## 7 Trade-off Between Energy Efficiency and Data Transmission  
The proposed hybrid switch and its associated mechanism achieve a balance between energy efficiency and data transmission rate through dynamic adaptation based on the received signal conditions, which changes continuously, at the position of the \(S\) node. The switching decision considers three key factors that determine the optimal operation mode selection for various application scenarios and conditions. In the simulation results, the varying environment is modeled using the movement of the \(S\) node throughout the warehouse floor, thereby creating different LoS and NLoS conditions with varied signal powers at each position. In situations where energy preservation is critical, such as sensors placed in hard-to-reach locations, the switch favors ABCS when the received signal strength is adequate, as it consumes minimal power while maintaining basic connectivity. This is showcased through the simulation results by the switch opting for ABCS in scenarios where the received power is low. Conversely, in applications requiring frequent data updates, like real-time monitoring, the switch preferentially selects SWIPT when channel conditions permit, as it offers higher data rates. Under strong LoS conditions with a direct path between nodes, SWIPT mode achieves data rates up to  
\[R_{\text{SWIPT}}=\text{min}(\log_{2}(1+\gamma_{s}),\log_{2}(1+\gamma_{d})), \tag{12}\]  
while energy harvesting efficiency is given by  
\[\eta_{\text{eh}}=P_{\text{rx}}\cdot\rho, \tag{13}\]  
where \(\gamma_{s}\) and \(\gamma_{d}\) are the SNRs at the relay and destination, respectively, \(P_{\text{rx}}\) is the received power, and \(\rho\) is the power splitting ratio. In contrast, under poor LoS conditions with significant path loss, ABCS mode maintains connectivity with the following data rate:  
\[R_{\text{ABCS}}=\log_{2}(1+\gamma_{b}), \tag{14}\]  
while consuming minimal energy (\(P_{c}\approx P_{\text{ckt}}\)), where \(\gamma_{b}\) is the backscatter SNR and \(P_{\text{ckt}}\) is circuit power consumption. These factors allow us to determine the initialization process of the switch. To maintain the balance between energy efficiency management and data transmission, the switch considers the aspects of data rate requirement selected by the user at the initialization stage and the real-time energy requirement of the switch using the EAI. If the EAI shows that the switch has a considerable amount of energy to continue operation, higher precedence is given towards data transmission by the switch (the prioritization of data transmission over energy harvesting, unless energy harvesting takes precedence based on EAI readings, would be performed based on the user requirements provided at the switch initialization stage). However, if the EAI shows that the amount of energy is not sufficient for overall hardware functionality, the switch prioritizes energy harvesting. Thereby, a balance between energy harvesting and data transmission is obtained. Any such alterations would be adapted based on the real-time operation of the switch, which enhances operational efficiency. On the other hand, the HF parameter helps maintain balance between energy harvesting and data efficiency in all scenarios. When considering application-specific optimization requirements, such as in indoor warehouse monitoring, periodic sensor readings typically require low data rates, thus allowing for more focus to be laid on the energy harvesting aspect of the switch. In contrast, inventory updates may demand higher throughput, necessitating greater focus on the data rate, with energy harvesting prioritized only when it does not hinder the data rate. The use of EAI and selectable PS ratio brings the opportunity to initialize the variables accordingly, thereby achieving the required performance based on the environment, since the PS ratio is selected based on the signal conditions and the EAI operates based on the hardware requirements.