esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Modeling and Problem Statement  
For the stable operation of a power system, the balance between electrical inputs of the generator and electrical outputs of the system loads has to be kept all the time. Therefore, it is important to have an accurate knowledge about the characteristics of the load for stability analysis. For example, the load that consumes the power transmitted from the substations connected to the buses of the power system depends on the voltage and frequency. However, due to the complexity and diversity of the power system load, their modeling remains a challenging task. Therefore, such load modeling is needed that well represents the steady-state and transient behaviors of the physical loads of the systems. This paper adopts the composite load model, which is the combination of a static part with the constant impedance-current-power (ZIP) model and a dynamic part with the high-order IM model. The so-called ZIP plus IM model is widely employed because of the ability to express load dynamics accurately and its simple structure, and the model is especially used to analyze short-term voltage stability because dynamic response of loads is a key mechanism of it [23]. The detailed explanation of the composite load model can be found in [36; 37; 38; 39; 40], and it is explained in the following sections. The structure of the load model used in this paper is shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Composite load model (Constant impedance-current-power + Induction Motor).
## 1 Introduction
### Self-Healing Networks
#### 1.5.1 Fault Detection
One of the tasks that may be mentioned in the context of fault detection is using the alarm correlation technique and delivering fewer alarms to operators. These algorithms are sensitive to minimum support and confidence levels for pattern identification methods. The method finds a high number of patterns when these parameters are set to small values and a low number of patterns when these parameters are set to large values. Since this research did not investigate the correlation of alarms, other pertinent details were avoided [7]. It should be emphasized that after recognizing the fault, factors, including its duration and the effect it has on the operation of the system, should be examined. If the observed fault fits the prerequisites, the process of determining its source and compensating for it begins.
# Homogeneous Data Normalization and Deep Learning: A Case Study in Human Activity Classification
## 2 Methods
### Dataset  
The dataset used in this research is named the \"Heterogeneity Activity Recognition Data Set\" [2]. This dataset was acquired from smartphones and smartwatches related to four human activities, including walking upstairs, walking downstairs, standing, and walking. The authors of the dataset reported that it was created to apply machine learning methods for automatic activity recognition. The data acquisition was performed with different mobile devices, including smartwatches, i.e., LG G and Samsung Galaxy Gear, smartphones, i.e., Apple iPhone 6, Samsung Galaxy Pocket+, Samsung Galaxy S3 mini, LG Nexus 4, Samsung Galaxy S3, Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Samsung Galaxy S+, LG Optimus 2X, HTC Desire, and HTC Nexus One, and tablets, i.e., Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1. The devices used have different frequencies for data acquisition between 25 and 200 Hz. The recordings were performed by 9 different users from the accelerometer and gyroscope sensors at the highest frequency.
## 4 Conclusions  
Expired EBT3 films are suitable for use as dose-control methods in clinical fields for different radiation types, energies, and absorbed doses as they have shown high sensitivity and responsivity on visible spectroscopy analysis. The analyses in reflective modes are reliable as the characteristic of dosimetry and can be part of the dosimetry protocol during dose calibration procedures and quality assurances (QA) for radiography and radiotherapy machines. The comparison of interactions of photons and electron beams on expired EBT3 films were seen. Therefore, expired EBT3 films can be concluded to be suitable 2D dosimeters for measuring electron or mixed photon/electron dose distributions in water phantoms, and expired EBT3 films may still be used as point dose measurements in addition to 2D verifications. Throughout the experiment, the films provided adequate relative absorbed dose measurements for clinical radiotherapy assessments in the 1-5 Gy dose range which; further investigations may be useful for fractionated radiotherapy dose assessments. Therefore, this study can be used to implement the development of dosimetric characteristics for X-rays and electron beams through the color changes of the expired EBT3 films using visible spectroscopy analysis and net ROD calculations for the measurement of absorbed doses and dose calibration protocols in radiotherapy treatments. On the other hand, these precise and accurate film-based dosimetry methods can be one of the most time-consuming methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Percentage Difference of Net ROD (\%)**} \\ \cline{2-3}
**Absorbed Dose (Gy)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**90-kVp and 6-MV X-rays**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**6-MV X-rays and 6-MeV**} \\  & & **Electron Beam** \\ \hline
1.00 & 67.1 & 8.5 \\
2.00 & 64.1 & 10.2 \\
3.00 & 60.5 & 8.1 \\
4.00 & 58.9 & 7.3 \\
5.00 & 52.5 & 1.0 \\ \hline
0.30 & \(\bullet\) 90 kVp & \\
0.25 & \(\bullet\) 6 MV & \\
0.20 & \(\bullet\) 6 MeV & \\
0.15 & \(\bullet\) 0.10 & \\
0.05 & \(\bullet\) 0.00 & \\
0.00 & \(\bullet\) 0.00 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Summary for the percentage difference of net ROD for 90-kVp and 6-MV photon beam.  
Figure 5: Energy dependence of the expired EBT3 film.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.M., H.Y.A.M. and A.F.O.; Formal analysis, M.M., H.Y.A.M., A.F.O.; Funding acquisition, H.F.A.; Investigation, H.Y.A.M., A.F.O. and Y.M.R.; Methodology, H.Y.A.M., A.F.O., Y.M.R. and N.H.I.; Supervision, A.F.O.; Writing-Original draft, H.Y.A.M.; Writing-Review & editing; A.F.O., Y.M.R., H.F.A. and H.A.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** Self Sponsor.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Environment-Aware Adaptive Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
This study proposed an environment-aware adaptive reinforcement routing (EARR) protocol. The EARR protocol effectively utilizes the unique characteristics of vehicular environments, such as dynamic changes in traffic patterns, urban environmental interferences, and fluctuations in communication channels, to make routing and forwarding decisions. This study employed a Q table instead of a routing table, thereby significantly reducing routing overhead, as there is no need for route discovery and maintenance. To enhance the efficiency and reliability of next-hop node selection, the EARR protocol utilizes geographical location change information of neighbors, thereby extending the local view of the network topology using Q-learning. This helps in choosing the optimal forwarding node to establish an optimal or suboptimal route. The neighbor table established through the broadcast mechanism requires the calculation of Q values for each entry using a discount factor determined based on link duration, received signal strength, and effective bandwidth. Adaptive Q-learning enhances routing decisions between the source and destination; the proposed Q-learning technique can adaptively adjust Q values based on changes in the network topology. Therefore, the proposed EARR protocol is more realistic when applied to VANETs. Simulation results demonstrate that our protocol performs well in terms of the PDR, throughput, normalized delay, and overhead ratio, thereby making it an efficient protocol.  
As wireless technology improves by leaps and bounds, spectrum resources are becoming increasingly valuable. Therefore, in the future, the authors will not only consider making routing protocols adapt to more realistic working environments and more complex signal propagation models, but also place emphasis on optimizing resource management and scheduling in highly dynamic VANET environments.  
Methodology, Y.J.; Software, J.Z.; Writing--original draft, J.Z. and K.Y.; Supervision, Y.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable. Data Availability StatementData sharing not applicable. The authors give thanks to the editor and anonymous referees for his or her comments that helped improve the quality of this paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
_Algorithms_**2009**, 2, 953-972; doi:10.3390/a2030953  
_Article_  
**Improving the Competitive Ratio of the Online OVSF Code Assignment Problem***  
Footnote *: A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 19 th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation, ISAAC 2008. This work was supported by KAKENHI 17700015, 19200001, and 20300028.  
[PERSON]\({}^{1}\) and [PERSON]\({}^{2,\star}\)  
\({}^{1}\) Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; E-mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{2}\) Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan  
\({}^{\star}\) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
_Received: 7 May 2009; in revised form: 14 July 2009 / Accepted: 14 July 2009 / Published: 17 July 2009_  
**Abstract:** Online OVSF code assignment has an important application to wireless communications. Recently, this problem was formally modeled as an online problem, and performances of online algorithms have been analyzed by the competitive analysis. The previous best upper and lower bounds on the competitive ratio were 10 and 5/3, respectively. In this paper, we improve them to 7 and 2, respectively. We also show that our analysis for the upper bound is tight by giving an input sequence for which the competitive ratio of our algorithm is \(7-\varepsilon\) for an arbitrary constant \(\varepsilon>0\).  
**Keywords:** online OVSF code assignment; online algorithm; competitive analysis
# Low-Complexity Pupil Tracking for Sunglasses-Wearing Faces for Glasses-Free 3D HUDs
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a new pupil center detection system that is capable of analyzing both bare faces and those obstructed by sunglasses. The proposed method deploys different eye-tracking mode-switching systems according to the user conditions. For bare faces, we propose an SDM-based pupil segmentation method and utilize a coarse-to-fine strategy for multiclass shape detection. For sunglasses-wearing faces, pupil centers are located indirectly by estimating the pupil positions based on the nose-mouth-face boundary points using a supervised linear regression algorithm. The proposed system is fast, accurate, robust, and computationally undemanding compared to state-of-the-art CNN-based algorithms. Our system has the potential to accelerate AR 3D HUD commercialization, with simplicity and low processing power demands compatible with the limited computing resources of commercial embedded systems. Further study is necessary to extend our algorithm to handle various user face occlusion cases such as masks or caps with multiclass classification and training data augmentation.  
Conceptualization: D.K. and H.S.C.; methodology: D.K. and H.S.C.; software: D.K.; validation, D.K.; formal analysis: D.K. and H.S.C.; investigation: D.K.; resources: D.K.; data curation: D.K.; writing--original draft preparation: D.K.; writing--review and editing: D.K. and H.S.C.; visualization: D.K.; supervision: D.K.; project administration: D.K.; funding acquisition: D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Hongik University new faculty research support fund.  
Figure 8: Participant-based experiments assessing the susceptibility of the proposed method to 3D crosstalk for users wearing sunglasses. (**a**) Examples of eye-tracking precision error of 10 mm (left), 15 mm, and 25 mm (right). (**b**) Eye-tracking precision error was calculated using the distance between the center of pupil center and tracked eye position (left). An example of a bare-face eye-tracking result with a precision of 2 mm (middle). To validate 3D crosstalk with a large eye-tracking error of 10 mm, we added a random eye-position error (right). Users experienced 3D crosstalk when the eye-tracking precision error was >15 mm. For the current 3D HUD prototype, the 3D crosstalk was low with an eye-tracking precision error of <10 mm.
# Simplified Calibration Method for Constant-Temperature Hot-Wire Anemometry
## 2 Measuring Technique, Equipment, and Data Reduction
### Wind Tunnel Facility, Reference Velocity Measurement, and Test Conditions  
A schematic illustration of a flat-plate test model and wind tunnel facility is shown in Figure 1. The wind tunnel facility is a closed-circuit low-turbulence wind tunnel facility at the JAXA Chofu aerospace center in Tokyo. The flat-plate test model was placed at the center of the test section in the wind tunnel duct. The test section of the wind tunnel facility had a rectangular cross section that had a height of 0.65 m, a width of 0.55 m, and a length of 1.5 m. The freestream speed can be varied in the range of 30-80 m/s during wind tunnel operation. The turbulence intensity, which was measured at the wind tunnel nozzle exit at 30 m/s of the freestream velocity, was 0.05%. The coordinates and the origin are also shown in Figure 1. The flat-plate model had an effective span length of 650 mm, a chord length of 900 mm, and a thickness of 10.8 mm.  
Pilot-tube measurement was done to provide reference velocities that will be used to calibrate the hot-wire signal. The reference velocities were measured for a boundary layer profile on a flat plate [10]. It should be noted that reference velocities could be measured with different ways. For example, measuring freestream velocity and relating it with hot-wire signal placed in the freestream can be used as mentioned in the Introduction. Figure 1 also illustrates a schematic of the pitot-rake assembly, which was attached to the surface of the flat-plate test model. The pitot-rake consisted of 30 probes as shown in the right figure in Figure 1. Each pitot-probe had an outer diameter of 0.5 mm, an inner diameter of 0.3 mm, and a length of 30 mm. The outside probe, which appears outside of the 30 th pitot-probe, was a static pressure probe.  
Totally, eight individual cases with different temperature variations were measured with respect to the velocity profile of the boundary layer by the hot-wire anemometry and the pitot-tube measurement, separately. Those datasets included a case with large temperature variation (i.e., greater than 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C throughout the operation duration) and a case with negligibly small temperature variation (i.e., less than 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C throughout the operation). Note that datasets for those eight cases were obtained as part of wind tunnel experiments for other riblet study [10]. Therefore, the aim of including those cases was to enrich datasets with various temperature variations to evaluate the applicability of the proposed method rather than considering optimized design experiment method. More details of the experiment are described in [PERSON] et al. [10].  
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of flat-plate test model (**left**), which was installed at the center of the wind tunnel duct and pitot-rake assembly (**right**).
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we addressed the convergence speed issue of DRL algorithms in complex jamming environments by proposing a GAN-enhanced DQN fast anti-jamming algorithm. The algorithm leverages a GAN to learn the time-frequency characteristics of jamming signals, generate additional experience samples, and input them into the DQN model for pre-training, thereby accelerating the algorithm's learning process and convergence speed. Furthermore, this paper simulated and compared three other anti-jamming algorithms. The proposed algorithm demonstrated faster convergence, higher convergence values, and more stable communication across diverse jamming environments. The algorithm also holds the potential to be applied to more complex jamming scenarios, effectively improving communication reliability.  
Conceptualization, T.W. and Y.N.; methodology, T.W.; software, T.W. and Z.Z.; validation, T.W. and Z.Z.; formal analysis, T.W.; writing--original draft preparation, T.W.; writing--review and editing, T.W. and Y.N.; project administration, Y.N.; funding acquisition, Y.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 10: Comparison of multiple algorithms in different jamming environments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Single Jamming**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Double Jamming**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dynamic Jamming**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Intelligent Jamming**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **C S** & **T P** & **C S** & **T P** & **C S** & **T P** & **C S** & **T P** \\ \hline GA-DQN & 126 & 1 & 131 & 1 & 185 & 1 & 245 & 0.95 \\ DQN & 147 & 1 & 156 & 1 & 256 & 0.94 & 280 & 0.82 \\ PPO & 263 & 1 & 252 & 1 & 280 & 0.75 & 300 & 0.75 \\ QL & 149 & 0.67 & 211 & 0.67 & 300 & 0.68 & 300 & 0.55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The performance index of the anti-jamming algorithm based on comparing the convergence slot (CS) and the throughput performance (TP) of the four types of algorithms.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under No.62371461.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Experimental Study on Scour Resistance Performance Enhancement of Chongqing Red Clay
## 4 SEM Test Results  
Figure 17 presents SEM images of red clay specimens and solidified soil specimens from the 0.3-10-0.50 group. The SEM images of red clay specimens in Figure 17a,b reveal a microstructure dominated by blocky clay particles with rough surfaces, interconnected primarily through point-to-face and face-to-face contacts. The loose particle arrangement and abundant pores result in weak cohesion between red clay particles and poor scour resistance. SEM images of solidified soil specimens cured for 3 days Figure 17c,d show irregularly distributed C-S-H gels and sparse needle-like ettrinigite (AFt), which partially fill pores and cracks between red clay particles, interconnect their internal structures, and enhance overall integrity, thereby improving strength and scour resistance. Dark shadow regions observed in these images indicate incomplete hydration reactions at this stage, with residual micro-pores persisting between particles. SEM images of solidified soil specimens cured for 28 days Figure 17e,f demonstrate evolved microstructures dominated by acicular structures and granular aggregates, accompanied by significantly reduced dark shadow regions. This progression confirms enhanced hydration reactions producing substantial C-S-H gels and AFt that encapsulate red clay particles, dramatically strengthening microstructural integrity and consequently achieving remarkable improvements in mechanical strength and scour resistance.
### Online Service Time Allocation Method
Specifically,  
\[\alpha_{i}^{**}(t)=\frac{\alpha_{i}^{*}(t)}{\sum_{j\in N}\alpha_{j}^{*}(t)}, \ \ \forall i\in N. \tag{27}\]  
From Equations (26) and (27), a MES determines \(\alpha_{i}(t)\)s at the start of each time slot \(t\) as follows. \[\alpha_{i}(t)= \begin{cases}\alpha_{i}^{*}(t),&\sum_{i\in N}\alpha_{i}^{*}(t) \leq 1\\ \alpha_{i}^{**}(t),&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}  \tag{28}\]  
We summarize our online resource allocation method in Algorithm 1. ```
1:At the start of each time slot \(t\):
2: Observe \(Q_{i}(t)\)s, \(\forall i\in N\). 3: Predict \(\hat{w}_{i}(t)\) using an LSTM, \(\forall i\in N\). 4:\(y=0\). 5:while\(i\leq|N|\)do
6:\(\hat{x}_{i}(t)=\frac{2Q_{i}(t)+2\hat{w}_{i}(t)+Z_{i}(t)-V\kappa f_{\text{max}} ^{2}}{2\tau_{\text{max}}}\). 7:\(\alpha_{i}^{*}(t)= \begin{cases}1,&1\leq\hat{x}_{i}(t)\\ \hat{x}_{i}(t),&0<\hat{x}_{i}(t)<1\\ 0,&\hat{x}_{i}(t)\leq 0\end{cases} \)
8:\(y=\alpha_{i}^{*}(t)\)
9:\(i++\)
10:if\(y\leq 1\)then
11:\(\alpha_{i}(t)=\alpha_{i}^{*}(t)\)
12:else
13:while\(i\leq|N|\)do\(\alpha_{i}(t)=\frac{\alpha_{i}^{*}(t)}{\sum_{j\in N}\alpha_{j}^{*}(t)}\)
```  
**Algorithm 1** Online service time allocation algorithm
# A Dual-Connectivity Mobility Link Service for Producer Mobility in the Named Data Networking
## 7 Simulation Investigation  
### Simulation Environment  
We used a modification of the ndnSIM 2.3 [36], an open source NS-3-based NDN simulator, to assess the handover performance of our proposed scheme. The PMLS is a subclass of the generic link service, so it provides all the services supported by the generic link service. It also handles the PMLS control messages to support link recovery. The ndnSIM 2.3 does not support any name-based routing protocol. We updated the FIB tables at the NDN routers within the network after the average OSPF convergence time (6 s) [37] has elapsed, since the NLSR, which is the default NDN routing protocol, is derived from the OSPF routing protocol. Figure 6 shows the network model used in this simulation. The NDN network uses the IPv4 network as its transport network. We assumed that the transport network supports the use of anycast-style addresses that route messages from consumer to the nearest NAR. This can be archived by statically installing anycast-specific route information to the default access routers of the IPv4 network. Each NAR is connected to an Access Point (AP) covers an area with a 150 m radius. The distance between two APs is 340 m, so there is a 40 m shadow area between two APs. The NMP moves to 60 km per hour with the constant velocity mobility model from AP 1 to AP 2 direction. Upon connecting to a new NAR (nNAR),), the NMP registers its content name prefixes before it receives the first Interest from the nNAR. The consumer sends 20 Interests per second (1 Interest every 50 ms). The hop count between entities is set to 1 and the link delay for each hop is set to 10 ms.