## 3 Results and Discussion
### Yield Stress  
This section presents yield stress results (Equation (1)) summarized in Figure 4, correlating with slump flow data. In Figure 4a, the yield stress decreased from 2.14 Pa to 0.28 Pa with increasing CS dosage from 0 wt.% to 2 wt.%, while the slump flow diameter gradually increased within the same samples. This indicates improved flow and greater horizontal coverage. Optimal slump flow diameters within the 650-800 mm range were 668.5 mm at 0.30 Pa and 681.5 mm at 0.28 Pa yield stress in OPC-CS with 1.5 and 2 wt.% of CS. Similar results were observed in LC\({}^{3}\)-50-CS, with yield stress of 0.36 Pa and 0.31 Pa and slump flow diameters of 647.5 mm and 666.0 mm, respectively. In LC\({}^{3}\) blends with 0 wt.% CS, the yield stress was 3.75 Pa at a slump flow diameter of 404.5 mm. Generally lower slump flow diameters in LC\({}^{3}\) blends compared to OPC are attributed to the higher water demand in LC\({}^{3}\)-50 cement, as indicated by consistency results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Mix Type** & \begin{tabular}{l} **\% AVM** \\ **Dosage** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} **Slump** \\ **Flow (mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{l} **V-Funnel** \\ **(s)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} **L-Box** \\ **(h\({}_{2}\)/h\({}_{1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & **Observations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{OPC-AVM} & 0 & 389.0 & No flow & 0 & No flow \\  & 2.5 & 505.0 & High viscosity & 0 & No flow \\  & 5 & 534.0 & 14 & 0 & Highly viscous \\  & 7.5 & 633.5 & 9 & 0.81 & Flowing \\  & 10 & 697.0 & 5 & 0.83 & Flowing \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LC\({}^{3}\)-50-AVM} & 0 & 404.5 & No flow & 0 & No flow \\  & 2.5 & 555.0 & High viscosity & 0 & No flow \\ \cline{1-1}  & 5 & 596.5 & 14 & 0 & Highly viscous \\ \cline{1-1}  & 7.5 & 651.0 & 8 & 0.82 & Flowing \\ \cline{1-1}  & 10 & 682.5 & 5 & 0.94 & Flowing \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Impact of AVM on slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box test results.  
In the case of the mixtures containing the AVM superplasticizer, the yield stress curves, along with related slump flow results, are depicted in Figure 4b. At 0 wt.% of AVM, OPC and LC\({}^{3}\)-50 systems indicate slump flow and yield stress of 389 mm at 4.56 Pa and 404.5 mm at 3.75 Pa, respectively. Similar to the mixtures containing CS, as the AVM content increased within the mixtures, it was possible to reduce the yield stress to 0.40 Pa and 0.25 Pa in the OPC samples with 7.5 wt.% and 10 wt.% of AVM, with the related slump flow results of 633.5 mm and 697.0 mm, respectively. For the LC\({}^{3}\)-50 samples with the same AVM content, the yield stress decreased to 0.35 Pa and 0.27 Pa at the related slump flow diameters of 651.0 mm and 682.5 mm.  
Comparing our results to the existing literature, [PERSON] et al. [51] characterized polyacrylamide superplasticizers (PCEs), including the used CS, as materials with high fluidity on low water-to-cement (\(w/c\)) ratio. Excess water hinders adsorption on cement particles, leading to flocculation and bleeding. PCEs, like CS, significantly reduce yield stress [52; 53]. In comparing the behavior of PCEs to AVM, both systems show a decrease in yield stress with an increase in slump flow, attributed to the adsorption effect of -COOH and -OH from phenolic groups in the AVM extract.