## 5 Numerical Modeling
### Numerical Model Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Lithology** & **Type** & **Dip** & **Model** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Joint Wall** \\ **Compressive Strength** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Joint Roughness** \\ **Coefficient** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**-** & **-** & **-** & **\(\alpha\)** & **-** & **JCS** & **JRC** \\
**-** & **-** & **-** & \(\circ\) & **-** & **MPa** & **-** \\ \hline
44 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Upper Cretaceous \\ limestones \\ \end{tabular} & Fracture & 60 & Barton–Bandis & 25 & 9 \\
56 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Upper Cretaceous \\ limestones \\ \end{tabular} & Fracture & 75 & Barton–Bandis & 30 & 10 \\
59 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Upper Cretaceous \\ limestones \\ \end{tabular} & Fracture & 70 & Barton–Bandis & 30 & 10 \\
59 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Upper Cretaceous \\ limestones \\ \end{tabular} & Fracture & 75 & Barton–Bandis & 30 & 10 \\
70 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 30 & 10 \\
71 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 30 & 10 \\
72 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 30 & 10 \\
73 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 30 & 10 \\
74 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 30 & 10 \\
75 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 30 & 10 \\
76 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 9 \\
77 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 9 \\
78 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 9 \\
79 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 9 \\
700 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Error–Bandis \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Synthesis of physical and mechanical parameters used for the joint sets. In this table, only the characteristics of the regions directly involved in DSGSD are reported. For location of different regions, please refer to Figure 7.  
Pleistocene), and, in particular, during the Latest Pleistocene-Holocene period. The results showed the ongoing deformational process following the opening of the Fucino Basin, essentially due to visco-plastic deformations of the jointed rock mass and of the main joint sets. In all stages, a fundamental role was played by the inherited structures and particularly the level of HJL found in the lower section of the Upper Cretaceous carbonates sequence. The outputs highlight a complete development of the deformational process, with displacement clearly directed towards the plain in the last stages (Figure 9). This evolution has led to the development of several yielded points/zones, both within the rock mass and along the main joint sets (Figure 10). Widespread failure conditions are found both on the surface (due to the unloading in the upper portion of the slope) and at the toe of the slope (due to the unloading and the ongoing of the gravitational deformation). Several yielded nodes are present along the HJL at the bottom of the slope, confirming the role of this level in the development of the BSZ. Another zone of high strain concentration corresponds to the axial area of the fold, where the gravitational grabens that characterize the slope are currently developed. Figure 10: Total displacement and yielded nodes/joints in the present conditions, after all unloading stages and creep evolution. \(x\)-axis is in meters, while \(y\)-axis is in meters a.s.l. Figure 9: Sigma 1 and displacement vectors during the last tectonic unloading (30,000 ya). \(x\)-axis is in meters, while \(y\)-axis is in meters a.s.l. Regarding the joint sets (Figure 11), the model shows an arrangement that reflects the main characteristics of the deformational process detected through field surveys. Many ruptures are located at the surface and in the lower part of the slope, where the morphology of the ridge favors the development of several secondary and shallow landslides. Significant yielded joints are present in the upper portion of the slope, where they constitute the main shear zone of the deformational process.