## 1 Introduction  
Currently, the issue of preventing the flotation of large raft-like structures is typically addressed through the use of anti-floating piles [1]. However, traditional reinforced concrete anti-floating piles possess two drawbacks. Firstly, while the concrete protective layer provides some level of protection to the reinforcement, it is susceptible to cracking under the tensile stress that the anti-pulling pile endures. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in areas with high groundwater levels, especially in environments characterized by alternating wet and dry conditions. The cracking of the concrete in the pile can lead to the corrosion of the reinforcement, especially in coastal regions where the groundwater is frequently laden with chloride and sulfate ions. The highly corrosive nature of these ions can cause the internal reinforcement of the anti-pulling pile to rust, thereby undermining its load-bearing capacity and overall performance in service [2]. Secondly, to mitigate the aforementioned problem, it is common practice to increase the amount of reinforcement. However, an excessively high reinforcement ratio can hinder the load-bearing capacity and extensibility of the primary reinforcement, resulting in the unnecessary wastage of steel and escalated costs [3, 4]. Consequently, ongoing research endeavors are primarily focused on reducing reinforcement wastage in corrosive environments, while concurrently enhancing the longevity and safety of anti-floating piles. Numerous studies have been conducted by researchers to enhance the uplift bearing capacity of pile foundations. These studies encompass the exploration of novel technologies [5] and innovative types of piles [6]. Additionally, researchers have extensively investigated various aspects of new uplift piles, such as their bearing characteristics [7, 8], lateral stresses between piles and soil, load transfer mechanisms, and other factors pertaining to conventional uplift piles. Scholars frequently employ field tests [9; 10], model tests [11], finite element simulations [12; 13; 14], and numerical solutions to address scientific challenges. For example, [PERSON] et al. [15] utilized a comprehensive methodology, combining field experiments and finite element simulations, to elucidate the load-bearing behavior of bored piles. Their investigation encompassed the analysis of axial forces, load-displacement curves, and load distribution across different components, aiming to discern the load transfer mechanism specific to this pile type. [PERSON] [16] performed three series of pile uplift tests, comprising driven piles, vibrated piles, and bored piles. The test results led them to propose the utilization of a coefficient to evaluate the influence of pile installation methods on the pile's bearing capacity. [PERSON] et al. [17] compared the load-carrying capacity of bottom-uplift piles and anchor piles in their study, based on load tests on foundation piles. They found that bottom-uplift piles had double the peak load-carrying capacity of conventional uplift piles. Additionally, the pile diameter had a greater impact on the load-carrying capacity than the pile length or elastic modulus. [PERSON] et al. [18] investigated a method to improve the uplift resistance of deep-foundation piles by reinforcing the soil mass surrounding the expansion head. They developed a theoretical framework that established a nonlinear quadratic relationship between the uplift force and displacement of deep foundation piles, and derived an associated formula for calculating the bearing capacity. In a separate study, [PERSON] et al. [19] examined the reduction in load on piles during uplift through the development of a numerical simulation program. The results demonstrated that the resistance on the pile side increases proportionally with the relative displacement between the pile and the soil. The methods used in the above study are of guiding significance for the development and performance analysis of composite-anchor piles. [PERSON] et al.