## 3 Results and Discussion
### TGA Analysis of Biomass Fuels  
According to [PERSON] et al. [58], TGA is a useful tool to examine the mass-loss characteristics and kinetics parameters of the thermal breakdown process. The results of the TGA and DTG analysis during the combustion process of the biomass fuels are shown in Figure 2. The combustion process occurred in three stages: 68-281 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 307-381 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 408-454 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The first two stages were characterized by rapid devolatilization. A considerable amount of the sample's weight was lost (25.43-45.15 wt.% db), with two distinct mass-loss peaks indicated in the DTG curves. Conversely, the third stage depicted a slow degradation process. In the first phase of the first stage (25-105 \({}^{\circ}\)C), there was a small percentage of mass loss (3.13-5.75 wt.% db), which corresponds to water evaporation in the samples [58]. The second phase of the first stage, where the maximum decomposition rate occurred, is mainly attributed to the decomposition of hemicellulose. Since hemicellulose is a mixture of several polymerized monosaccharides (xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, and arabinose, among others) with a lower degree of polymerization, its thermal stability is lower than that of cellulose [58; 59; 60], and this occurred at a temperature between 268.1 to 281.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. [58] reported that the predominant temperature for hemicellulose breakdown appears between 139-323 \({}^{\circ}\)C for palm kernel shell, whereas [PERSON] et al. [61] reported the decomposition temperature for hemicellulose in the range of 220-315 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**CasP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**YamP**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CocH**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CorC**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CorH**} \\ \cline{2-11}
**Parameter** & **Unit** & **U** & **L** & **U** & **L** & **U** & **L** & **U** & **L** & **U** & **L** \\ \hline VM & wt.\% db & 77.1 & 79.7 & 79 & 82.4 & 68.6 & 79.2 & 79.9 & 86.6 & 82 & 87.4 \\ AC & wt.\% db & 5.5 & 3.59 & 4.57 & 2.38 & 5.04 & 0.93 & 2.32 & 0.74 & 1.85 & 1.04 \\ MC & wt.\% wb & 9.96 & 4.23 & 13.6 & 2.71 & 10.7 & 1.73 & 5.34 & 3.53 & 9.9 & 5.18 \\ LHV & MJ/kg db & 16.52 & 17.3 & 16.36 & 16.64 & 18.12 & 18.8 & 17.49 & 17.68 & 17.14 & 17.41 \\ C & wt.\% db & 45 & 47.3 & 44.4 & 45.3 & 49.3 & 50.1 & 47.7 & 47.6 & 47.4 & 46.6 \\ H & wt.\% db & 5.76 & 5.93 & 5.82 & 6.23 & 5.24 & 5.92 & 5.91 & 5.86 & 5.87 & 5.81 \\ N & wt.\% db & 1.09 & 1.04 & 1.01 & 1.02 & 0.54 & 0.4 & 0.66 & 0.58 & 0.26 & 0.23 \\ O & wt.\% db & 49.12 & 46.77 & 49.69 & 48.37 & 45.36 & 43.98 & 46.39 & 46.54 & 46.73 & 47.59 \\ S & wt.\% db & 0.12 & n.d & 0.09 & 0.1 & 0.1 & n.d & n.d & n.d & n.d \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{ Fuel ash analysis} \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & wt.\% db & 5.67 & 8.46 & 1.76 & 2.87 & 0.84 & 1.57 & 0.51 & 0.79 & 1.00 & 0.68 \\ CaO & wt.\% db & 14.80 & 30.31 & 3.91 & 8.07 & 4.96 & 16.76 & 2.23 & 9.82 & 6.65 & 10.69 \\ Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & wt.\% db & 2.23 & 3.03 & 0.65 & 2.11 & 0.92 & 2.07 & 0.87 & 2.98 & 0.02 & 0.84 \\ K\({}_{2}\)O & wt.\% db & 40.84 & 1.83 & 46.66 & 17.67 & 61.98 & 4.24 & 62.44 & 8.21 & 33.60 & 1.61 \\ MgO & wt.\% db & 3.96 & 2.62 & 2.22 & 1.97 & 4.67 & 3.07 & 2.97 & 2.49 & 0.00 & 2.67 \\ MnO & wt.\% db & 0.14 & 0.08 & 0.08 & 0.12 & 0.06 & 0.04 & 0.10 & 0.05 & 8.50 & 0.05 \\ Na\({}_{2}\)O & wt.\% db & 0.36 & 1.10 & 0.43 & 1.04 & 4.45 & 2.96 & 0.09 & 2.23 & 0.18 & 1.72 \\ P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) & wt.\% db & 4.35 & 2.94 & 11.15 & 8.88 & 4.48 & 5.81 & 3.98 & 4.64 & 0.02 & 1.16 \\ SiO\({}_{2}\) & wt.\% db & 20.01 & 38.62 & 26.70 & 45.22 & 11.53 & 44.57 & 20.82 & 49.53 & 44.13 & 70.74 \\ SO\({}_{3}\) & wt.\% db & 6.82 & 9.68 & 5.98 & 11.23 & 5.86 & 18.17 & 5.67 & 18.52 & 5.27 & 9.37 \\ Others \({}^{*}\) & wt.\% db & 0.82 & 1.33 & 0.45 & 0.82 & 0.25 & 0.74 & 0.31 & 0.75 & 0.61 & 0.47 \\ \hline \end{tabular} “Others \({}^{**}\)” include trace minerals such as BaO, Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), CuO, Li\({}_{2}\)O, NiO, SrO, TiO\({}_{2}\), ZnO.  
\end{table}