## 6 Biological Properties
### Antimicrobial Activity  
Research on the bactericidal efficiency of phytochemicals as viable alternatives for chemical antibiotics has been conducted. An essential feature of extracts from plant origin is their antimicrobial activity, which contributes to alternative synthetic antibiotics [38]. Natural products derived from _A. altissima_ may contribute to the development of new antimicrobial agents used as growth inhibitors of _Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,_ and some important foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria [39]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline  & **Compounds** & **Parts Used (Source)** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & b-Sitosterol & Leaves and fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & b-Sitosterol & Leaves and fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & glucoside/Daucosterol/Sitosterol-3-Ob-D-glucose & Leaves and fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & Ailanthusterol A and B & Seed \\ \cline{2-3}  & 5\(\alpha\)-Stigmastane-3,6-dione & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & 5\(\alpha\)-Stigmastane-3,6 6-diol & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & 6\(\alpha\)-Hydroxy-stigmast-4-en-3-one & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & Stigmast-4-ene-3,6 \(\alpha\)-diol & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & Stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & 6\(\beta\)-Hydroxy-stigmast-4-ene-3-one & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & Stigmast-4-ene-3,6 \(\beta\)-diol & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & 3\(\beta\)-Hydroxy-stigmast-5-en-7-one & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & Stigmast-5-ene-3,7 \(\alpha\)-diol & Fruits \\ \cline{2-3}  & Stigmast-5-ene-3,7 \(\alpha\),20\(\alpha\)-triol & Fruits \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & Quercetin & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Kaempfer & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Isoquercetin/Quercetin-3-O-glucose & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Kaempfer-3-O-glucose & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Rutin & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Luteolin-7-O-b-(60 galloylglucopyranoside) & Leaves \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & 1-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,9E)-2-(20-R-hydroxyhexadecenoy)-4,9-octadecadiene-1,3-diol \\ \cline{2-3}  & Ceryl alcohol & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Ethyl gallate & Leaves \\ \cline{2-3}  & Altissimacomarin A and B & Bark \\ \cline{2-3}  & Coumarin & Bark \\ \cline{2-3}  & Isofrak & Bark \\ \cline{2-3}  & Scopoletin & Bark \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Methanolic extracts from leaves and hydrodistilled residues were strong and efficient against Gram-positive bacteria: _S. aureus_, _B. subtilis_, _Enterococcus faecium_, and _Streptococcus agalactiae_[40]. The same was reported by [PERSON] [39]; methanolic extracts of _A. altissima_ leaves were most effective against Gram-positive bacteria, namely _L. monocytogenes_ (ATCC 19,116, ATCC 19,118 and ATCC 19,166), _S. aureus_ (ATCC 6538 and KCTC 1916), and _B. subtilis_ (ATCC 6633), and two Gram-negative bacteria, _P. aeruginosa_ (KCTC 2004) and _E. coli_ (ATCC 8739). The zones of inhibition of methanol extract and its derived different polar subfractions against the tested bacteria were found in the 12.1-23.2 mm range, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were recorded between 62.5 and 500 mg/mL [39]. However, their extracts were ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria, such as _E. coli_ (ATCC 43,888), _Salmonella enteritidis_ (KCTC 12,021), and _Salmonella typhimurium_ (ATCC 2525). The MIC values of the methanolic extract against the tested bacteria were found in the 125-500 mg/mL range. In addition, the MeOH extract and its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subfraction were compared with the standard antibiotics, tetracycline and streptomycin; in some cases, these showed greater antibacterial activity compared to streptomycin, but in other cases tetracycline showed greater activity than the solvent fractions. [PERSON] et al. [41] observed in aqueous and methanolic extracts of the bark and wood strong antimicrobial activity against _P. aeruginosa_ (ATCC 9027) strains and isolated strains with an inhibition zone of 12 \(\pm\) 0.3 mm. [PERSON] et al.