## 3 Results and Discussion
### UHPLC-HRMS-MS Characterization  
An UHPLC-HRMS-MS instrument coupled to a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used in a non-target HRMS-MS method to identify the bioactive components in the BC pomace extract. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & **Conventional** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Ultrasound Exposure, min**} \\  & **24 h, 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **5** & **10** & **15** & **20** \\ \hline Solvent: Water & & & & & \\ \hline TPC mgGAE/g d.w. & 33.50 \(\pm\) 1.32 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 25.09 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 26.65 \(\pm\) 3.08 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 31.79 \(\pm\) 0.95 \({}^{\text{abA}}\) & 37.29 \(\pm\) 1.68 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) \\ DPPH scavenging activity & 103.84 \(\pm\) 2.65 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 64.10 \(\pm\) 4.64 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 82.95 \(\pm\) 0.55 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 79.51 \(\pm\) 2.54 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 98.75 \(\pm\) 2.98 \({}^{\text{AA}}\) \\ mM Trolox/g d.w. & 163.03 \(\pm\) 0.43 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 163.34 \(\pm\) 7.74 \({}^{\text{Ab}}\) & 201.34 \(\pm\) 20.21 \({}^{\text{Ab}}\) & 183.10 \(\pm\) 15.05 \({}^{\text{Ab}}\) & 269.15 \(\pm\) 17.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline Solvent: 70\% Ethanol & & & & & \\ \hline TPC mg GAE/g d.w. & 78.89 \(\pm\) 3.00 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 67.74 \(\pm\) 2.34 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 67.90 \(\pm\) 3.44 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 73.08 \(\pm\) 0.51 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 73.19 \(\pm\) 1.39 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ DPPH scavenging activity & 149.12 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 149.12 \(\pm\) 3.65 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 154.99 \(\pm\) 1.10 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 154.05 \(\pm\) 1.99 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 155.22 \(\pm\) 1.21 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ mM Trolox/g d.w. & 178.81 \(\pm\) 1.50 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 356.42 \(\pm\) 0.43 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 363.41 \(\pm\) 4.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 359.76 \(\pm\) 5.16 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 364.93 \(\pm\) 1.29 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The influence of the ultrasound time at a 30% amplitude and a maximum of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C on the recovery of bioactive compounds (total phenolic content—TPC) from BC pomace in different solvents. A total of 48 bioactive compounds were identified, comprising a wide variety of polyphenic compounds (including phenolic acids, isoflaves, flavones, flavanones, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids), along with several terpenoids. Among them, 19 major compounds were unambiguously quantified by comparison with reference standards. The chemical formulae, accurate \(m/z\) values of adduct ions, retention time and measured amounts are presented in Table 3. Representative chromatograms of the phenolic compounds are presented in Figure 1.  
Exploiting the capabilities of high-resolution mass spectrometry, the remaining 30 compounds were identified based on accurate mass measurements, isotopic distributions and fragmentation patterns, which were manually matched with those in mass spectra databases (MassBank, PubChem) (Table 4). Representative chromatograms of the presumptive identified polyphenols of BC pomace are shown in Figure 2.  
Several studies have shown that _Aronia melanocarpa_ berries, juice and pomace have high polyphenol content with potential health benefits [3; 12; 34]. Among the phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and neochlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) were the main hydroxycinnamic acids in the BC pomace, as was reported previously [9; 12]. Flavonoids like catechin, gallocatechin, rutin, naringin, apigenin and proanthocyanidins were also identified. The flavonoids present in BC pomace consisted of quercetin derivatives (quercetin 3-vicianoside, dihydroquercetin 3-O-Hammoside, dihydroquercetin-3-O-glucose, quercetin 3-O-glucuron, quercetin-3-Hammoside), while kaempfer was also detected. High content of chlorogenic acid and specific quercetin derivatives such as quercetin 3-vicianoside, as well as eriodyctiol and its derivatives (glucose-side and glucuronide), are particularities of chokeberry [35].