esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Aromatic and Nutritional Composition of Edible Flowers of Garden Garlic and Wild Leek
## 3 Results  
### Nutritional Compositions, Minerals and Bioactive Components  
Table 1 shows the proximate nutritional compositions of the flowers of garden garlic and wild leek, and this also included the most representative macrominerals, microminerals and heavy metals, in addition to the bioactive (total polyphenols and antiradical activity via a DPPH assay) components. The results are reported as the mean of replicates, alongside the coefficients of variability (CV) of each value and _p_-value, which test the statistical significance of the estimated effect of both types of flowers. _T. violacea_ was the species with higher moisture in the flowers, which oscillated between 81.40% and 82.71%; in the case of _A. ampeloprasum_, its moisture ranged between 77.25% and 77.38%. On average, garden garlic flowers contain 5.93% more moisture. The dry matter content in the flowers tested ranged from 17.81 g\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\) (_T. violacea_) to 22.68 g\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\) (_A. ampeloprasum_); the values of moisture and dry matter were significantly different between the two types of flowers. The ash level was significantly (_p_ = 0.0002) lower in flowers from wild leek. The amount of ash was high in garden garlic flowers, which oscillated between 6.46% and 6.78%. Crude protein concentration in flowers was found to be significantly (_p_ = 0.0001) higher in wild leek (19.280%) versus the concentration in garden garlic flowers (10.915%), such that the protein levels in wild leek flowers double those in garden garlic flowers. Fat accumulation in the flowers of the species studied was very low and its distribution was not statistically different (0.0688), with a higher concentration for the flowers of wild
# Efficient and Robust Arabic Automotive Speech Command Recognition System
## 3 Methodology
### Speech Feature Extraction  
The main idea of feature extraction is that after the conversion of an Analog signal (sound wave) to a digital signal, a series of preprocessing is conducted to extract relevant and distinguishable characteristics from the speech signal. Many feature-extraction techniques are proposed by researchers, including Linear Predictive Coding, MFCC, and relative spectral processing [19; 20].  
In the pursuit of selecting a well-established and efficient feature-extraction technique for noisy environments, we conducted a thorough investigation. We reviewed and analyzed numerous articles and literature reviews that conducted comparative studies to ensure we selected the most effective approach [5; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. Therefore, we used Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), Weighted Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (WMFCC), and Spectral Subband Centroids (SSC).
## WT1 Immunohistochemical Expression in Human Embryonal/Fetal and Neoplastic Tissues
### WT1 Expression in Rhabdomyosarcomas  
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) are malignant tumors composed of cells that show evidence of skeletal muscle differentiation. Based on morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features, at least four major subtypes can be recognized: (i) embryonal; (ii) alveolar; (iii) spindle cell/sclerosis; and (iv) pleomorphic. Embryonal, alveolar and spindle cell/sclerosis rhabdomysocarcomas are predominantly tumors of children and adolescents, while the pleomorphic subtype tends to occur in adults. Histologically, the typical pattern of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma consists of small, round or spindle-shaped cells, admixed with variable numbers of round, strap-, or tadpole-shaped eosinophilic rhabdomyoblasts set in a myxoid stroma. In 20-30% of cases, cytoplasmic cross striations are present. Spindle cell/sclerosis rhabdomyosarcoma most commonly arises in the head and neck or paratesticular soft tissues, and shows a striking male predilection. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a distinct subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma usually associated with an aggressive behavior. It consists of larger, more rounded, undifferentiated cells with larger nuclei than those in the embryonal variant, admixed with variable numbers of eosinophilic rhabdomyoblasts and multinucleate giant cells with peripheral nuclei. These cells are most often arranged in an alveolar pattern. Spindle cell rhabdomysocarcomas are mainly composed of primitive-looking spindle, ovoid, or round cells, often associated with pseudovascular clefts, embedded in a prominent hyalinized collagenous stroma. Small foci of obvious rhabdomyoblastic differentiation may be evident. Immunohistochemistry, regardless of histological type (embryonal, alveolar, spindle/sclerosis), albeit with a variable extension, desmin, myogenin and MyoD1 are considered the most sensitive and specific markers of skeletal muscle differentiation [144]. Several studies have reported a diffuse and strong cytoplasmic expression of WT1 _N-terminus_ antibodies (cloneWT 6F-H2) in all variants of rhabdomysocarcomas, including embryonal, sclerosing/spindle cell and alveolar (Figure 10) [35; 36; 41; 45; 143; 145]. These results are consistent with those reported in studies on WT1 expression in the cytoplasm of human developing myoblasts and myotubes during the early phases of skeletal myogenesis [37; 41; 42; 46; 52; 146].  
Figure 9: Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (**A**). Diffuse and strong nuclear WT1 (_N-terminus_) expression of neoplastic cell (**B**).
# A Delay-Aware and Reliable Data Aggregation for Cyber-Physical Sensing
## 1 Introduction
Since many applications have both reliability and delay constraints, the proposed scheme named TSR-DARDA targets both optimization of reliability and network delay. Compared with the existing data collection schemes, the important differences among them are that TSR-DARDA would partition the surface of a spherical network into circular tiers with carefully designed widths and it could meet the goal that when data in the outer layer finishes transmission broadcasting to parent nodes in the inner layer, the nodes in the inner layer just finish data aggregation, thus minimizing the latency while maintaining data collection reliability. Figure 1: Sensor nodes deployed to collect information for a TV tower. The distributed in-network aggregation technology adopted in TSR-DARDA scheme can effectively further minimize data collection latency in WSNs for spherical physical objects. It is challenging to reduce delay with the precondition of ensuring reliability. In this paper, the data aggregation delay is improved through the careful design of surface tiers. Moreover, each surface tier is further partitioned into cells. Those cells that do not interfere with each other could simultaneously finish data aggregation by unicast and retransmission within each cell. Therefore, the network delay optimization is obtained under the precondition of guaranteed reliability. 3. The selection of parameters in TSR-DARDA scheme is discussed to satisfy the surface tier partition optimization. An algorithm is presented to describe the detailed procedure to select the optimizing parameters, which can ensure the reduction of transport delay without reducing the data reliability. In addition, theoretical analysis and comprehensive simulation experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the TSR-DARDA scheme. The results show that the proposed TSR-DARDA could obtain the goal of optimization of network delay subject to network reliability. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related works. We formally define the problem and the system model in Section 3. Section 4 presents TSR-DARDA scheme, including parameter selection optimization and performance analysis. Performance evaluations through simulations are presented in Section 5. Section 6 concludes the paper.
## 2 Experimental Setup
### Triggering Circuitry  
The analysis of a pulsed process necessitates a temporal resolution. To achieve that, the plasma generator working in a frequency range between 40 and 65 kHz has to be synchronized with a fixed laser pulse frequency of 10 Hz. To synchronize both systems, the laser is operated in the so-called direct access triggering mode [46]. Hereby, the pumping flash lamps and the Q-switch are triggered by two separate TTL level signals, and the delay between both signals is controlled externally. The required signals are generated by a pulse-delay generator of type DG645 from Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA, in combination with an ancillary triggering circuit. The synchronization is based on the process voltage, which is tapped before the plasma generator.  
The triggering circuit can be divided into several stages, as depicted in Figure 1. Firstly, in order to protect the electronic components and the following equipment from interference caused by the ignition pulse of the plasma torch, the circuitry is disconnected from the power supply network with a high-voltage relay. After ignition, the relay is manually closed. The supply voltage is then divided by a resistive voltage divider, filtered and preconditioned to obtain a signal amplitude suitable for TTL logic level components. The down-scaled voltage is compared with an adjustable threshold to create TTL pulses. Thereafter, the delay time between exceeding of the threshold value and the output logic pulse can be adjusted, so that the complete period between two pulses can be sampled steplessly.  
The output of the TTL logic module is used as an external trigger input of a pulse-delay generator, which runs in advanced triggering mode. In this mode, a hold-off value specifies a minimum time allowed between successive triggers, and consequently, the fixed frequency of 10 Hz required for the laser is achieved. The DG645 thus provides an output signal for the laser pumping flash lamps and a preliminary Q-switch signal, as the rising edges of the flash lamps signal and the Q-switch signal should be within about 180 us of each other [46]. Considering this time difference and the operating frequency of the plasma system, the Q-switch signal needs to be synchronized again with the process to obtain the desired temporal resolution. Consequently, the preliminary Q-switch signal is thus logically conjugated via an AND-gatter with the input signal of the pulse-delay generator. Finally, the conjugated signal triggers the laser's Q-switch and is also used to trigger the MCP of the ICCD camera. With the triggering setup described above, the laser pulse is synchronized with the operating frequency of the plasma generator and the plasma parameters can be estimated at any point of the current waveform.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Tensile Strength Results  
The results of the tensile test for all types of composites are shown in Figure 6. In general, the tensile strength decreased with the addition of the filler, as shown in Figure 6a, and the lowest value was reported at 80 wt.% G150. The decrease in the strength by increasing the G content was expected, as the amount of the resin decreased and the porosity increased [16; 52]. Poor adhesion between the binder and the filler was usually the reason for the degradation of the mechanical properties, which was evident from the microstructural observations shown in Figures 3 and 4, represented by the existence of  
Figure 4: SEM surface and fracture surface images of epoxy/G150/G75 and epoxy/G150/G44 at 80 wt.% overall filling load prepared at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 120 min.  
Figure 5: The in-plane electrical conductivity values of (**a**) epoxy/70 wt.% G150/10 wt.% (G44 or G75) prepared at 60 min and different curing temperatures; (**b**) epoxy/70 wt.% G150/10 wt.% (G44 or G75) prepared at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C and different curing times.  
interfacial cracks, voids, and clear filler surfaces. Compared to the tensile strength of 9 MPa for epoxy/G150 at 80 wt.% G content, the tensile strength increased slightly to \(\sim\)10 MPa by combining 70 wt.% G150 with 10 wt.% G75 and to \(\sim\)9.5 MPa in case of 10 wt.% G44, as shown in Figure 6b. Increasing the curing temperature and the curing time had a positive impact on the tensile strength values of the composites, as shown in Figure 6c,d. The highest tensile strength was obtained at the highest curing temperature of 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The test results showed a tensile strength of \(\sim\)19 MPa for epoxy/G150/G75 and G150/G44/epoxy composites. This is due to the stronger adhesion formed between the conductive filler material and the resin, which is attributed to the increase in the degree of cross linking [16; 23]. The increase in tensile strength was slightly more pronounced for epoxy/G150/G44 composites by increasing the curing time from 60 to 120 min, while a slight improvement occurred in the case of epoxy/G150/G75 composites. [PERSON] et al. [26] in their study on aluminate cement/graphite and sodium silicate cement/graphite found that as the weight ratio of small size G particles (\(<\)45 \(\upmu\)m) to big size G particles (\(>\)90 \(\upmu\)m) increased, the strength of the composites increased, and it was higher than that of the composites using one type of the same-sized graphite. [PERSON] et al. [23], in a previous study, investigated the effect of curing conditions on epoxy/G composites with 150 \(\upmu\)m G particles (G150), and found that the tensile strength value fluctuated in the range 10 to 14 MPa at 80 wt.% G150 with the changes in curing temperature and time, and no clear trend was noticed.
# Vibrational Analysis of Building Structures with Irregularities
## 3 Method of Solution
### Incorporating Structural Irregularities
#### 3.3.1 Joist Shape  
To characterize the irregularities in joist shape, measurements from 301 dry pine beams showing deviations from straightness were analyzed. Ten sample beam shapes are presented in Figure 3a, illustrating typical irregularities. Each beam measures approximately 0.1 m by 0.2 m in cross-section and extends 2.4 m in length. The averaged power spectral density (PSD), calculated using [PERSON]'s method as implemented in MatLab, in Figure 3b reveals that the beams predominantly exhibit two or three twists along their length, with four twists observed at most, providing insight into the common patterns of irregularity.  
The shape of each joist introduces a deviation captured by the Taylor expansion of the mode shapes at contact points. By simplifying to the first term of this expansion, as in the following equation, we can isolate the deviation effect:  
\[\psi_{n}\big{(}y_{j}+\theta_{j}(x)\big{)}\approx\psi_{n}\big{(}y_{j}\big{)}+ \kappa_{n}\theta_{j}(x)\beta_{n}\big{(}y_{j}\big{)} \tag{7}\]  
This modification yields an additional matrix term \(L_{\theta}\) that is added to the Lagrangian matrix in Equation (6), which represents the energy effects of joist shape irregularities in a straightforward manner. Since the irregularity in material properties multiplies the linear terms in displacements, as in Equation (1), the stiffness matrix resulting from \(L_{\theta}\) can be written as a convolution of the Fourier coefficients (p. 80, [34]), (p. 39, [35]), that may be written as a multiplication by a Toeplitz matrix (p. 53, [36]), leading to off-diagonal terms with the bandwidth set by the width of the spectrum of irregularities. The resulting modified contact equation and Fourier representation highlight how joist deviations are simply included as an additional energy and matrix.
# A Hands-On Laboratory for Intelligent Control Courses
## 2 Fuzzy Logic Background
### Defuzzification  
Since the output of the inference engine is still a linguistic expression, it is necessary to convert it again to a number. Thus, the defuzzification process is carried out, allowing a numerical value to be associated with a fuzzy set performed to calculate the output value of diffuse systems. The fuzzy inference engine concludes the input information but is expressed in fuzzy variables. This fuzzy conclusion or output is obtained by the fuzzy inference stage, but the system output data must be a real number and must be representative of the whole set, which is why there are different defuzzification methods. For this project, the centroid method is utilized, which is one of the preferred methods to implement. This process, therefore, performs the reverse procedure to the fuzzification stage.
# Numerical Simulation of T Joints Constructed from Hollow Steel Sections
## 2 Experimental Research
### Material Parameters of joined Elements  
The cold-formed square hollow-section steel profiles used to create the \"T\" connectors under investigation (Figure 1) have certain mechanical and partially defined chemical properties. The connection was built in compliance with the applicable EN bearing steel construction guidelines [33; 34].  
The chemical composition and mechanical parameters of the chord element, which was produced using RHS 80 \(\times\) 80 \(\times\) 3 CFR(C) HS longitudinally welded steel profiles composed of S235 JR steel, with the mechanical characteristics of the basic material (steel), are R\({}_{\text{eH}}\) = 281 MPa and R\({}_{\text{M}}\) = 381 MPa.  
The brace elements, which were made of S235 JR steel and constructed from RHS 50 \(\times\) 50 \(\times\) 4 CFR(C) HS longitudinally welded steel pipes, with the mechanical characteristics of the basic material (steel): R\({}_{\text{eH}}\) = 255 MPa and R\({}_{\text{M}}\) = 355 MPa.
## 6 Discussion
### Origin of the #110 Phlogopite  
Although zonation can also be observed in BSE images, the #110 phlogopite has a more homogeneous composition and does not exhibit zoning as complex as that of the #50 phlogopite. No rinds were found in the outermost layer. The #110 phlogopite has similar compositional characteristics to rind I, such as enrichment of Mg and F. In the Aries kimberlite (Central Kimberley Basin, Western Australia), the presence of rare Mg-F-rich phlogopite in this macrocrystic phlogopite kimberlite (MPK) was previously reported. It is believed to have originated from the crystallization of a carbonate-rich melt or an H\({}_{2}\)O-CO\({}_{2}\) fluid interacting with highly refractory peridotite [23]. In addition, the #110 phlogopite has higher Al and Ba contents. Kimberlites on the Terskii coast of Russia [75], the Iron Hill carbonatites [21] and the Jacupiranga carbonatites from Brazil [76] are also reported to contain Ba-rich phlogopite. Phlogopite is the main carrier of Ba in the upper mantle, and high-Ba phlogopite has been found in peridotite xenoliths in the kimberlite in Jagersfontein, South Africa; this phlogopite is believed to be the product of mantle metasomatism [69]. The #110 phlogopite has Mg\({}^{\#}\) values similar to those of the #50 phlogopite xenocryst core and high-Ti-Cr cores/inner rims, which also indicates that the #110 phlogopite formed in a mantle environment. However, due to its euhedral morphology and limited compositional changes, it is more likely to have undergone direct crystallization from the magma rather than being of xenocrystic origin.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### CNC/Alg/PEGDA Scaffold  
#### 3.3.1 Physical Characteristics and Elastic-like Structure of CNC/Alg/PEGDA Scaffold  
Upon manual extrusion and double crosslinking treatment using ionic (Ca\({}^{2+}\)) and UV irradiation at 365 nm, the physical characteristics of the CNC/Alg/PEGDA formulations were observed. Only one formulation, F8 [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 40% PEGDA], satisfied the requirement for cartilage bioprinting. As observed in Figure 8, the construct with the presence of CNCs (F8) appeared as spongy and elastic-like. In fact, this formulation was able to recover to its original shape after it had been compressed (Figure 9). In contrast, the formulation without CNCs, F7 [4% Alg: 40% PEGDA], appeared to be rigid and brittle. Moreover, when subjected to the compression test, it easily broke. Hence, it was corroborated that the presence of CNCs resulted in a firm and flexible construct. This may be attributed to the distribution of the CNCs within the hydrogel network that creates a structured space between the crosslinked polymers, preventing the formation of a dense and tight network [39]. Furthermore, a well-distributed network within the hydrogel increases the tendency of the construct to be less brittle and become more elastic [40]. This result is consistent with other studies that reported that nanocellulose greatly affects the compression modulus of a hydrogel [41]. This characteristic is favourable for soft tissue engineering since it mimics the elastic properties of the native soft tissue.  
Figure 8: The physical appearance of construct F8 [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 40% PEGDA].  
Figure 7: Determination of storage modulus, G’ (square symbol), and loss modulus, G” (triangle symbol), of four gelled formulations; F6: [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 10% PEGDA]; F7: [4% Alg: 40% PEGDA]; F8: [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 40% PEGDA]; and F9: [2% CNC:2.5% Alg.25% PEGDA].
# Advances in Three Dimensional Bioprinting for Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 3D Bioprinting Techniques
### Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
#### 4.3.1 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)  
DIW is a unique process that benefits extrusion to produce three-dimensional structures at micrometer and nanometer scales, offering a greater degree of customization and control than conventional stereolithography [184]. As part of the DIW process, polymers, ceramics, metals, or even biologically active cells with a certain viscosity are extruded layer by layer through a fine needle onto a substrate and allowed to flow along a predetermined path, in accordance with CAD data, to produce the desired 3D object [185; 186]. By solidifying or drying the deposited layers, three-dimensional structures become complex and robust. Moreover, there are various printing modes available, and there is no need to constantly change the printhead [187].  
For instance, the cell delivery and degradation of 3D-printed cellulose nanofiber (CNF) hydrogels produced with DIW were studied. Two different sources, tempo-oxidized bacterial cellulose (TOBC) and tempo-oxidized plant cellulose (TOPC), were used to produce hydrogels, and in comparison, TOBC showed a higher water uptake (72 \(\pm\) 24.4 g of water per g of CNF) than TOPC (57 \(\pm\) 15 g of water per g of CNF). The degradation time varied between 5 and 26 h, depending on their infill density. Prior to the cell viability assay, mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) were encapsulated in TOPC and TOBC. Then, cell-containing hydrogels were transferred into syringes, which the 3D printer uses to produce hydrogel scaffolds. The viability of delivered cells demonstrated that pluripotency was maintained throughout the utilization of hydrogels. Overall, the results show that CNF hydrogels are suitable for the distribution, storage, and encapsulation of mammalian cells [188].