## 6 Discussions and Conclusions  
The necessity for adequate space in construction practices to ensure safety and operational efficiency is often an underrepresented factor in the early stages of project management. It is essential to understand that space is not an infinite resource in construction projects. This limitation becomes more evident and problematic when two separate tasks require the same working space within an overlapping timeframe, giving rise to what is known as time-space conflicts. These conflicts become increasingly pronounced as more activities are introduced into the construction process, all competing for a finite amount of space within a given unit of time. In the realm of a construction site, available space is allocated for various elements. This includes building components that are currently under construction, temporary facilities necessary for the operations, the construction workforce, building materials, and a  
Figure 17: The total duration of the earthwork operation for each truck. (**a**) Simulation model results for each truck from starting points to loading areas. (**b**) Simulation model results for each truck from loading areas to dump sites. (**c**) Simulation model results for each truck from dump sites to starting areas. Figure 18: The total duration of the earthwork operation for each truck. range of construction equipment. The appropriate division and utilization of these spaces are integral for the progression of the project. Over the past few decades, the industry has turned to various simulations, scheduling techniques, and tools to enhance time-space coordination. These tools include the use of bar charts and Gantt charts, which provide visual representations of the project schedule, and network-based scheduling techniques like the Critical Path Method (CPM). These techniques have proven to be valuable in planning and managing the timing of various project activities. However, it is important to note that these methods, while effective, have typically been utilized with a primary focus on managing temporal interferences between activities. The spatial component has often been given less emphasis in the logistics planning of construction projects. Therefore, further research and innovation are required to integrate spatial considerations into these planning techniques to prevent potential time-space conflicts and enhance overall project efficiency. In this study, the developed simulation model successfully proposed an approach to resolve time-space conflicts, one of the most common issues in construction sites due to a large number of activities in a limited working space. Our method implements Informed-RRT* path planning, DES, and geometry to detect and resolve time-space conflicts in construction sites automatically. To evaluate the method's capabilities, we defined a case study of an earthwork operation, including the loading, hauling, dumping, and return phases. In our case study, we consider two hauling trucks (SmallTruck and LargeTruck), represented by cubes (red and blue cubes, respectively), serving two construction activities with different priorities. If the trucks' travel paths overlap at a given time, partially or entirely, the truck serving the higher-priority construction activity (SmallTruck) has the right of way to avoid conflicts. Therefore, if time-space conflicts occur during trucks' travel, the LargeTruck should stop to avoid conflict until the SmallTruck leaves the conflicting zone. The trucks are responsible for hauling to their specific loading area, waiting for a loader to load the truck, then hauling to their specific dump site, and waiting for a spotter to supervise dumping. Also, construction equipment and materials are randomly placed on the construction site as obstacles. Finally, our method finds:  
1. The shortest travel path and duration for trucks in each phase without colliding with obstacles. 2. Intersection points of the trucks' paths and the stop and start time for the LargeTruck to avoid time-space conflicts. 3.