# Real-Time Performance Measurement Application via Bluetooth Signals for Signalized Intersections
## 5 Conclusions  
In the study, the Bluetooth-based real-time performance measurement system is developed and applied to a signalized intersection. The system demonstrates its effectiveness in providing valuable data for optimizing intersection management. The results show that the Bluetooth-based method accurately measured delay parameters and offered results into the performance differences between fixed-time and fully adaptive signaling systems. Key findings from the application at the Refik Cesur Intersection include the significant reduction in average delay per vehicle when using the fully adaptive signaling system compared to the fixed-time system. This highlights the potential of adaptive systems to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion at signalized intersections.  
The Bluetooth-based system not only serves as a practical tool for monitoring and analyzing intersection performance but also as a feedback mechanism for adaptive signaling systems. The integration of this system with existing traffic management infrastructure can lead to more efficient and responsive traffic control, ultimately contributing to reduced delays, improved safety, and lower environmental impact.  
In this study, the vehicle delay values obtain from the Bluetooth sensor are correlated with the vehicle count data obtained from the image-processing-based sensor. More efficient and functional systems can be produced by combining Bluetooth sensors with different sensor technologies. If a combination is created with sensors that can detect different features of vehicles such as radar or LIDAR, the accuracy rate and diversity of the outputs can be increased. The most important limitation in the applicability of the method is that Bluetooth data must be present in a certain amount. Since Bluetooth data will be insufficient at intersections with very little traffic, the accuracy of the system decreases.  
Figure 12: Signalized intersection management feedback control structure.  
The method can be applied to different types of signalized intersections. It is evaluated that, with the appropriate placement of sensors in three-way, four-way, or rotary signalized intersections, an accuracy similar to the performance obtained in this study will be obtained. Future studies could explore the scalability of this system to other intersections with different geometric and traffic conditions. The designed method is capable of determining the performance results in general traffic engineering studies. For example, the effects of a geometric change such as increasing the number of lanes in one direction of an unsignalized intersection on performance can be determined by the designed method. Overall, this study presents a robust framework for real-time traffic performance monitoring, with promising applications in smart city initiatives and advanced traffic management systems.  
Conceptualization, F.Y., B.A. and A.D.; methodology, F.Y., B.A. and A.D.; software, F.Y. and B.A.; validation, F.Y. and A.D.; formal analysis, F.Y.; investigation, F.Y., B.A. and A.D.; resources, F.Y. and A.D.; data curation, A.D.; writing--original draft preparation, F.Y. and B.A.; writing--review and editing, A.D.; visualization, B.A.; project administration, F.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
We would like to thank the Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Highways and Mosas Smart Transportation Technologies Inc. for supporting the realization of this study.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Mosas Smart Transportation Technologies Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.