## 4 Discussion  
The success of dental implant placement related to their biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. Acceptable biocompatibility and hemocompatibility can be obtained by performing various surface modifications of dental implants. The surface modification results in a roughness of the implant surface, which will affect its survival rate even if it has been placed in a deficient jawbone. The roughness and porosity of the dental implant will become a scaffold for bone growth, which will increase its fixation in the jaw [9; 27; 28; 29; 30]. The pores of surface-modified dental implants can be a place for cell and tissue growth and allow the diffusion of various nutrients. The SLA surface modification provides an ideal porosity for cell adhesions [11]. The SLA surface modification that provides macro- and microporosity will increase the contact angle and hydrophilicity of the dental implant surface, allowing migration of osteoblasts and tissue into the implant, leading to improved integration between the implant and the surrounding tissue [8; 11; 17; 31; 32; 33]. The survival rate of dental implants with SLA surface modification can reach 99% with a mean follow-up period of 18 months [27]. The main advantage of surface modification with modified PF127 is that it resembles an extracellular matrix of various tissues that will facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation [24]. Contact angles that arise from the combination of surface tension of the liquid and surface energy of solid implant material are associated with hydrophilicity or wetting behavior, which will increase the interaction of dental implants with biological fluids, cells, and tissues [8; 9; 34; 35]. The lower contact angle indicates better wettability on the dental implant surface [34]. Various surface modifications are performed to roughen the surface of the dental implants that can affect its wettability. Several studies have shown the dental implants that obtain SLA surface modification have a hydrophilic surface with a contact angle that varies from 40\({}^{\circ}\) to 70\({}^{\circ}\)[32]. However, this study revealed that the contact angle of the IDCT-modified Ti implant was 0\({}^{\circ}\), which indicates all the liquid completely spread over the  
Figure 8: The radiographic images taken from the left mandibular premolar with the IDCT-modified Ti implant after (**a**) one-month placement, (**b**) four months placement, and (**c**) clinical evaluation (four months placement). Figure 7: The radiographic images taken from the right maxillary molar with the IDCT-modified Ti implant after (**a**) immediate placement, (**b**) four months placement, and (**c**) clinical evaluation (four months placement). modified surface [32]. The increase in wettability on the IDCT-modified Ti implant surface is due to the surface coating with biodegradable polymer PF127, which with its hydrophilic properties has the ability to absorb various biological fluids [36; 37]. The RBC aggregation was also influenced by wettability behavior on the surface of the Ti implant [18; 38; 39]. In biomedical Ti dental implants, the surface hydrophilicity increases, allowing the absorption of various plasma proteins such as fibrinogen, which is necessary for the healing process and the formation of new bone around the implant [18; 38; 39; 40]. The porosity of the implant surface can also serve to reduce the stiffness of the implant material. At a minimum, Young's modulus of the implant material resembles bone to prevent bone resorption around the implant [28]. Nevertheless, it has been reported that the rougher the surface of the dental implant, the greater the potential for bacterial adhesion to the surface of the dental implant through biofilm formation [5; 41]. Immediately after implant placement, some proteins will bind to the surface of the implant to create an optimal area for cell attachment, both favorable and harmful cells (bacteria).