## 3 Results  
### Univariate Analysis Results  
A significant discrimination, also considering the false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment, between the group with LCR and the group without LCR was obtained exclusively by the mean value of Kurtosis (\(p\) value = 0.01 at Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test, see Table 2). The Figure 2 reports the ROC curves for DWI and DKI derived parameters to differentiate LCR by scar/fibrosis that show equivalent findings.  
Table 3 reports the diagnostic performance for ADC and for the extracted DWI (IVIM) and DKI features to differentiate LCR by scar/fibrosis. Low accuracy was reached by the single parameter to differentiate LCR by scar/fibrosis, however the best results were reached by the mean value of Kurtosis. Mean value of Kurtosis reached an AUC of 0.72 with a sensitivity of 59%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 75% (Figure 3). Therefore, univariate analysis results showed that the single diffusion or perfusion parameters was not able with high accuracy to differentiate LCR by scar/fibrosis tissue.  
Figure 3: Case with local colorectal cancer recurrence: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map in (**A**), Dt map in (**B**), fp map in (**C**), Dp map in (**D**), MD map in (**E**) and mean of diffusional Kurtosis map in (**F**).  
Figure 2: ROC curves for DWI and DKI derived parameters to differentiate LCR by scar/fibrosis. Note. STD = standard deviation; ADC = Apparent Diffusion Coefficient; MD = mean of diffusion coefficient; fp = perfusion fraction; Dt = tissue pure diffusion; Dp = pseudo-diffusion.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**ADC-Means**} & **ADC-STD** & **Knowledge-Mean** & **Knowledge-STD** & **MD-Mean** & **MD-STD** & **Op Mean** & **D-STD** & **Op Mean** & **D-STD** & **Dy Mean** & **Dy STO** \\  & **(**low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** & **(low-10**)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Non-Phases} & Median value & 124.02 & 204.4 & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ \cline{2-11}  & 35.77 & 26.3 & 208.3 & 578.5 & 48.7 & 22.6 & 6.5 & 34.9 & 39.4 & 30.7 & 25.3 & 20.1 \\ \cline{2-11}  & Median value & 112.9 & 202.2 & 113.1 & 376.3 & 395.3 & 58.1 & 13.4 & 39.2 & 98.3 & 39.2 & 38.2 \\ \cline{2-11}  & SD & 484.1 & 108.8 & 480.7 & 196.0 & 453.3 & 208.6 & 6.0 & 31.5 & 00.3 & 97.2 & 38.5 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Total} & Median value & 116.4 & 214.0 & 118.7 & 390.5 & 194.3 & 515.0 & 1.0 & 90.3 & 102.3 & 20.7 & 10.7 & 73.3 \\ \cline{2-11}  & SD & 48.5 & 99.0 & 60.2 & 190.3 & 638.6 & 221.1 & 6.2 & 21.1 & 40.7 & 89.7 & 38.2 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Total \\ \end{tabular} } & _Filled_ & 48.7 & 0.28 & **0.08** & 0.47 & 0.23 & 0.08 & 0.08 & 0.10 & 0.13 & -0.23 & **0.08** & 0.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. STD = standard deviation, ADC = Apparent Diffusion Coefficient; MD = mean of diffusion coefficient; fp = perfusion fraction; Dt = tissue pure diffusion; Dp = pseudo-diffusion; \({}^{*}\) = dimensionless number. In bold were reported the statistically significant parameters in the differentiation of recurrence versus fibrosis/scar tissue.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Median and standard deviation values of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) derived parameters extracted parameters with and without local colorectal cancer recurrence (LCR).