# Comparative Impact Analysis of Cyclone Ana in the Mozambique Channel Using Satellite Data
## 3 Results  
Results from this study's flood model displayed the presence of flooding during the passage of TC Ana. In total, it was found that more than 1,051,992 hectares flooded during the period of study (January-February 2022) in the Zambezia and Sofala provinces in eastern Mozambique. On the other hand, in Madagascar there were less-flooded areas, with a total of 706,715 ha flooded over the regions of Boeny and Melaky in western Madagascar. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Data (Index Type)** & **Data Name** & **Source** & **Spatial Resolution** & **Temporal Coverage** \\ \hline Land Cover & CGLOPS Land Cover & Copernicus: ESA- & & \\ Classification & Classification & VITO & 10 m & Static: 2020 \\ \hline Population Density & World Population Density: & & & \\ Madagascar & World Pop Hub & 1 km & Static: 2018 \& 2019 \\ \hline  & World Population Density: & & & \\  & Mozambique & & & \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Mangrove Degradation \\ (NDVI) \\ \end{tabular} & Sentinel 2 & ESA & 15 m & 2013–2022 \\ \hline  & Sentinel 1 SAR—GRD & & 5 \(\times\) 20 m & 2017–2022 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ Flooding Model} & JRC—Global Surface Water & EC JRC & 30 m & 1981–2021 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mapping Layers v1.3 & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{SRTM DEM—void filled} & ESA & 15 m & Static: 2015 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} KOLOPS Land Cover \\ Classification \\ \end{tabular} } & Copernicus & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & ESA—VITO & 10 m & Static: 2020 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: International Resource Panel (IRP) Dataset overview, sources, resolution, and temporal coverage. The output from the flood model displayed significant flooding and apparent changes in the landscape between the periods of study, for example in Morrimeu National Reserve (Figure 3). The overall flooding model can be seen in Figure 4 overleaf, at a high resolution of 10 m. Most of the flooding occurred throughout the Zambezia province, along the storm track, while in the Sofala province, the majority of flooding occurred in the north of the Sofala region near the Zambezi River. In Madagascar, most flooding occurred in the north-western region of Boeny, coinciding with the storm track on the 23 January. Most of the flooding in the Boeny region was predicted to have occurred around Bombetoka Bay and further inland along the Betsiboka River, which flows into the Mozambique Channel. The predicted output of the flooding model along with its respective land cover and population statistics can be seen in Table 2. Despite accounting for the highest hectares of flooding in Mozambique and Madagascar per region, the Zambezia province had a lower relative flooded area across all four regions of study (Table 2). In contrast, the Boeny region of Madagascar was predicted to have experienced the highest relative flooding across all regions impacted by the TC, with more than 14% relative area flooded compared to an average of 6.4% in the other regions. Figure 3: Before (**A**) vs. after (**B**) Sentinel-1 SAR mosaic of the Morrimeu National Reserve Area in Sofala, Mozambique. Areas on the eastern side of the Zambezi River can be seen to have been flooded, with stagnant water bodies caught between drier patches of land. When comparing both countries, it was found that the regions of Zambezia, Mozambique and Boeny, Madagascar accounted for most of the flooding area and its related damage. As can be seen in Table 2, in the Sofala province alone, 108,400 people are estimated to have been affected by flooding linked to the TC Ana between 23 and 25 January 2022. In Mozambique overall, this number is estimated at more than 195,977 affected people, while in Madagascar, it amounted to 79,003. As such, Mozambique's potentially exposed population was 2.5 times more exposed than Madagascar's population during TC Ana. As can be seen in Table 2, the majority of urban areas affected by flooding were predicted to occur in Mozambique.