# Children's Safety on YouTube: A Systematic Review
## 4 Approaches and Existing Methods
### Meta-Data Analysis Approach
Moreover, [PERSON] et al. perceived that 26.9% of all the 24.6 K appropriate videos included at least one inappropriate ad for young children. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [62] emphasized the issue of advertisement and video recommendations by using YouTube Kids video data in social media marketing. In addition, they studied how such strategies affect kids' health. Such skippable and non-skippable advertisements appear frequently during the run time of videos. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [63] investigated the evolving transformation in advertising and digital media industries targeting kids through YouTube. The analysis showed companies' strategic use of the media industry and their expertise to transform YouTube stars into global brands. PocketWatch was utilized as a case study and discussed the advertising department formed by PocketWatch to exploit kids' partners by creating advertising based on setting practices and those that cause problems. The study shows how governmental regulation and policy changes affect the development and growth of digital media that targeted kids and act as commercial forces that caused an increase in the number of kids that transitioned from YouTube stars to brands. In the same manner, [PERSON] et al. [64] examined food ads targeting children on YouTube in Malaysia. SocialBlade.com was utilized to identify the most common 250 YouTube videos targeting children. The ads that appeared while watching these videos were analyzed. The number of ads detected in these videos was 187. Moreover, 38% of these ads were food and beverage. Of those, 56.3% promoted non-core foods. The finding from the analysis showed that the most popular marketing techniques utilized were taste appeal, novelty, the use of animation, fun appeal, use of promotional characters, price, and health and nutrition benefits. The outcome of the conducted analysis was that unhealthy food ads are the dominant content targeting children on YouTube. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [65] highlighted the connections among the advertising done by food brands, practices on YouTube, and child obesity in the Latino demographic. They analyzed and compared advertising by food brands on television with videos by child YouTube's (influencing) in Spanish. A content analysis of 304 videos was used to undertake an exploratory study, with 12 factors divided into two categories: the prevalence of ultra-processed versus healthy products in advertising and the marketing approach. The results draw attention to the growth of hybrid media forms, as well as significant differences in the strategies used by brands and young YouTube stars. The results highlight the lack of content advertising warnings directed at young people. Because these media outlets have such a great influence over a vulnerable audience such as children, it is urged that they assume more accountability. It showed that food brands were targeting children with advertisements for foods with low nutritional value that can be harmful, take a toll on a child's health, and cause obesity. They disguise themselves by evoking joyful and cheerful emotions, when really it is just a scheme from which the food brand can benefit. [PERSON] [66] provided insights regarding the use of YouTube videos as educational resources for children and investigated the factors that affect how they may be successfully used by educators. In this regard, 41 educational YouTube channels in Spain were utilized to examine various aspects of the creation of content. These aspects included: video structure, editing, recording, \"edutuber\" personality, social media usage, and statistics. The analysis of these YouTube channels showed that the science channels acquire more subscribers than other types. In addition, the study claimed that the science channels were very prolific in production, as the number of videos uploaded in one week ranged from one to two. Moreover, few science videos were created by content creators compared to their counterparts in other educational video areas. [PERSON] et al.