## 4 Discussion  
This study investigates the effects of CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation combined with MICT or HICT on tumstatin levels, lipid metabolism, and body mass, given its potential role in metabolic regulation. Understanding these interactions is essential due to the growing interest in CoQ\({}_{10}\) s metabolic benefits. As hypothesized, CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation with exercise may influence these parameters. The findings contribute to existing research by evaluating whether CoQ\({}_{10}\) enhances metabolic adaptations to different exercise intensities, offering insights into its potential health and performance benefits. Notably, the MICTQ\({}_{10}\) and HICTQ\({}_{10}\) groups illustrated the most significant improvements among lipid parameters and the AIP. By day 50 th, the MICTQ\({}_{10}\) group exhibited the lowest body mass, followed by the HICTQ\({}_{10}\) group, while the C group consistently showed the highest values. Similarly, the MICTQ\({}_{10}\) group achieved the lowest levels of LDL-C, TGs, and TC, significantly outperforming the C group in these metrics. The HICTQ\({}_{10}\) group also illustrated substantial reductions in lipid levels and the AIP, further emphasizing the benefits of high-intensity interval training combined with supplementation. These results clearly show that the synergistic effects of exercise and CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation were superior in regulating body mass and improving lipid metabolism. In addition to tumstatin levels, skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues are influenced by exercise intensity and CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation. With regard to skeletal muscle, the HICTQ\({}_{10}\) group showed notable differences, with the lowest tumstatin levels observed within this group, highlighting the interplay between exercise intensity and CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation. With regard to cardiac muscle, a marked reduction in tumstatin levels was distinct in the MICT group, MICTQ\({}_{10}\) group, and HICTQ\({}_{10}\) group compared to in other groups, suggesting that combined exercise and supplementation interventions may downregulate tumstatin levels in cardiac tissue. These findings underscore the potential regulatory effects of tailored interventions on tumstatin dynamics. Physical activity offers a multitude of metabolic benefits, particularly in lipid metabolism, by effectively reducing triglyceride levels, increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) cholesterol, and enhancing the overall balance of lipid profiles. These physiological adaptations are instrumental in promoting cardiovascular health and mitigating the risk of atherosclerosis [23]. Also, an additional study has demonstrated that diets high in saturated fatty acids adversely affect body mass, triglyceride levels, and cholesterol levels, whereas diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids exert a beneficial impact on these parameters. Notably, the same research highlighted that a dietary regimen consisting of unsaturated fatty acids, when combined with a regular swimming exercise of 30 min, proved to be the most effective strategy for improving body mass, triglyceride levels, and cholesterol levels [24]. Moreover, exercise has been shown to increase free fatty acid (FFA) levels in individuals taking CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplements. This increase may be attributed to enhanced lipolysis, a metabolic process in which fats are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol. This phenomenon is further supported by the observed reduction in serum triglyceride levels, suggesting that CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation might facilitate fat mobilization and utilization during exercise [25]. In a related study, the effects of CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation on lipid profiles were investigated in rats subjected to both acute and chronic exercise regimens. The findings indicated that CoQ\({}_{10}\) supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, implying that CoQ\({}_{10}\) possesses lipid-lowering properties, particularly in conjunction with physical activity.