## 4 VoLTE Scenario and Simulation Report  
This section presents an OMNeT++ simulation-based investigation of the VoLTE performance of our SDR eNB and user equipment (UE) located outside a forest. In this simulation report, we present two main findings. Firstly, we examine the diversions of the simulation results while keeping the number of UEs constant and the quantity of eNBs variable. Secondly, we demonstrate that an increase in eNB variability leads to an improvement in the QoS and QoE of the VoLTE network. Therefore, the simulation models presented in this report can provide valuable data and information to evaluate the potential scalability, identify any weaknesses, and assess the usefulness of the experimental platform.  
The simulation process was executed with utmost precision, using the devices' technical characteristics and specifications that we will use in the low-cost experimental platform. We meticulously considered every aspect, from the TX power to the software capabilities, to ensure that the VoLTE network performs at its real-life level. We selected a development  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **B200** & **B210** & **N321** \\ \hline DC Input & 6 V & 6 V & 12 V \\ Connection & USB 3.0 & USB 3.0 & Ethernet (gigabit) \\ MiMo & \(1\times 1\) & \(2\times 2\) & \(4\times 4\) \\ Bandwidth & 56 MHz & 56 MHz (\(1\times 1\)) & \\  & & 30.72 MHz (\(2\times 2\)) & 100 MHz per channel \\ RF Coverage & 70 MHz–6 GHz & 70 MHz–6 GHz & 10 MHz–6 GHz \\ TX Power (max) & +16 dBm & +16 dBm & +20 dBm \\ Full Duplex & Yes (half or full) & Yes (half or full) & Yes \\ Sample Rate & 61.44 MS/s & 61.44 MS/s & 122.88, 125, 153.6 MS/s \\ ADC & 12 bits & 12 bits & 16 bits \\ DAC & 12 bits & 12 bits & 14 bits \\ FPGA Version & Xilinx Spartan 6 & Xilinx Spartan 6 & Xilinx Zynq \\  & XC6 SLX75 & XC6 SLX150 & 7100-Dual-core ARM \\  & & & Cortex-A9 800 MHz \\ RFNoC & No & No & Yes \\ Extra Notes & GPS (Optional) & GPS (Optional) & GPS \\ Open-Source & FPGA/Driver & FPGA/Driver & FPGA/Driver \\  & EUR 1200.00 & EUR 1200.00 & EUR 10,000.00 \\ Cost & (approximately) & (approximately) & (approximately) \\ Dimensions & \(97\times 155\times 15\) mm & \(97\times 155\times 15\) mm & \(357.1\times 211.1\times 43.7\) mm \\ Weight & 350 g & 350 g & 3.13 kg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Acceptable SDR device characteristics.  
Figure 1: Available options to implement a private mobile base station.  
area that contains various natural obstacles, making radio frequency (RF) propagation challenging. However, this will allow us to evaluate the network's performance and provide us with valuable insights into the network's performance and expansion potential.  
Specifically, we conduct two types of simulations: one with a single eNB and another with two eNBs. For our simulations, we utilized the SimuLTE framework, a widely adopted simulation tool for the research of LTE networks [14; 15] built for OMNeT++, serving as a discrete event simulation framework used for modeling and simulating communication networks [16]. The scenario comprises 10 UEs meant to represent moving rescuers across a forest area spanning 2 square km, while the eNBs are located in the middle of the forest. Thus, the primary objective of our simulation is to represent the deployment of our low-cost SDR-based system along with a first-level evaluation of its performance in this challenging forest environment.