## 3 Initial Results
### Blockchain Operations That Address Ethical Issues in AI  
#### 3.3.1 Federated Machine Learning and Blockchain for Privacy-Preserving and Censorship Resistance  
Figure 5, adapted from [132; 133], shows a simplified process representation of federated AI systems (a form of ensemble modeling) integrated with blockchain technologies. The process consists of several organizations {org1...n} in BPMN lanes, where each organization controls its own data and ML models used in the federated system. First, each organization prepares the models running in it by training and retraining with its datasets. A blockchain-based smart contract is used to verify the performance of the models from each of the organizations to select the models that meet the minimum defined model performance. Using a consensus mechanism of result aggregation, predictions from each of the selected models are ensembled into a single output. Operations in blockchain-enabled \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ethical Issues in AI** & **Blockchain Concept** & **Blockchain Role in Mitigation** & **Referenced Studies** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Accuracy (false positives)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Federated Machine Learning} & Like other ensemble AI systems, it can improve the performance of the models and also provide more representative datasets since data is distributed across different locations, countries, and regions, ensuring that systems that mitigate sexual exploitation have higher performance & [126] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Privacy (data misuse)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Data wallet} & Permission granting and revoking to prevent unauthorized data usage, thereby ensuring that victims of sexual exploitation maintain control and use of their data in training AI systems & [127] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Bias} & \multirow{2}{*}{Data auditability} & Auditable datasets on the blockchain provide transparency and help in identifying biases in datasets & [128] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Censorship} & \multirow{6}{*}{DAO governance} & Community-based governance of AI processes, instead of centrally controlled, ensures decisions on the mitigation of sexual exploitation are reached in a more democratic manner & [129] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Trustability} & \multirow{6}{*}{Smart contracts} & On-chain logic is verifiable, and ethical guidelines can be encoded in smart contracts, ensuring that the basis for identifying sexual exploitations is verifiable and transparent & [24] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Security and confidentiality} & \multirow{6}{*}{Zero-knowledge-proof systems} & Privacy-aware data processing systems such as homomorphic encryption can be adopted in processing confidential data such even if there are data breaches, information and data of victims of sexual exploitation remain hidden & [130] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Regulation on (legal) jurisdictions} & \multirow{6}{*}{Federated Machine Learning} & Data are processed at the point where they are generated adhering to local regulations this ensures that different legal jurisdictions and regulations regarding the processing of sensitive data are adhered to specific to locations where the decentralized AI models run. & [131] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}