## 5 Results and Discussion
### Descriptive Statistics  
Table 4 shows the demographic profiles of the respondents. Data from the preliminary survey revealed that 146 of the respondents were male, while the remaining 48 respondents were female. In terms of age, most of the respondents were 18 years old, followed by 17 years old, representing 65 people and 39 people, respectively. In addition, the results also showed that 25.3% of the participants were above 25 years old. Following a similar trend, the survey findings showed that most participants' riding experience was between 2 and 3 years. In line with data from the Ministry of Transport Malaysia (2019), motorcycles with an engine displacement of less than 100 cc and a range of 100-250 cc were found to be the most commonly utilized motorcycle types reported by 63 and 120 respondents, respectively. The most common risky behaviors were (X3) exceeding the speed limit and (X1) frequently switching lanes to overtake vehicles, represented by 18.6% of respondents and 15.5% of respondents, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 3.  
The preliminary survey revealed that 64.4% of the respondents did not routinely perform round trips, while 25.8% of them regularly performed one single circular trip. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Trip Information**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Preliminary Survey**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Principal Survey**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Frequency**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Percentage**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Frequency**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Percentage**} \\  & & & **(\%)** & & **(\%)** \\ \hline Gender & Male & 146 & 75.3 & 145 & 71.1 \\  & Female & 48 & 24.7 & 59 & 28.9 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Age group} & 16–20 & 132 & 68.0 & 18 & 8.8 \\  & 21–25 & 13 & 6.7 & 155 & 76.0 \\  & 26–30 & 9 & 4.6 & 24 & 11.8 \\  & 31–35 & 15 & 7.7 & 5 & 2.5 \\  & 36–40 & 11 & 5.7 & 0 & 0.0 \\  & 41–45 & 4 & 2.1 & 1 & 0.5 \\  & 46–50 & 1 & 0.5 & 0 & 0.0 \\  & 51 and older & 9 & 4.6 & 1 & 0.5 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Riding experience (years)} & \textless{1} & 9 & 4.6 & 2 & 1.0 \\  & 1–5 & 131 & 67.5 & 100 & 49.0 \\  & 6–10 & 17 & 8.9.8 & 90 & 44.1 \\  & \textgreater{}10 & 37 & 19.1 & 12 & 5.9 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Motorcycle type (cc)} & \textless{100} & 63 & 32.5 & 53 & 26.0 \\  & 100–250 & 120 & 61.9 & 138 & 67.6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 250–500 & 6 & 3.1 & 12 & 5.9 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 500–750 & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 750–1000 & 3 & 1.5 & 1 & 0.5 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \textgreater{}1000 & 2 & 1.0 & 0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Demographic profiles of respondents. Figure 3: The most common risky behavior according to the self-report surveys. The preliminary survey also showed that the main purpose of 122 participants was to travel to class, while leisure traveling was reported by 68 participants. Most of the respondents performed short-distance trips in terms of trip distance, as reported by 83.5% of the respondents, whereas 14.4% of them performed medium-distance trips. The principal survey revealed that all participants were aged between 17 and 63 years old, with 145 male participants and 59 female participants. The results also showed that 15.2% of the respondents were above 25 years old, while the age group of 21-25 years old represented the majority of the respondents. The collected data indicated that this age group comprised 49 female respondents and 106 male respondents with an average age of 23.54 years old. Furthermore, most of the respondents were riders with 5 or 6 years of riding experience, with an average riding experience of 6.2 years. Additionally, the majority of the motorcyclists in the principal survey, as reported by 138 respondents, rode motorbikes with engines ranging from 100 to 250 cc, while 53 and 12 respondents rode motorcycles with engine displacements of less than 100 cc and ranging from 250 cc to 500 cc, respectively. Only 1 respondent rode a motorbike with a displacement of 750 cc to 1000 cc.