esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presents the design, simulation, manufacture and measurement of a RF energy harvesting system based on an Archimedean spiral antenna and a half-wave Cockcroft-Walton multiplier. The main purpose of this work is to present a deep study of a complete RF harvesting system, paying attention to each individual block and to the entire system, deeply analyzing all the parameters, factors and parasitic effects that have influence in the system, aiming towards its optimization. The miniaturized spiral antenna operates from 350 MHz to 16 GHz, showing an ultrawideband behavior. With its use, it is determined that 98% of the harvested power comes from the mobile frequency bands. In particular, 82% of the total power belongs to 800 MHz and 900 MHz frequency bands. Therefore, the antenna is modeled at a circuit level as two series sinusoidal generators, centered at 807 MHz and 942 MHz. It is also observed that a greater amount of power is captured with the antenna outdoors than indoors. The parasitic elements of the board and the components play a crucial role in the design of the matching and conditioning circuits. With its corresponding modeling, a circuit is designed whose rectifying efficiency is 30% for an input power of 0 dBm. Afterwards, a storage capacitor is placed in parallel with a temperature sensor to test the performance of the circuit. By means of the study of the charge and discharge curves in the storage capacitor, it is proved that the circuit is able to act as a DC power supply. Finally, the Archimedean spiral is physically attached to the circuit. A test is carried out in the laboratory to check the correct performance of the full system. For this purpose, the RF harvesting system is placed in front of a transmitting Vivaldi antenna at a distance of 50 cm. The storage capacitor charges over 1.25 V, so the sensor correctly displays the temperature and the relative air humidity on the LCD screen. This test demonstrates the fine operation of the full RF energy harvesting system and shows its capabilities for use in practical applications. [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed, simulated, manufactured and measured the Archimedean spiral antenna and the circuit. [PERSON] significantly contribute in the modeling of the parasitic elements present in the circuit. [PERSON] provided information about the temperature sensor and helped in the measurement of the circuit. [PERSON] participated in the design process of the spiral antenna. [PERSON] and [PERSON] supervised the whole study. All the authors participated in revising the article. This research was funded in part by the project TIN2016-75097-P of the Spanish Research and Development National Program, and in part by the project TEC2017-85529-C3-1-R of the Ministerio de Economia y Empresa. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Frame-Based and Subpicture-Based Parallelization Approaches of the HEVC Video Encoder
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we compared two parallelization proposals of the HEVC encoder. The first one is based on subpicture partitions (tiles or slices), and they are especially suited for shared memory platforms. They obtain good speed-up values, although for low resolution sequences, the parallel scalability decreases. Moreover, the R/D performance decreases as the number of subpicture partitions increase. The other approach, which is based on frames, is suitable for both shared and distributed memory architectures. It yields good parallel performance, obtaining efficiency values of up to 97%. However, it outperforms subpicture-based proposals, especially when low resolution video sequences are encoded by a high number of processes. The frame-based approaches have been tested using up to 24 processes, showing good scalability without varying the R/D performance. Therefore, we can conclude that the proposed frame-based parallel algorithms for AI mode outperform parallel proposals based on subpicture partitions in terms of parallel performance and R/D performance. It is worth noting that the good scalability of the frame-based approaches and that, if the final application requires the use of tiles or slices, the use of our frame-based parallel proposals does not prevent such use. Both frame-based parallel algorithms obtain similar parallel performance, but the DSM-AI  
Figure 12: Tile-based vs. DMG-AI parallel efficiencies.  
algorithm provides a wider versatility. Note that, in the DMG-AI algorithm, the number of frames encoded per node is always the same. However, when using the DSM-AI mode, the number of frames encoded per node depends on the computational load of the node; on the other hand, the number of communications decreases and the size of the messages increases[PERSON] Compared to recent state-of-the-art approaches, the DSM-AI algorithm obtains better parallel efficiencies. We have observed that the disk access may become, for a large number of processes, a bottleneck, so, as future work, we will try to improve the overall parallel performance of the system with the use of a parallel disk access system.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the parallel algorithms; [PERSON] designed and codified the parallel algorithms; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper[PERSON]  
This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Grant TIN2015-66972-C5-4-R, co-financed by FEDER funds. (MINECO/FEDER/UE).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Transformer-Based Explainable Model for Breast Cancer Lesion Segmentation
## 3 Methodology
### Data Preparation  
In order to compare and demonstrate the performance of the proposed segmentation model in the task of breast cancer lesion segmentation, we used the CBIS-DDSM (Curated Breast Imaging Subset of DDSM) for training the network. The CBIS-DDSM is a breast X-ray imaging dataset designed for research in computer-aided detection and diagnosis, comprising a database of 2620 mammogram case data from multiple hospitals [35]. From this dataset, we selected 574 images with full-size masks and prominent lesion features as the experimental data for this study. We used 80% of the dataset to train the model and the other 20% for testing. To enhance data diversity, we applied random flipping and rotation techniques to the images and masks in the training dataset [36] and then resized the images to a 224 \(\times\) 224 size, which were used as input and ground truth labels during model training.
# Studying the Process of Enzyme Treatment on Beef Meat-Bone Paste Quality
## 4 Conclusions  
This research aimed to investigate the impact of enzyme and organic acid treatment on the physicochemical properties of meat-bone paste. Enzyme reaction rates were influenced  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Microbiological Indicators** & **Regulatory Threshold** & **MPB-C** & **MPB-E** \\ \hline Total viable count of mesophilic aerobic & Not be more than & & \\ and facultative anaerobic & \(5\times 10^{5}\) CFU/g & & \(1\times 10^{5}\) CFU/g \\ microorganisms & & & \\ \hline Bacteria of the _E. coli_ group (coliforms) & Not allowed in 0.0001 g & Not detected in 0.0001 g & Not detected in 0.0001 g \\ \hline _L. monocytogenes_ & Not allowed in 25.0 g & Not detected in 25.0 g & Not detected in 25.0 g \\ Pathogenic microorganisms including & & Not allowed in 25.0 g & Not detected in 25.0 g \\ _Salmonella_ & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Microbiological indicators of meat-bone paste.  
by treatment duration, substrate temperature, and enzyme concentration, highlighting the intricate relationship between these factors. Notably, optimal enzyme activity was observed at 180 min and a substrate temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Enzyme and acid treatment significantly reduced bone particle size, indicating the effectiveness of this process in enhancing the handling properties of bone powder. The chemical analysis revealed alterations in the composition of meat-bone paste following enzymatic treatment, including changes in protein content, pH, and water-binding capacity. These modifications suggest potential improvements in the functional properties of the paste. Importantly, microbiological examination demonstrated a substantial reduction in microbial load after enzyme treatment, ensuring the safety of the final product. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the utilization of animal bones and underscores the importance of sustainable approaches in addressing environmental challenges. The conducted research can be useful for meat-processing enterprises for the solving of problems on waste-free processing of bone raw materials and secondary products of cattle and poultry for food purposes by fine grinding and enzyme processing, increasing economic efficiency and expanding the range of functional meat products.  
Conceptualization, A.K. and G.Z.; Data curation, D.O.; Investigation, A.B., A.S., R.T. and G.Z.; Methodology, A.B., A.S., R.T. and Y.Z.; Resources, R.T. and D.O.; Software, D.O.; Supervision, A.K.; Validation, Z.Y. and G.Z.; Visualization, A.S.; Writing--original draft, A.B., A.K., Z.Y. and Y.Z.; Writing--review and editing, Z.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan under Grant No. AP14972876.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Temporal Logic Planning and Receding Horizon Control for Signal Source Localization
## 4 Receding Horizon Control with Temporal Logic Planning  
### Obstacle Avoidance  
It is necessary to consider how to control the robot to locate signal sources while avoiding obstacles. If there exist obstacles in the movement path of the robot, in order to avoid obstacles, we can assume that there is a virtual robot that moves along the boundary of the rectangle obstacles. According to Lemma 4 of the reference [22], the velocity and position of the virtual robot are described by  
\[\dot{p}_{k}^{j} = Zp_{k}+(I-Z)s_{k} \tag{9}\] \[\dot{\varrho}_{k}^{j} = Zv_{k} \tag{10}\]  
where \(p_{k}=[x(k),\ y(k)]\); \(\dot{p}_{k}^{j}\) is viewed as the position of the \(j\)th virtual robot at time \(k\); \(\dot{\varrho}_{k}^{j}\) can be regarded as the velocity of the \(j\)th virtual robot at time \(k\); \(v_{k}=[\mu(k)\cos(\theta(k)),\ \mu(k)\sin(\theta(k))]\); \(Z=I-a_{k}a_{k}^{T}\) where \(a_{k}\) is the unit vector perpendicular to the boundary of the obstacle; and \(I\) is an identity matrix.  
By establishing a cost function, the actual robot and the virtual robot can maintain a safe distance. Hence, the cost function is given by  
\[\mathcal{F} = \sum\limits_{j=1}^{M}\left(\alpha\|\|p_{k}-\dot{p}_{k}^{j}\|-d|+ \beta\|v_{k}-\dot{\varrho}_{k}^{j}\|\right) \tag{11}\]  
where \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are the weight coefficients; there are \(M\) virtual robots; \(\|\cdot\|\) denotes 2-norm; and \(d\) is the safety distance. From (11), one can see that the cost function consists of two items. The first item \(\|\|p_{k}-\dot{\varrho}_{k}^{j}\|-d|\) enables the robots to keep a safe distance from the \(j\)th obstacle. By using the second item \(\|v_{k}-\dot{\varrho}_{k}^{j}\|\), the robot can move along the boundary of the \(j\)th obstacle.
## 4 Simulations  
### Simulation Environment  
The proposed hybrid localization concept and algorithms were tested with simulations. Simulations were performed using a simple simulator implemented in Python. The simulator allowed to specify test paths, which could be covered by a user during his daily activities and simulate measurements performed by BLE anchors and ranging sensors comprising the system infrastructure.  
The Received Signal Strength (RSS) of the BLE signals measured by the anchors was modeled using the multi wall propagation model [16]. The model takes into account the topography of the area, where the system is located and introduces additional attenuation due to signal propagation through multiple walls. The model is described by the following dependence:  
\[P_{R}=P_{R0}-10\gamma log_{10}\left(\frac{d}{d_{0}}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{l}\sum _{k=1}^{K_{i}}L_{wik}+X_{\sigma}^{2} \tag{16}\]  
where:  
* \(P_{R}\) is the power received by the anchor from the tag
* \(P_{R0}\) is the power received at the reference distance \(d_{0}\) (1 m) (assumed \(-52\) dB)
* \(\gamma\) is the path loss exponent (assumed 2.4)
* \(d\) is the distance between the tag and the anchor
* \(I\) is the number of different wall types in the simulated area
* \(K_{i}\) is the number of walls of type \(i\)
* \(L_{wik}\) is the attenuation due to \(k^{th}\) traversed wall of type \(i\)* \(X_{e}^{2}\) is the log-normal random component present due to the shadowing effects and the receiver noise (3 dB standard deviation)  
In the simulations, it was assumed that all of the walls are the same and introduce the same signal attenuation (2 dB).  
The measured distance was simulated as:  
\[d_{m}=d+n(d) \tag{17}\]  
where:  
* \(d\) is the distance between the localized person and the sensor,
* \(n(d)\) is the measurement white noise of standard deviation calculated based on standard deviation model. The assumed deviation model was: \(\sigma(d)=d^{2}/60\). According to the model, standard deviation rises with distance, which reflects less accurate measurements due to a lower level of reflected signals.  
During the simulations, the sensors performed ranging only when the user was located in their beams. The areas covered by the sensors were modeled as conical beams of 30\({}^{\circ}\) width, and the maximum range of the sensor was set to 3.5 m.  
The user was localized based on the generated results using three algorithms: EKF using RSS measurements and two hybrid algorithms proposed in Section 3.
# Comparison of Root Parallelism in Extraction Cases Treated with Clear Aligners vs. Fixed Appliances
## 1 Introduction  
The control and adjustment of the axial inclinations of teeth is a critical step during orthodontic treatment, which may influence the patient's dental aesthetics and even mental health [1]. Especially in extraction therapy, root axial inclinations are typically evaluated after space closure to ensure that adequate parallelism of roots has been achieved [2]. This is because proper root parallelism is beneficial to obtain a functional, stable, and esthetically pleasing occlusion [2]. In addition, it is also beneficial for long-term periodontal health and is therefore important to ensure a good prognosis for treatment [3, 4].  
Clear aligner treatment has prominent advantages (e.g., beauty and comfort) and is increasingly favored by both orthodontists and patients [5]. Although previous studies have compared fixed appliances with clear aligners, regarding periodontal biofilm [6], treatment outcomes, and treatment time [7], the performance of both appliances in terms of root parallelism control at the extraction sites is largely unknown. Initially, the clear aligner appliance was mostly used for the correction of non-tooth extraction cases [8, 9]. With the innovation of digitization, materials, and systems, it is now gradually being applied in tooth extraction cases or even more complex cases. However, for the efficacy of clearaligner treatment in tooth extraction cases, the previous literature has focused on successful individual cases [10; 11; 12; 13].  
To compare the efficacy of the clear aligner appliance and the fixed appliance, most of the literature has reported non-tooth extraction cases [11; 14; 15; 16]. Relatively few comparative studies investigated the effect of the case of tooth extraction. In addition, even fewer studies have reported the adjustment and control of root parallelism in these two orthodontic appliances. For example, [PERSON] et al. [17] reported a trend for greater tipping of mandibular teeth into the extraction space and around the second premolar extraction sites during treatment with aligners. [PERSON] et al. [18] concluded that the objective grading system (OGS) scores were similar between the aligner group and the braces group for root angulation. This indicates that contradictions exist with regard to tooth inclination.  
Therefore, a retrospective study was conducted to compare the root parallelism in extraction cases treated with clear aligners vs. those treated with fixed appliances by measuring the differences per extraction site and to assess the root-movement control capacity of both orthodontic appliances. Here, the null hypothesis was that fixed appliances and clear aligners have the same performance on root-movement control.
# Application of Thermal Image Data to Detect Rebar Corrosion in Concrete Structures
## 3 Establishing IRT Database
### Establishment of Optimal Infrared Camera Imaging Conditions
#### 3.3.4 Determination of Heating Time  
As shown in Figure 7, the amount by which the rebar temperature rises increases as the heating time increases. However, when the specimen is heated for a longer period of time, there is a possibility that the influence of external factors will be that much greater. Hence, the imaging process must be quick for practical applications in the field. Therefore, the heating time was set as the time at which the increase in the concrete's internal rebar temperature went beyond a fixed value. When high current was applied to provide heating, the temperature rose rapidly at first, but after a fixed period of time, the increase in temperature gradually reduced. Considering that the amount of temperature increase reduced after 300 s, when the highest current that was used in the experiments (250 A) was applied, the heating time was set at 300 s. Once the heating was ceased, the specimen was left to cool at room temperature for 180 s, so that the concrete's internal rebar heat could spread to the concrete surface. The temperature changes were captured with an infrared camera. The infrared imaging was performed once every 30 s, and 16 thermography data values were captured for each specimen.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Current (A)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **100** & **150** & **200** & **250** & **300** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Corrosion ratio 0\%} & Internal rebar temperature increase & 1.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 10.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 17.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Surface temperature increase & 0.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 1.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 9.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Corrosion ratio 10\%} & Internal rebar temperature increase & 2.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 10.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 17.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 31.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Surface temperature increase & 0.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 6.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 9.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Comparison of temperature changes at cover thickness of 20 mm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Current (A)**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **150** & **200** & **250** & **300** & **350** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Corrosion ratio 0\%} & Internal rebar temperature increase & 3.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 10.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 18.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 28.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Surface temperature increase & 0.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 1.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 7
# Maximum Safe Parameters of Outbound Loaded Vessels for Wind Turbine Installation
## 6 Discussion and Conclusions  
Based on the above results of calculations, it should be assumed that jack-up vessels loaded crosswise with wind turbine blades of maximum length \(L\) = 140 m will be able to safely exit from the designed offshore wind farm terminal in Swinoujscie.  
This paper presents a method for determining the maximum safe blade lengths of wind turbines loaded across jack-up vessels maneuvering in port waterways. In this method, after identifying the hazards in the waterway under study, the acceptable risk of each accident scenario was determined.  
The navigational safety criterion used is the impossibility of acceptable risk. Based on this criterion, a confidence level was determined, based on which the above-water width of the safe maneuvering area of jack-up vessels with wind turbine blades loaded crosswise was determined. Considering the above-water available width of the study shipping area, the maximum safe length of the wind turbine blades for a specific accident scenario was also determined.  
It has been established that the developed method is recommended to be used within the range of 7 \(\div\) 100 departure maneuvers of a loaded jack-up vessel from the port per year.  
The developed method was applied to determine the allowable length of wind turbine blades loaded across jack-up vessels exiting the proposed offshore wind farm terminal in Swinoujscie. This length is \(L_{\text{n}kc}\) = 140 m.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Scenario 1** & **Scenario 2** & \\ \hline Surface width of the available navigable area & \(D^{\text{n}ad}\) & 231 & 198 & (m) \\ Acceptable risk & \(R_{\text{n}kc}\) & \(1\times 10^{-6}\) & \(1\times 10^{-3}\) & (1/year) \\ Significance level & \(\alpha\) & \(1.852\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.852\times 10^{-2}\) & (-) \\ Width of the safe maneuvering area & \(d_{(1-\alpha)}\) & 125 & 122 & (m) \\ Permissible safe lengths of wind turbine & \(L^{\text{n}kc}\) & \(\approx\)170 & \(\approx\)140 & (m) \\ blades loaded across the jack-up vessel & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Detailed results for determining the acceptable safe lengths of wind turbine blades loaded across the jack-up vessel leaving the port of Swinoujscie.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.G. and W.S.; methodology, S.G.; software, R.G. and M.P.; validation, S.G. and W.S.; formal analysis, S.G., R.G., M.P. and W.S.; investigation, S.G., R.G., M.P. and W.S.; resources, R.G. and M.P.; data curation, R.G. and M.P.; writing--original draft preparation, S.G.; writing--review and editing, R.G. and M.P.; visualization, R.G.; supervision, W.S.; project administration, S.G.; funding acquisition, W.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.