## 1 Introduction
Additionally, the safety climate assessment tool allows companies to use rubric-based descriptors for self-assessment of their safety climate maturity in a reliable manner [22]. Finally, a study was able to calculate the optimal percentage that construction companies should invest and allocate for safety equipment and activities, which was identified to be 1% of the project scope [23]. The safety climate perceptions of managers, supervisors, and workers were also investigated by a group of researchers due to their differences. It was found that the highest safety climate scores were achieved by managers, followed by supervisors and workers [24]. A study concluded that when a change in the supervisor safety climate was done from low to higher levels, the effect of risk perception on safety motivation altered from positive to negative [25]. Furthermore, workers who were working in their positive coworkers' safety climate changed their negative effect of risk perception into a positive effect concerning motivation and behavior [25]. Another study concluded that for supervisors, the safety climate is negatively correlated with injuries, whereas for workers, the safety climate is negatively associated with unsafe events [26]. In addition, a study observed that workers with a positive safety climate show higher levels of hazard realization and safety risk perception [27]. Furthermore, it was found that construction workers' risk-taking behavior is negatively correlated with the safety climate [28]. The relationship between the safety climate and safety training programs was also explored. For example, in Hong Kong and China, it was found that safety programs can improve construction workers' prosociality and the safety climate [29]. Generally, safety management programs are used in construction projects to avoid workplace injuries and provide a safety climate [30]. In addition, the safety climate can be strengthened at construction sites through specific training programs, such as the 2.5-h Foundation for Safety Leadership, given to supervisors [31]. Furthermore, a foundational safety leadership training program can assist the majority of construction companies in empowering their leaders to be able to create a sound construction site safety climate [32]. Leadership skillsare required to establish a sound job site safety climate, which is a skill some construction foreman may lack. Specialized safety training could be used to develop the skills of personnel in the area of leadership to promote a safety climate. The foundation for the safety leadership training module is a useful approach that could assist in solving this issue, as it has been widely recognized by the construction industry [33]. Generally, communication influences safety in the construction industry. A study that used information and communication technology to investigate the relationship between safety and quality has found that this technology could lead to a 30% improvement in quality and a 90% reduction in unsafe activities [34]. The safety climate can have a major impact on the safety outcome of a project if team members practice effective communication with each other [35]. Moreover, hazard recognition skills can be experienced by maintaining a positive safety climate. Furthermore, hazard recognition skills are also positively associated with social network safety communication patterns [36]. To achieve exceptional safety performance, it is essential to implement proactive safety management and identify a project's risk level before it begins [37]. This prediction process should include all types of risks and hazards, including those that might happen to workers. The emerging field of construction safety prediction allows predicting the likelihood and severity of future injuries by using data and analytical techniques [38]. For the past 30 years, safety literature has concentrated on the safety climate's role in predicting injuries and accidents [39].