## 1 Introduction  
Large amounts of sediment particles and pollutants are carried into lakes by hydraulic erosion and sediment transport, resulting in a rapid increase in the amount of sediment deposition [1]. Sediment deposition occurs in most lakes worldwide [2; 3]. For example, the amount of sediment in Malawi Lake is up to 9.5 Mt/y [4], the silt sedimentation in Machang Lake has led to a rise in the lake bed [5], and the sedimentation in Pavanje River has caused heterogeneous streambed hydraulic conductivity change [6]. Massive sediment can increase water turbidity and reduce light projection, thus reducing lake biodiversity and damaging the ecosystem [7; 8; 9]. Sediments with a large water content contribute to the black odor and eutrophication of lakes through the continuous adsorption of organic salts, trace metals, and microplastics [10; 11; 12]. In addition, rainfall and surface runoff intensify the rate of soil erosion [13], which accelerates the process of sediment accumulation and depletion of the lake, eventually facing the consequences of being filled up or disappearing. Therefore, it is urgent to take appropriate measures to reduce the amount of sediment in lakes and rivers, to protect the water quality and ecological environment health [14; 15]. There are many ways to control and capture the sediment in the flow [16]. Permeable structures are widely used for sediment control due to their simplicity and low cost [17]. Based on in situ purification techniques, the water quality of the lakes is improved mainly by physically filtering, depositing, infiltrating, and briefly storing water in front of the dam. Common permeable structures mainly include vegetative filter strips (VFS), check dams, and permeable dams [18, 19], which are generally made of shrubs, bamboo, gravel, and concrete. When different plant densities, covers, and widths are selected, there are some differences in the sediment strapping efficiency of VFS [20, 21, 22]. [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. suggested that VFS with a 3-6 m width is the most effective in removing sediment [23, 24]. It is worth noting that the sediment-capturing efficiency of the VFS is strongly influenced by seasonal changes and rainfall intensity [25]. Check dams are one of the most effective engineering measures to intercept and retain sediment [26, 27, 28], which can promote the deposition of sediment by decreasing the runoff velocity [29, 30]. Check dams include closed-type and open-type. Open check dams are designed to pass away part of the water and sediment, so they have a better filtering and sediment classification function [31]. [PERSON] et al. proposed that a check dam can reduce nearly 50% of the sediment output of a small watershed [32]. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that the construction of the check dam promoted the sediment deposition upstream, and thus decreased the sediment concentration and water turbidity at the intake [33]. [PERSON] et al. proposed that using broken and angular dam material in a porous check dam's construction improves the efficiency of the check dams for the retention of fine sediments [34]. However, the existing check dams are not effective in controlling the transport of sediment in natural rivers. And inappropriate site selection of check dams will decrease the capture and retention efficiency of sediment [35]. Permeable dams are widely used in the world and enjoy a long history [18]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the effect of dams on nitrogen and phosphorus removal by constructing four sandstone dams in the Luan River, and the data collected in the field showed that the removal rates of total nitrogen and phosphorus reached 39.52% and 60.68% [36]. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that permeable dams not only remove nitrogen and phosphorus, but also can dissolve other organic matter [37]. [PERSON] et al. summarized the use of permeable dams around the world in the past 15 years, indicating that permeable dams can be used to capture sediment efficiently [18].