esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A High Performance 0.3 V Standard-Cell-Based OTA Suitable for Automatic Layout Flow
## 5 Proposed Standard-Cell-Based ULV OTA Architecture
### Analytical Model and Design Guidelines  
The transfer function of the \(-Gm_{B}\) block can be derived as follows:  
\[Gm_{B}=\bigg{(}\frac{k}{1+(k+2)/Av_{inv}}\bigg{)}^{2}\cdot gm_{9}\cdot\bigg{(} \frac{1}{1+s\frac{(k+1)\cdot(Cgd+Cgs)}{gm+(k+2)\cdot gds}}\bigg{)}^{2}. \tag{21}\]  
Thus, also considering Equation (18) and the definition of \(k\), \(h\), and \(g\), it can be derived that:  
\[Av(s)=\frac{h}{1+(3+h)/Av_{inv}}\cdot\bigg{(}\frac{k}{1+(k+2)/Av _{inv}}\bigg{)}^{2}\cdot Av_{inv}.\\ \cdot\frac{1}{\big{(}1+s\frac{(k+1)\cdot(Cgd+Cgs)}{gm+(k+2)\cdot gds }\big{)}^{2}}\cdot\frac{1}{\big{(}1+s\frac{Cgs(1+k)+Cgd(1+h)}{gm+2\cdot gds(1+h )}\big{)}}\cdot\frac{1}{(1+s\frac{C_{L}}{gds})}, \tag{22}\]  
which results in a dc voltage gain expressed by the following equation:  
\[Av(0)=\frac{h}{1+(3+h)/Av_{inv}}\cdot\bigg{(}\frac{k}{1+(k+2)/Av_{inv}}\bigg{)} ^{2}\cdot Av_{inv}, \tag{23}\]  
where \(gm\), \(gds\), \(Cgs\), and \(Cgd\) are the small-signal parameters of the reference inverter as discussed in Section 3. Thus, it is clear that, given the four poles of the architecture, the one set by the load capacitance and the output impedance of inverter \(I_{9}\) is the dominant one, and the gain-bandwidth product (GBW) of the OTA can be expressed as:  
\[GBW=\frac{1}{2\pi}\cdot\frac{h}{1+(3+h)/Av_{inv}}\cdot\bigg{(}\frac{k}{1+(k+2) /Av_{inv}}\bigg{)}^{2}\cdot M\cdot\frac{gm}{C_{L}} \tag{24}\]  
where \(M\) denotes the ratio \(gm_{9}/gm\).  
The phase margin of the OTA can be computed as:  
\[m\varphi=180-\arctan\bigg{\{}\frac{h}{1+(3+h)/Av_{inv}}\cdot \bigg{(}\frac{k}{1+(k+2)/Av_{inv}}\bigg{)}^{2}\cdot M\cdot Av_{inv}\bigg{\}}+\\ -2\cdot\arctan\bigg{\{}\frac{h}{1+(3+h)/Av_{inv}}\cdot\bigg{(} \frac{k}{1+(k+2)/Av_{inv}}\bigg{)}^{2}\cdot\frac{(k+1)\cdot(Cgd+Cgs)}{1+(k+2)/ Av_{inv}}\cdot\frac{M}{C_{L}}\bigg{\}}+\\ -\arctan\bigg{\{}\frac{h}{1+(3+h)/Av_{inv}}\cdot\bigg{(}\frac{k} {1+(k+2)/Av_{inv}}\bigg{)}^{2}\cdot\frac{Cgs(1+k)+Cgd(1+h)}{1+2\cdot gds(1+h )/Av_{inv}}\cdot\frac{M}{C_{L}}\bigg{\}}. \tag{25}\]  
Figure 6: Architecture of the proposed standard-cell-based ULV OTA.  
Figure 7: Implementation of the transconductor \(-Gm_{B}\) in Figure 6.  
Since Equations (22)-(25) form a system of three equations in the three variables \(h\), \(k\), and \(M\), starting from specific constraints in terms of voltage gain, gain-bandwidth product, and phase margin, it is possible to determine the values of \(h\), \(k\), and \(M\) for a given load capacitance \(C_{L}\). In other words, once the value of the load capacitor \(C_{L}\) is set, design parameters can be chosen to address the trade-off between small-signal and large-signal performances of the OTA in terms of the well-known figures of merit \(FOM_{S}\) and \(FOM_{L}\)[33, 39, 52, 63] by exploiting Equations (22)-(25).
## 5 Discussion
The durability of the retrofitting alternatives is considered within the time frame of this study, starting from implementation and extending up to 50 years or until the retrofitting beam sustains damage due to an earthquake. While seismically retrofit structures typically perform well under expected earthquake scenarios, this does not guarantee their continued operability after a seismic event [62]. For the CJ and SCJ alternatives, the brittle shear failure mode is effectively mitigated. In shallow beam jacketing with a span-to-depth ratio greater than 2.5, the retrofitted section can achieve ductile flexural failure modes [63], improving flexural strength, energy dissipation, and ductility [64]. The STE alternative effectively controls cracking under the steel plate; however, its anchoring capacity is limited by the tensile strength of the concrete under the adhesive. This limitation can lead to a risk of explosive detachment of the steel plate. In the case of the STA alternative, stresses at the fixing points can cause localized creep of the steel plate and crushing of the adjacent concrete. However, with adequate anchoring, more excellent ductility can be achieved at the point of failure [65]. Finally, the CFRP alternative improves crack resistance, promoting a shift to a ductile failure mode. However, two main failure modes are observed: detachment from the concrete surface and rupture of the CFRP. In the first scenario, the beams may fail prematurely under the initial load before the CFRP reaches its maximum capacity. In the second scenario, rupture governs the shear capacity [66; 67]. Future research could focus on the need for resilient buildings that account for the challenges posed by seismic damage,including restoring functionality amidst physical, social, and economic disruptions over time [68].
# De-Noising Process in Room Impulse Response with Generalized Spectral Subtraction
## 1 Introduction
Among these methods, [PERSON] proposed a generalized spectral subtraction based on short-time spectral amplitudes, called Berouti's GSS (GBSS), which was implemented to de-noise the RIRs because of its computational simplicity and the flexibility of parametric adjustments in the technique for producing significant de-noising improvements [28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. The ultimate purpose of the algorithm was used to extend the reverberation decay range of the EDCs for RTs estimation. The corresponding two factors, an over subtraction factor and a spectral floor parameter, were used to maintain the trade-off between the remaining noise levels and the signal quality. However, subtracting a constant ratio of noise levels over the entire frequency of the RIR may also remove parts of the clean signal and deteriorate the estimation of the RTs. Therefore, it is essential to have prior knowledge of the motivation of the parameters of the GBSS algorithm to determine the optimal sets of factors to mitigate unwanted noise effects and improve the dynamic range, without or with an acceptable minimal degradation of the reverberation decay. The subject of this paper is to investigate the possibilities of implementing the GBSS algorithm in de-noising the RIRs to extend the reverberation decay range of the corresponding EDCs. Because the algorithm is based on a hypothesis that the noise is relatively stable or a slowly varying process, the measurements are conducted in the \"real-world\" with a relative stable background noise. The most promising factors of the GBSS algorithm, including the over-subtraction factor and the spectral flooring factor, were used to suppress the noise levels. The optimal factors were achieved experimentally through measurements of the RIRs with artificial noise added and the natural ambient noise improve the dynamic range of the EDCs significantly, which is analyzed in detail in Section 4. In the de-noising processing, the parameters of RTs, EDT, and the dynamic range were used as the control measures and the evaluation criteria to ensure the accuracy of the RIR de-noising processing. The acoustic parameters estimated from the EDCs of the de-noised RIRs, with acceptable degradation of the reverberation decay rate, were compared to the compensation method. The proposed algorithm gave somewhat more stable results in some cases. Furthermore, the GBSS algorithm with optimal factors significantly improved the dynamic range and decreased the estimation errors in RTs caused by noise levels.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Solid Adsorbent
The chemical composition of GAC was evaluated by the FTIR method and Figure 12 shows the peaks corresponding to certain vibrations of commercial GAC. There are three larger peaks between the ranges of 1200 and 1800 cm\({}^{-1}\), with small changes at 765 cm\({}^{-1}\), between the lengths of 2300 and 2500 cm\({}^{-1}\), and between 2800 and 3000 cm\({}^{-1}\). The peak at \(\sim\)1250 cm\({}^{-1}\) indicates the stretching of C-O in carboxylic acids, anhydrides, phenols, lactones, and ethers [63]. The peak at 1347 cm\({}^{-1}\) is attributed to the hydroxyl -OH functional group [71]. Meanwhile, the peak at \(\sim\)1750 is attributed to the stretching of the C=O bond in carboxylic acids, anhydrides, and lactones [63]. Regarding small changes, at 765 cm\({}^{-1}\), the presence of amine groups (-NH) is suggested [71], at 2360 cm\({}^{-1}\), carbonyl structures (C=O) are identified, and between 2850 and 2920 cm\({}^{-1}\), there is stretching of aliphatic groups--methyl or methylene groups [72]. There were no substantial changes in the chemical composition of the GAC after the adsorption and combined processes. Therefore,  
Figure 11: GAC XRD patterns, where -A is after adsorption, -2 CP is after second combined process, and -4 CP is after fourth combined process. it is concluded that the process of the adsorption and regeneration of caffeine with the solid adsorbent is predominantly physical, without causing significant changes in the fundamental chemical structure of the adsorbent, and thus, the Fenton reaction restores the adsorption capacity of the solid adsorbent. Furthermore, the pH\({}_{\text{PCZ}}\) obtained for commercial GAC in this study was 7.36, as shown in Figure 13. In other words, at this pH, the net charge of the adsorbent is zero. For pH values lower than 7.36, the surface charge of GAC becomes positive and favors the adsorption of anions due to the higher concentration of hydronium ions in the solution. By comparison, for pH values greater than 7.36, the surface charge of GAC is negative and favors the adsorption of cations due to the higher concentration of hydroxyl ions in the solution [25]. Similar results for the pH\({}_{\text{PCZ}}\) were found by [PERSON] et al. [38] and [PERSON] [45] who used the same solid as our adsorbent, obtaining a pH\({}_{\text{PCZ}}\) equal to 7.35 and 8.04, respectively. Figure 12: GAC FTIR spectrum, where -A is after adsorption, -2 CP is after second combined process, and -4 CP is after fourth combined process. Figure 13: pH\({}_{\text{PCZ}}\) curve for commercial granular activated carbon.
# Dichotomy Graph Sketch: Summarizing Graph Streams with High Accuracy Based on Deep Learning +
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Datasets  
We use three real-world graph stream datasets, which are described as follows.  
* **wiki_talk_cy:** The first dataset consists of the Welsh Wikipedia's communication network ([[http://konect.cc/networks/wiki_talk_cy/](http://konect.cc/networks/wiki_talk_cy/)]([http://konect.cc/networks/wiki_talk_cy/](http://konect.cc/networks/wiki_talk_cy/))). Users are represented by nodes, and an edge from user A to user B indicates that user A posted a message on the talk page of user B at a specific time. It contains 2233 users (nodes) and 10,740 messages (edges).
* **subelj_jung:** The second dataset is the software class dependency network of the JUNG 2.0.1 and javax 1.6.0.7 libraries, namespaces edu.uci.ics.jung and java/javax ([[http://konect.cc/networks/subelj_jung-j/](http://konect.cc/networks/subelj_jung-j/)]([http://konect.cc/networks/subelj_jung-j/](http://konect.cc/networks/subelj_jung-j/))). A node represents a class, and an edge between two nodes indicates that these classes are dependent on one another. It contains 6210 classes (nodes) and 138,706 dependencies (edges).
* **facebook-wosn-wall:** The third dataset is the directed network of a small subset of posts to other user's wall on Facebook ([[http://konect.cc/networks/facebook-wos](http://konect.cc/networks/facebook-wos)]([http://konect.cc/networks/facebook-wos](http://konect.cc/networks/facebook-wos)) n-wall/). A node in the network represents a Facebook user, and a directed edge represents a post, connecting the user writing a post with the user whose wall the post appears on. It contains 46,952 users (nodes) and 876,993 posts (edges).
* **slashdot:** The fourth dataset is the reply network of technology website Slashdot ([[http://konect.cc/networks/slashdot-threads/](http://konect.cc/networks/slashdot-threads/)]([http://konect.cc/networks/slashdot-threads/](http://konect.cc/networks/slashdot-threads/))). Nodes are users and edges are replies. The edges are directed and start from the responding user. Edges are annotated with the timestamp of the reply. It contains 51,083 users (nodes) and 140,778 replies (edges).
# Three-Dimensional Imaging via Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting
## 2 Theory Analysis
### TCSPC  
TCSPC technology, which is mainly used to detect the low intensity and high repetition frequency pulsed laser, is developed on the basis of the photon-counting technology. The realization process is as follows: pulse laser emits a pulse, and a synchronization signal is generated at the same time to trigger the START of the TCSPC module to start timing, as shown in Figure 1a. Each photon detected by the SPD triggers the STOP of the TCSPC module to stop timing. Then the TCSPC module can record the arrival time of each photon reference to the emitted laser pulse. At last, after statistical processing, the histogram of the number of photons VS the arrival time can be obtained, as shown in Figure 1b.
# A Novel Scheme for MIMO-SAR Systems Using Rotational Orbital Angular Momentum
## 6 Conclusions  
In this article, a novel scheme of OAM-based MIMO-SAR systems using the rotational Doppler Effect is proposed for the first time. Based on the proposed scheme, the mathematical model is established, and the corresponding signal processing algorithm is presented. Moreover, proof-of-concept experiments are carried out in an anechoic chamber to verify the scheme.  
Much attention has been paid towards OAM-based wireless communication. The OAM-based MIMO system can bring a vast reduction in receiver complexity without a capacity penalty [21]. A new configuration of OAM-based MIMO communication system has been proposed, which has a better performance, in terms of capacity gain and bit-error-rate, than the conventional MIMO communication system [23]. The proposed OAM-based MIMO-SAR system, which simultaneously transmits mutually orthogonal vortex EM waves in the same frequency band, can acquire adequate  
Figure 9: The frequency spectrums of the received signals for the rotation speed is \(-5\) r/s (dash red), and the rotation speed is \(+5\) r/s (solid blue).  
degrees of freedom (DOF) to realize advanced radar-communication integration, which combines high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing, and wireless communication with better performance.  
This work is regarded as a first step in this direction. Our future work contains OAM antenna design to generate high quality OAM beams and a practical implementation of the OAM-based MIMO-SAR system.  
Conceptualization, X.B., L.C., and J.W.; Investigation, X.B.; Methodology, X.B.; Resources, X.B., H.T. and Z.Z.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, X.B.; Writing-Review & Editing, X.B. and L.X.; Project Administration, Z.Z.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Results and Analysis  
#### 4.2.1 Results of Preliminary Object Tracking  
As we mentioned in Section 4.1.1, two mainstream medium and long-term SOT benchmark datasets, LaSOT [54] and GOT-10k [28], were selected to evaluate the performance of our preliminary tracking module. LaSOT is a challenging long-term tracking benchmark. GOT-10k adopts a one-shot tracking rule, which requires only training the tracker on its training split, and the object classes between the train and test split do not overlap. We follow this rule to train our model. The comparison of our preliminary tracking module and state-of-the-art models tracking results on two SOT benchmarks, LaSOT and GOT-10k, are concluded in Table 2.  
It can be seen that, for LaSOT, compared with the best version of NeighborTrack, namely, Neighbocrack-OSTrack, the metric AUC and P of the preliminary object tracking module in TRTrack are better, which are 0.731 and 0.787, respectively. A similar situation also occurs in the results of GOT-10k, in which the metric mAO and mSR\({}_{75}\) of ours are higher than other state-of-the-art models, which are 0.763 and 0.739, respectively.
###### Abstract  
As the modular industry expands, the most widely used building materials are primarily concrete, steel, and wood. However, the use of wood and steel is severely limited compared to concrete for reasons such as durability and economy. To overcome these shortcomings, we aimed to apply ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), which has excellent compressive strength and tensile strength, high durability, and minimal reinforcement with steel fibers. In this study, research was conducted on the development of unit box-type architectural modules using UHPFRC with a compressive strength of 120 MPa and a tensile strength of greater than 7 MPa. Various amounts of steel fibers (Vf = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) were evaluated to determine the optimal mixing ratio of UHPFRC, in which both the durability and mechanical performance were assessed. The compressive strength and tensile strength of UHPFRC were found to be 132 MPa and 10.1 MPa, respectively, while its resistance to chloride penetration averaged 14.47 coulombs, indicating superior durability compared to conventional concrete. To reduce the weight of the unit components of the architectural modular system, both normal concrete (NC) components and UHPFRC were applied. The main variables in the flexural tests were the cross-sectional thickness, steel fiber content, and presence of an insulation material, comprising a total of three variables for evaluating the flexural performance. The application of UHPFRC with a compressive strength of 120 MPa, a cross-sectional thickness of 120 mm, and a 10 mm diameter reinforcement provided a similar performance to that of NC components while reducing concrete usage by 60% compared to NC components. Additionally, structural analysis was performed to prototype the unit box-type modular structure using UHPFRC. The modular structural system developed in this study was found to reduce construction costs by 18.7% compared to traditional steel structural systems. Further research is necessary to address issues such as floor slab vibration and noise, connections, and expansion to multistory buildings for commercialization of modular structures using UHPFRC.  
ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete; modular building; flexural performance Article
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Parameter Analysis  
To investigate the influence of model parameters on the NHLBVNet model's performance, this section describes parameter experiments on XGBoost, XGBoost + MLP, and the NHLBVNet model.  
In the NHLBVNet model, both the feature combination layer and the output layer utilize a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) for prediction, where the neuron count in each layer is also a pivotal model parameter. This section first investigates the neuron count within the feature combination layer and the output layer in the NHLBVNet. The experimental findings are presented in Figure 7.  
In this experiment, the performance of the model is evaluated by monitoring the \(R^{2}\) similarity coefficient. It can be noted that when there is a sm  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Model** & \(\mathbf{R^{2}}\) & **MAE** & **RMSE** \\ \hline NHLBVNet-ResNet & 0.979 & 2.603 & 1.711 \\ NHLBVNet-FCL & 0.988 & 2.167 & 1.509 \\ NHLBVNet-Att & 0.983 & 2.214 & 1.568 \\
**NHLBVNet** & **0.993** & **1.892** & **1.225** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison of ablation experiment results.  
Figure 7: Results of the number of neurons experiment.  
each layer, the model exhibits a larger error, indicating a poorer fit and a more significant deviation in the distribution of the output data. On the other hand, increasing the number of neurons to a greater extent leads to overfitting, which is characterized by a sudden drop in the \(R^{2}\) similarity coefficient. This suggests that there is an optimal range for the number of neurons that balances between underfitting (larger error due to poor model complexity) and overfitting (reduced performance due to excessive complexity). Based on the parameter experimentation, this paper sets the neuron count in the output layer to 20 and in the feature combination layer to 15, which yields the most precise outcomes for the model.  
This section then explores the effect of training epochs on the model, with the performance of the models at different training epochs shown in Figure 8.  
From Figure 8, it can be observed that XGBoost reaches stability with fewer training iterations. When the quantity of training epochs is insufficient, both the overall distribution and accuracy of the NHLBVNet model and XGBoost + MLP are inferior to XGBoost. With an escalating count of training iterations, the performance of the NHLBVNet model and XGBoost + MLP gradually surpasses that of XGBoost, with the NHLBVNet model showing the best performance. The results of the parameter experiments indicate that when the training epochs exceed 4000, the performance of the NHLBVNet model surpasses all baseline models. Furthermore, when the training epochs are around 5000, the NHLBVNet model can perform optimally and become stable.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presents a solution to OPF problems, integrated with RES using a HPSO-GWO algorithm. The stochastic nature of SPV and WT is modeled with Lognormal and Weibull probability density functions, respectively. Important system constraints such as equality constraints, inequality constraints and line capacity constraints have been taken into consideration. The usefulness and robustness of the proposed HPSO-GWO algorithm is tested on adopted test systems integrated with RES. Based upon the simulation results obtained, it has been concluded that:  
* The proposed HPSO-GWO algorithm has been effectively applied to adopted test systems to find the optimal values of the control settings.
* Minimization of total system generation costs without considering valve point effect, with valve effect, and valve effect with carbon tax imposed on emission) is an objective function which has been achieved using the HPSO-GWO algorithm.
* The dominance of the HPSO-GWO algorithm in comparison with the PSO, GWO, SHADE-SF, GOA and BMO algorithms has been confirmed.
* The HPSO-GWO has a speedy and steady convergence characteristic curve in comparison with PSO, GWO and SHADE-SF.
* Penetration from renewable energy sources further increased, and emissions have been reduced by 0.864 ton/h after imposing a carbon tax on emissions.  
In future, the HPSO-GWO algorithm will be effectively utilized in other power system expansions and planning studies, with the possible addition of hydro power generation in the system.  
Conceptualization, M.R., A.H. and M.U.A.; formal analysis, M.R. and M.I.M.; funding acquisition, S.J.H. and M.U.A.; investigation, M.R.; methodology, M.R. and A.Z.; project administration, A.H. and S.J.H.; Software, M.R.; supervision, A.H. and A.Z.; validation, S.J.H.; writing-original draft, M.R. and M.I.M.; writing-review & editing, A.H., S.J.H., M.U.A. and A.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
We acknowledge the Global college of Engineering and Technology, Muscat for funding this research under an internal research funding grant.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 30: Cost comparison of 5 runs (Case 5).