## 7 Applications
The intense affinity of amphenicols towards the strongly polar sol-gel PEG-coated FPSE device yielded absolute recovery of the selected antibiotics residues in the range of 44% for thiamphenicol, 66.4% for florfenicol, and 81.4% for chloramphenicol. The developed method was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and selectivity according to European Decision 657/2002/EC. The decision limit (CC\(\alpha\)) values obtained were 52.49 \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\) for thiamphenicol, 55.23 \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\) for florfenicol, and 53.8 \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\) for chloramphenicol, while the corresponding results for detection capability (CC\(\beta\)) were 56.8 \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\), 58.99 \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\), and 55.9 \(\mu\)g kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. [PERSON] et al. in 2015 [18] proposed the use of FPSE applying different coating chemistries, namely: nonpolar sol-gel PDMDPS, medium polar sol-gel PTHF, and polar sol-gel poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (sol-gel PEG-PPG-PEG), and sol-gel Carbowax 20M (sol-gel CW 20M) to the extraction of a group of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) with a wide range of polarity from environmental aqueous samples. Several factors influencing FPSE, such as sample pH, stirring speed, addition of salt, extraction time, sample volume, elution solvent, and desorption time, were investigated and optimized for each sorbent coated FPSE membrane. Optimum conditions included the FPSE membrane coated with sol-gel CW 20M that provided the highest absolute recoveries (77-85%) for most of the analytes, except for the most polar ones. All examined sorbents offered better recovery compared to the commercially available coating for stir bar sorptive extraction based on ethylene glycol/silicone (EG/Silicone). The method based on FPSE with sol-gel CW 20M membrane and liquid chromatography-(electrospray ionization) tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(ESI) MS/MS) was applied to environmental water samples. Good apparent recoveries (41-80%) and detection limits (1-50 ng L\({}^{-1}\)) were achieved. One year later, in 2016, [PERSON] et al. [19] developed a novel flow injection fabric disk sorptive extraction (FI-FPSE) system for the automated determination of trace metals. The platform was based on a mini-column packed with sol-gel coated fabric membrane in the form of disks, incorporated into an on-line solid-phase extraction system, coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). This configuration resulted in high loading flow rates and shorter analytical cycles due to the minor observed backpressure. The potentials of this technique were demonstrated for trace lead and cadmium determination in environmental water samples. Various sol-gel coated FPSE media were investigated. The on-line formed complex of metal with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) was retained onto the fabric surface. Among the examined sol-gel coated FPSE membranes, sol-gel PDMDPS coated membrane provided the best extraction sensitivity and excellent reproducibility due to its hydrophobic nature similar to that of metal-APDC complex. The analytes were subsequently eluted by methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) prior to atomization. Optimum parameters included 90 s preconcentration time, with a sampling frequency of 30 h\({}^{-1}\), and thus enrichment factors of 140 and 38 and detection limits of 1.8 and 0.4 \(\mu\)g L\({}^{-1}\) were achieved for lead and cadmium. [PERSON] et al. in 2016 [20] proposed the use of the cellulose fabric as the host matrix, for three extraction sorbents, namely: sol-gel PTHF, sol-gel PEG, and sol-gel PDMDPS, which were prepared on the surface of the cellulose fabric. Two extraction techniques have been proposed. The first one included stir bar fabric phase sorptive extraction (stir bar-FPSE), and the second one magnetic stir fabric phase sorptive extraction (magnetic stir-FPSE), both allowing stirring of fabric phase sorbent during every step of the extraction process.