# Improving Ship Maneuvering Safety with Augmented Virtuality Navigation Information Displays
## 1 Introduction
In the case of navigation in a restricted area, enable the remote vessel to be controlled, and in case of an emergency, enable it to take full control of the autonomous vessel. The system that performs this task is referred to as an unmanned look-out [6]. Remote-controlled ships interact and communicate with human-operated systems. In this way, human operators carry out an e-navigation and continuously monitor the vessel from the ROC to avoid accidents. The onboard systems follow well-established international regulations, whereas the implementation of ROCs is not standardized, and companies develop their own [38]. The system must ensure a proper lookout at all times [35]. The ROC e-navigation system must be at least equivalent to the function of an on-board human look-out as per COLREGs Rule 5, SOLAS Reg. 24, and the STCW. For monitoring and remote control, it is enough that the system transfers sufficient visual and sound data to the ROC. The level of the operator's situational awareness in the ROC in terms of the ship's position in space depends largely on the type of navigation information and the form of its presentation, i.e., generally on the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) used. A literature review from the maritime perspective, based on solutions from various areas of HMI, is presented [38]. The analysis of the literature of the MASS systems listed in this section in terms of the tools used in Autonomous Navigation Systems (ANS) showed that the most frequently used Human-Machine Interface used in e-navigation to provide situational awareness to the operator in terms of the position and orientation of the ship in restricted areas are:  
* top-view, two-dimensional graphic representation of the ship (popular in ECDIS, DP and pilot systems) enriched with alphanumeric data obtained from sensors fusion;
* cameras image enriched with elements in augmented reality technology (AR). Research shows that the current e-navigation systems used in ROC provide a limited scope for the SA, as expressed in the model Goal-Based Gap Analysis (GBGA) [39] and research on human factor issues for autonomous ships purposes [38; 40; 41; 42]. The report of the 58 th session of the Subcommittee on Navigation Safety (NAV) [43] also refers to SA in its discussion of various user gaps and initial potential solutions for the operational areas of e-navigation solutions; some of the solutions identified could possibly also be applied to the field of MASS, for instance, the integrated presentation of available information. Research has shown that there is no harmonized presentation of local information to increase SA for ROC services for remote vessel operation [6]. It was noted that on-board navigation systems could, for example, benefit from better integration of own ship sensors and standard user interfaces, while the shore management could benefit from more comprehensive but easily understandable data provided by a seamless information transfer [6,30] or by its augmentation with the use of 3D Mixed Reality (MR) features [22]. MR technology allows the ship's environment to be recreated in 3D on shore from real-time ship data. This can be conducted using no more data than the current data sent to the ROC. By placing the ship into a 3D recreation of the world, one can gain SA in a more natural and traditional way by developing an enhanced understanding of the 3D space surrounding the ship. This will facilitate a smoother transition into an actual reality provided during direct control and other real-time video transfers by reducing the psychological distance and increase distance measurements [44,45]. With regard to the above authors present, a navigational information real-time Augmented Virtuality (AV--the component of MR) display method, using geometric 3D virtual models, created at the stage of system's database development, shown in a perspective and/or parallel 2D view on an electronic device screen.