## 3 Results  
### Statistical Analysis of Questionnaire Survey Responses  
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the street-lighting system of Buraydah based on the drivers' opinions while using the city's roads during the nighttime. A sample size of \(n=362\) was determined from Equation (1) and the online questionnaire was sent to more than 400 respondents, who were able to access the google form. With a 64% response rate, 253 drivers (70% of the sample size) filled out the questionnaire to record their perception of the street-lighting system.  
Figure 4 presents the descriptive statistics of the survey response from the car drivers in the study area. Figure 4a shows that more than half (54%) of the drivers were younger than 40 years of age, out of which the majority (29%) were younger than 30 years. Around 47% of the drivers wore glasses and therefore are potentially more affected by the inappropriate USLS in the area (Figure 4b). A high percentage (40%) of the respondents had never faced any crash, which reflects a moderate overall road safety in the study area. Out of the remaining, 31% of the respondents had experienced a crash only once in their lifetime, while 11% had faced three crashes over their lifetime. Interestingly, the distribution between the drivers who faced road crashes during the daytime (37%) and the nighttime (37%) was equal, while the remaining drivers experienced crashes in both day and night times (Figure 4d). Figure 4e shows that most (55%) of the crashes occurred on main roads with speed limits higher than the branch roads. The Chi-square test applied to age and use of glasses revealed an insignificant association of these parameters with the performance of USLS, with \(\chi^{2}\) values less than \(\chi^{2}_{\rm c}\) and ES \(\leq\) 0.2 (see Table 3).  
Figure 4: Descriptive statistics of the questionnaire survey: (**a**) age groups, (**b**) drivers wearing glasses, (**c**) drivers who experienced road crashes, (**d**) time the crash occurred, and (**e**) type of road on which the crash occurred.  
Figure 5 presents the percentage for each sub-criterion assessed through the corresponding question, as presented in Table 3. It can be seen in Figure 5 that 54-68% of the drivers agreed (or strongly agreed), 15-23% were not sure, and 15-30% disagreed (or strongly disagreed) on the effectiveness of the \"design functionality\" of the USLS in Buraydah City. Likewise, 47-70% of drivers agreed (or strongly agreed), around 16-19% stated that they were not sure, and 14-34% disagreed (or strongly disagreed) on the \"visibility adequacy\". Around 40-73% agreed (or strongly agreed), 13-23% said that they were not sure, and 14-37% disagreed (or strongly disagreed) with the statements querying about the high levels of driver satisfaction. The results of the Chi-square test presented in Table 3 show a significant association between all the sub-criteria to the overall performance of USLS, i.e., estimated with the help of Question 10 in Table 1. [PERSON]'s V values also showed a moderate association, with ES values ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 for all the sub-criteria, except C\({}_{15}\), with a slightly smaller value. Hence, all the sub-criteria were used to appraise the performance of USLS in the study area.