esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Role of sRNA in Antibiotic Resistance  
As discussed in the previous sections, bacterial pathogens pose a significant global threat due to their diverse virulence factors and stress-responsive mechanisms, which enable them to evade host immunity and establish infections. To combat these pathogens, antibiotics were developed as a crucial means of treatment [163]. However, in recent years, the efficacy of the antibiotics has gone down due to the rise in multi-drug-resistant strains [19]. Antibiotics enter bacterial cells through various mechanisms, depending on their class and the bacterial cell membrane/wall structure and target essential processes, thereby killing (or inhibiting) the pathogen. For instance, Beta-lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporions) diffuse through the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria, inhibiting cell wall synthesis [164], whereas aminoglycos (e.g., gentamicin, streptomycin) pass through porin channels in Gram-negative bacteria and bind ribosomal RNA, disrupting protein synthesis [165]. Similarly, Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline) utilize passive diffusion and active transport to inhibit ribosomal function [166]. Macrolides (e.g., erythromycinycin, azithromycin) diffuse through membranes to bind the 50S ribosomal subunit, halting protein synthesis [167]. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) enter via porins and inhibit DNA replication by targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV [168]. Sulfonamides (e.g., sulfamethoxazole) mimic para-aminobenzic acid (PABA) to block folic acid synthesis [169]. Glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin) target cell wall precursors, preventing synthesis [170]. Taken together, each class of antibiotics has a unique mechanism of entry and action, which is crucial for their effectiveness and the development of resistance mechanisms.  
To curb the effects of antibiotics, bacteria have utilized sRNAs to develop elaborate strategies that will be discussed in the following section. For example, treatment with last-line antibiotics, including linezolid, ceftobjrole, tiegcycline, and vancomycin of methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) exhibited a coordinated sRNA response [171]. Similar sRNA-dependent responses to sub-MIC levels [antibiotic concentrations below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), meaning they are insufficient to prevent bacterial growth] of eight clinically relevant antibiotics and tiegcycline was also observed in DOT-T1E isolate of _Pseudomonas putida_[172] and _Salmonella_ Typhimurium, respectively. All these studies underscore the importance of small RNA in both antibiotic resistance as well as susceptibility, making them novel targets for drug development. To understand the role of small RNA in antibiotic resistance and susceptibility, I have divided the following three sections based on the strategies the multi-drug-resistant bacteria employ to curb the effects of the antibiotics.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this article, we aim to explore the effects of two major types of data integrity and availability attacks-DoS and FDI attacks on the new LFC system that could be equipped with AC/HVDC transmission lines and also ESS for inertia emulation in the modern scenarios. We have modeled the test LFC system under DoS attacks as a switched linear system, and theoretical results are provided for switching strategies that an advanced DoS attacker can exploit to make the system unstable. For the FDI attack scenario, both stationary and dynamic FDI attacks are studied and their optimal strategies to achieve attack impact and undetectability are proposed. Particularly, the zero-dynamics FDI attack is introduced, and we show that it can remain stealthy with respect to arbitrary anomaly detectors and drive the system states of frequencies to unsafe sets. We hope that our work provides inspirations for moving in that direction: the complexity of the attack scenario and also the modern power system itself has introduced more challenges in the system operation.  
In addition to theoretical results, a comparison study is performed by simulations on the exemplary two-area system to learn DoS and FDI attacks on three different LFC system models. The numerical results illustrate that in many adversarial scenarios, the LFC system with AC/HVDC transmission lines and added ESS can be more vulnerable to the cyber attacks of this article. In particular, the inertia emulation part is key to the performance of LFC system dynamics under both types of DoS and FDI attacks. This requires more advanced mitigation or detection schemes in the context of LFC system with new elements of HVDC link and inertia emulation block. We have a discussion above on a possible detection scheme as we can envision, and we leave it for future work.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, K.P., E.R. and P.P.; methodology, K.P.; software, K.P. and J.D.; validation, K.P., J.D. and E.R.; formal analysis, K.P.; investigation, K.P. and E.R.; resources, E.R. and P.P.; data curation, K.P.; writing--original draft preparation, K.P. and J.D.; writing--review and editing, K.P., J.D., E.R. and P.P.; visualization, K.P.; supervision, P.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Analysis of Security Issues and Countermeasures for the Industrial Internet of Things
## 4 Security Countermeasures in IIoT systems
### Application Layer
The usefulness of the PKI in IIoT is that it can manage a large number of certificates for securing network-connected devices all along, further enhancing and expanding its use for the millions of interconnected IIoT devices.
## 3 Numerical Calculation Application and Experimental Setup
### Steady State CFD Model Setup
#### 3.2.2 MRF Model Setup and Boundary Condition  
The whole computational domain was divided into three sub-domains, namely, the suction chamber, the impeller and the discharge chamber. These sub-domains exchange the solution information through their interfaces. The MRF model was applied in the rotating impeller region, in which the reference frame was set to be clockwise rotating with a speed of 1480 rev min\({}^{-1}\), which equals to the rated rotating speed of the centrifugal pump.  
Boundary conditions were set as follows: the entrance boundary was set as a velocity inlet perpendicular to the entrance plane, where the turbulent intensity and viscosity ratio were 5% and 10, respectively. An outflow condition with a 100% backflow ratio was adopted for the outlet to reflect the fully developed flow pattern. The wall condition was used for other surfaces. Specifically, the roughness was set as \(2\times 10^{-5}\) m for walls of the impeller and \(5\times 10^{-5}\) m for walls in the suction and discharge chambers, which match the actual processing parameters of the pump manufacturer.
## 5 BN-MAC Protocol Design
### Finding the List of One Hop-Neighbors  
When a node intends to start communication with its neighbor node after accessing the channel, the node sends an Anycast message to its one-hop neighbor nodes to obtain the details of neighboring nodes. This process helps to reduce overhead and manage network load balancing. The process of sending the Anycast ensures that the intended neighboring nodes are able to talk with each other, even if they possess different sleeping and communication schedules. The neighbor discovery process consists of short messages (short preambles), which consume less network bandwidth and improve the throughput.  
Each node randomly sends a short preamble for finding the list of intended neighbor nodes using Anycast after two seconds for 15 s. This timing is used obtain maximum throughput; packet sending intervals from 1 to 10 s were considered, but the time interval of 2 s provides the maximum throughput. We have also set the packet sending time at 15 s to facilitate the successful completion ofthe packet sending process. If we set the time less than or higher than 15 s, then the node energy is wasted. The node is unable to complete the packet sending cycle when the time is less than 15 s, and when the time is greater than 15 s, the node comes into the idle situation because after finishing the packet sending task and thus waits on the channel until the level of set time is reached. We present the performance of the BN-MAC at different time intervals and packet sending durations in Figures 2 and 3. A comparison of BN-MAC and Z-MAC, the nodes of which use 30 s for the neighbor discovery process, indicates that Z-MAC has higher energy consumption.  
The node discovery process in BN-MAC consists of a one-hop neighbor node, but nodes are able to obtain two-hop neighbor information that is helpful for expanding cross-layering support. The two-hop information that has been obtained is also used for slot allocation, which enables the node to increase  
Figure 3: Packet sending duration _versus_ energy consumption.  
Figure 2: Throughput at different time intervals.  
mobility because the node retains the information even when the two-hop node is moving. BN-MAC is scalable because the one-hop topological change is easy to handle; each node knows the schedule of the one-hop neighbor node. BN-MAC uses a promising time scheduler because the assigned slot does not exceed the one-hop neighborhood. BN-MAC also performs the without changing the time slots of existing nodes. The localized time slot allocation which is used with channels to synchronize for the whole network. Otherwise, conflict between different traffic flows can occur. It also helps the node to gather allocation information for all 1-hop and 2-hop neighbor nodes. This feature of slot allocation re-use improves throughput and reduces node latency.
# Choice of Screws for Fixation of Mandibular Condyle Fractures Guided by Anthropometric Data
###### Abstract  
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is becoming increasingly common in treatment of the condylar process, including mandible head fractures. This approach significantly improves the results in terms of anatomical reduction of bone fragments, and shortens the treatment time, allowing for early functional recovery. The success of ORIF is largely determined by the stability of the osteosynthesis. The stabilization effect depends on the screw type and length of the plate used, in addition to the diameter and length of the screws used. The aim of this study was to determine the largest possible screw length that can be used in ORIF of the mandibular condyle considering the variable bone thickness. A total of 500 condyles were examined using computer tomography (CT)-based 3D models in Caucasians. For all models, three measurements were made in the frontal projection in places typical for the stabilization of osteosynthesis plates in the fractures of the condylar process: the base, the top, and the sigmoid notch. In addition, one measurement of the mandible head was made in the place of the greatest width. The results showed that 8 mm screws should be used in the region of the condylar base as the longest anatomically justified screw, whereas in the area of a sigmoid notch only 1.5-2 mm screws should be used. Measurements in the area of the neck top revealed statistically significant differences in the measurements between the sex of patients, with average differences below 1 mm (\(p\) < 0.05). In this area, the maximal length of the screw was found to be 10 mm. In mandibular head fractures, the use of long screws is extremely important due to the desired effect of fragment compression. Statistically significant differences were found in the measurement results between women and men. The maximal screw length for bicortical fixation was found to be 22 mm in men and 20 mm in women. In post-traumatic patients, the ability to obtain a clear measurement is often limited by a deformed anatomy. Taking into account the fact that the fracture stability is influenced by both the plate length and the length of the fixation screws, an assessment of the standard measurement values in a cohort group will improve the quality of the surgical fixations of the fractures.  
m 2021 7 April 2021 9 April 2021 99 The success of ORIF is largely determined by the stability of the fixation [1; 7]. This depends on the type and length of the plate used, in addition to the width and length of the osteosynthetic screws [8]. Among the factors influencing the stability of the fixation, the type of fixing material has also been mentioned [9; 10].  
The aim of this study was to determine the largest possible screw length that can be used in ORIF of the mandibular condyle considering variable bone thickness.
## 1 Introduction
In this study, a frequency distribution scheme using a hierarchical optimization algorithm is introduced for the Taiji program by considering the frequency bands or frequencies for each function or device to ensure an accurate readout of the inter-spacecraft heterodyne signal, synchronize the onboard clock with those on other S/Cs, and generate an ADC sampling frequency and pilot tone signal. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces frequency factors and constraints, such as sideband frequency, ADC sampling, and pilot-tone frequencies. The optimization algorithm is introduced in Section 3. Section 4 describes the solution for the frequency setting scheme for each function or device. The effects of key parameters and total readout displacement noise are also analyzed. Finally, Section 5 concludes this study.
# Benchmarking of Load Forecasting Methods Using Residential Smart Meter Data
## 3 Results
### In-Depth Analysis of the Trainted Models
In this research, a straightforward analysis to the weights vector in the first layer was followed. Nevertheless, a sensitivity analysis could be followed, involving the concept of partial derivatives, to give a perspective on the local rate of change of the output with respect to an individual input holding the other inputs fixed [27; 31]. As the neural network models evaluated use nonlinear activation functions between the different layers, a simple comparison of weights may not be reliable enough. In multilayer networks, a partial derivative has the same interpretation as a weight in a linear model, but instead of extending the analysis to the entire input space, it is only focused on the neighbourhood of the input point being considered. During different experiments, processing times were recorded for each forecasting model and for each consumer analysed. The PC used during the tests was an Intel-core i7,  
Figure 13: Feature relevance using ANN model. 2.5 GHz with 12 GB of installed memory (RAM). Despite the available records of training times and simulation times (only during the prediction and not interfering in the modelling) for the training and test subsets, these two latest ones are so negligible that they are not here presented. Table 3 shows the resulting training times for the different forecasting models. As can be seen, the most time-consuming is the Random Forest Regressor (RF model), and in some cases (individual consumers) this can be avoided as the models tend to be overfitted. The hyperparameters' definition would be providential to circumvent this effect. ANN models tend to be rapidly trained; however, several tests were in fact considered, including several trials and different numbers of neurons, until the most accurate model was found. MARS models are a good compromise to have a straightforward and interpretable model, with low computational time to train (not depending on several trials, unless different hyperparameters--maximum number of hinge functions, the penalty parameter or the maximum number of interactions--are explored through a metaheuristic or a grid-search technique). In Figure 14, it is shown that almost 70% of the consumers tested were in fact modelled with an ANN with seven or more neurons. Despite this fact, error metrics found in ANNs with higher dimensions are not that much lower than the error metrics obtained with lower ANN dimensions. More than the ANN dimension, each energy behaviour idiosyncrasy and the quality of measured data are more influential on the forecasting accuracy, as the forecasting quality was revealed to be not so sensitive to the ANN architecture.
## 2 Methodology  
### DT System  
The DT system for bearing thermal analysis comprises four components: the Physical Entity Layer (PEL), the Data Acquisition Layer (DAL), the VML, and the Data Mapping Part (DMP), as illustrated in Figure 2.  
The PEL constitutes the tangible objects reflecting research characteristics and the physical manifestation of the twin model. The deep groove ball bearing and cylindrical roller bearing, serving as the physical entities of the DT system, are assembled within a cylindrical drum for transient experimental testing under diverse operating conditions.  
Based on the bearing lubrication test bench, the DAL employs high-precision sensors and recording instruments to capture high-fidelity real-time data and feature labels during bearing rotational operation. In this study, a monitoring system composed of a control cabinet, inductive coupling device, thermal sensors, and a data recorder measures the surface temperatures of deep groove ball bearings in real time. The control cabinet governs experimental condition loading, including runtime parameterization, load application, and rotational speed regulation. As shown in the overall block diagram of test bench, the outer ring thermal sensor (PT100 platinum resistance thermometer) is inserted into the measuring hole inside the bearing house, and the probe directly contacts the outer surface of the outer ring to measure its temperature. The inner ring thermal sensor (PT100 platinum resistance thermometer, NTN (China) Investment Corporation, Shanghai, China) is embedded within the measuring hole of the shaft, with its probe contacting the inner surface of the bearing inner ring. The lead of the thermal sensor is connected to a non-contact inductive coupling device on the shaft. This arrangement allows the electrical signals to be transmitted from the shaft to the external system. After being processed by the recorder, the temperature measurement of the inner surface of the bearing inner ring is achieved.  
The VML can be implemented through three distinct methodologies--physics-based thermal model, mathematical surrogate model, or intelligent algorithm--depending on model category requirements and bearing specifications. The selection among these approaches is governed by engineering constraints, including the clarity of thermal parameters, sensor placement configurations, and measurement accuracy.
# Topology Optimization Considering Porosity Defects in Metal Additive Manufacturing
## 6 Numerical Examples  
In this Section, two examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed porosity constraints. For the convenience of calculation, the measure \(M(B_{x,r})\) of the small pores is expressed as:  
\[M(B_{x,r})=\pi r^{d} \tag{55}\]  
where \(d\) represents the structural dimension.  
The Lagrangian multipliers and the penalty factors of (53) will be updated continuously with the rule:  
\[\begin{array}{c}\ell_{1}^{n+1}=\ell_{1}^{n}-\Gamma_{1}^{n}C_{p}^{n}(\Omega) \\ \ell_{2}^{n+1}=\ell_{2}^{n}-\Gamma_{2}^{n}(Vol^{n}(\Omega)-V_{max})\\ \Gamma_{1}^{n+1}=\beta_{1}\Gamma_{1}^{n}\\ \Gamma_{2}^{n+1}=\beta_{2}\Gamma_{2}^{n}\end{array} \tag{56}\]  
where \(\ell=(\ell_{1},\ell_{2})\) is updated every iteration and \(\Gamma=(\Gamma_{1},\,\Gamma_{2})\) is updated every five iterations. In the level set topology optimization, it is difficult to select the initial values of Lagrangian multipliers and the penalty factors. The initial values of the following numerical examples follow the empirical formula:  
\[\begin{array}{c}\ell_{1}^{0}=0.05(J(\Omega)/V_{max})\\ \ell_{2}^{0}=0.05(C_{p}(\Omega)/V_{max})\\ \Gamma_{1}^{0}=0.05|\ell_{1}^{0}|\\ \Gamma_{2}^{0}=0.05|\ell_{2}^{0}|\end{array} \tag{57}\]  
Since the main purpose of this Section is to verify the effectiveness of the method, all material properties and loads are dimensionless. The materials for all numerical examples are isotropic. Assume that the Young's modulus of the solid material is \(E_{1}=1\), the [PERSON]'s modulus of the void material is \(E_{0}=10^{-3}\), and the [PERSON]'s ratio is \(\vartheta=0.3\). All examples adopt four-node rectangular elements to mesh the design domain.
# Smart Hydroponic Cultivation System for Lettuce
## 1 Introduction
Through a case study, the proposed smart agriculture system was validated through the cultivation of lettuce using three different nutrient solution concentrations over a complete growth cycle. The experiment allowed monitoring the performance of the proposed system in terms of environmental control and crop tracking; however, conclusions regarding nutritional efficiency should be limited solely to the experiment carried out in this case study. This proposal presents an alternative approach to urban plant production that aligns with the automation of agricultural processes. With the features demonstrated by the proposed smart system, this article contributes to the field of smart agriculture, as listed below:  
* The smart agriculture system presented is not limited to the sensors described here, as the use of the RS-485 communication bus allows for the connection of up to 31 additional slave devices on a single channel. This feature provides scalability and flexibility, facilitating the integration of new sensors or actuators based on the specific needs of the crop or future research. * A responsive web application and a mobile application were developed for monitoring environmental variables and modifying their reference values (setpoints). Our system represents an improvement compared to [21, 25, 26, 28, 29], where data transmission and visualization are performed locally. The development of a customized web application allows for a user interface that is adaptable and tailored to the information displayed, unlike [24, 26], which rely on Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solutions with predefined visualizations. * This article also presents a case study that describes the cultivation experiment used to validate the system, in which three treatments with different nutrient solution concentrations (T100, T75 and T50) were applied. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) is presented to compare the phenological and biochemical results obtained. Additionally, a comparison with international standards is provided, demonstrating that the biochemical characteristics of the harvested lettuce are competitive. The article is organized as follows: Section 2, Materials and Methods, describes the methodology used to condition the space designated as the plant growth chamber, the characteristics of the NFT hydroponic systems, the cultivation experiment conducted in the case study and the proposed smart agriculture system. Section 3, Results, presents the findings related to the behavior of the smart agriculture system and the variables recorded during the cultivation experiment of the case study. Section 4, Discussion, analyzes the results obtained from the proposed system and the case study used for its validation. Finally, Section 5, Conclusions, outlines the general conclusions and the future work.