# Early-Age Cracking in Concrete: Causes, Consequences, Remedial Measures, and Recommendations
## 6 Modeling of Early-Age Cracking
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] developed a theoretical model for thermal stress-induced cracking considering the influences of different measures against cracking as well as the influences of changes in temperature conditions, restraining, and mechanical behavior of concrete. They established a criterial stress level as the criterion of the risk of cracking by comparing the calculated tensile stress with the actual tensile strength of matured concrete. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Reference** & **Thermal** & **Mechanical** & **Chemical** & **Hygroscopic** \\ \hline
1 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [81] & Y\({}^{*}\) & Y & - & - \\
2 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] & Y & Y & - & - \\
3 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [84] & Y & Y & Y & - \\
4 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [85] & Y & - & Y & - \\
5 & [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [86] & Y & Y & - & - \\
6 & [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [87; 88] & Y & Y & Y & Y \\
7 & [PERSON] [89] & Y & Y & Y & - \\
8 & [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [90] & Y & Y & - & - \\
9 & [PERSON] et al. [91] & Y & Y & - & - \\
10 & [PERSON] et al. [42] & Y & Y & - & - \\
11 & [PERSON] et al. [92] & - & - & - & Y \\
12 & [PERSON] et al. [71] & Y & Y & - & - \\
13 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [93] & Y & Y & Y & - \\
14 & [PERSON] et al. [51] & Y & - & - & - \\
15 & [PERSON] et al. [94] & Y & Y & Y & - \\
16 & [PERSON] et al. [95] & Y & Y & - & - \\
17 & [PERSON] et al. [96] & Y & - & - & Y \\
18 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [97] & - & Y & - & - \\
19 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [98] & Y & Y & - & Y \\
20 & [PERSON] [99] & Y & Y & Y & Y \\
21 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [100] & - & Y & - & - \\
22 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [88] & Y & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Means \"Yes\" for thermal, mechanical, chemical, and hygroscopic criteria.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Grouping of early-age cracking models for concrete structures. [PERSON] et al. [86] presented a thermomechanical model to predict the hydration-induced volumetric changes in restrained concrete slab. The main parameters considered in the model were heat induced by cement hydration, the evolving properties of concrete during hydration, and early-age creep. [PERSON] [89] also developed a simulation model on thermal cracking in massive hardening concrete elements based on the degree of hydration. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [94] developed a simulation model on the cracking risk of concrete due to thermal stress. The degree of hydration, thermal properties (such as specific heat and thermal diffusivity), thermal boundary conditions, and early-age mechanical properties (such as shrinkage and creep) were considered in this model. A thermomechanical numerical model was also used by [PERSON] et al. [90] to identify the best strain gauges for monitoring concrete deformation during the early age. This model could be useful to predict the temperature and stresses in hardening concrete. This model could also predict the total strain developed in concrete during the early age. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [89] developed a micromechanical model and empirical formulas on the property development of young concrete to predict the potential early-age cracking after concrete placing. They observed the influences of environmental conditions and construction procedures, such as formwork removal, curing conditions, and variations in surrounding temperature and relative humidity on the early-age cracking behavior of concrete. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [91] used a concrete tensile creep law to predict the concrete temperature and stress evolution during the early age of a full scale diaphragm wall. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [84; 85] worked on the thermo-chemo-mechanical modeling of concrete to predict the deformation and cracking at the macroscopic level. It is based on chemical hardening within the theory of elastoplasticity. After that, [PERSON] et al. [87] developed a hygro-thermo-chemo-mechanical model.