards, but it can be found that the data in columns A and I are different from those in H. From Scenario 2 in Table 4, it can be seen that the previous formula did not become the center of the formula cluster after online AP clustering. Furthermore, from Scenario 2 in Table 5, it can be observed that although the previous formula met the production standards, the system selected the center of the cluster where the formula is located as the recommended formula. The final recommended formula I meets the production requirements, so A and I are the same. The intelligent ingredient system recommends using this recommended formula to ensure compliance with production standards.
## 2 Mineral Acid Fractionation  
### Effect and Mechanism  
Acid media usually act on lignocellulosic by breaking glycosidic bonds and solubilizing hemicelluloses under mild conditions [17] and both hemicelluloses and cellulose under severe conditions [18]. The breakdown of biomass during the pretreatment step or fractionation step, under acidic conditions, facilitates downstream enzymatic hydrolysis by disrupting cell wall structures, driving some lignin into solution, and reducing cellulose crystallinity and chain length [19]. Polysaccharides are sequentially dissolved, then converted into monomeric sugars, and finally, the sugar monomers can be degraded into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) for C6 sugars and furfural for C5 sugars depending on the conditions of the reaction [20].  
Acid fractionation is especially suitable for biomass with low lignin content [21], as most of the lignin remains in the solid residue. A small part of the lignin is solubilized (about 5-10% of the total lignin) and qualified as acid soluble lignin [22; 23]. Depending on the severity of the acidic conditions employed, ester and ether bounds can be broken in the lignin and between the lignin and hemicelluloses [24], but acid media also lead to the precipitation of the lignin and -phenolic monomers [25]. When annual biomasses undergo acid treatment, phenol monomers commonly formed are p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid; as for wood biomasses, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, dihydroconiferyl alcohol, coniferyl aldehyde, syringaldehyde, and syringic acid are the most commonly produced [26].  
The only exception regarding the effects described so far of mineral acid catalyst is sulfurous acid, which solubilizes lignin and hemicellulose, without impacting cellulose [27; 28]. It is used in the sulfite process to produce wood pulp composed of highly purified cellulose [29].
# Wireless Energy Harvesting Two-Way Relay Networks with Hardware Impairments
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper analyzed the a rigorous analysis of a two-way energy harvesting relay network assuming a realistic scenario that the transceiver and receiver hardware is imperfect and will cause distortions. After analyzing two different transmission protocol (DF protocol and AF protocol), we derive the new expression of sum rate with impairment distortions considered. Then, we derive the exact analytical expression of ergodic capacity for both DF and AF relaying protocols. Furthermore, the OPS ratio that maximize the instantaneous achievable sum rate is formulated and solved for both protocols. Through numerical results we find that a continuous increase of the transmit power does not lead to a continuous increase of the ergodic capacity or the achievable sum rate when HI is considered. Also, the effect of HI is more obvious for DF protocol than for AF protocol with the increase of the transmit power. It can be also noticed that the achievable sum-rate with the OPS design outperforms that with EPS design. These results and observations provide very useful insights to guide the system optimization.  
**Acknowledgments: This research was supported by The National Science Foundation of China (61271260 & 61572231), and The Ph.D. Project of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BYJS2016006).**  
**Author Contributions: The main contributions of [PERSON] were to create the main ideas and execute performance evaluations by theoretical analysis and simulation while [PERSON] and [PERSON] works as the advisor of [PERSON] to discuss, create, and advise the main ideas and performance evaluations together.**  
**Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.**
## 4 Proposed Scheme  
To prevent the security attacks such as side-channel attacks etc, this paper proposes a secure data-sharing scheme for 5G-enabled vehicular networks. Our work employs Chebyshev polynomial operations rather than more complex operations such as bilinear pair and ECC to renew the sensitive information stored on the OBU of the vehicle. Our work for 5G-enabled vehicular networks consists of five phases: System Initialization, Enrollment, Signing, Verification, and Pseudonym Renew. Figure 2 presents the architecture of our work phases. The TA is in charge of issuing the system parameters based on the Chebyshev polynomial. During the enrollment phase, these parameters are preloaded on each registered vehicle in advance before leaving the factory. After the enrolled vehicle is received, it measures its signature of messages, and the receiver will verify these signatures. When the attacker launches a side-channel attack that causes some damage, the TA should have the capability to renew the pseudonym of the vehicle through 5G-BS securely. Table 1 tabulates the notations and definitions used in these phases of our work.  
Figure 2: Our work scheme phases.
# A Multi-Robot Formation Platform based on an Indoor Global Positioning System
###### Abstract  
Aimed at the problem that experimental verifications are difficult to execute due to lacking effective experimental platforms in the research field of multi-robot formation, we design a simple multi-robot formation platform. This proposed general and low-cost multi-robot formation platform includes the indoor global-positioning system, the multi-robot communication system, and the wheeled mobile robot hardware. For each wheeled mobile robot in our platform, its real-time position information in the centimeter-level precise is obtained by the Marvelmind Indoor Navigation System and orientation information is obtained by the six-degree-of-freedom gyroscope. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) wireless communication infrastructure is selected to support the communication among robots and the data collection in the process of experiments. Finally, a set of leader-follower formation experiments are performed by our platform, which include three trajectory tracking experiments of different types and numbers under deterministic environment and a formation-maintaining experiment with external disturbances. The results illustrate that our multi-robot formation platform can be effectively used as a general testbed to evaluate and verify the feasibility and correctness of the theoretical methods in the multi-robot formation. What is more, the proposed simple and general formation platform is beneficial to the development of platforms in the fields of multi-robot coordination, formation control, and search and rescue missions.  
multi-robot formation platform; indoor global-positioning system; multi-robot communication system; trajectory tracking experiment
###### Abstract  
This study assesses and evaluates the 40-year (1980-2019) Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications v.2 (MERRA-2) surface solar radiation (SSR) as well as its interdecadal changes (A(SSR)) against high quality reference surface measurements from 1397 Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) and 73 Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) stations. The study is innovative since MERRA-2 (A(SSR)) has never been evaluated in the past, while the MERRA-2 SSR fluxes themselves have not been evaluated in such large spatial scale, which is global here, and temporal basis, which counts 40-years. Other novelties of the study are the use of the highest quality BSRN stations, done for the first time in such an evaluation, as well as the use of a greater number of reference-GEBA stations than in other studies. Moreover, the assessment and evaluation in this study are largely based on SSR anomalies, while being done in depth, at spatial scales ranging from the local to global/hemispherical, and separately for land and ocean areas, and at temporal scales spanning intervals from decadal sub-periods to 40 years. Overall, the MERRA-2 deseasonalized SSR anomalies correlate well with either GEBA (R equal to 0.61) and BSRN (R equal to 0.62). The percentage of agreement between the sign of computed GEBA and MERRA-2 \(\Delta\)(SSR) is equal to 63.4% and the corresponding percentage for MERRA-2 and BSRN is 50%. According to MERRA-2, strong and statistically significant positive \(\Delta\)(SSR) (Brightening) is found over Europe, Central Africa, Mongolia, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and some parts of the tropical oceans. In contrast, large and statistically significant negative \(\Delta\)(SSR) (Dimming) occurs over the western Tropical Warm Pool, India, Southern East China, Amazonis, stratocumulus covered areas and some parts of oceans. MERRA-2 yields a dimming equal to \(-0.158\pm 0.005\) W/m\({}^{2}\)/year over the globe from 1980 to 2019. This 40-year dimming, which occurred in both hemispheres, more over ocean than continental areas (\(-0.195\pm 0.006\) and \(-0.064\pm 0.006\) W/m\({}^{2}\)/year, respectively), underwent decadal scale variations.  
surface solar radiation; climate; dimming; brightening; model; stations; reanalysis +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_
# AVO-Friendly Velocity Analysis Based on the High-Resolution PCA-Weighted Semblance
## 1 Introduction
[28] provided an explicit form of AB semblance through the minimization of the trend-fitting parameters, and demonstrated a significant improvement in dealing with the AVO phenomenon. However, the resolution of standard AB semblance is lower than classical methods, and its large peak-broadening leads to inaccurate picking. Then, the bootstrapping-weighted operator and AB semblance were combined to construct an AVO-friendly bootstrapped differential semblance [29]. This method has a high resolution and can handle the AVO regions. Besides, the AVO-friendly weighting term can also improve the resolution of AB semblance [9]. This method measures local similarity between the reference trace and other traces in a time window. The local-similarity method is sensitive to the seismic curvature of the far-offset data, thus significantly improving the resolution of AB semblance. In this paper, we propose a new weighting operator based on the principal components analysis to improve the resolution of the AB semblance. Due to the NMO-corrected seismic gather having strong spatial coherence or low-rank attributes, the first principal component is much larger than other principal components, and it has an overwhelming advantage in the composition of the NMO-corrected seismic gather. The first principal component represents the components with strong coherence in the data set, and these components come from the NMO-corrected seismic events with an accurate velocity. In comparison, the other principal components represent the non-coherence data sets and they come from the seismic events that have not been completely corrected. Thus, we used the distribution characteristics of the principal components to construct the new weighting function. The new function is sensitive to the curvature of seismic events at far-offset traces. When the seismic events are not fully corrected, the weighting function will not enhance the intensity of the semblance spectrum. By combining the new weighting function related to the principal components and trend-based AB coefficients, the new method has a higher resolution than that of the conventional methods, and it can handle the AVO phenomenon. Numerical experiments with the synthetic and field data examples proved that the new method has a better performance in velocity analysis than conventional semblances.
## 2 Antenna Structure
### Six-Way Unequal PD  
Figure 3 shows the scheme of the developed six-way unequal PD with 30 dB Taylor distribution to realize low SLLs in beam-patterns in \(E\)-plane. This divider is symmetric to the centerline \(A-A^{\prime}\). To achieve output coefficients satisfying Taylor weight values, it is required to design one equal T-junction PD and two unequal T-junction PDs that have different power-split ratios. The design process of the unequal T-junction PD starts from the design of an equal T-junction PD that has good impedance-matching characteristics. Next, an unequal power split can be achieved by adjusting the central posts (\(s_{3}\) and \(s_{4}\)), as illustrated in Figure 3. Note that the phase difference between the output ports of the PD can occur. To compensate for the phase difference, the conventional method is to change the path lengths of the SIW. However, this method tends to make the feeding network design complicated because of the need for accurate calculations of the proper path lengths forphase compensation. In our design, we can achieve the phase compensation by controlling the chamfer width (\(e_{2}\), \(e_{3}\), \(e_{4}\), and \(e_{5}\)) of the SIW bends. Detailed values of the optimized parameters of the developed six-way unequal PD are listed in the caption of Figure 3.  
The simulated results of the S-parameters of the developed six-way unequal PD are illustrated in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4a, the proposed divider exhibits a broad bandwidth ranging from 9.14 GHz to 10.90 GHz within \(|S_{11}|\leq-15\) dB. The simulated amplitude and phase of the transmission coefficients at the output ports (Ports 2-4) are depicted in Figures 4a,b, respectively. It is shown that the unequal amplitudes and phase-balanced outputs are obtained at the output ports. A phase error of less than \(5^{\circ}\) is achieved. Table 1 shows the comparison between simulated transmission coefficients at 10 GHz and the 30 dB Taylor weight values. It depicts that the normalized values of the transmission coefficients are in good agreement with the Taylor weight ratios.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Port No.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **S-Parameters** \\ **(dB/Linear)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Normalized** \\ **S-Parameters** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Taylor Weight** \\ **(\(-30\) dB SLL)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Port 2, 7 & \(-14.66/0.18\) & 0.33 & 0.32 \\ Port 3, 6 & \(-8.41/0.38\) & 0.69 & 0.69 \\ Port 4, 5 & \(-5.18/0.55\) & 1.00 & 1.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison between Taylor weight ratio and S-parameters.
###### Abstract  
_Background_: To compare the loss of preload in absence of loading and after a fixed number of cyclic loadings on 7-mm distal cantilever in two different connection systems using all-on-four prosthetic model. _Methods_: Two equal models of an edentulous mandible rehabilitated with all-on-four technique with two types of abutment system (MUA and OT-Bridge) supporting a hybrid prosthesis, were used. Initial torque values of the prosthetic fixing screw, after ten minutes from initial screw tightening and after 400,000 repeated loadings were registered using a mechanical torque gauge. Differences between initial and final torque values were reported for each anchoring system and the two systems were finally compared. _Results_: No statistically significant differences regarding the loss of preload between MUA and OT-Bridge system were found after 400,000 cyclic loadings; however, in MUA system it was found between anterior and posterior implant screws. A significant difference in preload loss was found only for MUA system comparing the initial screw torque to that measured after 10 min from the tightening in absence of cyclic loadings. _Conclusions_: Within the limits of the present study, MUA and OT-Bridge may be considered reliable prosthetic anchoring systems able to tolerate repeated cyclic occlusal loads on distal cantilever in all-on-four rehabilitation model without any significant loss of preload in screw tightening.  
preload loss; conical abutment screw; multi-unit-abutment; OT-Bridge; prosthetic connection; implant-supported prosthesis; loosening torque; tightening torque +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Characterization of Grape Extract-Colored SiO2 Synthesized via the Sol-Gel Method
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Synthesis via Sol-Gel Route  
The S/GRE hybrid materials with two percentages of grape extract (GRE)--5 wt% (4.76 gGRE/100 g) and 15 wt% (95.24 gGRE/100 g)--were synthesized using the sol-gel route. As previously mentioned, GRE was incorporated into SiO2 at 5 wt% to achieve visible coloration and enable analysis of the interactions with the matrix, while 15 wt% was used to assess the effects of a higher extract load on the material properties. Briefly, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si(OC2H5)4, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) (22.37 gTEOS/100 g) was added to a solution of distilled water and ethanol 99% (EtOH, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) under magnetic stirring to form a transparent solution (Sol A), while grape extract was dissolved in EtOH to form a second solution (Sol B). Sol B was added dropwise to Sol A under continuous stirring at room temperature. The molar ratios used for the reagents were TEOS:EtOH:H2O = 1:6:2 (Figure 1). Initially, the addition of the grape extract (Sol B) to the silica solution (Sol A) resulted in a violet color, but after 3-4 days, the slightly acidic pH (5) of the silica solution caused a change in the color of the extract, which became lighter and shifted towards red (see Figure S2). After gelation, the wet gels were dried at room temperature for 24 h to obtain colored glasses. The S control was synthesized following the same protocol, without adding GRE.  
Figure 1: Flowchart describing the synthesis of S, S5 GRE, and S15 GRE by the sol–gel route.