## 2 Lean and Green Overview
### Benefits of Integrating Lean and Green  
Combining the lean and green concepts is crucial and profitable both in the short and long term. Since the petroleum industry is already lean aware, it can easily integrate the principle of green into its operations, taking into account the ISO 14001 standard [68]. It is easy for organizations that have adopted lean principles to integrate green [67]. According to the authors of [20], the lean concept has been used to advance operational and technical aspects, contractor/supplier relationships, team organization, and project management practices in the petroleum industry. IKEA, a furniture and home accessories brand, focuses on sustainability through its \"People & Planet Positive\" green strategy [69]. The company sources materials from sustainable providers, uses solar panels and wind farms, and aims to be 100% renewable. Unilever's sustainable living plan aims to double its bottom line and reduce environmental impact by 50% in 10 years. In just 5 years, the company has reduced non-hazardous waste by 75% [70]. Other benefits are shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Initiatives** & **Possible Impact** & **Application for SSA** \\ \hline A. Advanced refining technologies such as molecular refining, catalysis, and digitalization [64; 65; 66]. & Allows refineries to create bespoke processing techniques to optimize yields of desired products, cleaner production, and minimize waste. & If implemented, it will enable predictive maintenance, which minimizes costs and downtime. It will also enhance efficiency and product quality through improved process control. & If implemented, it will enable predictive maintenance, which minimizes costs and downtime. It will also enhance efficiency and product quality through improved process control. & If implemented, it will enable predictive maintenance, which minimizes costs and downtime. It will also enhance efficiency and product quality through improved process control. \\ \hline B. Automation [61; 62; 66]. & Streamlines real-time process optimization and the predictive maintenance of facilities and equipment, utilizing data analytics, sensor data, and digitalization to reduce energy consumption, improve efficiency, and enhance product quality. & It would improve energy efficiency and impact the entire petroleum value chain if implemented. \\ \hline C. Heavy Oil processing (visbreaking and hydrocracking) [59; 64; 65; 64]. & The visbreaking process breaks down heavy oil molecules, resulting in lighter components like diesel and gasoline, while hydrocracking technology merges cracking with hydrogenation, resulting in lighter products. & Ensure consistent regulatory compliance and stakeholders’ engagement regarding agreed-upon refining outputs. & Ensure consistent regulatory compliance and stakeholders’ engagement regarding agreed-upon refining outputs. \\ \hline D. Advanced separation techniques (adsorption, membrane separation, and extractive distillation) [59; 64; 65; 64]. & Adsorption, extractive distillation, and membrane separation are methods used to selectively capture and separate components from crude oil, enhancing product yields and reducing energy consumption. & Reduce energy consumption and improve product quality and energy efficiency throughout the petroleum value chain. \\ \hline E. Environmental technologies [59; 64; 67]. & Clean technologies, such as hydrotreating, and environmental technologies, such as flare gas recovery units and tail gas treating units, produce cleaner-burning fuels with reduced emissions. & Ensure consistent regulatory compliance and stakeholders’ engagement regarding agreed refining outputs and flare limits. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Suggested green initiatives within the petroleum industry supply chain.