# Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for Urban Disaster Risk Management and Resilience: A Review
## 4 Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for DRM in Urban Areas
### Social RS-Based Proxies
#### 4.3.1 Services and Infrastructures  
Social services and infrastructures are one of the most important tools to assess the social features and characteristics of a community in an urban area. Accordingly, several proxies relying on RS data can be used in the urban DRM context. Urban primary social facilities and services, such as administrative services, schools, healthcare facilities, and religious buildings, which are crucial sources for networking and building social ties and cohesion, provide a proxy information on social damage and recovery assessments [32; 34; 48]. In addition, local facilities in use, such as car parking, highways, city gardens, children playgrounds, and sport playgrounds have been used to assess the social condition of the people living in the shelters and temporary accommodation in recovery processes [34; 49; 131]. Meanwhile, the number of urban facilities, such as hospitals and schools, serve as a proxy to assess the social resilience of a community to disaster. An increase in the number of facilities indicates an increase in social resilience [131]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Pway**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ensence**} & **Used in** & **Used RS Data** & **Mono** & **Multi** & **Key References** \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Impacts of an event not** & & & & & \\ \cline{3-6} Indirect street network performance & only on the effected roads & Damage & VIR images & ✓ & ✓ & [47; 130] \\  & but also on the other streets & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Spatial connectivity} & Spatial connectivity & Spatial connectivity to & & & & & \\  & central business district & Recovery & VIR images & ✓ & ✓ & [127] \\ \cline{3-6}  & High level of transportation & & & & & \\ \cline{3-6} Transportation land and facilities & facilities reduces & Vulnerability & VIR images & ✓ & & [109] \\ \cline{3-6}  & economic vulnerability & & & & & \\ \cline{3-6} Accessible vulnerability/connectivity & Fragile accessibility & & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & increases the & & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & economic vulnerability & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Remote sensing-based economic proxies for urban DRM, _Logistics_ category. Mono and Multi refer to mono-temporal and multi-temporal RS data that used for extraction, respectively. To prevent a disease outbreak during the disaster recovery stage it is crucial to monitor and avoid overcrowding in campus/temporary settlement sites [132]. Here, the minimum covered living space can contribute to measuring overcrowding in the site using RS [34; 49]. During a recovery process, moving population that has been located in temporary accommodation back to their permanent houses is one of the positive processes, because it increases people's ability to return to normal lives and offers stability. Therefore, temporary accommodation size--as a proxy to estimate the total population living in temporary accommodation--can shed light on the quality of life [34; 49]. However, in cases where the temporary accommodation is not removed, the movement of population cannot be monitored using this proxy. Moreover, the destination of the population movement cannot be extracted using this proxy. For example, people may migrate to other cities rather than moving back to their former houses, which happened on a large scale in New Orleans after hurricane Katrina [133]. Pedestrian access/mobility serves as a proxy for evaluation of the recovery processes that is linked to urban transportation facilities [134]. It indicates inequalities in mobility and access of people to social facilities, which depends on the size of block parcels in the urban area, number of street network intersections and distance to those facilities [49]. Building height, similar to its use in the economy environment, indicates social recovery. For example, commercial and industrial developments indicate employment facilities and new job opportunities [49].