# Deciphering Autonomous Vehicle Regulations with Machine Learning
## 4 Results
### Legislative Status
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**State and Status** & **Special Conditions** \\ \hline Kansas (KS) & The AV must be capable of achieving a minimal risk condition if it malfunctions. If involved in an accident, the AV shall remain on the scene. The owner or a representative must \\ Human: Optional & promptly report any accident. \\ \hline Michigan (MI) & \\ S 706 (2022): Enacted & Must comply with user fee requirements on designated roadways or lanes. \\ Human: Optional & \\ \hline Minnesota (MN) & \\ SF 0214 (2022): Failed & Prohibits AV operation on Minnesota roads and highways. Requires a human operator to \\ Human: Required & perform all dynamic driving tasks. \\ \hline Missouri (MO) & \\ S 452 (2021): Failed & Prohibits AVs from operating without a human driver and imposes a fine of up to USD 1000 \\ Human: Required & if violated. AVs are subject to the same laws as conventional vehicles. \\ \hline Nebraska (NE) & The AV must be capable of achieving a minimal risk condition if it malfunctions. If involved in an accident, the AV shall remain on the scene. The owner or a designated person shall \\ LB 989 (2018): Enacted & report any crash or collision. The AV must safely negotiate railroad crossings unless granted \\ Human: Optional & an exemption. \\ \hline North Dakota (ND) & No specific laws about operating on public roads. However, HB 1519 allocated funding for \\ No bills & grants and studies on multiple autonomous technologies, including uncrewed \\ Human: Unclear & aircraft systems. \\ \hline Ohio (OH) & A licensed commercial driver must be physically present in the vehicle, monitoring its \\ HB699 (2018): Failed & operation and ready to take control in emergencies. Operator must maintain proof of \\ Human: Required & monetary responsibility throughout the registration period. \\ \hline South Dakota (SD) & \\ H 1120 (2023): Failed & Have a designated supervisor. Have a fallback plan for human takeover in case of system \\ Human: Optional & failure. Operate within a limited design domain. \\ \hline Wisconsin (WI) & \\ No bills & No specific laws. However, the state has an AV proving ground [31]. \\ Human: Required & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._The general conditions for allowing AV operation with or without a backup driver were the following:  
* Vehicles must have obtained a title and have a valid manufacturer's certificate. * Vehicles must have registration and insurance. * Vehicles must comply with all applicable state and federal regulations or have an exemption. * Occupants must comply with safety belt and child passenger restraining system requirements. * Operators must possess the proper class of driver's license for the type of vehicle they operate unless specifically exempted by the law. In general, the laws stipulated that no other local governing body, including cities, may prohibit AV operation, or impose taxes, fees, or other requirements upon them. The second column of the tables describes any special conditions of the legislation beyond the general requirements described above. Some special conditions require the vehicle to operate within a limited design domain or designated geofenced areas, avoid operation when weather or road conditions pose unreasonable risks, and comply with user fees on designated roadways or lanes. Some special conditions require the vehicle to clearly indicate when it is operating autonomously, and that it must be capable of achieving a \"minimal risk condition\" if the system fails. Such a condition reduces the risk of an accident by having the system move the vehicle to the nearest shoulder of the road if capable, stopping the vehicle, and activating its emergency signal lamps. For liability purposes, several state laws define the automated driving system (ADS) to be the vehicle operator. A common requirement is for owners to maintain minimum insurance levels covering death, bodily injury, and property damage.