## 5 Discussion  
Water resource management in cities, in the context of climate change, faces numerous challenges. Infrastructure and hydraulic structures that have been in use for a long time are deteriorating [73; 74]. Meanwhile, increasing anthropogenic pressure, which leads to surface sealing and the removal of trees, meadows, and wetlands, is significantly altering the hydrological cycle in urban areas [75; 76]. Until recently, the primary objective of urban water management was the rapid drainage of stormwater from developed areas [77]. However, in light of increasing droughts and the growing deficit of high-quality water [78; 79], the management of stormwater and the implementation of blue-green infrastructure, which mitigates risks and supports climate change adaptation, have become essential [80; 81]. Several factors influence resilience to flood and, consequently, urban water retention, including the volume of atmospheric precipitation, temperature, and exposure to solar radiation, terrain topography, degree of urbanisation such as soil sealing, vegetation cover, hydro  
Figure 14: The ranking of Wyszków City districts according to hydrological hazards, as determined by the MCA analysis. graphic network, including distance to rivers and density of watercourses, and soil type, particularly permeability. Each factor has been thoroughly addressed within the framework of this study. The projection of future precipitation has been adapted from the Klimada 2.0 project, which aimed to assess changes in temperature and precipitation up to 2100, with particular emphasis on 2050, using global and regional climate trends based on emission pathways and model projections (e.g., IPCC and CMIP6) [82]. Undoubtedly, the likelihood of heavy rainfall is increasing as a result of climate change. Precipitation intensity is projected to rise in accordance with increasing atmospheric moisture content, which is expected to increase by approximately 7% per degree of temperature rise, as described by the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relation [83]. It has also been demonstrated that extreme daily rainfall intensity and/or frequency has increased across most continents [84], and recent evidence suggests a link between heatwave cycles and short-duration extreme rainfall events driven by convection [85]. Moreover, the combination of these extreme phenomena, particularly the occurrence of heatwaves followed by short-duration extreme rainfall, is more likely to result in highly destructive and deadly events, such as flash floods [86]. Therefore, the assessment of how cities should adapt to climate change should address both the increased volume of runoff and the locations where excess water accumulates, as well as the potential sites for small retention measures or blue-green infrastructure installations, which help mitigate both urban heat island effects and runoff. Numerous researchers have examined the impact of increased imperviousness in urbanised areas on the likelihood of flash flooding, finding that peak runoff flow may increase by up to 300% as a result of changes in land use and soil sealing [87; 88; 89]. Consequently, urbanisation and urban sprawl-with the associated increase in flood risk--also arise from hydrological alterations induced by impervious surfaces [90; 91]. In the present study, both cities exhibit average imperviousness levels ranging from 40% to nearly 50%. However, city centres and service and logistics districts are almost entirely impervious/sealed, thereby substantially reducing the potential for natural water retention and altering runoff characteristics. This hazardous phenomenon--the expansion of impervious, urbanised areas into zones adjacent to riverbanks that are susceptible to flooding during overflow events--significantly escalates the overall flood risk.