## 3 Results  
The patients with LS showed significantly decreased gait speed, cadence, and SLS duration, but increased stride time and DLS duration during walking when compared to the control (\(p\) < 0.05, Table 1). No significant between-group differences were found in stride length, step length, and step width during walking (Table 1). During quiet standing, the patients showed increased DCOP and ACOP when compared to the control (\(p\) < 0.05, Table 1). In the sagittal plane, compared to the control, the patients showed decreased anterior IA at heel-strike and decreased ranges of IA during SLS, but increased time-averaged posterior IA during DLS (\(p\) < 0.05, Figure 2 and Table 2). The patients also showed decreased time-averaged posterior RCIA during DLS, decreased time-averaged anterior RCIA during SLS, and reduced ranges of RCIA during SLS (\(p\) < 0.05, Figure 2 and Table 3). In the patient group, the IA at toe-off, and the time-averaged IA during SLS and DLS were found to have strong negative correlations with DCOP during quiet standing, while the ranges of IA during DLS showed strong positive correlations with DCOP (\(p\) < 0.05; Table 4). The patients also showed a strong negative correlation between the ranges of IA during SLS and ACOP during quiet standing (\(p\) < 0.05, Table 4). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **LS** & **Control** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Stride length (mm) & 1043.5 (88.8) & 1048.8 (37.9) & 0.857 \\ Step length (mm) & 511.3 (47.3) & 507.0 (15.7) & 0.777 \\ Step width (mm) & 105.3 (34.6) & 78.9 (24.5) & 0.052 \\ Cadence (steps/min) & 92.6 (14.5) & 111.6 (8.5) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ Gait speed (mm/s) & 811.0 (174.7) & 983.5 (91.6) & 0.009 \({}^{*}\) \\ Stride time (s) & 1.3 (0.2) & 1.1 (0.1) & 0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline DLS duration (\%) & 29.2 (6.1) & 23.5 (3.1) & 0.012 \({}^{*}\) \\ SLS duration (\%) & 36.3 (3.0) & 39.9 (1.7) & 0.002 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline DCOP (mm) & 3104.0 (870.6) & 2426.7 (518.9) & 0.038 \({}^{*}\) \\ ACOP (mm\({}^{2}\)) & 532.4 (619.8) & 124.7 (72.4) & 0.042 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Means (standard deviations) of the spatiotemporal parameters during walking, and the COP total distance (DCOP) and sway area (ACOP) during 30 s of quiet standing in the lumbar spondylis group (LS) and healthy controls (Control). DLS: double-limb support; SLS: single-limb support; *: significant group effect (\(p\) < 0.05). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**COM–COP Inclination Angle (IA, \({}^{\circ}\))**} \\ \hline
**Variables** & **LS** & **Control** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Time-averaged} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Sagittal Plane: Anterior (+)/Posterior (\(-\))} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.004 \({}^{\ast}\)} \\  & HS & 7.2 (1.0) & 8.4 (0.7) & 0.004 \({}^{\ast}\) \\  & TO & \(-\)8.1 (1.6) & \(-\)7.6 (1.8) & 0.492 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Time-averaged values & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & DLS & \(-\)1.8 (2.1) & 0.5 (2.4) & 0.027 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & SLS & \(-\)0.2 (0.7) & \(-\)0.2 (0.4) & 0.994 \\ \cline{1-1}  & DLS & 15.7 (2.7) & 16.3 (1.6) & 0.521 \\ \cline{1-1}  & SLS & 16.1 (2.3) & 18.5 (1.8) & 0.012 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Time-averaged} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Frontal Plane: Medial (+)/Lateral (\(-\))} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.312} \\  & HS & \(-\)3.7 (0.7) & \(-\)3.6 (0.9) & 0.312 \\ \cline{1-1}  & TO & \(-\)3.6 (0.8) & \(-\)3.1 (0.9) & 0.238 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Time-averaged values & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & DLS & 0.1 (0.6) & \(-\)0.1 (0.7) & 0.487 \\ \cline{1-1}  & SLS & 3.7 (0.7) & 3.3 (0.8) & 0.304 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & DLS & 8.0 (1.3) & 6.9 (1.8) & 0.120 \\ \cline{1-1}  & SLS & 1.5 (0.3) & 0.9 (0.2) & \(<\)0.001 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Means (standard deviations) of the IA during walking in the lumbar spondylosis (LS), and healthy control (control) groups. HS: heel-strike; TO: toe-off; DLS: double-limb support; SLS: single-limb support; \({}^{\ast}\): significant group effect (\(p<0.05\)).