# A Prototype for Computing the Distance of Features of High-Pressure Die-Cast Aluminum Products
## 5 Conclusions  
The presented approach provides an insightful perspective on the noninvasive measurement of HPDC aluminum products. It is relevant as a low-cost solution for small and medium enterprises that cannot afford investment in CMM or 3D scanner devices. The designed prototype contributes to applied science and industrial practice in theimplementation of a workflow for spatial location, enabling the identification of the characteristics of interest of an aluminum workpiece. The design and implementation of the prototype involve the computation of the distance between an origin point and features of HPDC aluminum parts for the automotive industry, using YOLOv3 and YOLOv11 algorithms with different workpieces for training, validation, and testing. The prototype can locate such features using pictures taken with an RGB-D sensor.  
One of the benefits of the on-site prototype is the employment of the feature detection of the workpiece using a DL method and the computation of the distances based on a polynomial approach supported by an RGB-D sensor. It allows the identification of the same features in other pieces with different shapes and complexities. The prototype works as a complementary tool for quickly sampling workpieces in a production line and verifying that they meet the requirements and specifications for spatial distances among features. Thus, only when the piece exceeds the limit values is it sent for further and comprehensive measurement at the CMM laboratory, saving time and resources. The results were promising due to the accurate feature identification achieved through immediate computations, which foster prompt decision-making. This is critical for greater flexibility in manufacturing automotive parts in response to new demands, requirements, and needs, mainly in non-repetitive production, where subsequent pieces may differ slightly.  
Future work should include enhancements to the prototype, given that not all features are detected, such as the adjustment of the prototype design. For instance, changes in the size of the structure and plate would enable the measurement of pieces of a bigger size. Also, researchers should consider tuning environmental conditions (e.g., lighting quality) to work with the same settings for sampling images and commissioning. Regarding YOLO algorithms, replacing such models with newer architectures and increasing the training dataset's size to enhance feature detection should be considered. In addition, it is essential to provide the exact location of the bounding boxes by applying accurate manual identification methods. In the pixel-to-mm conversion stage, an improvement could be adding an automated metric extraction method of the features to measure the perimeter and locate its center accurately. Further tests are necessary using an RGB-D system with a micrometer scale to reach the measurement accuracy of a CMM.  
Conceptualization, L.A.A.A. and O.H.-U.; methodology, all authors; software, L.A.A.A.; validation, L.A.A.A., O.H.-U. and L.A.C.-R.; investigation, all authors; data curation, L.A.A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, L.A.A.A. and O.H.-U.; writing--review and editing, L.A.A.A., O.H.-U. and L.A.C.-R.; visualization, L.A.A.A., O.H.-U. and J.A.F.R.; supervision, O.H.-U. and L.A.C.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The aluminum casted parts used for the development of this prototype were provided by Bocar Group S.A. de C.V. Thanks to the Secretaria de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SECIHTI) for Ph.D. scholarship support under the number CVU 771170 and SECIHTI SNI.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company AUMA (BOCAR Group). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.