# Emerging Technologies for Automation in Environmental Sensing: Review
## 1 Introduction
All gadgets like IoT devices, wireless sensors, machinery, and more have to face tough weather conditions such as heavy rain, extreme temperatures, humidity, and strong winds. These conditions can harm electronic parts or mess up how they work [11]. One way to handle this is by making strong and durable covers for these expensive devices. This helps protect them from real-world conditions, ensuring they can keep working well [12]. This approach focuses on keeping important equipment safe so they can do their job in tough agricultural settings. Smart farming, dispersed and vulnerable, encounters cyber threats such as eavesdropping and denial-of-service attacks, risking privacy and system integrity. Addressing these concerns requires implementing privacy-preserving techniques and federated learning approaches [13]. Securing smart agriculture is essential for safeguarding sensitive data and ensuring the reliable operation of these advanced farming systems. Adopting smart technology in agriculture faces challenges due to costs. Setting up smart systems involves significant expenses for hardware like robots, drones, and networks. Skilled labor adds to the bill for performing tasks. Subscriptions for networks and software, even with free options, bring ongoing expenses. Maintenance is crucial, further increasing costs. Overcoming these financial barriers is essential for successful adoption in agriculture [14; 15]. In various environmental monitoring applications, robots are proving effective in overcoming limitations inherent in traditional methodologies. Scientists increasingly rely on robotic systems as indispensable tools for data collection, providing fresh insights into our planet's environmental processes. From exploring deep oceans to tracking algal blooms, monitoring climate variables, and studying remote volcanoes, today's robots play diverse roles [16]. New technological developments have made Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) a great choice for monitoring. They can capture the needed information for different tasks using a small investment. These systems are versatile, adaptable, and flexible, outperforming traditional manned airborne systems or satellites. Additionally, UASs can be quickly and repeatedly used to gather detailed information about specific areas [17]. UASs cannot cover as much area as satellites, but they give highly detailed information in both space and time, which satellites cannot match. Advancements in Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) and sensor technologies have broadened applications, enabling multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, SAR, and LiDAR sensing. Recent UAS uses include land cover mapping, vegetation monitoring, precision farming, atmospheric observations, disaster mapping, soil erosion assessment, and change detection [18; 19; 20; 21]. However, using UAVs in construction comes with challenges. These include dealing with rules and laws, managing technical limitations, overcoming data processing issues, ensuring proper training, and addressing safety concerns. In recent times, there has been an increase in using underwater robots, such as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) [22; 23], Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) [24], and Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) [25] when on the water's surface, to assess water quality. These robots, armed with various sensors, can monitor water quality in oceans, rivers, and lakes. Various underwater robots, such as REMUS and AutoSub [26; 27], were made to measure the ocean. Initially, they could only work briefly (e.g., 7 h for REMUS and 12 h for AutoSub). However, they set the stage for research in designing integrated systems, navigating without GPS, and planning missions. This allowed them to gather accurate environmental data in tough conditions for longer periods [28]. An AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) is a super-smart robot that goes underwater all by itself. It does cool things like exploring, collecting data, and checking the ocean floor without needing humans to control it.