# A Voltage Multiplier Circuit Based Quadratic Boost Converter for Energy Storage Application
## 1 Introduction  
High gain dc to dc converters have increasingly become popular due to their suitability in solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems, electric vehicles, and HVDC transmission systems. The output voltage from solar PV modules, fuel cells, and batteries is generally low and needs to be boosted up to maintain the dc-link voltage at the inverter's input. Conventional boost converters suffer from high voltage stress across the switch, low gain, and poor efficiency at higher duty ratios [1]. The high gain dc-dc boost converter uses a combination of inductors, capacitors, diodes, and switches to transfer the power between capacitors and inductors to increase the output voltage. These converters use various combinations, such as voltage multiplier cells (VMCs), coupled inductors, switched capacitors, and switched inductors to increase the output voltage. Each of these techniques has its own merits and demerits [1]. Many topologies utilizing different strategies to increase the output voltage are reported in the literature. Moreover, the challenge is to keep the number of components in the converter low to decrease the cost and increase the converter's efficiency. The dc-dc converter's isolated topologies are used in lowand medium power applications where isolation is not necessary and very high efficiency [2] is not required. VMC is also a very popular way to increase the voltage of the circuit substantially. To get very high output voltage isolated topologies with transformer and coupled inductor are used to increase the converter's voltage gain. These problems are addressed in the new high gain boost topologies. A dc-dc switched-capacitor based VMC is employed in [3] to increase the gain of the boost converter. Although it utilizes many capacitors and diodes, the technique is very simple and effective in increasing the converter's output voltage gain. A new buck-boost converter derived from conventional boost and buck-boost converter is proposed in [4], but the stress across one switch is high, and the voltage gain in boost range is limited. In [5], a modified boost converter is proposed for electric vehicle applications, but the converter utilizes three inductors; its gain is still less than the converter proposed in this paper. A boost converter with continuous input current and low voltage stress across switching devices is presented in [6]. The converter is suitable for solar PV applications. Switched inductors and switched capacitors-based topologies are proposed in [7; 8]. The switched capacitor-based topologies have higher gain than the switched inductor-based topologies. A hybrid converter using switched inductors and capacitors is proposed in [9]. The combination has substantially increased the gain of the converter of the proposed hybrid converter. Other structures of the dc-dc converter with switched-capacitor are presented in [10; 11]. However, high inrush current through capacitors while charging is the main disadvantage of the switched capacitor topologies. Different dc-dc converters can be connected in differential connection [12] mode to obtain very high gain with reduced voltage stress. To get high voltage gain at low duty ratios, a coupled inductor is used in dc-dc converters. By changing the turn ratio \"n\" of the coupled inductor, the converter's gain can be increased to very high values. These circuits have high efficiency and low values of stress across switching elements, but the energy stored in leakage inductance may cause severe voltage spikes across the switch, for which a proper resonant or clamp circuit needs to be designed. The coupled inductor can also be incorporated with VMC to increase the converter's gain further, but in this case, the number of components may increase, making the circuit bulky and costly [13; 14; 15]. Another high gain converter suitable for electric vehicle applications is proposed in [16].