## Materials and Methods
### Clinical Investigations  
Six patients were analyzed, and all of them underwent a surgical procedure with SB, receiving either standard blocks or custom-made blocks (Industrie Biomediche Insubri S/A, Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland). Specifically, four patients underwent dental implants, one case underwent cranio-maxillo-facial (CMF) skull implants, and one case underwent orthopedic implant. Each case is described in detail hereby:  
* Case #1: The first patient, 60-year-old female, showed hypodontia in the lower dental arch (three teeth in region 45, 46, 47 missing) and lack of a bone portion at diagnosis by Cone Beam CT (_a.k.a._ CBCT) (Figure 1a). Since a greater amount of bone was needed to carry out the dental implant, she underwent bone grafting with custom manufactured SBoD. The operating technique required a horizontal and vertical augmentation: bone defect did not have a simple shape, so a customized graft was required. By 3D reconstruction a model of the patient's mandibular bone was generated first, and then the missing bone component was designed (Figures S1 and S2 in Supplementary Materials). The missing pieces were also tested on a stereolithographic model. The surgical operation required an engraving into the gum to reach the alveolar bone. Next, the custom-made pieces of SB were positioned in the area where an increase of the amount of bone was needed. When the right position for the bone graft was found, it was fixed with screws, to allow the tight anchoring of the graft to the patient receiving bone. Furthermore, in the procedure of soft tissue closure over the implant, good care was taken to release the tissue flaps proximally using an elevator to obtain a tension free flap. * Case #2: The second patient, 57-year-old female, smoker, showed partial edentulia and lack of bone and teeth from 21 to 27 throughout the upper right dental arch, as diagnosed by CBCT. The patient's jaw was rebuilt based on CT and surgeon cut SB standard blocks on a sterile 3D model of the patient's anatomy (Figure 1b). A \"periosteal elevation\" was further performed, a procedure by which the periosteum together with the soft tissues is removed from the bone, to allow the positioning of the customized SB graft. The custom-made block grafts were implanted within the bone defect area. Screws in the bone stabilized the graft. After checking the stability of the system and having the screws firmly positioned, the incision was sutured; soft tissues covered the bone graft, and the two gum flaps were sutured. * Case #3: The third patient, 59-year-old female, showed severe edentulia with only two teeth left on the upper arch, at diagnosis by CBCT (Figure 1c). This loss of teeth has led to bone reabsorption,and, thus, the lack of bone portion was deep. She underwent surgery, after custom made SBoD blocks were obtained. A periosteum elevation procedure was performed, as previously described. Additionally, before placing the graft in the bone defect area, the surface of the bone was micro-drilled to induce bleeding intending to further enhance the regenerative processes (_a.k.a._ micro-channeling practice). Then, the bone graft was implanted and stabilized by screws. After checking the stability of the system and having the screws firmly positioned, the dentist deposited an autologous platelet concentrate (PRP) to promote tissue healing. Lastly, the bone graft was covered by soft tissues. and the two flaps of the gum were sutured. * Case #4: The fourth patient, 57-year-old male, showed four different bone defects as diagnosis by CBCT (Figure 1d). The periosteum disconnection procedure was performed, as described in previous cases. Once the bone was reached, the surgeon customized by hand SB standard blocks, that were implanted and firmly stabilized by screws. As in previous cases, the wound was finally closed on all its levels till external gums. * Case #5: The fifth patient, 65-year-old female, showed a meningioma tumor located at the back of the right eye, diagnosed by CT (Figure 1e).