esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
In addition to achieving rapid and chemical-free lysis, the ICP-based design also helps to mitigate the common issues associated with electrical lysis devices, particularly electrode fouling and degradation. Firstly, the electric field is highly localized near the Nafion membrane due to ion depletion, allowing effective lysis at operating voltages as low as 75 V. This reduced voltage minimizes the risks of electrode corrosion and bubble formation, which are typically associated with high-voltage DC lysis systems. Secondly, the electrodes are placed in buffer channels, which are physically separated from the main blood flow path. This configuration prevents direct contact between the flowing cells and the electrodes, thereby significantly reducing biofouling on electrode surfaces. Moreover, the reservoirs into which the electrodes are inserted are designed as open-channel structures using vertically mounted pipette tips. This allows any generated bubbles to dissipate naturally, avoiding pressure buildup and ensuring stable operation over time. Our device lysed numerous blood cells in a significantly short period and the entire process was performed by continuous injection; however, issues regarding throughput reduction owing to blood dilution and the handling of the concentrated lysate remain. These should be addressed in future experimental studies. Nonetheless, we expect that the rapid blood cell lysis device reported herein will advance \"lab-on-a-chip\" and \"point-of-care\" technologies in terms of both rapid lysis and applications in blood cell analyses in the future. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15158127/sl](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15158127/sl)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15158127/sl](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15158127/sl)), Figure S1: Flowrate and Voltage condition experiments; Figure S2: Blood cells clogging near Nafion membranes at higher electric field; Video S1: Continuous blood cell lysis at the lysis region. Conceptualization, S.K., S.Y., W.C. and G.H.K. ; Data curation, S.K. and S.Y. ; Formal analysis, S.K., S.Y., H.N. and G.H.K. ; Funding acquisition, G.L. ; Investigation, S.K., S.Y., H.N. and H.W. ; Methodology, S.K., S.Y., H.N. and W.C.; Project administration, G.L. ; Resources, S.K. and S.Y. ; Software, S.K., S.Y. and H.W. ; Supervision, G.L. ; Validation, S.K. and S.Y. ; Visualization, S.K. and S.Y. ; Writing--original draft[PERSON] S.K. and S.Y. ; Writing--review and editing, S.K. and S.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), with grants funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (Nos. NRF-2020M3H4A1A02084830 and NRF-2020R1I1A3074228). Not applicable. The datasets generated and/or analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The authors declare no competing interests.
# A Multi-Strategy ALNS for the VRP with Flexible Time Windows and Delivery Locations
Therefore, with the goal of completing the delivery service at the right place at the right time, this paper explores how to describe customers' psychological expectations of delivery time through a customer satisfaction function and solve the vehicle routing problem of last-mile delivery considering customer satisfaction. Although significant progress has been made in VRP research, existing studies still fall short in addressing problems with flexible delivery options and in analyzing the impact of customer behavioral psychology on satisfaction. Most existing VRP models tend to oversimplify satisfaction measurement or focus solely on delivery flexibility, lacking a comprehensive consideration of both aspects. This study addresses this gap by proposing the VRP-CS, which incorporates a customer satisfaction evaluation method based on prospect theory, analyzing preferences from the perspectives of both delivery time and delivery location. The introduction of flexible delivery options and the incorporation of a satisfaction model significantly increase the complexity of the problem, posing challenges to traditional solution methods. To efficiently tackle this bi-objective and computationally demanding problem, the MSALNS algorithm is developed. The proposed algorithm introduces neighborhood operators based on customer satisfaction, which expand the search space of the algorithm and improve the convergence speed. In addition, an adaptive mechanism that dynamically adjusts search strategies based on real-time feedback from the search process is designed, which solves the problem of ALNS easily falling into local optima and improves the solution quality. These enhancements not only improve the solution quality but also ensure faster convergence and robust performance across diverse problem instances. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. A Vehicle Routing Problem with flexible delivery time and locations is proposed, which considers customers' preferences for different delivery times and locations. 2. A satisfaction evaluation method based on prospect theory is introduced, which incorporates customers' loss aversion and evaluates satisfaction from two aspects: delivery location and delivery time. 3. A MSALNS algorithm is proposed. In the search phase, neighborhood structures guided by strategies such as backtracking are designed to expand the search space and accelerate convergence. In the adaptive phase, a simulated annealing-inspired acceptance criterion is adopted to prevent premature convergence to local optima and to enhance solution quality. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related literature; Section 3 describes the problem and formulates a MINP model of the proposed problem; Section 4 presents the details of the MSALNS; Section 5 designs numerical experiments to evaluate the proposed model and algorithm; and Section 6 provides concluding remarks and pointers for further research.
###### Abstract  
The use of tuning forks to measure fluid density and viscosity is widely employed in fields such as food, medicine, textiles, automobiles, petrochemicals, and deep drilling. The explicit analytical model based on the Euler-Bernoulli cantilever-beam theory for the relationship between tuning-fork resonance characteristics and the density and viscosity of fluid is only applicable to the situation where the fluid viscous effect is very small. In this paper, the finite element method is used to simulate the influence of large variations in fluid density and viscosity on the resonance characteristic parameters (resonant frequency and quality factor) of the tuning fork. The numerical simulation results are compared with the analytical analysis results and experimental measurement results. Then, the sensitivity of tuning-fork resonance characteristic parameters to fluid density and viscosity is studied. The results show that compared with the analytical results, the numerical simulation results have a higher degree of agreement with the experimental measurement results. The relative difference in resonant frequency is less than 2%, and the relative difference in quality factor is less than 4%. This indicates that the finite element method includes the influence of fluid viscosity on tuning-fork resonance parameters, which is more in line with the actual conditions than the analytical model. Simulating and analyzing the sensitivity of the tuning fork to fluid density and viscosity by the finite element method, it is possible to consider the situation where fluid density and viscosity vary over a large range. Compared with experimental measurements, this method has higher efficiency and can significantly save time and economic costs. This study can overcome the limitation of existing explicit analytical models, which are only applicable when the viscous effects of the fluid are very small. It enables a more accurate simulation of the coupling vibration between tuning forks and fluids, thereby providing theoretical references for further optimizing tuning-fork structural parameters to enhance the accuracy of measuring fluid characteristic parameters.  
finite element method; tuning fork; resonance characteristics; density; viscosity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## Materials and Methods
### Datasets and Analysis
#### 2.2.4 Temperature and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)  
Two important environmental factors that regulate plant photosynthesis are temperature and the vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Accordingly, for each SIF measurement, the temperature and VPD from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) were available in the OCO-2 Lite SIF v8 level 2 dataset.
# Correction of Directional Effects in VEGETATION NDVI Time-Series
## 3 Methodology
### BRDF Correction
#### 3.2.4 BRDF Model  
We use the Roujean semi-empirical BRDF model [24] which approximates the surface reflectance of a target by a linear combination of three kernels as in expression below:  
\[\rho(\theta_{s},\theta_{v},\phi_{r})=k_{0}f_{0}+k_{1}f_{1}(\theta_{s},\theta_ {v},\phi_{r})+k_{2}f_{2}(\theta_{s},\theta_{v},\phi_{r}) \tag{4}\]  
where \(\theta_{s}\) and \(\theta_{v}\) are the Sun and viewing zenith angles, respectively. The relative azimuth angle (\(\phi_{r}=\phi_{v}-\phi_{s}\)) is the difference between viewing azimuth angle (\(\phi_{v}\)) and Sun azimuth angle (\(\phi_{s}\)). Functions \(f_{0}\), \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) are commonly known as the BRDF kernels. The \(f_{0}\) is an isotropic function accounting for bidirectional reflectance with nadir viewing and the overhead Sun (\(f_{0}=1\)): \(f_{1}\) is a geometric function accounting for the effects of shadows and the geometrical structure of protuberances on the surface; \(f_{2}\) is a function that simulates the volume scattering properties of the surface (for a comprehensive review of linear BRDF model see [28]). Full expressions for kernels \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) are presented in [24]. The geometric and scattering kernels are computed using the illumination and observing geometry associated with the assembled dataset. The wavelength-dependent kernel weights (\(k_{0}\), \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\)) from Equation (4) are then found via the BRDF inversion procedure, which runs independently for the RED and NIR spectral bands. The selection of the Roujean BRDF semi-empirical model is in line with the BRDF retrieval methodology of other Copernicus Global Land Service products [32].
# Multi-Objective Optimization for Outer Rotor Low-Speed Permanent Magnet Motor
## 1 Introduction
A lower temperature can prolong the motor service life and reduce the motor noise; however, in the optimization process, only considering the temperature optimization may reduce the electromagnetic performance [17]. It can be seen from the above description that neither the electromagnetic performance nor the temperature of the motor is ignored. In the existing literature, the electromagnetic performance is usually designed and optimized for the highest efficiency, without considering the influence of the electromagnetic parameters on the motor temperature. These optimizations can achieve high efficiency, but may result in high motor temperatures due to different loss distributions and large thermal loads. Therefore, in this paper, in order to fully optimize the electromagnetic performance and temperature characteristics of the LSPMM, the multi-objective optimization of the motor is carried out considering the electromagnetic performance and temperature characteristics. In this paper, in order to consider the effects of the design parameters on the electromagnetic performance and temperature performance, a multi-objective optimization is carried out based on the consideration of efficiency, thermal load and copper loss for the LSPMM. Firstly, a sensitivity analysis of the design parameters is performed. Then, the optimization objective is set in order to perform a multi-objective optimization of the motor. Finally, a prototype is made, and the optimization scheme is experimentally verified. Section 2 presents the initial design of the LSPMM. Section 3 begins with the analysis of the optimization parameters for efficiency and thermal load, followed by the response-surface analysis, and calculates the parameter sensitivities. Section 4 performs the multi-objective optimization of the LSPMM based on NSGA-II. In Section 5, the electromagnetic performance and temperature are compared between the initial scheme and the optimized scheme based on finite elements. Section 6 makes a prototype and conducts the experimental verification. Finally, in Section 7, the conclusions drawn are summarized. This paper can provide a reference for the optimal design of the LSPMM by comprehensively considering the electromagnetic performance and temperature.
# Autonomous Visual Navigation System Based on a Single Camera for Floor-Sweeping Robot
## 5 Conclusions and Outlook  
To solve the problems of the high manufacturing cost, high hardware configuration requirements, and poor stability of existing sweeping robots, we proposed a technical framework of an autonomous visual navigation system based on a single camera and applied the framework to a sweeping robot, which eventually achieved the following expected results after experimental verification.  
Figure 16: Superpixel dynamic path planning algorithm processing effect and sample comparison effect: (**a**) original scene map, (**b**) depth map, (**c**) superpixel segmentation result, and (**d**) average maximum superpixel block.  
Figure 17: The processing time for 20 samples.  
1. The robot can realize the functions of garbage identification, environment depth information estimation, and superpixel dynamic local path planning.
2. Based on the SSD algorithm, the robot can actively identify three types of garbage, such as paper, fruit peel, and rubbish. Its mAP accuracy reaches 91.28%, which meets the high-performance requirement. The active identification of garbage avoids the blind work of traditional visual navigation and improves the working intelligence of the robot.
3. A modified method based on the self-encoder fully convolutional neural network is used to achieve monocular visual depth estimation. The depth information is used to solve the distance perception problem between the sweeping robot and the obstacles. The modified method improves the accuracy by about 3.1% when \(\delta<\) 1.25 and lowers the average relative error Rel by about 10.4%.
4. We used the superpixel image segmentation algorithm to determine the obstacle area and the non-obstacle area. It takes only 12.554 ms to complete a single path planning, and the algorithm improves the efficiency of the navigation system and reduces the computational workload.  
For the autonomous visual navigation system of the sweeping robot, its feasibility is verified through experiments. However, there are still many shortcomings and areas for improvement.  
1. The sweeping robot we researched only conducted experiments on light garbage, such as paper, peels, and rubbish. In the future, we will research the effects of more types of garbage on the sweeping robot to improve environmental adaptability.
2. Our research avoided the drawback of over-reliance on environmental map modeling by traditional visual navigation techniques. However, there is still potential for improving the system stability, which can be optimized in the future to strengthen light anti-interference to make the path planning solution model more stable.  
Conceptualization, methodology, J.R. and H.B.; software, validation, formal analysis, H.B. and X.X.; investigation, writing--original draft preparation, H.B.; writing--review and editing, J.R. and J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# AI-Enabled Compressive Spectrum Classification for Wideband Radios
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Spectral Correlation Function  
The NB signal \(z_{k}(t)\) is treated as a cyclostationary process if the mean and auto-correlation function of the \(z_{k}(t)\) is periodic with \(T_{0}\) given as:  
\[M_{z_{k}}(t+T_{0})=M_{z_{k}}(t),\qquad R_{z_{k}}(t+T_{0},\tau)=R_{z_{k}}(t, \tau). \tag{8}\]  
Therefore, the auto-correlation of a cyclostationary signal \(z_{k}(t)\) can be represented by Fourier series.  
\[R_{z_{k}}(t,\tau)=\sum_{\alpha}R_{z_{k}}^{\alpha}(\tau)e^{j2\pi\alpha t} \tag{9}\]  
here, \(\alpha=\frac{a}{T_{0}}\), where \(a\) is an integer. \(R_{z_{k}}^{\alpha}(\tau)\) is CAF of signal \(z_{k}(t)\) and can be given by the following equation  
\[R_{z_{k}}(\tau)=\lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{1}{T}\int_{\frac{-T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}} R_{z_{k}}(t,\tau)e^{-j2\pi\alpha t}dt \tag{10}\]  
as \(R_{z_{k}}(\tau)\) is periodic, therefore, (10) can be written as  
\[R_{z_{k}}(\tau)=\frac{1}{T_{0}}\int_{\frac{-T_{0}}{2}}^{\frac{T_{0}}{2}}R_{z_ {k}}(t,\tau)e^{-j2\pi\alpha t}dt \tag{11}\]  
SCF is obtained by taking the Fourier Transform (FT) of \(z_{k}(\tau)\) in (11)  
\[S_{z_{l}}(f)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}R_{z_{l}}^{\alpha}(\tau)e^{-j2\pi f\tau}d\tau \tag{12}\]  
where \(S_{z_{k}}(f)\) denotes the SCF of the NB signal \(z_{k}(t)\), the \(\alpha\) shows cycle frequency and \(f\) represents the linear frequency.  
The main advantage of exploiting the SCF for feature extraction is that it is not impacted by background noise because noise is random in nature. Hence, it can also be used in low-SNR conditions. However, the estimated SCF is strongly influenced by how good the WB spectrum was approximated using compressed sensing, which is influenced by signal sparsity and compression rate. SCF of the signals considered in this work, namely, BPSK and QPSK, is depicted in Figure 2a,b. Because SCF estimation produces a huge amount of data, it cannot be used as a feature vector to train a classifier. As a result, SCFyields two profiles, \(I(f)\)-profile and \(I(\alpha)\) given in (13) and (14), which are merged to create a feature set, which is then fed to a classifier that is discussed in the following section.  
\[I(\alpha) =max_{f}[S_{z_{i}}^{\alpha}] \tag{13}\] \[I(f) =max_{a}[S_{z_{i}}^{\alpha}] \tag{14}\]
## 3 Experimental Setup and Methods
### Procedure  
The pressure change in the membrane gas chamber for the wetted intact membrane was measured as a control experiment. To damage the membrane, microdefects were created with four kinds of acupuncture needles (0.20 mm, 0.22 mm, 0.30 mm, 0.35 mm, Model [PERSON], Beijing Zhongyan Taihe Medical Instrument Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) puncturing on the center of an intact membrane sheet. After every series of experiments, the accurate equivalent membrane microdefect under experimental conditions was measured using a Caikon DMM-400D metallurgical microscope. The image treatment was carried out using image processing software ImageJ. Data and graph processing were performed using OriginPro 8.0 (Origin Lab, Northampton, MA, USA).  
To evaluate the effect of the experimental conditions on the pressure decay rate, four series of tests with a variety of damage size, applied pressure, gas chamber volume, and water depth were carried out. During the pressure decay test, once the pressure in the gas chamber arrived at the specified value, the inlet valve was closed and the pressure was measured and collected. The PDR value in the gas chamber can be calculated as follows:  
\[PDR=\frac{avg(P_{m+1}:P_{m+10})-avg(P_{m-9}:P_{m})}{\Delta t} \tag{15}\]  
where \(PDR\) is the pressure decay rate at time \(m\) (kPa/s), \(avg\) (\(P_{m-9}\):\(P_{m}\)) is the average value of the 10 pressure values collected before time \(m\), \(avg\) (\(P_{m+1}\):\(P_{m+10}\)) is the average value of the 10 pressure values collected after time \(m\), \(\Delta t\) is the calculated time step (1 s in this study).  
Figure 2: The experimental setup of the pressure decay test.  
The correlation of the data curves was measured using statistics analysis software IBM SPSS statistics 22.0. For each simulation, the physical properties used were as follows: \(\rho_{g}\) = 2.0 kg/m\({}^{3}\), \(\rho_{l}\) = 997 kg/m\({}^{3}\), \(\chi\) = 1, \(\mu\) = 0.62, \(\sigma\) = 72.8 mN/m, and \(P_{atm}\) = 1.01 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) Pa.
# GPRS Sensor Node Battery Life Span Prediction Based on Received Signal Quality: Experimental Study
## 4 Data Analysis and Discussion
### Sensor Node Current States and Transition  
A sensor node has three units which consume power: sensing unit, controller unit, and radio unit. The radio unit is the unit which is consuming a lot of power which is equal to 60% [8] (33% for receiving and 27% for transmitting) and the remaining power is used for sensing/acting and processing units. The graph of Figure 11 shows the current transition of our node from the time it is switched on up to the time when it is transmitting data to a remote database. When the node is switched ON, it took around 60 s consuming low power getting ready to connect to the GSM network and this took an average current of 1.1 mA. We found that the module takes 20 s while jumping from idle state to active mode (the time when the module connects to the GSM network); this transition state consumes an average current of 19.7 mA.  
It was seen that when the module connects to the network and transmits data at a constant preprogrammed frequency, it will consume an almost constant current and this will change when there  
Figure 11: Current transition process.  
Figure 10: Sensor Node block diagram.  
is a change in RSSI value. In our experiment, the active mode has the current for GSM and the current for GPRS and the GPRS current will overshoot each 20 s.  
The graph of Figure 12 has been produced in location 3 where the signal quality RSSI was \(-83\) dBm The active mode is the mode where the module has received the AT command for data transmission and it is preparing to send data and the tail mode is the mode during which the module is sending data to the remote server.
# Mechanism of Rejuvenation in Aged SBS-Modified Asphalt by Density Functional Theory
###### Abstract  
As a large area of SBS-modified asphalt pavement entered the maintenance period, the aging and rejuvenation of SBS-modified asphalt have attracted attention in recent years. In order to further study the rejuvenation of aged SBS-modified asphalt, both rheological experiments and quantum mechanical simulations were used. Complex shear modulus (\(C^{\star}\)) and phase angle (\(\delta\)) were used to analyze the rejuvenation effect of aged SBS-modified asphalt. Electron density, binding energy (\(E_{\text{binding}}\)), and charge transfer number (\(Q_{\text{transfer}}\)) were used to observe the process of rejuvenation in aged SBS-modified asphalt. The results show that compared to asphalt components, SBS polymer was the least stable and most susceptible to breaking. After oxidative aging, SBS polymer with its aging products could impair the rejuvenation in aged asphalt. The interaction between aromatic components in rejuvenator and asphaltenes in aged asphalt was unstable and could be influenced by asphalt aging level. The interaction between heavy component molecules in aged asphalt with saturate component molecules in rejuvenator are closer than those with aromatic components molecules. The binding energies between saturate components in rejuvenator and asphaltenes in aged asphalt could be served as an evaluation indicator of rejuvenation.  
SBS-modified asphalt; rejuvenator; density functional theory; quantum mechanical simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences