## 3 Results  
### The SETS Resilience of the BTHUA  
The SocR values showed an uneven upward trend from 2010 to 2022, accompanied by the enhancement of economic strength, social security, and social stability. Its average values reached 0.281, 0.325, 0.400, and 0.465 in 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022, respectively, (Figure 3a). SocR experienced its fastest growth from 2014 to 2018 at an annual rate of 5.28%, followed by slower growth rates of 3.87% from 2018 to 2022 and 3.68% from 2010 to 2014. The maximum value ascended from 0.537 in 2010 to 0.789 in 2022, while the minimum value climbed from 0.179 in 2010 to 0.343 in 2022. The disparity between the maximum and minimum values of regional social indicators expanded from 0.358 in 2010 to 0.430 in 2018, before undergoing a slight contraction after 2019. Cities in the region showed pronounced disparities in their SocR values and growth rates, highlighting the ongoing challenge of uneven social development. Beijing and Tianjin sustained high-level SocR values since 2010, retaining their status as the top two cities in terms of SocR among the 13 cities from 2010 to 2022, with average annual growth rates of 3.25% and 4.23%, respectively. Cities that had lower initial SocR values in 2010 generally witnessed higher growth rates. Notably, Chengde, Zhangjiakou, and Cangzhou achieved the highest average annual growth rates, at 6.52%, 5.57%, and 5.41%, respectively, demonstrating their potential in ScoR growth. Figure 3: The level of **(a)** SocR, **(b)** EcoR, and **(c)** TecR in the BTHUA from 2010 to 2022. The EcoR values for 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 were 0.377, 0.376, 0.411, and 0.439, respectively, with an average annual growth rate of 1.27% (Figure 3b). Between 2010 and 2014, the region experienced a modest overall decline. Among the thirteen cities, seven saw a decrease in their EcoR during this period, with the most significant average annual decline of 1.64% occurring in Hengshui. From 2014 to 2018, the EcoR of most cities experienced the most substantial improvement. Specifically, the EcoR of Langfang, Beijing, Cangzhou, and Tianjin achieved average annual growth rates of 5.48%, 5.14%, 4.03%, and 3.04%, respectively. Subsequently, from 2018 to 2022, a moderate growth trend persisted. Regarding spatial distribution, Chengde and Zhangjiakou, situated in the northern mountainous regions, possess relatively large areas of natural ecological land and abundant natural resources, consistently maintaining relatively high levels of EcoR. This underscored their crucial roles in bolstering regional EcoR. Nevertheless, cities in the plain areas, characterized by scarce land and water resources and relatively fragmented landscape patterns, exhibited higher average annual growth rates of EcoR as resource conservation and ecological restoration efforts advanced. The TecR values in the BTHUA increased progressively from 0.336 in 2010 to 0.363 in 2014, 0.408 in 2018, and 0.444 in 2022 (Figure 3c). The average annual growth rate of TecR demonstrated a similar trend to that of SocR, with the average annual growth rates being 2.95% from 2014 to 2018, 2.13% from 2018 to 2022, and 1.99% from 2010 to 2014. In terms of spatial distribution, as the core of scientific and technological innovation in the BTHUA and even across the country, Beijing always maintained the highest level of TecR, with the value increasing from 0.537 in 2010 to 0.629 in 2022. Tianjin maintained the second-highest level most of the time. Among the 11 cities in Hebei Province, cities with a relatively high TecR include Langfang, Cangzhou, and Baoding. Their geographical proximity to Beijing and Tianjin, coupled with relatively well-developed infrastructure and advanced technological systems, enabled them to sustain higher TecR levels within Hebei Province. The top three cities in terms of the average annual growth rate of TecR were Xingtai (4.88%), Baoding (3.94%), and Shijiazhuang (3.61%), all of which were in Hebei Province.