## 3 Results
### Spatiotemporal Dynamic Variation Pattern in LUEmax
#### 3.1.3 Spatial Dynamics of the LUEmax  
The experimental results show the variations in LUEmax during different growth periods (Table 3). In tropical climates, the LUEmax of GRA increased significantly during  
Figure 4: Dynamic patterns in LUEmax values across different vegetation types within the same climate type. the SOS-Peak period, while the change in DBF was relatively small. Both showed a slight increase in the later stage of the growing season. In dry climates, the LUEmax of GRA rose rapidly during the early stage of the growing season but declined substantially in the later stage. In temperate climate types, the LUEmax of ENF and GRA increased significantly during the SOS-Peak stage of the growing season but dropped sharply after the growing season ended. The trend for DBF was similar, while WET had relatively small changes across all stages and mainly decreased in the late growing season. For the continental climate type, the LUEmax of ENF increased significantly during the Before SOS period but declined rapidly during the middle and late stages of the growing season. For DBF, they showed a significant increase from the SOS-Peak stage and then dropped quickly. In contrast, the LUEmax values for GRA and CORN changed relatively smoothly throughout the growing season, with only minor fluctuations in the middle and later periods. For the polar and alpine climate types, the LUEmax of ENF increased significantly during the SOS-Peak period, with little change in other periods. For GRA and WET, LUEmax decreased during the Peak-EOS stage but slightly recovered after the end of the growing season. These results emphasize that climatic conditions significantly influence the variation patterns in LUEmax during the different vegetation growth periods. These variation characteristics of LUEmax across different vegetation types reflect their adaptability to the respective growing environments. In temperate and continental climates, the LUEmax \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Site\_ID** & **Climate Type** & **Vegetation Type** & **Before SOS** & **SOS-Peak** & **Peak-EOS** & **After EOS** \\ \hline NL-Loo & temperate & ENF & NSI & VSI & VSD & SSD \\ US-Me2 & temperate & ENF & VSI & VSI & NSD & VSD \\ IT-Lav & continental & ENF & VSI & VSD & SD & VSD \\ CZ-BK1 & continental & ENF & VSI & SSI & SD & VSD \\  & polar and & & ENF & NSI & VSI & NSD & NSD \\ CH-Dav & alpine & & & & & \\ PA-SPn & tropical & DBF & NSI & NSI & NSD & SSD \\ FR-Fon & temperate & DBF & VSI & SI & SSD & VSD \\ DK-Sor & temperate & DBF & SI & VSI & VSD & VSD \\ US-UMd & continental & DBF & NSI & VSI & VSD & VSD \\ US-UMB & continental & DBF & VSI & NSI & NSD & NSD \\ PA-SPs & tropical & GRA & NSI & VSI & VSI & SSD \\ US-SRG & dry & GRA & VSI & SSI & SD & VSD \\ DE-RuR & temperate & GRA & SD & VSI & VSD & VSI \\ US-IB2 & continental & GRA & VSI & NSI & SI & NSD \\ DE-Gri & continental & GRA & SSI & NSI & NSI & NSD \\  & polar and & & & & & \\ CH-Fru & alpine & & & & & \\ RU-Sam & polar and & & & & & \\  & alpine & & & & & \\ FR-Gri & temperate & CORN & VSI & SSI & SD & VSI \\ DE-Kli & continental & CORN & SI & NSI & VSD & SSI \\ US-Myb & temperate & WET & NSD & NSI & NSI & VSD \\ US-LA2 & temperate & WET & NSI & NSI & NSD & VSD \\ DE-Akm & continental & WET & VSI & NSI & VSD & SSI \\  & polar and & & & & & \\ GL-NuF & alpine & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Statistical results of the Sen trend analysis and M-K test. The results were classified into the following: very significant increase (VSI); significant increase (SI); slightly significant increase (SSI); no significant increase (NSI); invariant (I); no significant decrease (NSD); slightly significant decrease (SSD); significant decrease (SD); very significant decrease (VSD). showed a large-scale increase and decrease in the middle of the growing season and mainly presented a declining trend after the end of the growing season. In polar and alpine climates, the LUEmax changed relatively smoothly.