# Advances and Challenges in IoT-Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Research Survey for Exploring the Role of IoT in Revolutionising Healthcare  
IoT technology improves drug delivery by allowing real-time monitoring, personalised dosing, and remote patient care. Studies have explored IoT drug delivery for chronic disease, cancer, and pain management, with the literature examining technical, clinical, and regulatory challenges. In research conducted in 2020 [43], a laboratory syringe pump was developed as an open-source solution using Arduino UNO and an LCD keypad shield for easy device interaction and setting changes without a computer connection. The device infused fluids and refilled syringes. Analysing a 10 mL syringe showed a systematic error of 0.1% and a random error of 3 L for dispensed volumes of 1-5 mL. In another study [44], a new wearable and disposable glucose monitoring device that used sweat for non-invasive measurement, which included pH, temperature, and humidity measurements for real-time glucose level correction, contained temperature-responsive nanoparticles in hyaluronic acid hydrogel microneedles. This innovation offered non-invasive diabetes mellitus treatment by monitoring glucose through sweat analysis. Bi-hormonal systems aim to prevent low blood sugar events and maintain glucose within the targeted range by delivering both glucagon or amylin and insulin; these were tested in [45]. To enhance islet transplantation, encapsulation strategies were used that promote angiogenesis, oxygen delivery, and immune protection, which eliminate immunoprecipitation and enhance long-term survival and function. A new implant delivers drugs precisely using micro- and nano-technologies; a CMOS SoC device combines wireless control, actuation, and drug delivery [46]. This device can be implanted via minimally invasive surgery to treat cancer and heart attacks. Another new drug delivery approach, using a wireless micropump with acoustofluidic technology [47], which was compact, wirelessly controlled, and integrated with technology, miniaturised sensors, and electronics that could create on-demand drug delivery systems. New soft and thin neural probes (MICROFLU-IDIC) that injected drugs precisely into deep brain tissue wirelessly and with high control over time and location were shown in research carried out in 2015 [48]. Using 3D printing, an electrochemical pump with an expandable Parylene C micro-bellows membrane and precise microneedles (100 m diameter, 300 m long) for drug delivery was constructed by [PERSON] in 2019 [49]; it could deliver the drug in 10 s using wireless power up to a 10 mm distance. In a recent study [50], miniaturised heaters with resonant frequencies of 30-100 MHz were equipped with hydrogel, and the temperature was elevated by up to \begin{table}
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Table 7: Smart pills for drug delivery and vitals monitoring. 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, shrinking the hydrogel by 40%. This showed a frequency-controlled release with an active range of 2 MHz. A 2013 [51] drug delivery system injected antiepileptic drugs at the onset of an electrographic seizure to enhance seizure control. The system included a seizure detector, preamplifier, wireless control module, and micropump unit, with emphasis on the micropump prototype. The results indicated that the micropump was precise, low-power, and suitable for implantable use in responsive drug delivery. Researchers also developed a drug delivery system within the IoT that offers real-time medication administration for seizure control [52]. The system used a valveless micropump, powered by electromagnetics and made of flexible polydimethylsiloxane, for precise drug delivery. The authors in [53] introduced an innovative cancer therapy using an IoT-based micropumping device for wireless reconfiguration.