# Synthesis of Biodiesel by Interestricification of Triglycerides with Methyl Formate
## 3 Properties of Products Obtained during the Intereesterification Process  
The produced fuel must meet the requirements of the standard, in order to be used in diesel engines. Table 3 presents the fuel properties and compares them with the requirements of European standard EN 14214. The density and viscosity of the fuels/samples produced by [PERSON] et al. and analyzed exceed the limits of EN 14214 for biodiesel, due to the presence of intermediates in the reaction products. The density and viscosity of the fuel decreases as the molar ratio of methylformate-to-oil used in the production process increases [41]. In the case of a molar ratio of 18:1, the density and viscosity slightly exceeds the requirements of the standard; at higher molar ratios, these parameters meet the requirements of EN 14214 [42]. The flash point of fuel should be above 101 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. reported the flash point of prepared fuel of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C and higher than 101 \({}^{\circ}\)C [41]. A flash point above 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C was determined for a product synthesized using a molar ratio of methylformate-to-oil of 36:1 and higher [42] The carbon residue of products obtained at this molar ratio achieved products that met the requirements of ASTMD6751, with less than 0.05 wt.%. At a molar ratio of methyl formate-to-oil of 18:1, the carbon residue of the resulting product exceeded the standard limits and was 0.16 wt.%. The CFPP of the reaction products corresponds to the requirements for diesel fuel of C class and is lower than minus 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (EN 590). The pour point increases with increasing molar ratio of methyl formate-to-oil used in the fuel production process. Studies by [PERSON] et al. [42] prove that results of process optimization a swell as analysis of products properties has huge influence on the selection of optimal process conditions. Based on the process optimization studies, a molar ratio of methyl formate-to-oil of 42:1-51:1 was selected as optimal, and the analysis of the properties showed that the fuels produced using molar ratio of 36:1 were characterized by better physicochemical properties and compliance with the requirements of the standards. Other researchers have studied the properties of fuel blends, consisting of conventional biodiesel and triacetin, as well as their compliance with the requirements of biofuel standards. Triacetin additive has been found to increase fuel density and viscosity and the lower cetane pour point, cold filter plugging, and flash point [16]. [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Properties**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Units**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Abelinece**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Molar ratio of Methyl Formate-To-Oil**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Requirements of the**} \\  & & **et al. [41]** & **[PERSON] et al. [42]** & & & **Standard EN 14214** \\ \hline Viscosity at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & mm\({}^{2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) & 6.04 & 5.19 & 4.16 & 4.28 & 4.35 & 3.50–5.00 \\ \hline Density at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & kg m\({}^{-3}\) & 911.9 & 903.4 & 894.8 & 894.0 & 891.0 & 0.86–0.90 \\ Pour point & \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-11\) & \(-11\) & \(-13\) & \(-13\) & \(-15\) & - \\ Flash point & \({}^{\circ}\)C & 95 & 112 & \(>\)200 & \(>\)200 & \(>\)200 & \(\geq\)101 \\ Cold filter & & & & & & & \\ plugging point & \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-8\) & \(-9\) & \(-5\) & \(-6\) & \(-6\) & - \\ (CFPP) & & & & & & & \\ Cloud point & \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-5\) & \(-3\) & \(-5\) & \(-5\) & \(-6\) & - \\ Carbon residue & & & & & & & \\ (100\%) & \% (wt) & 0.16 & 0.04 & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.03 & \(\leq\)0.05 (ASTMD6751 \\  & & & & & & & limit) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Properties of products obtained by intereterifying with methyl formate. et al. found that some fuel properties--sulfur content, acidity, and viscosity--depend on the production process and raw materials [69,70].