# A Multi-Objective Hybrid BESSA Optimization Scheme for Parameter Extraction from PV Modules
## 8 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(G\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hybrid BESSA Technique**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\mathcal{R_{S}}\) & \(\mathcal{R_{g}}\) & \(\delta\) & \(Y\) \\ \hline
1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.425 & 3800 & 1.4 & \(2.108\times 10^{5}\) \\ \hline
800 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.669 & 3800 & 1 & \(1.3425\times 10^{5}\) \\ \hline
600 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.799 & 3400 & 1.029 & \(7.64534\times 10^{4}\) \\ \hline
400 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.981 & 3450 & 1.17 & \(3.4316\times 10^{4}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(G\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**BES Technique**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\mathcal{R_{S}}\) & \(\mathcal{R_{g}}\) & \(\delta\) & \(Y\) \\ \hline
1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.4336 & 3730.083 & 1.4108 & 211,863.1 \\ \hline
800 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.726 & 4000 & 1.2304 & 146,235.2 \\ \hline
600 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.3314 & 4000 & 1.8073 & 76,846.52 \\ \hline
400 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.878 & 4000 & 1.1779 & 34,623.14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Parameters of the PV Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) extracted using the Hybrid BESSA and BES techniques with G varying from 400 W / m\({}^{2}\) to 1000 W / m\({}^{2}\) while keeping T fixed at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(G\)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hybrid BESSA Technique**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(P_{MPP\_ref}\) & \(V_{OC\_ref}\) & \(I_{SC\_ref}\) & \%\(e_{P}\) & \%\(e_{V}\) & \%\(e_{I}\) \\ \hline
1000 & & & & & \\ W/m\({}^{2}\) & 400 & 49.5 & 10.12 & 0.01 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline
800 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 320 & 49.5 & 8.096 & 0 & 0.424 & 0.01 \\ \hline
600 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 240 & 49.5 & 6.071 & 0 & 0.969 & 0.01 \\ \hline
400 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 160 & 49.5 & 4.048 & 0 & 2 & 0.01 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**BES Technique**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(P_{MPP\_ref}\) & \(V_{OC\_ref}\) & \(I_{SC\_ref}\) & \%\(e_{P}\) & \%\(e_{V}\) & \%\(e_{I}\) \\ \hline
1000 & & & & & \\ W/m\({}^{2}\) & 400 & 49.5 & 10.12 & 0.026 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline
800 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 320 & 49.5 & 8.095 & 0.1869 & 0.612 & 0.01 \\ \hline
600 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 240 & 49.5 & 6.071 & 0.310 & 1.87 & 0 \\ \hline
400 W/m\({}^{2}\) & 160 & 49.5 & 4.048 & 0.81 & 2.018 & 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Reference values and percentage error for the PV Module AS-M3607-S(G1 CELLS) obtained using the Hybrid BESSA- and BES-based parameter extraction techniques with \(G\) varying from 1000 W / m\({}^{2}\) to 400 W / m\({}^{2}\) while keeping T fixed at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 11: Simulated \(PV\) curve using the Hybrid BESSA technique for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at varying irradiances while keeping temperature fixed at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 12: The \(IV\) curve obtained from simulation for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at various temperatures while keeping irradiance fixed at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\) by utilizing the Hybrid BESSA technique. Figure 10: The \(IV\) curve obtained from simulation using the Hybrid BESSA technique for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS) at varying irradiances while keeping temperature fixed at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
For the validation and practicability of proposed Hybrid BESSA technique, an experimental test was conducted on monocrystalline PV Module AS-M3607-S, as shown in Figure 14.The experimental results were obtained via the experimental set up, as shown in Figure 15. Current sensors were used to detect current and to convert it to an easily measurable output voltage. The voltage was monitored by voltage sensors. The Module AS-M3607-S was seated on roof top of laboratory. Reading of the inputs was performed using ARDUINO boards. ARDUINO is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Figure 14 displays the obtained experimental results measured at an irradiance of 480 W/m\({}^{2}\) and a temperature of 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 14: Experimental setup for obtaining the PV curve for Module AS-M3607-S (G1 CELLS).