# Dairy Product Consumption and Preferences of Polish and Taiwanese Students--NPD Case Study
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dairy Consumption Frequency  
Based on the data obtained (Table 2), Taiwanese students were less likely to declare consuming dairy products daily (14%) compared to Polish students (39%). A total of 43% of Polish students declared consuming dairy products several times a week and only 13% declared once a week. Taiwanese students were most likely to report consuming dairy products several times a week (60%) or several times a month (20%). Among consumers surveyed, there were no responses that they never consumed dairy products, or consumed them occasionally or once a month.  
Frequency of dairy product consumption depended on consumers' country of origin and Polish students were significantly more likely to consume dairy products daily than Taiwanese consumers (\(p<0.0001\)), who consumed them only several times a week or a month (Table 2). The high frequency of consumption of dairy products among Poles was also observed in a study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22]. A total of 33% of Polish respondents indicated consuming dairy products \"several times a day\" and 29% reported \"several times a week\". In Taiwan, the trend is different. The highest intake of dairy is reported in school children (49.3%), the elderly (43.6%) and adolescents (32.1%), while the intake is low in middle-aged people at 22.2-25.9% [2].  
The lower consumption among Taiwanese is confirmed by the NAHSIT (Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan) survey conducted on 4771 participants in Taiwan (2005-2008), which shows that 45.4% did not eat dairy. In 25% of cases this was due to physiological limitations (diarrhea, 22%; bloating, 2.9%; constipation, 1.3%). In contrast, more than half of the study participants stated that dairy was not part of their diet due to \"lack of habit\" (32.2%), \"reluctance\" (17.1%), \"lack of adequate time\" (10.3%) or \"lack of courage\" (7.1%). However, 3% of the respondents cited the high cost as a reason for not consuming dairy products (especially those living in the eastern region and indigenous people) [2]. As indicated by a study conducted in Taiwan [3], low or moderate dairy intake, less than one  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c} \hline \hline
**Sample Characteristic** & **Poland (\%)** & **Taiwan (\%)** \\ \hline Gender & Male & 21 & 57 \\ Female & 79 & 43 \\ Age & 19–25 & 100 & 100 \\  & Very good & 11 & 2 \\  & Good & 53 & 10 \\ Economic situation & Average & 34 & 82 \\  & Bad & 0 & 5 \\  & Very bad & 2 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sample characteristics (\(n=200\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Frequency of Dairy Product Consumption** & **Poland (\%)** & **Taiwan (\%)** & \(p\)**-Value \({}^{*}\)** \\ \hline Every day & 39 & 14 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ Several times a week & 43 & 60 & 0.0161 \\ Once a week & 13 & 6 & 0.0913 \\ Several times a month & 5 & 20 & 0.0013 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Test chi\({}^{2}\).  
\end{table}
Table 2: Dairy consumption frequency.  
serving per day, is accepted by about half of Asians who are lactose intolerant. It was found that those who consume dairy at this frequency gain an advantage over those who consume dairy products with less frequency or not at all in terms of mortality and morbidity [3].