## 2 The Role of IoT Devices in Smart Buildings  
We investigated and analyzed prior material in the fields of machine learning and the IoT, and their role in smart buildings. The papers that made a substantial contribution to our research are included in the following paragraphs. In [13] it is stated that many smart devices, including sensing devices, cell phones, and other smart devices, are linked through the IoT. These devices can exchange information and interact with one another. The IoT is a technology that connects Internet-connected gadgets, and enables communication and interaction throughout the physical world, by extending the current Internet. In [11] according to the authors, agriculture, military, household appliances, and personal healthcare are just a few of the applications and services available through the Internet of Things. A new framework is presented by [14] for delivering and maintaining ubiquitous connectivity, real-time applications, and solutions for transport system requirements, based on machine learning and IoT capability.  
An intelligent system was also created by [14] to enable real-time monitoring and operation of appliances in a smart house utilizing a low-cost IoT platform for the lab, which is a free and open-source Internet of Things platform. Data regarding the home, such as temperatures, light levels, and resident behaviors, are collected using installed sensors and cameras. If the data exceed the specified thresholds, the inhabitants of the home are notified via text messages/emails, allowing them to modify the environment by manipulating the gadgets. To detect aberrant situations, the system was programmed using artificial intelligence. With current developments, standard buildings can be changed into smart buildings at a reasonable cost by taking advantage of recent advances in machine learning (ML), sensor devices, large-scale data analytics, and the Internet of Things. Only minor infrastructure improvements are required [15]. A three-tier IoT-based extensible architecture for processing sensor data and identifying the most important clinical indicators to diagnose heart disease through the use of ROC analysis, the most important clinical markers that signal potential heart disease, are determined; this model is proposed by [16].  
Smart lighting uses modern controls to eliminate over lighting by including day lighting and improved functions for detecting occupancy and dimming. Light level controllers for luminaries are rapidly evolving and gaining adoption throughout the industry. Step and continuous dimming control are rewarded in demand-response schemes [17]. Lighting management systems can be programmed to regulate smart lighting systems that are controlled wirelessly. Retrofitting is made easier with wireless controllers, while lighting management capabilities provide users with access to controls through web-based dashboards.  
It is becoming increasingly common to install remote smart building monitoring systems to improve one's level of convenience and overall quality of life. To sense, transmit data, and exert power over the home's supplies, instruments, and surroundings, these systems require a network of intelligent Internet of Things sensors. For remote monitoring to be supported, the devices should have very low power consumption, and the network provider should cover a larger area. Figure 1 highlights the IoT-based systems in smart buildings.