# Electrical Characteristics of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Containing Carbon-Based Materials
## 1 Introduction  
Reinforced concrete (RC) is an outstanding construction material that facilitates durable constructions with enhanced mechanical properties. Although reinforced concrete is durable compared to other construction materials, it is associated with the limitations of chloride penetration and reinforcing-bar corrosion [1]. This problem is particularly significant in bridge structures where the air-exposed area can be widened. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) bridges, with lower cross-sections than RC bridges, high chloride resistance, and low rebar use, have been used to overcome the abovementioned limitations. UHPC bridges are being increasingly used due to their advantageous properties; some examples are the Wild Bridge (2010) in Europe and the Jakway Forest Park bridge (2008) in the United States [2]. Performance improvement and multi-functionalization could increase the applications of UHPC in the future. Recently, the prevention of accidents related to black ice on winter roads has gained prominence in road and bridge construction. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), a substantial annual budget of $5.9-9.7 billion has been utilized for de-icing work in bridge construction, with a continuous requirement of maintenance costs [3, 4]. Furthermore, de-icing agents (which are commonly chlorides) penetrate the concrete, adversely affecting its durability. In the harsh condition of direct exposure tochloride, it would be difficult to ensure durability from substances such as deicing agents in winter, even if UHPC shows outstanding chloride resistance performance. Thus, to ensure the service life of concrete, it is vital to develop a method for black ice removal without utilizing a de-icing agent; strategies involving embedded heating coils have been widely used, and the use of conductive concrete mixed with carbon materials has been recently reviewed. The utilization of carbon nanomaterials (with high chemical stability and unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties) in various industries has been recently reviewed [5; 6; 7; 8]. [PERSON] et al., (2021) have studied the exothermic properties of concrete mixed with carbon nanotubes (CNT) [9], [PERSON] et al., (2019) have investigated the use of CNT to minimize concrete corrosion [10], while [PERSON] et al., (2021) have analyzed CNT mixing to develop self-sensing concrete [11]. The self-sensing technology is a method for building a structural health monitoring system (SHMS) to detect damage occurring in infrastructure in real-time. For this system, the applicate method of carbon materials to concrete has been continuously studied. This technology detects changed electrical resistance when the structural member experiences the deflections of cracks [12]. In addition, other studies have analyzed the reduction in the high electrical resistance of concrete to improve its heating performance and prevent its freezing in winter and its utilization for various purposes such as de-icing [13; 14; 15]. In particular, the de-icing research intended to improve thermal conductivity performance with improved electrical conductivity when CNTs are mixed into the concrete mixture [16; 17]. The technologies have been developed and studied to prevent the road from freezing by heating concrete by supplying electrical energy to the concrete with increased electrical and thermal conductivity. In addition, winter concrete technology development using carbon nanomaterial sheets has been conducted. This technology for preventing unexpected accidents in the winter is being investigated as a method of embedding carbon nanosheets in concrete and transferring the heat generated from these sheets to the concrete pavement surface [18]. Carbon materials exhibit high mechanical performance and conductivity. Research has been conducted to enhance concrete performance based on carbon material characteristics [19; 20].