# Radio Frequency Interference, Its Mitigation and Its Implications for the Civil Aviation Industry
## 5 Conclusions  
The rising prevalence of RFI in aviation underscores the pressing need for comprehensive strategies to address its impact on safety and operational efficiency. The integration of modern technologies such as 5G, GNSS, and UAV systems has introduced new challenges that demand innovative solutions, rigorous testing, and international collaboration. This study has identified some critical gaps in cited research papers and outlined practical approaches to bridge them.  
The issue of 5G interference with radar altimeters highlights the importance of real-world testing and extensive field trials. By leveraging simulation models alongside empirical data, the aviation sector can develop more effective mitigation techniques. Similarly, GNSSs and UAV systems require robust evaluation under diverse environmental and operational conditions to improve their reliability and resilience to interference.  
The lack of unified international regulations creates inconsistencies in addressing RFI across different regions. Establishing collaborative platforms for data sharing and policy development can harmonize global standards, and foster consistency and interoperability. Furthermore, integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning into areas such as anomaly detection, spectrum management, and testing protocols offers significant potential to improve efficiency and accuracy.  
Technological advancements in materials and simulation tools can help optimize cosine interference management, intermodulation analysis, and multi-band filtering. Compact, high-performance designs and innovative testing methods can enhance system compatibility without compromising efficiency. Additionally, targeted training programs for maintenance personnel and the development of real-time in-flight mitigation tools can strengthen operational capabilities.  
Collaboration among industry stakeholders--including regulators, manufacturers, and researchers--is essential for implementing these strategies. By pooling resources and expertise, the aviation industry can establish a unified approach to managing RFI, ensuring technological progress aligns with the need for safety and reliability. Addressing the challenges of RFI requires a proactive, multidisciplinary strategy that incorporates advanced research, innovative technologies, and collaborative policymaking. By following the recommended approaches, the aviation industry can effectively mitigate RFI risks, enhance system robustness, and ensure a safer and more efficient future for global air travel.  
Conceptualization, A.M. and M.R.; methodology, A.M.; software, A.M.; validation, A.M. and M.R.; formal analysis, A.M.; investigation, A.M.; resources, A.M.; data curation, A.M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.M.; writing--review and editing, A.M. and M.R.; visualization, A.M.; supervision, M.R.; project administration, M.R.; funding acquisition, M.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
To the authors thank Airnav Ireland and the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering at the University of Limerick, Ireland, for supporting this work.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company AirNav Ireland, Ballycasey Cross, Co. Clare. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.