esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Recent Advances in Geographic Information System for Earth Sciences
## 2 GIS for Geoinformatics  
GIS is an important tool used to solve complex spatial problems in geoinformatics. Several articles dealing with basic algorithms for spatial data analysis are included in this special issue. [PERSON] et al. [1] propose an efficient parallel algorithm for polygon overlay analysis. Overlay analysis is a fundamental operator in spatial data analytics and is widely used in Earth science applications. The proposed algorithm includes procedures for active-slave spatial index decomposition for intersection, multi-strategy Hilbert ordering decomposition, and parallel spatial union. The application of their new parallel algorithm to a land-use map of China consisting of multiple polygons with 15,615 elements and 886,547 points shows that the algorithm can perform polygon overlay analysis with high efficiency. Therefore, the study contributes to geoinformatics by allowing the processing of large scale spatial data for spatial data analytics.  
Vector maps in GIS have been widely used in various fields, including Earth science. Currently, huge volumes of vector map data can be easily stolen and distributed without permission from the original data providers. [PERSON] et al. [2] propose a random encryption algorithm based on multi-scale simplification and the Gaussian distribution to encrypt vector map data before it is stored and transmitted. Their experiment using vector maps of Scotland at different scales shows that the proposed algorithm provides higher security and computational efficiency of storage and transmission of vector map data than previous methods. Therefore, the algorithm can be applied to improve the security of online and offline Earth science map services.  
QGIS [3], an open-source GIS software, has been utilized in the Earth science community. [PERSON] [4] assesses the visual notation of QGIS's Processing Modeler, a graphical editor for workflow design, using the Physics of Notations theory in combination with eye-tracking measurements. The results from this study provide several practical recommendations to improve the effective cognition of the QGIS Processing Modeler, including changing the fill color of symbols, increasing the size and variety of inner icons, removing functional icons, using a straight connector line instead of a curved line, and providing a supplemental preview window for the entire model.  
Geo-sensor networks produce large amounts of Earth science data that can be processed using GIS for different purposes and for intelligent decision making. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] propose a geo-sensor framework that can be used by multiple clients to deploy their own geo-sensor networks, bind their sensor objects to desired locations, generate geo-sensor services for the uploaded networks, and manage the services with a geo-sensor composite toolbox. The framework is implemented based on the RESTful and SOAP web services [6]. Performance analysis shows that the lightweight RESTful web service is the best choice for ease of implementation and access.
## 2 Results and Discussion  
### Optimization of the Modulation Period  
Modulation period is a parameter of crucial importance in GC\(\times\)GC-TOFMS analysis. Modulator is responsible to trap and refocus the components from the 1D-column and transfer them to the 2D column for further separation [18]. The modulator makes the GC\(\times\)GC possible. For aroma components analysis, the modulation period was set as 2 s, 3 s, and 4 s. The shorter the modulator period is, the narrower chromatography band and the higher peak capacity are obtained. As shown in Figure 1, when the modulation period was 3 s, the retention time of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene was 1185 s, 2.00 s and 1212 s, 2.08 s, respectively. When the modulation period was 2 s, the retention time of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene was 1186 s, 0.00 s and 1214 s, 0.08 s, respectively. The chromatographic peak of 2-methylnaphthalene was divided into two parts, which has a significant impact on the quantification process. The peak of 1-methylnaphthalene was at the very bottom in the chromatography. In order to ensure the peak shape of the volatile compounds and the accuracy of the quantitative analysis, the modulation period was set for 3 s with a 0.6 s hot pulse time.  
Figure 1: The 2D chromatography of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene. (top-modulation period 2 s, bottom-modulation period 3 s).
# Protocol-Specific and Sensor Network-Inherited Attack Detection in IoT Using Machine Learning
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Performance Parameters, Evaluation and Comparison  
The performance of the proposed ML-based ProSenAD is compared with existing relevant research works [12; 13; 14] and gradient boosting variants including GB, XGBoost, and LGBM based on the Classification Accuracy (CA), precision/Positive Predictive Values (PPV), recall/sensitivity, CE, CK, and MCC calculation. Multiple network model simulations are performed under two cases and scenarios to obtain the dataset which is split into training and testing set. The testing set environment is used for the performance evaluation. The cases include benign model simulation, PS-R attack simulation, and SN-W attack simulation. The data from the first case is used as a baseline to determine the other two attack cases and the attack-focused results are presented in the next subsections. PS-R attack is identified as Case A and SN-W attack is identified as Case B.
# Decision Support Using Machine Learning Indication for Financial Investment
## 1 Introduction  
The financial investment business has been growing in recent years with new people interested in the subject, mainly by individuals. According to the Official Brazilian Stock Exchange [1], the number of individuals making financial investments grew from 557,109 in 2015, to 3,173,411 on 30 November 2020. The growth in the number of new investors is considerable, but the low financial education in Brazil makes it difficult to make the first investments, precisely because it is a market that demands dedication and in-depth studies to obtain good results. Therefore, the lack of adequate knowledge ends up keeping new investors away.  
Within this context, it can be noticed that new investors need some help to start their activities in the investment business. Therefore, this paper seeks to contribute in the financial investment field using Machine Learning algorithms to assist in the decision-making process of new investors, where it was sought to answer the following research questions: how to qualitatively classify shares of companies listed on Bovespa to assist in the decision-making process of new investors? Which Machine Learning algorithms have greater accuracy for this purpose?  
Although the literature presents similar works to this one, it is noteworthy that the relevance of this research lies in the fact that it considers peculiarities of the Brazilian scenario, such as economic crises. In addition, the Selic rate is considered as one of the parameters, which is changed according to the needs of the Brazilian economy. In this sense, peculiar situations can happen, which are not portrayed in the bases used in the other works.  
Machine Learning algorithms that serve as financial investment advisors for new investors may be a solution to these questions. Based on these needs, this paper has the following objectives: identification of market data and investor profile that are needed to generate reliable investment suggestions; perform pre-processing and database assembly; define algorithms that will be used; implement Machine Learning algorithms to solve the problem at hand; Conduct validation and performance tests with the used model. The use of machine learning models to support decision making has been used in various fields, such as medicine [2; 3], security [4; 5], electricity [6; 7; 8], and in financial investments [9].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Batch Adsorption Experiments  
The adsorption characteristics of Sb(V) onto Fe-CMB were investigated by performing kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic experiments under batch conditions and fitting mathematical models to obtain experimental data. The performance of Fe-CMB for Sb(V) removal was also quantified under different environmental conditions by varying the Fe-CMB dose, solution pH, and adding various anions. KSb(OH)6 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in deionized water to prepare a stock solution of 200 mg/L, and the Sb(V) solution required for batch experiments was diluted from the stock. All batch experiments were performed using the following conditions, unless otherwise stated; Fe-CMB (0.1 g) was added into 30 mL of 50 mg-Sb/L solution in a 50 mL falcon tube and agitated using a shaking incubator (SJ-808 SF, Sejong Scientific Co., Buchon, Korea), which was maintained at a constant speed of 100 rpm and a temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Kinetic experiments were performed by varying the reaction time from 0.25 h to 24 h, and equilibrium experiments were conducted under different initial concentrations in the range of 5-170 mg/L. Thermodynamic experiments were performed at different reaction temperatures set at 15, 25, and 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h reaction. The Fe-CMB removal efficiency and the amount of Sb(V) adsorbed onto unit mass of Fe-CMB were quantified by varying the Fe-CMB dose amount from 3.33 g/L to 16.67 g/L. The adsorbent dose was increased until there was no increase in the removal percentage. Sb(V) adsorption by Fe-CMB was evaluated under different initial pH values of 3-11. The pH of the solution was adjusted using 1 M NaOH and 1 M HCl, and the pH was measured using a pH meter (Seven-multi S40, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland). The effect of anions on Sb adsorption was investigated using 50 mg/L of Sb solution, which was treated with 1 and 10 mM NaCl, Na2 SO4, NaNO3, NaHCO3, and Na2 HPO4.
## 4 Discussion
However, this approach would require the careful alignment of data processing and validation methods to maintain consistency across different data sources. To further develop the models proposed here to detect soil tillage operations in Portugal, it will be helpful to include more locations in the training set, particularly when dealing with imbalanced datasets, as in this case. A larger dataset is helpful because it creates space for the problem of underrepresented classes to be addressed by allowing the model to learn and generalize patterns more effectively, as increasing the diversity in the training data helps mitigate bias towards the majority class and enhances the model's ability to recognize and make accurate predictions for the minority class [55; 56]. The improved detection of soil tillage practices, as demonstrated in this study, has important policy implications, particularly within the framework of the CAP. This information can support policymakers in assessing compliance with soil management standards, such as erosion prevention and soil conservation practices, which are crucial in regions vulnerable to desertification, like Portugal [57; 58]. In practical terms, robust tillage detection methods could facilitate more responsive agricultural policies that are better informed by real-time data, allowing for adaptive management strategies that promote sustainable land use. Additionally, improved monitoring could support the CAP's climate goals by tracking the adoption of conservation tillage practices, which help to reduce carbon emissions and enhance soil health [59]. In the future, similar approaches to those followed in the present paper can be developed and tested in similar conditions, i.e., in Mediterranean and semi-arid regions. The insights from this study may thus have implications for other regions facing similar environmental conditions, where monitoring soil tillage practices could help mitigate soil degradation and support sustainable land management. Expanding this work to other regions could involve adapting the thresholds and parameters optimized for Portugal's specific climate and soil types. Nevertheless, our approach demonstrates the potential of remote sensing for detecting soil tillage in regions with varying crop types and climatic stressors, suggesting that with appropriate adjustments, these methods could be widely applicable in similar environments globally.
# Exogenous Versus Endogenous Nandrolone in Doping Investigations: A Systematic Literature Review
###### Abstract  
Nandrolone, or 19-norrestosterone, is an anabolic steroid derived from testosterone, known for its androgenic and anabolic effects. Often used illicitly by athletes to boost performance, its use is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in and out of competition. Nandrolone's main metabolites, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA) and 19-noretiocholanone (19-NE), are typically detected in urine. This systematic review, registered with PROSPERO and following PRISMA guidelines, examines nandrolone's metabolism, factors affecting its natural production, and the analytical methods used in doping tests. Searches on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science yielded 517 studies, of which 57 were selected for analysis after excluding duplicates and unrelated articles. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess data on metabolic pathways, endogenous production influences, and detection techniques. Based on this review, it clearly emerges that the only technique that can distinguish endogenous production from an exogenous intake is gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). In addition, factors influencing endogenous production are considered and explored. Overall, this review provides useful information regarding nandrolone and its main metabolites.  
nandrolone; 19-norandrosterone; 19-noretiocholanone; metabolic factors; doping
## 2 Methodology
### Hydrogeological Indices for Validation
#### 2.2.2 Fracture Aperture (FA) and Density (FD)  
The fracture aperture (FA) and fracture density (FD) are two important parameters for describing the complex structure of fractured rock mass, and they also represent important indicators for the degree of fragmentation of rock mass. Therefore, for each double-packer test section, FA and FD in the test section were calculated by the post-processing program (RCLDIP) of the borehole televiewer, and the result was used to represent the degree of rock mass network density indirectly.  
Because Taiwan is located at the junction of plates, the plate movement frequently occurs, making discontinuities quite developed. If the infilling material in discontinuities is impermeable such as gouge infill, this may lead to a decrease in the permeability of the fractured rock mass. Such an effect may affect the development of a relationship between FA (or FD) and the flow dimension \(n\). Thus, if gouge was present in the fracture fill among the analyzed samples, corresponding samples were excluded from the correlation analysis.  
Regarding FD calculation, the number of fractures, excluding the fractures with infilling of the gouge, in each double-packer test section was first counted. Subsequently, the total number was divided by the length of the test section. The fracture amount per unit length of the test interval was used as the fracture density (FD) of a test interval. As for the computation of FA for each test interval, FA can be calculated by accumulating the width of all fractures within the interval. However, due to the limited accuracy of RGLDIP in calibrating the fracture width, the fracture width smaller than 0.3 cm is not easy to obtain. For those less than 0.3 cm, the fracture width is assumed to be 0.3 cm used in the analysis.
###### Abstract  
This study aims to evaluate the influence of lubrication and cooling conditions in the diamond burnishing (DB) process on the surface integrity and fatigue limit of chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels (CNASSs) and, on this basis, identify a cost-effective and sustainable DB process. Evidence was presented that DB of CNASS performed without lubricating cooling liquid satisfies the requirements for a sustainable process: the three key sustainability dimensions (environmental, economic, and social) are satisfied, and the cost/quality ratio is favorable. DB was implemented with the same values of the main governing factors; however, four different lubrication and cooling conditions were applied: (1) flood lubrication (process F); (2) dry without cooling (process D); (3) dry with air cooling at a temperature of \(-19\)\({}^{\circ}\)C (process A); and (4) dry with nitrogen cooling at a temperature of \(-31\)\({}^{\circ}\)C (process N). Conditions A and N were realized via a device based on the principle of vortex tubes. All four DB processes provide mirror-finished surfaces with Ra roughness parameter values from 0.041 to 0.049 \(\upmu\)m, zones with residual compressive stresses deeper than 0.5 mm, and increases in the specimens' fatigue limit (as determined by the accelerated [PERSON]'s method) compared to turning and polishing. Processes F and D produce the highest microhardness on the surface and at depth. The process D introduces maximum compressive residual axial and hoop stresses in the surface layer. The dry DB processes (D, A, and N) form a submicrocrystalline structure with high atomic density, which is most strongly developed under process D. When high fatigue strength is required, DB with air cooling should be chosen, as it provides a more favorable cost/quality ratio, whereas dry DB without cooling is the most suitable choice for applications that require increased wear resistance.  
sustainable process; surface cold working; diamond burnishing; surface integrity; fatigue strength improvement 2024
# Highly Linear Loaded-Line Phase Shifter Utilizing Impedance Transformer and PIN Diode
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a highly linear one-bit loaded-line phase shifter that leverages PIN diodes in combination with a coupler-based impedance transformer. The proposed phase shifter adopts a loaded-line topology, where PIN diodes are configured in a parallel-to-ground arrangement to improve linearity performance. To further enhance linearity, a coupler-based impedance transformer is employed to reduce the impedance seen by each PIN diode, thereby minimizing nonlinear behavior. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this design, a one-bit digital phase shifter is developed, simulated, and fabricated to achieve a 45-degree phase shift at 2 GHz. Experimental measurements confirm an input third-order intercept point (IIP3) exceeding 100 dBm under a range of test conditions, validating the proposed architecture's linearity advantages.  
l 2025 2220202022022022020220202202022020220202202022020220202202022020220202202022020220220202202202022022022020220220220220220220  
and high power-handling capability, making them a preferred choice for many high-performance applications.  
Previous studies have proposed various techniques to enhance the linearity of PIN diode-based RF switches, which are commonly used in switched-line phase shifters. In [3, 19, 21], the impact of impedance on the linearity of these switches was analyzed, demonstrating that reducing the impedance seen by the PIN diode can significantly improve its linearity performance. Applying this technique to a 3-bit switched-line phase shifter resulted in an IIP3 of 90 dBm. In another line of work [2, 9], the linearity of different switch topologies using PIN diodes was explored. These studies showed that incorporating a quarter-wavelength transmission line between two PIN diodes in a hybrid configuration can enhance the linearity of the switch, achieving an IIP3 of up to 95 dBm.  
In this paper, a novel design for a highly linear digital phase shifter is proposed, combining coupler-based impedance transformers and loaded-line phase shifters. The proposed architecture is both simulated and fabricated to validate its effectiveness. The measured results demonstrate an IIP3 of 100 dBm under a 25 W (44 dBm) input power condition. Section 2 of this paper provides a brief discussion on the distortion characteristics of PIN diodes, as well as the influence of impedance and circuit topology on linearity. Section 3 details the loaded-line phase shifter configuration and the implementation of the proposed design. Measurement results and a performance comparison table are presented in Section 4.
# Single-Channel Blind Source Separation of Spatial Aliasing Signal Based on Stacked-LSTM
## 3 Background  
### Blind Source Separation  
In the blind source separation (BSS), the waveform of the observed signal \(x(t)\) and the independence between the signal sources are used to make the estimated signal \(s^{*}(t)\) as close to the signal source \(s(t)\) as possible. The source signal is expressed as \(s(t)=\{\mathbf{s}_{1}(t),\mathbf{s}_{2}(t),\cdots,\mathbf{s}_{n}(t)\}^{\mathsf{T}}\). The received observation mixed signal is \(\mathbf{x}(t)=\{\mathbf{x}_{1}(t),\mathbf{x}_{2}(t),\cdots,\mathbf{x}_{m}(t)\}^{\mathsf{T}}\). The estimated signal is \(s^{*}(t)=\{\mathbf{s}_{1}^{*}(t),\mathbf{s}_{2}^{*}(t),\cdots,\mathbf{s}_{n}^{*}(t)\}^{ \mathsf{T}}\), The mathematical model of blind source separation [12; 15; 23; 24; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 33; 40] is linear instantaneous mixture model:  
\[\mathbf{x}(t)=\mathbf{A}\mathbf{s}(t)+\mathbf{n}(t) \tag{1}\]  
In the formula, A is the mixing matrix, \(\mathsf{m}\) represents the number of source signals, and \(\mathsf{n}\) represents the number of receiving antenna elements.When \(\mathsf{n}<\mathsf{m}\), it is defined as underdetermined blind source separation. When \(\mathsf{n}=1\), it is defined as single-channel blind source separation under underdetermined conditions. The single-channel underdetermined blind source separation instantaneous mixing model is as follows:  
\[\mathbf{x}(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}\mathbf{s}_{i}(t) \tag{2}\]
# Failure-Robot Path Complementation for Robot Swarm Mission Planning
## 3 Design and Principle of Path Programming
### Tabu Search (TS)
#### 3.2.1 TS to Program the Single Path (In-Route)  
TS combined with 2-opt was adopted to improve the in-route path programming for a single path. The 2-opt in-route swap concept is shown in Figure 6. If the (1,2) and (3,0) nodal lines are replaced, then (1, 3) and (2, 0) can be connected to change the path.  
Therefore, 2-opt was used as a movement method to solve the single optimal path problem. Also, the length of the Tabu list, the stopping criteria, and the initial solution were set at this time. Then, the executed TS was used to determine the optimal single path.  
Figure 6: The 2-opt in-route swap concept.