## 4 Conclusions and Outlook  
As the demand for FMCW LiDAR technology in both civilian and military sectors continues to grow, the performance requirements for this technology are also increasingly stringent. Future development trends are expected to focus on miniaturization, enhanced integration, reduced power consumption, and continuous optimization for long-range detection, high resolution, high accuracy, and robust real-time capabilities. These advancements pose greater demands on the performance of FMCW LiDAR systems. Owing to its broad measurement range and strong anti-interference capabilities, as well as its ability to measure speed directly based on the Doppler effect, FMCW LiDAR is increasingly regarded by researchers as an ideal choice for future technologies. Several companies, such as Aeva, Aurora, and SiLC, have achieved significant results in this field and have received substantial support and investment from numerous automobile manufacturers. Aeva's Atlas(tm) is the world's first automotive-grade 4D LiDAR with simultaneous velocity and range detection. Combining ultra-long range and unmatched resolution, Atlas delivers industry-leading performance for high-volume automotive applications, enabling the breakthrough of L3 highway speed driving for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. The system is capable of a detection range of 250 m at 10% reflectivity, with a maximum range of 500 m; has a 120\({}^{\circ}\) horizontal by 30\({}^{\circ}\) vertical field of view; is stable over a wide range of operating temperatures from \(-\)40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C; complies with ISO 26262 ASIL-B (D) [70] level automotive safety standards; hasa compact design that is up to 70% smaller than traditional LiDAR; and utilizes passive cooling technology for power efficiency. These features give the Atlas(tm) a significant competitive advantage in the field of autonomous driving and ADAS [71]. Aurora's FirstLight LiDAR represents an advanced FMCW LiDAR technology that enhances the safety deployment of autonomous vehicles through integrated photonics. The FirstLight LiDAR features an exceptionally long detection range, capable of detecting objects over 400 m away, providing the Aurora Driver with additional reaction time. By utilizing the Doppler effect, FirstLight LiDAR delivers real-time velocity information for each detection point, aiding in rapid identification and response planning. The integration of photonics technology transforms complex optical components into semiconductor chip-level devices, improving manufacturing scalability. Aurora not only enhances the scalability of LiDAR production but also anticipates significant cost reductions, making mass production feasible. Aurora plans to implement this technology in autonomous truck fleets by 2027, further advancing autonomous driving technology. With the proprietary long-range capabilities of FirstLight, combined with Aurora's ability to scale the technology, Aurora has the only LiDAR solution that will unlock high-speed self-driving at scale, making FirstLight the highest-performance automotive-grade LiDAR available for the driverless market [72]. SiLC has integrated unique photonic technology to develop the Eyeonic vision system, the industry's most compact and powerful FMCW LiDAR machine vision solution. The system offers the highest resolution, accuracy, and detection range and is the only FMCW LiDAR solution that provides polarization information.