## 4 Results
### Pavement Stiffness
#### 4.1.2 Notre Dame Drive  
The \(t\)-test result for Notre Dame Drive indicated that there was no significant difference between the stiffness measured on the RWP and LWP for September 2021 and February, April, and June 2022 (\(p\)-values of 0.34, 0.66, 0.09, and 0.10, respectively) at 95% confidence level. Figure 8 shows the mean measured stiffness on each wheel path on the southbound lane and the section (RWP and LWP) mean elastic modulus, while Figure 9 presents the measured deflection on each wheel path. The error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean in the positive and negative directions. In September 2021, the initial elastic modulus for all sections was discovered to be relatively low compared with typical flexible pavements. The stiffness of the control was 224 MPa, followed by 187 MPa, 146 MPa, and 96 MPa for the LCC600, LCC475, and LCC400, respectively. Because the testing was done a few hours after AC was installed, the low stiffness could be attributed to the softer asphalt concrete layer at the time. During testing, the surface layer temperatures were 47 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 43 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 47 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the control, LCC400, LCC475, and LCC600, respectively. The temperatures of the base, subbase, and subgrade were also found to be between 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with the LCC base layers averaging 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than the control's temperature and the subbase and subgrade averaging 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C lower. Figure 8: Notre Dame Drive southbound measured elastic modulus. Figure 9: Notre Dame Drive southbound measured deflection. During the testing period, the control portion was stiffer than the LCC sections, contrary to the results observed at Erbsville. Construction method, insufficient compaction (no vibratory compaction done during construction) on the LCC sections, excessive truck traffic before AC placement, rainfall before pour softening subgrade, and the fact that the LCC475 section and a significant portion of the LCC400 were placed on a longitudinal slope greater than 1.3 percent are thought to be factors that contributed to the lower stiffness values. Because LCC is a stiffer material, it is typically projected to provide a stiffer pavement structure, like Erbsville' [50]. However, the lower thickness could also be an influencing factor. It is recommended that the pavement sections be monitored to see if improvements in the LCC sections continue as expected. Comparing stiffness between September 2021 and April 2022, the disparity in stiffness between the control and LCC sections decreased by 86%, 68%, and 61% for LCC400, LCC475, and LCC600, respectively. This could signify that the compaction level within the sections had increased over time due to traffic, and the pavement is gaining strength and stability to support the pavement structure adequately. In addition, the stiffness of the LCC sections was proportional to their density. Furthermore, the LSD method was applied to assess if there was a difference in measured stiffness between sections (Table 2). The ANOVA analysis first indicated that, between September 2021 and April 2022, there was a significant difference between some sections, with \(p\)-values below 0.05 at a 95% confidence level. In Table 2 the highlighted portion in boxes indicates the areas with a significant difference in measured stiffness. A significant difference was noted between LCC400 with LCC600 and control initially. However, after the final AC paving in June 2022, the measured stiffness indicated no statistical difference between the sections. This could further show improvement in the stiffness of the LCC sections over time. The stiffness immediately after the base asphalt was placed in September of 2021 showed a smoother profile along the road section compared with after placement of the surface asphalt concrete layer, where more variability in stiffness within each section was seen. The most variability was observed in the control section, then the LCC400 section.