## 3 Results  
### Evaluation of Changes in Podoscopic Parameters  
Studies with the use of a podoscope showed significant differences between groups T and C in terms of the average width of the foot and the average value of the alpha angle, while significant differences were shown both between groups T and C and between groups T and NT in the range of the average value of the \(\beta\) angle (Table 2). The research showed significant differences in the percentages of feet with different longitudinal arches according to the Sztriter-Godunow index. Differences were found between groups T and C as well as C and NT (Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**T**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**C**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NT**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_p +_} \\ \cline{2-10}
**Parameter** & **Avg.** & **SD** & **Avg.** & **SD** & **Avg.** & **SD** & **T** & **T** & **C** \\  & & & & & & **vs.** & **vs.** & **vs.** \\  & & & & & & & **C** & **NT** & **NT** \\ \hline
**Foot length (cm)** & 24.2 & 1.1 & 24.1 & 1.0 & 24.1 & 1.1 & ns & ns & ns \\ \hline
**Foot width (cm)** & 9.7 & 0.5 & 9.5 & 0.5 & 9.6 & 0.4 & * & ns & ns \\ \hline
**Length of the medial longitudinal** & & & & & & & & \\ arch (cm) & 12.9 & 0.6 & 12.9 & 0.5 & 12.9 & 0.6 & ns & ns & ns \\ \hline Hallux valgus angle \(\alpha\) (°) & 18.4 & 10.9 & 14.4 & 8.8 & 17.6 & 10.8 & * & ns & ns \\ \hline
**Varus angle of the fifth toe \(\beta\) (°)** & 17.2 & 4.4 & 14.6 & 4.7 & 14.5 & 4.1 & ** & ns & ns \\ \hline
**Parameter** & **Foot** & **\%** & **\%** & **\%** & & & & \(p\) ++ & \\ \hline
**Sztriter-Godunow index (KY)** & **hollow** & 21 & 15 & 32 & & & & \\
**Sztriter-Godunow index (KY)** & **normal** & 50 & 60 & 45 & * & ns & ** \\
**lowered 1 st degree** & 20 & 8 & 11 & & & & \\  & **lowered 2 nd degree** & 9 & 18 & 11 & & & & \\ \hline
**Clarke Angle index (CL)** & **with a raised arch** & 39 & 30 & 27 & & & & \\
**Clarke Angle index (CL)** & **normal** & 39 & 49 & 52 & & ns & ns & ns \\
**with a lowered arch** & 17 & 19 & 20 & & & & \\
**flat** & 4 & 3 & 0 & & & & \\ \hline
**Wejsfog index (W)** & **properly arched** & 41 & 49 & 43 & & ns & ns & ns \\
**flat transversely** & 59 & 51 & 57 & & ns & ns & ns \\ \hline
**Ieel angle gamma (\(\gamma\))** & **sim** & 54 & 75 & 70 & & & & \\
**Real angle gamma (\(\gamma\))** & **normal** & 42 & 23 & 30 & * & ** & ** \\  & **flat transversely** & 4 & 3 & 0 & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Groups: T—volunteers undergoing poditary procedures; C—volunteers without calluses and corns; and NT—volunteers with calluses and corns who have not undergone podological procedures.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Anthropometric parameters determined on the scanned image of the feet and the characteristics of the longitudinal and transverse arch of the feet based on the indexes obtained in podoscopic examination in groups T—treatment (N = 76); C—control (N = 80); NT—no treatment (N = 44). Avg.—average; SD—standard deviation; \(p\)—level of significance; ns—not significant; \({}^{*}p<0.05\); \({}^{**}p<0.01\); \({}^{**}p<0.001\) (+ ANOVA, Dunnett, ++ Chi\({}^{2}\)). There were significant intergroup differences in the average gamma heel angle between each of the studied groups (Table 2). The treatments affected the foot geometry (Table 3). The analysis of the average foot length showed significant differences in the subgroup of transversely flat feet. The length of the foot slightly increased after each treatment and after the third treatment it was the longest. There were also significant differences in the average foot width in the whole T group and T\({}_{\rm F}\) subgroup after the procedures compared to the width before the removal of calluses and corns. The width slightly increased, and it was the largest after the 3 rd treatment. Podiatry treatments did not significantly affect the average length of the medial longitudinal arch arch; however, there was a tendency to increase the length of the medial longitudinal arch with each procedure in the subgroup of transverse flat feet (\(p_{\rm before\_after}=0.06\)).