## 4 Spectrum of Heterogenous Services for Transport Means and the Communication of Information
### The Information Flows and Modelling for the Context of Tracking
#### 5.1.1 Integration of the TIR System in Heterogeneous Service Provision Infrastructure  
The computerisation of freight documents is not easy and is taking many years. Slow computerisation is due to insufficient physical infrastructure and complex cross-border formalities and procedures. The results of the implementation by International Road Transport Union (IRU), which are carried during international operations at the driver cabin are shown in Table 7.  
Many freight operations in EU-28 territory still require the carriage of paper copies by a lorry driver, among European countries where is a large quantity of TIR Carnets provided by World Road Transport Organisation. A key element for the cross-border movement of goods is e-documents instead of paper ones. This simplification is the result of the development of integrated information flow model. The exchange of relevant information is facilitated by applying available ICT tools. For transit, a key element is electronic TIR (eTIR) presenting all process monitoring information and cross-border movement of goods based on e-documents. The computerisation of TIR Carnets started in 1995. Inefficiencies and unfair customs practices in transit procedures were major challenges for developing countries which faced to strengthen their competitive positions in global markets. The development of the eTIR system started in 2003. The computerisation of TIR Carnets provides benefits for all participants in the cargo transportation processes such as the systematic availability of extended information, which enables stakeholders to carry out risk assessments before the cargo arrival. For transit and the usage of the eTIR, it is highly essential to define countries, which will be crossed. In literature, it is also mentioned as a transit route assignment problem. For solving this problem, the rule of how the transit route is chosen must be specified. The framework can consider the transit route choice behaviours, including multiple carriers that interact on the same physical network. One of the main features is that framework finds the effects on the transportation network, including congestion and capacity elements. At the first level, the time of departure and the transfer point for switching \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Counties** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Number of TIR Carnets** \\ **Distributed in the Year 2019** \\ \end{tabular} & **Counties** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Number of TIR Carnets** \\ **Distributed in the Year 2019** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Austria & 1200 & Ireland & 0 \\ Belgium & 0 & Latvia & 9500 \\ Bulgaria & 13,200 & Lithuania & 41,000 \\ Croatia & 150 & Luxembourg & 0 \\ Cyprus & 0 & Malta & 0 \\ Czech Republic & 2900 & The Netherlands & 0 \\ Denmark & 300 & Poland & 81,000 \\ Estonia & 1300 & Portugal & 0 \\ Finland & 500 & Romania & 10,600 \\ France & 50 & Slovakia & 3000 \\ Germany & 1900 & Slovenia & 2000 \\ Greece & 1950 & Spain & 150 \\ Hungary & 3650 & Sweden & 0 \\ Italy & 600 & United Kingdom & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Number of International Road Transports (TIR) distributed by International Road Transport Union (IRU) to EU-28 countries [40]. carrier are selected. The assumption is made that drivers minimise freight delivery time when they are travelling between specified locations. The transit travel time is randomly distributed among drivers. Equilibrium will be reached when no one of drivers believes that travel time could be improved by changing the route. Such is characterised as a stochastic equilibrium condition [41]. For traffic, the assignment could also be used for the all-or-nothing procedure, which is using empty network time intervals for transit route assignment. For selecting the solution, assignment loads the freight delivery trips between points (in particular, origins and destinations) for searching the shortest transit route. In the case of multiple carriers, route code could be used for identification.