## 2 State of the Art  
This work uses deductive methods, supported by exploratory research, centred on a quantitative and qualitative approach, offering a mixed perspective. The literature review aims to identify traceability tools currently available on the market, and which best adapt to the needs of industrial companies, to identify the implementation models and feasibility analysis of these types of projects, and then draw conclusions. As for the type of research method used, already existing theories were used to serve as a basis for elaboration. In turn, the review of the state of the art was prepared by searching scientific and research publications available in scientific databases such as IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. In addition, some documents published by organisations directly linked to traceability systems, books available online, and relevant institutional websites were also used. The ability to track an asset from the start of a production process to the end on the shop floor is the definition of \"traceability\" in the context of this study. This step entails locating a specific product to support quality assurance, management, and the search for any irregularities in the procedures that are part of its manufacturing flow [6]. The definition of traceability can take two different approaches, namely, at the level of [5]:  
* Tracking: the process of following a product from the point of raw material consumption to the site of consumption, and the ability to localise or trace the course of a particular object downstream, i.e., through successive observations;
* Tracing: the capacity to determine an object's upstream origin, features, or history; it is typified by the ability to confirm a product's historical status using its references and historical records. Therefore, there are two different kinds of traceability applicable in this context: supply chain and internal. The former is limited to operations conducted inside the company's boundaries and does not need to share external product information with other supply chain participants. The latter, however, tracks a product's life cycle, where information and resources must be shared among the many supply chain phases of the product [8]. Since this kind of system is fundamentally structured based on a combination of these two areas of work, inventory and information systems are the most crucial components of industrial traceability systems. Information might be the most significant aspect of an industrial manager's performance since it guides their judgements about products to stock,market demand, production levels at the plant, and client demands. Here, traceability systems are crucial since they make the gathering of this kind of data easier [3]. To maximise earnings for businesses and effectively adapt to market demands, traceability is necessary. Its objectives are to perform factory control over a specific product, document the different phases involved in its production cycle, ensure improved quality, increase supply chain visibility, and ultimately increase safety by lowering the rate at which products disappear, become misplaced, or are lost [6]. While employing traceability systems has many benefits, some obstacles must be overcome when putting this kind of application into practice. High levels of sophistication in a traceability system might result in lost productivity because of the inclination for the business to adapt to the technology itself and the possibility of wasting time on things that do not add value to the firm. The implementation of a traceability system is also conditioned by initial investment and resistance to change. Regarding the former, automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies, which necessitate hardware investment and personnel training, now enable most traceability systems. Regarding resistance to change, it is always a difficult business problem to encourage employees and occasionally upper management to adopt new perspectives.