## 4 Health-Promoting Effects of Avocado and Its Bioactives
### Anti-Inflammatory Activity  
The Persea Americana fruit is reported to have anti-inflammatory effects both through in vivo and in vitro experiments. The existence of phenolics, tannins, and carotenoids is strongly linked to the anti-inflammatory characteristic of avocado fruit [106]. Inflammation is the product of a response from the human body when its homeostasis and normal function are disrupted by an irregularity, namely, pathogens, wounds, injuries, and allergies. Chronic inflammation is linked to several serious diseases including cancer, CVDs, and thrombosis [107]. In the event of such a response, chemical mediators called chemokines, cytokines, eicosanoids, and vasoactive amines are triggered, signaling the human defense system to start combating the issue. In this process, some mediators cause collateral damage in the organism, leading to the prementioned diseases. In an in vivo study on rats [108], a correlation between lowering intestinal inflammation effects and avocado fruit pulp without unwanted side effects was reported. By introducing a rising quantity of avocado fruit pulp to the rats before the TNBS induced inflammation, a significantly milder response from cytokines, precisely interleukin-1\(\beta\) (IL-1B), tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)), and interferon-\(\gamma\) (IFN-\(\gamma\)), which caused the observed inflammation. Specifically, a 20% dietary interference with avocado pulp reduced IL-1B and IFN-\(\gamma\) by 53.7% and 41.38%, respectively. Another previously conducted study by [PERSON] et al. [109] on ovariectomized rats found that avocado bioactive constitutes, such as oleic acid and phenolics, mimic the effect of estrogens, which suppress the inflammatory mediators of IL-6 and TNF-\(\alpha\) in the liver. An administration of 1 mL/250 g/day of _Persea americana_ for one month reduced the value of these mediators by threefold. This observation is due to the fact that phytosterols like \(\beta\)-sitosterol, which is considered a polyphenolic, are structurally similar to estrogen. [PERSON] et al. [110] reported that avocado soy unsaponifiables (ASU) showed beneficial effects against neuroinflammation. The study, after inflicting an artificial stroke on mice through the permanently double ligations of the right common carotid artery, examined values and mechanisms that differed from the control group. In detail, they found that post-op tests that examined depression in rodents had better results if they were treated with ASU. The mechanism proposed was that ASU significantly lowered the IL-10 (Interleukin 10) and TNF-\(\alpha\) expressions in the hippocampal region by 35% with an oral dose of 50 mg/kg per day, meaning that ASU can provide us with a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant role. Additionally, there is evidence that _P. americana_ extracts provide beneficial effects in regulating inflammatory responses caused by diseases, particularly coccidiosis. Jumping on that hypothesis, [PERSON] et al. [111] examined and assessed the benefits of a plant-based treatment as opposed to synthetic anticocidial drugs in affected mice. The study design allowed for the comparison between the non-treated, plant-treated, and drug-treated mice by three tests. Firstly, a parasitic score and a goblet cell response; secondly, an antioxidant activity test; and lastly, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. This research study concluded that animals treated with PAFE (_P. americana_ fruit extract) had more goblet cells than untreated mice, while significantly upkeeping glutathione levels. At the same time, the antioxidant agents in the avocado could reduce the levels of MDA (lipid peroxidation) and NO (nitric oxide), which cause oxidative stress damage. In the last test, after the infection-induced augmentation in inflammatory cytokines, PAFE showed downregulation in the expression of IL-1\(\beta\), TNF-\(\alpha\), and IFN-\(\gamma\).