# Conceptual Framework for Future WSN-MAC Protocol to Achieve Energy Consumption Enhancement
###### Abstract  
Nowadays, the rapid deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has enabled their application to grow in various industrial fields in our country. Various factors influence the success of WSN development, particularly improvements in Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols, for which WSNs-IoT are deemed vital. Several aspects should be considered, such as energy consumption reduction, performance, scalability for a large deployment of nodes, and clustering intelligence. However, many protocols address this aspect in a constrained view of handling the medium access. This work presents a state-of-the-art review of recently proposed WSN MAC protocols. Different methods and approaches are proposed to enhance the main performance factors. Various performance issue factors are considered to be the main attribute that the MAC protocol should support. A comparison table is given to provide further details about using these approaches and algorithms to improve performance issues, such as network throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet drop, translated into energy consumption. M 202  
and pollution monitoring and prevent disasters [9]. Other implementations of WSN include mobility. Some WSN nodes are mobile and do not have a fixed location; this kind is referred to as Mobile WSN [10]. The general characteristics of such application domains are that they have various constraints in terms of nature and requirements, requiring a specific level of quality in terms of energy efficiency, data delivery delay, reliability, bandwidth utilization, scalability, adaptivity, and throughput. Securing Quality of Service (QoS) is one of the critical challenges in resource-limited networks; thus, extensive studies have been proposed to enhance the QoS parameters and maintain the accepted level of service by researchers in recent years [11]. The enhancement of the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer occupied a major part among them, as it provides shared medium access, and all other upper layers, networks, and transport are limited to the MAC layer to provide secure QoS requirements [12]. Therefore, this review explores the recently proposed MAC layer enhancement to guarantee QoS parameters in WSN networks. WSN depends on a shared medium to send data which is managed by the MAC layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layers model, where CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) algorithms are implemented to minimize the data loss by avoiding collisions. In WSN networks, the largest portion of the energy is consumed in transmission [13]. Therefore, critical QoS parameters such as delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption mainly depend on the MAC layer's design, which means that the MAC is considered the fundamental part of WSN application design [14]. Various review papers have been attempted to survey the existing MAC protocols design; however, a comprehensive review of MAC protocols dedicated to WSN which mainly focuses on different approaches to handling performance issues in WSN is still missing in recent research. Continuous improvements and new approaches have not been deeply investigated in the literature. This paper investigates state-of-the-art approaches proposed to enhance the performance of the MAC protocol in WSN. Various survey papers have been published for different purposes. [PERSON] et al. [15] provided a summary of some recently developed MAC protocol designs for WSN. On the other hand, [16] focused on energy efficiency in the design of the MAC protocol. Meanwhile, [17] summarized the WSN MAC protocol and categorized it based on the problems needing to be solved. Next, the authors of [18] presented the latest advances in the MAC protocol for energy harvesting-based WSN. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: WSN MAC protocol is presented in Section 2, the optimization of the MAC protocols is described in Section 3, research gaps  
Figure 1: WSN application areas.