# Applications of the Open-Source Hardware Arduino Platform in the Mining Industry: A Review
## 1 Introduction
In addition, the BLE-based Arduino Mega board was used to track the location of a miner, in connection with a mobile node. Arduino can play important roles in wearable systems, e.g., in recognizing the condition of mine workers, as well as environmental information in mines. [PERSON] et al. [29] designed a prototype intelligent helmet using Arduino Mega for heart rate and air quality monitoring. Information such as the mine worker's heart rate and the gas, temperature, and humidity inside the mine was obtained from the sensors of the intelligent helmet. The results were transferred to a storage device using the ZigBee module and could be used to provide an alarm through a screen and/or buzzer. The number of Arduino applications in autonomous systems is also increasing. [PERSON] et al. [30] used Arduino UNO to automate bucket control for a load haul dumper (LHD). The bucket control module controlled a bucket actuator after detecting forces in the boom using a pressure sensor connected to the Arduino UNO. Although many studies have been conducted, no use cases for the Arduino open-source hardware platform in the mining industry have been reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the Arduino applications currently used in the mining industry. Keywords (e.g., Arduino, open-source hardware, underground mine, or open-pit  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Computer Systems**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Communications**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Robotics**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Machines and**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Science**} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-6}  & Arduino &  
mine) were input into the websites of Google Scholar, SCOPUS, and the Web of Science to search for published literature, and 73 articles were found in the first stage. After excluding papers with duplicate content or articles with poor quality, 48 articles were selected for review. Figure 1 shows the literature search process. Although there are many cases where open-source hardware has been used in the mining industry in addition to Arduino, it is impossible to investigate all research related to open-source hardware owing to the wide range of products. Similarly, this study did not target smart mining itself, and the scope of this review was confined to published literature related to Arduino applications in the mining industry. Arduino-based research is currently being used in diverse applications; thus, it can best represent the overall trend. The reviewed literature was classified into studies on field monitoring, wearable systems, and autonomous systems, depending on what the Arduino was used for. This classification was also linked to the functional characteristics and purpose(s) of the Arduino application. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes studies in which Arduino is used in obtaining air quality data or geotechnical data at mining sites. Section 3 reviews how Arduino can be incorporated into wearable systems for various purposes at mine sites. Section 4 addresses studies involving Arduino related to automation, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or unmanned robots. In Section 5, all of the papers reviewed in this study are statistically classified, and the trends are discussed according to purpose, mine type, Arduino type, sensor, communication, and actuator. Finally, Section 6 summarizes these articles and presents the implications of this study.