## 2 Materials and Methods
### Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the RAC-Q  
Before the RAC-Q underwent translation and cultural adaptation, permission to use the questionnaire was obtained from the corresponding author. The translation process followed the 10 steps proposed by established guidelines [13]. The steps were as follows below. (1) _Preparation_  
This initial phase involved the members of the research team members brainstorming about the translation and validation process, including three public health physicians and the main researcher. The translators, field experts, sampling population, and mode of data collection were meticulously discussed, considering the standard operating procedures and restrictions during the MCO due to COVID-19. _Forward Translation_  
This step focused on translating the English version of the RAC-Q into the Malay language. Two independent translators were recruited to perform the task. The first translator is a professional translator with credible experience in translating medical-based materials and appointed by the Linguistic Department of Universiti Sains, Malaysia. The second translator is a medical doctor with a public health qualification and has vast experience in quality assurance programs in healthcare. Both translators are native Malay speakers and can converse in English fluently. Each translator carried out the translation independently, and they were asked to notify the team if they encountered any difficulties in translating any word or sentence from the original questionnaire. _Reconciliation_  
This step aimed to produce a single forward translation by comparing and merging both forward translations of the translators. A committee consisting of experienced personnel working in hospital management, quality of care, nursing and clinical care, and language teaching was formed in order to review both forward translations. Both versions of the forward translations were compared with the original RAC-Q. The reconciliation process was completed by comparing each sentence in both translations. Words or phrases not relevant within the Malaysian context were replaced with alternative words or phrases. The content validity of the questionnaire was also determined at this stage. At the end of the meeting, one standard forward translation of the RAC-Q was produced and agreed upon by the review committee for its use in the next stage. _Back Translation_  
Next, two independent translators translated the reconciled Malay version of the RAC-Q into English. This step aimed to compare the back-translated questionnaire with the original questionnaire and determine whether there were changes to the words or meanings. The first translator is a professional translator appointed by the Linguistic Department of Universiti Sains, Malaysia (different from the forward translator). The second translator was a postgraduate student enrolled in a public health course at Universiti Sains, Malaysia. Both are fluent in both languages and were blinded to the original questionnaire. _Back Translation Review_  
At this stage, the same committee reviewed the back-translated questionnaire and compared it with the original English version. They examined the equivalence in terms of the concepts, items, and semantics of both versions. The conceptual equivalence assessment aimed to ascertain whether the theme of compassionate care in healthcare was present in both settings, whereas the item equivalence was examined to determine whether or not specific items were relevant and acceptable to both populations [15]. Semantic equivalence, on the other hand, was assessed to ensure that the original and translated questionnaires had similar meanings. Generally, the review committee was satisfied with the forward translation of the RAC-Q. Thus, the standard forward translation was agreed upon as the preliminary RAC-Q Malay version (RAC-QM) to be used in the next stage. _Harmonization_  
An additional quality check was carried out to ensure that the back-translated RAC-QM was in harmony with the original English version.