## 1 Introduction  
The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) is a global greenhouse gas inventory developed by the Joint Research Centre at the European Commission [1]. Recent results show that global fossil CO\({}_{2}\) emissions increased by 1.9% in 2018 and 0.9% in 2019. The transportation sector is responsible for 21% of these emissions, with a slightly increasing trend. Several of the main CO\({}_{2}\) emitting countries reduced their emissions in 2019 compared to 2018, including the European Union (by 3.8%), United States (by 2.6%), Japan (by 2.1%), and Russia (by 0.8%). Conversely, China (3.4%) and India (1.6%) increased their emissions in 2019, representing 30.3%, and 6.8% of the global total, respectively. The effect of global warming is particularly evident when you walk through the alps; the retreat of the glaciers is impressive. A recent study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [2] shows that for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario RCP 4.5, in which greenhouse gas emissions decline after 2050 and concentrations stabilize towards the end of the 21 st century, the Argentiere glacier might disappear towards the end of the 21 st century and the Mer de Glace surface area could decrease by 80%. The glaciers of the Alps will then almost all disappear within 80 years. However, the transportation sector is not only responsible for a large part of global warming effects; it also impacts air pollution, which affects health. In 2018, the European Environment Agency estimated that nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)) was linked to 54,000 premature deaths across the 27 EU member states and the United Kingdom. Particulate matter and black carbon also affect human health, from impairing the respiratory system to causing premature death [3, 4]. In the case of France, the road transportation sector is responsible for 57% of total NOx emission [5]. Globally, fleet renewal leads to a decrease in emissionsdespite traffic growth. Emissions of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, and black carbon (BC) from the road transportation sector include particulate from vehicle exhausts. It also encompasses PM from wear and tear on roads and certain vehicle components such as tires and brakes. The road sector is responsible for 15 to 20% of total PM emissions depending on their size, and 50% of black carbon is emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels in the vehicles. \"Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?\" asked Pr [PERSON] [6]. Obviously, the balance is very unfavorable to fossil fuels. [PERSON] et al. [7] made a life cycle assessment (LCA) of electric vehicles (EVs) versus conventional vehicles (CVs) using the ReCiPe characterization method. This method captures 18 impact categories and a single score endpoint. The results show that EVs are very advantageous with respect to climate change impacts. This is especially true when using all options, such as green electricity charging, battery production under green electricity supply, and battery second use. However, the study also reveals disadvantages of electric cars in several impact categories (e.g., human and freshwater toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, mineral resource depletion, and agricultural and urban land occupation). Nevertheless, we have to be aware that at the time of writing, the share of renewables in global electricity generation jumped to nearly 28% in Q1 2020 from 26% in Q1 2019. The increase in renewables came mainly at the cost of coal and gas, though those two sources still represent close to 60% of the global electricity supply [8]. Although this share will have to increase in the future to limit global warming [9], a majority of our electricity still comes from fossil fuels. Even if conventional vehicle will be replaced by all electric vehicle in the future, we must keep working on the combustion engine. There is still room for improvement. [PERSON] et al. [10] reviewed new developments that can improve engine efficiency.