# Compacted Area with Effective Links (CAEL) for Data Dissemination in VANETs
## 5 Settings for Performance Assessment  
This section examines the effect on the performance of RGoV [9], DyTE [10], COOP [37], NCA(MPR) [38], CACA [39], and CAEL at various network densities. The network density has been demonstrated by deploying up to 300 nodes over an area of 2500 m \(\times\) 2000 m. Every individual node in the network may travel at a maximum speed of 50 km per hour. Between random source-destination connections, a maximum of 100 connections are established with the packet 512 bytes in size.  
The IEEE 802.11p standard is widely used for wireless connectivity in vehicular communication. IEEE 802.11p is considered the cross-layer standard for Physical Layer/Medium  
Figure 7: Tabular explanation and calculation of the best possible Reliability Factor (RF).  
Access Control (PHY/MAC), incorporating orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and a frequency spectrum specified for vehicular communication of 5.9 GHz. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the foundation of the IEEE 802.11p MAC. A node initially senses the channel before transmission, and during the transmission process, the node and channel become inactive for a short period of time. The transmission only resumes when the channel is idle. If the wireless channel is busy, an arbitrary back-off mechanism is implemented with a contention window (CW) and only starts to transmit at the lapse of the back-off timer.  
The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated and compared with existing routing protocols using the NS-2 simulator, because it is an open source simulator designed specifically for research in computer communication networks based on discrete events [40] and object-oriented simulations. Since its inception, NS-2 has piqued the interest of industry, academia, and the government. It has been under constant investigation and enhancement for years. In fact, the NS-2 simulator was used in recent research [39; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46]. NS-2 contains modules for numerous network components, such as routing, transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP), and applications; therefore, the researchers can simply use the scripting language to configure a network and observe the results generated by NS-2 to investigate network performance.  
A realistic urban scenario is designed using the tool called the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) [47]. SUMO also delivers the most frequently used information regarding the traffic conditions via the use of road directions, edges information, and vehicle speed. Additionally, SUMO generates the mobility trace file that defines the wireless mobile network, which consists of various randomly distributed nodes that follow the road's behavior. Furthermore, a piece of map is extracted using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) [48] containing a portion of the city Karachi (Pakistan), which is converted using SUMO [49] to implement the vehicular traffic scenario.  
In each result (discussed in Sections 5.1.1-5.1.3), the x axis represents the variation in node density whereas the y axis represents the performance metric. The summary of the simulation settings and its parameters is given in Table 1.