# Integrating AIoT Technologies in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review
## 3 Components of AIoT in Aquaculture
### IoT Sensors
#### 3.1.4 Deployment Strategies  
Optimising the deployment of IoT sensors in aquatic systems is critical to ensuring accurate data collection, reliable monitoring, and seamless integration into various operational environments. One key consideration is selecting the most suitable wireless communication protocol: different technologies offer unique advantages based on specific aquaculture needs. LoRa (long range) technology is extensively used in large-scale and remote aquaculture systems due to its energy efficiency and long-distance communication capabilities, which are particularly well suited for monitoring expansive or hard-to-reach locations [52]. LoRa's ability to transmit data over long distances with minimal power consumption makes it ideal for applications where sensors are dispersed across a wide area and frequent battery changes are impractical. Aquaculture can include monitoring water quality parameters (e.g., temperature, dissolved oxygen) in large offshore fish farms or inland ponds located in remote regions. Also, 5G is increasingly adopted in settings with high data transfer rates and low latency, particularly for use cases such as real-time video-based behaviour analysis [63]. The high bandwidth and low latency of 5G enable the transmission of large volumes of data, such as high-resolution video and images, which are essential for advanced monitoring and analysis. In aquaculture, 5G can support applications like real-time monitoring of fish behaviour using underwater cameras, facilitating early detection of diseases or stress, and enabling automated feeding systems that respond to fish activity. Another effective alternative is narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), especially when long-range connectivity and power efficiency are more important than high-bandwidth transmission. It is especially effective for low-frequency sensor data, such as pH and dissolved oxygen measurements, which do not require the high-speed capabilities of 5G [64]. NB-IoT is designed for applications that require infrequent data transmission and long battery life. In aquaculture, this makes it suitable for deploying sensors that periodically measure and transmit basic water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity, from various locations within a farm. While LoRa, 5G, and NB-IoT represent key wireless technologies in aquaculture, it is important to acknowledge that other protocols may also play a role, albeit often in more specific or limited scenarios. For instance, Zigbee is a short-range, low-power wireless communication technology suitable for communication within a contained tank system or a relatively small, closely monitored aquaculture facility. Zigbee excels in creating mesh networks, allowing devices to relay data to each other, which can be useful in environments where direct communication with a central hub is challenging. However, its limited rangerestricts its applicability in large-scale or open-water aquaculture operations. Wi-Fi is another widely used technology, offering higher data rates than Zigbee. It can be effective for aquaculture systems close to a base station or facility with internet access. Wi-Fi can support applications requiring more bandwidth, such as transmitting data from high-resolution sensors or enabling local monitoring via smartphones or tablets. However, its range and power consumption can be limiting factors, particularly in remote or off-grid aquaculture settings. Selecting the most appropriate wireless communication protocol is a critical decision that depends on several interrelated factors. These include the following. 1. Distance: The physical extent of the aquaculture operation significantly influences the choice. Long-range technologies like LoRa or NB-IoT are necessary for expansive farms, while short-range technologies may suffice for smaller, contained systems. 2. Data rate: The volume and frequency of transmitting data are crucial considerations.