## 3 Results
### Repellency
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Active Ingredient**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Concentation (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Time Since**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Number on**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Number on**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Z Value 1**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Two-Sided**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Introduction (hour)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Control Flower**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Treated Flower**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Z Value 2**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**\(p\) Value**} \\ \hline Pyrethrins & 0.005 & 0.5 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & –1.7321 & 0.0833 \\  & & 3 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 & -1.8000 & 0.0719 \\  & & 6 & 3.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.8 & -2.4749 & 0.0133 \\  & & 24 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & -1.0607 & 0.2888 \\  & & 48 & 3.0 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & -1.9612 & 0.0499 \\ \hline
0.01 & 0.5 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -2.3333 & 0.0196 \\  & & 3 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.4 & -2.2937 & 0.0218 \\  & & 6 & 3.8 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 & -2.9212 & 0.0305 \\  & & 24 & 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & -2.2678 & 0.0233 \\  & & 48 & 4.0 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 & -2.4010 & 0.0164 \\ \hline
0.025 & 0.5 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0 & 2.2361 & 0.0253 \\  & & 3 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -3.2071 & 0.0013 \\  & & 6 & 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 & -3.2660 & 0.0011 \\  & & 24 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -3.31305 & 0.0017 \\  & & 48 & 2.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -3.7712 & 0.0002 \\ \hline
0.05 & 0.5 & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -2.5298 & 0.0114 \\  & & 3 & 2.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -3.0000 & 0.0027 \\  & & 6 & 3.5 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -4.2640 & -0.0001 \\  & & 24 & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 & -2.6833 & 0.0073 \\  & & 48 & 2.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.7 & -2.5236 & 0.0116 \\ \hline
0.1 & 0.5 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0 & 2.2361 & 0.0253 \\  & & 3 & 2.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -3.2071 & 0.0013 \\  & & 6 & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 0 & 4.0000 & \textless{}0.0001 \\  & & 24 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -4.0249 & -0.0001 \\  & & 48 & 3.5 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 & -3.9618 & -0.0001 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The hypothesis of equal numbers of thrips among the treated and control flowers was tested with chi-square goodness-of-fit tests at \(\alpha=0.05\). Means in a column (specific hour after introduction) followed by the same letters are not significantly different among active ingredients by distribution-free Bonferroni Multiple Comparison \(\alpha=0.05\).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean numbers (\(\pm\)SEM) adult western flower thrips observed on periwinkle flowers treated with Tween 20 (control) and with a plant extract at specific concentration in two-choice repellency (concentrations) bioassays. Two-factor repeated measure analysis suggested that both plant extracts (F = 9.69, d.f. = 3, 64, \(p\) < 0.0001) and concentrations (F = 2.83, d.f. = 4, 64, \(p\) = 0.0318) significantly influenced the repellency against WFT in the two-choice repellency (concentrations) tests, but observation times did not (F = 1.77, d.f. = 4, 256, \(p\) = 0.1535). Except for the interaction between observation times and plant extracts (F = 2.19, d.f. = 12, 256, \(p\) = 0.0246), all other two- or three-way interactions among plant extracts, concentrations and observation times were not significant (\(p\) > 0.05). The maximum percent repellency (across all observation times) of pyrethrins and rotenone were greater than those of nicotine and stemonine (Extract: F = 13.14, d.f. = 3, 99, \(p\) < 0.0001; Concentration: F = 2.22, d.f. = 4, 99, \(p\) = 0.0726; Extract \(\times\) Concentration: F = 0.58, d.f. = 12, 99, \(p\) = 0.8571) (Figure 1). Both pyrethrins and rotenone achieved 100% repellency at 0.01%, whereas the greatest repellency was observed at 0.025% and 0.1% for nicotine and stemonine, respectively.