## 4 LoRaWAN-Based Outdoor Positioning in Application-Specific IoT Domains
### Smart Healthcare  
Healthcare infrastructure improvement is one of the effective factors in increasing the quality of life. In the illness or aging period, continuous and long-term health monitoring systems are essential. A health monitoring system leads to better identification and treatment of the disease. Health monitoring and illness management are tasks that can handle by proper and expedients personals. In addition, it needs to continue presence at the hospital that makes it expensive. With the advent and development of IoT, smart healthcare has become a potential solution. The authors in [99] mentioned automatic identification and tracking of people and biomedical devices in hospitals, correct drug-patient associations, real-time monitoring of patient's physiological parameters for early detection of clinical deterioration as a few of the possible examples of smart healthcare. To improve the smart healthcare performance, several works suggested the use of wireless, small, portable, and externally wearable sensor nodes for health monitoring to remove specified location restrictions. The existing method proposed short-range communication (Bluetooth) for transferring between sensor data and a smartphone with a long-range communication (LTE) to transfer the processed information from the smartphone to the healthcare provider [100]. The most important drawback of these systems is power consumption. The authors in [101, 102] presented a smart healthcare system for monitoring of human body signals that are performed by biomedical sensors, MySignals, and the LoRaWAN wireless network system. They evaluate the power consumption and battery life of the proposed method with Wi-Fi and BLE systems. Smart healthcare systems have become more important for elderly people who live at home alone. They can fall in an emergency and lose consciousness. The authors in [103] mentioned that elderly people should be monitored and if specific events occur, emergency services should be automatically notified about event description and their location information. Therefore, they discussed a potential use of the LoRaWAN technology in healthcare, focusing on battery-powered end nodes with low power consumption. Localization Methods in Smart Healthcare  
LoRaWAN-based localization methods are used in different branches of healthcare systems (elderly care, search and rescue in mountain and sea, natural disaster, etc.). In this section, proposed methods in each branch are reviewed. Recent advances in medical technology have led to population increment of elderly people. Elderly people face various diseases that need permanent healthcare systems and an accurate localization system to locate elderly people at the accident time. In [104], a comprehensive study is provided of the research and skills related to Active and Assisted Living (AAL) systems. The authors in [105] evaluate the widespread LoRaWAN communication infrastructure to alert a remotely connected healthcare server about elderly people accidents able to monitor the position and motion type of the elderly. They propose to enhance the capability of a LoRaWAN device for implementing an elderly friendly system platform using a wearable device equipped with a motion sensor. Healthcare systems for workers in risky outdoor settings attract the attention of researchers. The authors in [106] mentioned that even a small accident may be dangerous if it happened in a remote place or during extreme weather conditions that make it difficult for the injured individual to seek help. Therefore, they propose a wearable LoRaWAN-based system for remote safety monitoring in remote areas with no network coverage to detect possible heart problems and/or a \"man-down\" situation. It then transmits an emergency alert containing information about the state of the concerned individual and its location via LoRaWAN to the surrounding recipients.