# Multi-Agent Simulation Approach for Modular Integrated Construction Supply Chain
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Study Scenarios
#### 4.1.1 Scenario 1: Prefabricated Component Construction without MiC Factories  
In this scenario, prefabricated components are supplied directly to the construction site by a number of suppliers. This represents traditional prefabricated construction rather than MiC. In this scenario, we consider the following parameters:  
* Number of suppliers: For a mid-sized project, we assume five suppliers to provide different components such as beams, columns, slabs, and exterior panels. These components are crucial for the structural integrity of the construction.  
* Number of vehicles: Each supplier uses vehicles to deliver components to the construction site, based on the typical logistics capacity required to maintain a steady flow of components. We will conduct a sensitivity analysis by varying the number of vehicles per supplier from one to five to find the optimal number that minimizes the total cost.
* Demand generation: The demand for components is deterministic and based on project management derived from BIM, with an average of 60 orders per day. This demand is influenced by the construction schedule and project planning, ensuring that the supply chain remains responsive to the dynamic needs of the construction project.
* Initial components in storage: Each supplier starts with an initial inventory between 5 and 10 components, providing a buffer to meet the immediate demand.
* Production capacity/rate: Each supplier has a stochastic production capacity, with an average of 10-15 components per day depending on the complexity and type of component, with a production rate that ensures steady output to meet the ongoing demand.
* Cost Parameters:
* Fixed cost per vehicle per day (=EUR 150):This cost per vehicle per day is a set amount that must be paid to maintain the vehicle in the fleet, regardless of whether it is actively used for transportation on that day. It is incurred regardless of the level of activity and the distance traveled. For examples, this includes costs such as vehicle leasing or rental fees, insurance, permits, and salaries for drivers and staff.
* Variable cost per kilometer (=EUR 2): This cost reflects the additional expenses incurred for every kilometer the vehicle travels. This includes fuel consumption, wear and tear, and other distance-dependent costs.
* Project delay penalty per day (=EUR 500): Refers to a financial penalty that is imposed for each day a project extends beyond its scheduled completion date. For instance, if a construction project is supposed to be completed in 120 days but takes 130 days to finish, a penalty of EUR 500 will be charged for each of the 10 extra days, resulting in a total penalty of EUR 5000. This penalty is intended to incentivize timely project completion and to compensate for the additional costs and potential losses incurred due to the delay.
* Vehicle speed: The speed of the vehicles is stochastic, with an average speed of 50-70 km/h.  
* Construction site is located in Paris, France;
* Supplier 1 is 85 km from the construction site;
* Supplier 2 is 130 km from the construction site;
* Supplier 3 is 145 km from the construction site;
* Supplier 4 is 75 km from the construction site;
* Supplier 5 is 135 km from the construction site.
* The normal project completion time for this scenario is set at 120 days. Any delays beyond this period will incur a project delay penalty as mentioned in the cost parameters.