esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optical Transmitters without Driver Amplifiers--Optimal Operation Conditions
## 2 Influence of Pulse Shape on the Electrical Eye-Opening
The color indicates the probability of occurrence; a logarithmic color mapping was used to enhance the visibility of small details; all plots are normalized to the same maximum amplitude d_DAC (digital-to-analog converter). To illustrate the above-discussed behaviors, we show the impact to the signal generated by a DAC; Figure 1b shows simulated eye-diagrams for RC and SRRC signals with ROFs of 0.1, 0.4, and 0.9. All eye-diagrams were scaled to the same size, which depict the behavior the DAC would have while generating such a signal. The eye-opening for the RC signals increases from left to right, whereas, for SRRC signals, the eye-opening increases from an ROF of 0.1 to 0.4; however, at 0.4, the maximum value of the waveform is already at the eye-opening. Thus, there is no further increase of the RMS amplitude for an ROF larger than 0.4. In conclusion, maximizing the OSNR in driver-amplifier-less transceivers can, in a first step, be realized by maximizing the electrical driving amplitude. For this, it was expected that increasing the ROF would be beneficial. However, for the case of SRRC signals, which are generally used for the transmitter, there is no benefit of increasing the ROF above 0.4. The analysis was done for a symbol rate which was well below the bandwidth limitations of the DAC. The simulations were done without restrictions of DAC resolution, effective number of bits (ENOB), SNR, and bandwidth. This is reasonable because, for this step, the influence of the pulse shape to the waveform was of interest and not the whole transceiver performance.
## 1 Introduction  
According to UN estimates, the world's population will reach 9.8 billion by 2050, nearly 20% higher than today [1]. This exponential increase combined with continuous climate changes, water scarcity, and decreasing of agricultural areas constitutes societal and global problems that challenge food production for the next generations. With current global trends in diets, the exponentially growing population and considering the several millions of tons of food that are lost and wasted every year in different steps of the food chain, including production, post-harvesting, processing, and distribution, in 2050 50-60% more food will be needed than today to feed everyone. These overwhelming numbers clearly show that food challenges and planet sustainability are intrinsically bound and must determine urgent measures to mitigate them. It will be important to develop strategies to produce more food and better food with less waste. In addition, the implementation of sustainable food production systems through the optimization of food processes will be essential to achieve a better environmental footprint, lower production costs, and improve the quality and nutritional value of food (Figure 1).  
Given these facts, the European Commission established food waste as one of the priority areas of the Action Plan for the European Circular Economy Strategy [2]. This includes a zero-waste strategy envisaging agri-food waste to reduce environmental pollution. This strategy is based on the extraction of compounds from food waste that have a high demand or innovative applications with potentially high economic return in different industrial sectors, such as nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [3, 4]. In this context, the extraction of phytochemicals from fruit and vegetable waste use of synthetic preservatives in food products and confer additional health protection effects to our diet is of utmost importance [3; 4; 5; 6]. However, these strategies mostly target the food industries and food chain stakeholders and not the final consumer. Remarkably, almost half of the losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are caused by human eating habits, being the second cause of greenhouse gas emission. Statistically, this is equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of wasted foods causing the emission of around 4.4 gigatons of greenhouse gas [1]. This means that every one of us, as final consumers, has important responsibilities to share when a great part of food waste occurs on the supermarket shelves and in our kitchens and fridges. This includes the fruits and vegetables that are rejected because of their non-standardized measures or defects, commonly known as ugly foods, but also the peels, seeds, rinds, or cores, which despite being edible and rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, are discarded to the food waste bin. In this context, this review targets the traditional discarded parts of the most relevant fruits and vegetables traded worldwide, aiming to show their nutritional and bioactive composition as a strategy to potentiate their dietary use by the consumers, which will be shown with illustrative examples.
# Investigation of Vocal Fatigue Using a Dose-Based Vocal Loading Task
## 4 Experimental Protocol Design and Data Acquisition
### Subjective and Objective Measures of Vocal Fatigue  
Three subjective methods of voice quality assessment were used in the experiment. They were the fatigue-indicative symptom documentation, the CAPE-V rating, and the SAVRa. Fatigue-indicative symptoms, such as cough, swallowing, and voice break, were recorded manually. Before, between, and after each VLT session, the participants performed a voice quality evaluation (QE) task, rated using the CAPE-V rating [42] and the SAVRa rating [23]. The CAPE-V ratings included six dimensions: overall severity, roughness, breathiness, strain, pitch, and loudness. The SAVRa ratings included three dimensions: speaking effort level (EFFT), laryngeal discomfort level (DISC), and inability to produce soft voice (IPSV). The QE took less than 5 min to complete. After completion, the participants remained silent until the start of the next session. A fixed volume (100 mL) of water was given to the participants immediately before each QE. No drinking was allowed during the VLT sessions. After the experiment, the microphone recordings of the CAPE-V task were sent to four certified speech language pathologists (SLPs) for auditory-perceptual rating. The four SLPs had more than 3 years of experience on voice research and clinical diagnosis, and they used the CAPE-V on voice patients and experimental participants quite often during the past three years. Three of them were voice  
Figure 3: Procedure for the 20 s distance dose calculation.  
Figure 2: Virtual vocal distance dose monitor.  
doctors in the McGill University Health Centre, and the other one was a voice research associate in McGill University. The CAPE-V recordings were blindly rated by the SLPs. There were eight audio recordings for each participant. The order of within-participant files was randomized to reduce the SLPs' rating bias. The audio files were rated participant by participant, so that the SLPs could identify the participant-specific baseline of voice quality for each rating task.  
Voice features, such as \(f\)0, SPL, duty ratio, CPP, spectral tilt, HRF, jitter, and shimmer extracted from the recorded NSA and microphone signals, were labeled with the corresponding session numbers. These voice features were compared across sessions to track the variations between the participants' voice qualities. These vocal metrics were also compared with the CAPE-V and SAVRa ratings.
# Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of
## 2 Working Principle of the Pump
### Flow Analysis  
According to Equations (1)-(4), the theoretical flow of a piston chamber is:  
\[q_{i}=Sv=SR\omega\text{tan}\gamma\text{sim}\psi_{i} \tag{7}\]  
where \(S\) is the cross-sectional area of the piston, and \(S=\frac{\pi}{4}d^{2}\); \(d\) is the piston's diameter.  
Therefore, the theoretical instantaneous flow \(Q\) of the pump is:  
\[Q=\sum_{i=1}^{n}q_{i}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}Sv_{i}=\frac{\pi}{4}d^{2}R\text{utany} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{sim}\psi_{i}=\frac{\pi}{4}d^{2}R\omega\text{tan}\gamma\sum _{i=1}^{n}\text{sin}\left\{\psi_{1}+2\beta\left(i-1\right)\right\} \tag{8}\]  
The average flow of the pump is:  
\[\overline{Q}=SH_{\text{max}}Nn_{0}=\frac{\pi}{2}d^{2}R\text{tan}\gamma Nn_{0} \tag{9}\]  
where \(n\) is the number of pistons in the high-pressure chamber; \(N\) is the total number of pistons; \(H_{\text{max}}\) is the maximum displacement of pistons in \(X\) direction; \(n_{0}\) is the spindle speed, and \(2\beta=\frac{2\pi}{N}\).  
The swash-plate axial pump that is researched in this work contains 10 pistons. Therefore, \(N=10\) and \(\beta=18^{\circ}\). According to Equation (8), the theoretical maximum flow, minimum flow and average flow of the pump are shown as follows:  
\[Q_{\text{10 max}}=\frac{\pi}{4}d^{2}R\omega\text{tan}\gamma\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text {sin}\left\{\beta+2\beta\left(i-1\right)\right\}=10\sum_{i=1}^{5}\text{sin} \{18+36(i-1)\}=32.35\left(\text{L/min}\right) \tag{10}\]  
\[Q_{\text{10 min}}=\frac{\pi}{4}d^{2}R\omega\text{tan}\gamma\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text {sin}\left\{0+2\beta\left(i-1\right)\right\}=10\sum_{i=1}^{5}\text{sin}\{0+36 (i-1)\}=30.76\left(\text{L/min}\right) \tag{11}\]  
\[\overline{Q}_{10}=SH_{\text{max}}Nn_{0}=\frac{14.5^{2}\pi}{2}\times 29\text{ tan}(12.5^{\circ})\times 10\times 1500=31.83\left(\text{L/min}\right) \tag{12}\]  
According to Equations (10) and (11), the theoretical flow ripple rate of the piston pump is:  
\[\Delta Q_{10}=Q_{\text{10 max}}-Q_{\text{10 min}}=k\left[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{ sin}\left\{\beta+2\beta\left(i-1\right)\right\}-\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{sin}\left\{0+2 \beta\left(i-1\right)\right\}\right]=k\frac{2\text{sin}^{2}(\frac{\beta}{2})} {\text{sin}\beta} \tag{13}\]  
\[\sigma_{10}=\frac{\Delta Q}{  
The theoretical flow ripple rate obtained from Equations (13) and (14) is not involved in the influence of grooves, damping holes and the compressibility of the oil. Therefore, integrated hydraulic-mechanical modeling and co-simulation are proposed.
# Strategies and Methods for the Fault-Tolerant Function Development of Multi-Domain Systems +
## 6 Product Development Examples
### Accommodation of Fault \"Misfiring\" in a Combustion Engine  
A more detailed example also based on a combustion engine concerns potential fault misfiring (the fuel/air mixture is not ignited within the combustion chamber). In many vehicle projects, a special function which prevents misfiring is required because misfiring may deteriorate emissions (more carbon monoxide emissions due to incomplete combustion) and can damage components of the exhaust system. The challenge of misfiring prevention is more severe for motorcycle engines because of overall rougher boundary conditions and higher engine speeds, leading to shorter times for the combustion process. In passenger cars with gasoline engines, usually prevention simply in the domain \"software\" is possible. A software component will assess the smoothness of the sensed engine speed. This will allow detection of conditions leading to misfiring and the engine ECU may change these conditions quickly and early enough. For reasons stated above, this might not be enough for a motorcycle engine and other--functionally diverse--countermeasures have to be sought. The straightforward solution would be an intensified analysis of the engine speed signal; for some motorcycles with slower speed engines, this might be sufficient, taking into account that the legal requirements for motorcycles differ from the legal requirements of passenger cars. A safe but expensive countermeasure could be an additional sensor which measures the ionisation in the combustion chamber. Another possible solution for all kinds of motorcycles is a so-called twin-spark concept providing a second spark plug for more secure ignition--a hardware redundancy that allows a fault countermeasure based on a completely different functional principle. Similarly, certain design variants of the combustion chamber are less susceptible to misfiring and can also be applied. Another more drastic countermeasure can be a reduction in the maximal engine speed itself.  
Today, sensible drivers can also detect misfiring and will usually reduce engine speed to avoid this situation. It is foreseeable that in the future acoustic and vibrations measurements together with intelligent filters and possibly artificial intelligence pattern detection will allow mimicking of this behaviour of the driver in various ways and allow another functionally independent countermeasure for this specific fault. The functionally diverse accommodation possibilities for misfiring and implementation are summarised in Figure 10 and in Table 5.
## 2 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System  
QZSS is a developing regional satellite-based augmentation for GPS, which could be receivable within East Asia and the Oceania region. Currently, the QZSS is composed of three inclinedgeosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites that operate at three orbits of 45\({}^{\circ}\) inclination and 140\({}^{\circ}\) right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN), and rotate about the Earth in a period of one sidereal day (about 23 h and 56 min). Ground tracks of the GPS satellites, BDS satellites, and QZS on 1 February are computed and are plotted in Figure 1, and the basic status of the three systems is shown in Table 1. QZSS has the same L1, L2, and L5 frequency bands as GPS. All QZS operate in the inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) while GPS consists of MEO satellites. The ground tracks of QZS range from 120\({}^{\circ}\) E to 155\({}^{\circ}\) E and within 45\({}^{\circ}\) N/S; the tracks are similar to a variant '8'. Due to the unique operating orbits, the elevation of the QZS are above 60\({}^{\circ}\) and the coverage rate is up to 100% in Japan. Although the signals from low-elevation GPS satellites could be blocked by city buildings, QZS with a relatively higher elevation can be detected even within downtown. Therefore, when GPS or BDS is implemented with QZSS, the number of available satellites certainly increases, resulting in an improvement in PDOP and positioning accuracy. In addition, there is a good possibility of enhancing the position accuracy for users in the Asia-Pacific region such as Korea, the East China Coast, and Australia, which are also within the QZSS service range.  
The GPS constellation is officially designed as 21 working satellites and three orbiting spare satellites but actually contains more than 30 (30-32) GPS satellites working in six 55-degrees-inclination orbital planes; this configuration ensures that more than eight satellites can be received at most time in the most densely populated area of the world. BDS has three signal bands of B1, B2, and B3 and consists of three types of satellites: five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites remain stationary over the equator from 58.75\({}^{\circ}\) E to 160\({}^{\circ}\) E, six IGSO satellites run in the '8' track, and three MEO satellites are also included. Currently, there are many BDS MEO satellites for the in-orbit test.  
Figure 1: Ground tracks of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, Beidou Satellite Navigation System (BDS) satellites, and quasi-zenith satellites (QZS) on 1 March 2018 ((**a**) GPS, (**b**) BDS, and (**c**) QZSS.
# Single-Cell Patterning Based on Immunocapture and a Surface Modified Substrate
###### Abstract  
Micropatterning technology offers powerful methods for biological analyses at the molecular level, enabling the investigation of cell heterogeneities, as well as high throughput detection. We herein propose an approach for single-cell patterning. The substrate was prepared using micro fabrication and surface modification processes, and the patterning template was prepared using bovine serum albumin and streptavidin, which can be employed for the patterning of any biological molecules containing biotin. Subsequent to photolithography, etching, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment, the optimized patterns were obtained with high accuracy, strong contrast, and good repeatability, thus providing good foundations for the subsequent single-cell patterning. The surface passivation method was proven effective, preventing unwanted binding of the antibodies and cells. Based on this streptavidin template, the specific binding between the biotinylated antibodies and the antigens expressed on the surface of the cells was enabled, and we successfully achieved single-cell patterning with a single-cell capture rate of 92%. This single-cell array offers an effective method in the investigation of cell heterogeneity and drug screening. Further, these methods can be used in the final step for the screening and enrichment of certain cells, such as circulating tumor cells.  
cell patterning; immunocapture; chemical vapor deposition; passivation treatment; contact angle +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters B
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Modeling the Sloshing Motion of a Partially Liquid-Filled Fuel Tank  
The fluid was assumed to be homogenous, incompressible, isotropic, viscous, and Newtonian. The governing equations obtained by means of the Navier-Stokes equations and continuity equation are given below [14; 19; 39].  
\[\frac{\partial\mathbf{u}}{\partial t}+(\mathbf{u}\cdot\
abla)\mathbf{u}=-\frac {\
abla p}{\rho}+\frac{\mu}{\rho}\
abla^{2}\mathbf{u}+\mathbf{g} \tag{1}\]  
\[\
abla\mathbf{u}=0 \tag{2}\]  
The volume of fluid method is an efficient multi-phase method used to simulate the flow of immiscible liquids [20]. This method examines the free surface movement during the liquid sloshing in the tank [4; 40]. This method defines a function such as \(F\) to define the free surface position and capture the liquid volumes, and defines the volume fraction of a cell filled with liquid and defined by the ratio \(F=V_{liquid}/V_{total\ volume}\). The terms \(F=0\) and \(F=1\) mean that the cell is far from the interface and that the cell is completely filled with air or water. \(0<F<1\) defines the position of the free surface and indicates that the cell is partially filled with liquid and air. The relationship of the \(F\) function with time can be defined below [20; 41; 42].  
\[\frac{\partial F}{\partial t}+u_{i}\frac{\partial F}{\partial x_{i}}=0 \tag{3}\]  
This equation is solved together with the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. In this study, the sloshing phenomenon was carried out using the CFD method with the help of the ANSYS Fluent program.  
The displacement equation representing the harmonic excitation is explained as:  
\[x(t)=Asin(\omega t) \tag{4}\]  
So, the acceleration equation is as below:  
\[\ddot{x}(t)=-A\omega^{2}sin(\omega t) \tag{5}\]  
The natural frequency variation of the fluid for a rectangular prism-shaped tank is defined according to the linear wave theorem as below [1; 2; 12]:  
\[\omega_{n}=\sqrt{g\frac{n\pi}{L}tanh\Big{(}\frac{n\pi}{L}h\Big{)}} \tag{6}\]  
\(n\) is taken as 1 generally. Here, the angular frequency value is calculated depending on the tank's dimensions and the liquid level with the help of Equation (6). In the analysis, the excitation function is given as the acceleration value depending on the calculated displacement amplitude and angular frequency as shown in Equation (5), and the program is written.
# TSA-GRU: A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Module for Learner Behavior Analytics in MOOCs
## 2 Related Works
### Problem Analysis and Proposed Solution  
The swift growth of MOOCs has produced a significant quantity of learner interaction data, while traditional probabilistic and attention-based sequential methods have not capitalized on the filtering noise caused by redundant interaction and behavior signals, such as engagement and risk of early dropout, and accurate temporal modeling. This gives rise to several central research questions:  
* Can the integration of a TSA method into a GRU-based sequential modeling approach in the TSA-GRU module assist in filtering out noise and capturing both short- and longer-term dependencies for students' overall interaction?
* Will the TSA-GRU model enhance the meta-representation of learner behavior by allowing for noise monitoring and suppressing noise while still 'coralling' contextually relevant features?
* Thus, will improved predictive accuracy for complex behavior and generalizable targeted interventions within the learner contexts found in MOOC design be achieved?  
To address these issues, we propose TSA-GRU, a novel hybrid deep learning model using a TSA Encoder component that allows for selective feature extraction using a threshold-based sparse attention to yield context-enhanced embeddings from a learner dataset, followed by a GRU modeling temporal dependencies through technology gating unit operations. Combining these interpretable layers and dynamic features in feedforward fully connected layers fosters a comprehensive learning response framework to predict learning outcomes with global context understanding and fine temporal dynamics.
# Frequency Selective Surfaces: A Review
## 4 Types of FSSs
### FSS Based on Array Elements
#### 4.1.2 Convoluted or Meandered FSSs
With the inclusion of meander lines, small partitions exit between the wire elements and hence the capacitance produced between them having effectively reduces the resonant frequency, as shown by the graph in Figure 6d [66]. Further, it is deduced that considerable bandwidth variation is attained by cascading two FSS arrays with air-gap separation (2-80 mm), as shown in Figure 6e. Cascading of FSSs produces a cyclic effect in the bandwidth with the change of the thickness and it also may be due to the standing waves that were created by the EM fields in the partition region that couple the power from one FSS layer to the next. Although FSSs that are designed by using space-filling curves possess simple geometry, which is an attractive choice for smart applications requiring higher stability in dual/multi band performance. The reduced independent controllability, high insertion loss, and fabrication/implementation difficulties are some of the problems faced in miniaturized dual-band single screen FSSs. Comparatively, FSS in [67] is made up of crossed-dipole aperture element united with meandered mono-pole symmetrical aperture element, as shown in Figure 6f, and provides passband responses at C and X bands. It is noticed that two pass bands are adjustable independently, simply by changing the geometric parameters of the elements while offering wider bandwidth and lower insertion loss. It is observed that the cross-dipole element largely controls the first resonating frequency, whereas the second resonant frequency is primarily determined by the meandered mono-pole element.