# Application of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids in Chemical Analysis, Bio- and Environmental Monitoring
## 1 Introduction
Taking into account the importance of the detection of small molecular weight biomolecules that have a physiological meaning in complex real samples, the efficiency of OIH-based biosensors for lactate [32], glutamate [33], and dopamine analysis was highlighted [34]. Multifarious electrode materials, bioreceptors, organic supplements and immobilization techniques were employed for the detection of the mentioned bioanalytes in different media with various rates of success [35; 36; 37]. Remarkably, the quality of the novel OIH in general, and biosensors as a case study, must be determined by appropriate control measures. However, the general guidelines toward standardization and validation of OIH are currently under development. Furthermore, the use of mathematical approaches as a rule of thumb for an accurate and rapid process and/or design analysis and improvement is still lacking when developing novel materials and biosensors. Nonetheless, in the last decades various data analysis, process control, and optimization tools using computational intelligence have proven their efficiency and were successfully integrated in different fields of biotechnology. Increased use of modelling techniques, especially with first principles based models, for novel OIH and biosensors already at the development stage would significantly advance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the observed response. As a consequence, mathematical modelling could provide the necessary guidance toward efficient and rapid design and performance improvement, which could minimize the experimental efforts, reagent usage, and waste generation. Another aspect to be considered is the creation of a web-based database tool containing continuously updated experimental information on the novel OIH and biosensors designs, materials, reactions, physical and/or chemical properties etc. Such online data-based platforms would not only provide an easy access to the current state-of-the art but also facilitate the general progress in the biosensor and OIH research. In addition to creation of databases for documentation of OIH and biosensors, systematic classification of available knowledge on such systems in mathematical models is also an important tool that can be highly beneficial for speeding up the future OIH and biosensor development. In essence, a mathematical model can represent complex relationships between different system variables that are of relevance, and can be used to simulate or predict the behavior of a system, depending on for example specific changes in system operating conditions. Combined with a suitable optimization algorithm, such a mathematical model can, for example, be used for in silico prediction of the best set of operating or design conditions for a system, which for a biosensor could translate in prediction of the biosensor architecture that has the highest reliability or stability. This review describes OIH materials development and their application for chemical analysis, bio- and environmental monitoring. Mostly, we focus on OIH materials that found application in biosensors and nanob biosensors. More importantly, herein, we propose a methodology toward metrological traceability measurement and standardization of nano-based OIH (i) and demonstrate the usefulness of the application of mathematical tools and modeling techniques in biosensors/nanobiosensors development (ii).