## 1 Introduction  
Monitoring local environments is a crucial undertaking that enables a better understanding of climate change's challenges and how to respond to them. Environmental changes usually refer to alterations in the natural surroundings of the Earth that can occur due to various factors such as human activities, climate change, natural disasters, and other natural processes. These changes can significantly impact the environment and affect many areas, including ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, and human health [1]. One of the main areas affected by environmental changes is ecosystems. Ecosystems are complex systems of living organisms, their physical environment, and their interactions [2]. Environmental changes can disrupt the delicate balance of these systems and cause significant harm to plant and animal species and entire ecosystems. For example, deforestation can lead to habitat loss and threaten the survival of many species of plants and animals. At the same time, ocean acidification can harm marine ecosystems and disrupt the food chain [3]. Environmental changes also affect biodiversity; biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth and the ecosystems they inhabit. Environmental changes such as habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution can lead to biodiversity loss, as species cannot adapt to the changing conditions [4]. This biodiversity loss can have far-reaching consequences, including the loss of ecosystem services such as pollination and water purification. Water resources are also affected by environmental changes. Changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and land use can affect the availability and quality of water resources. For example, climate change can lead to changes in rainfall patterns, which can affect water availability and lead to droughts and floods. Pollution from human activities can also contaminate water sources and affect the health of aquatic ecosystems. In addition, environmental changes can also have significant impacts on human health. Air pollution, for example, can cause respiratory problems, while exposure to chemicals and other pollutants can lead to long-term health problems such as cancer and reproductive issues [5]. Temperature and precipitation patterns can also affect the spread of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever [6; 7]. As a result, environmental changes can significantly impact many areas, including ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, and human health. Addressing these changes and working towards sustainable solutions is essential to ensure a healthy and livable planet. Unfortunately, existing weather monitoring solutions are constrained by the high costs associated with sensors, digital systems, communication devices, power sources, trained personnel for maintenance and operation, limited coverage, and insufficient data sharing with the public [8]. These limitations hinder small users such as farmers, transportation companies, and local government agencies from accessing reliable and affordable weather data. Weather monitoring technology continually evolves to overcome these limitations and provide better user solutions. The urgency for cost-effective weather monitoring is evident in today's climate landscape. Such monitoring is pivotal, especially when considering the challenges of rapid environmental changes and the need for timely responses. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been at the forefront of this, developing surface moorings equipped with cost-effective sensors to monitor air-sea interactions, carbon dioxide uptake, and upper ocean parameters, emphasizing the significance of real-time data sharing [9]. One significant trend in weather monitoring technology is wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a solution that is both affordable and efficient [10]. WSNs consist of small, low-power sensors distributed over a large area and communicate with a central base station to transmit data [11].