# Advances in the Study of Bioactive Compounds and
## 2 Nutritional Composition of Goji Berry
The presence of these essential fatty acids, albeit in small quantities, contributes to the overall nutritional value of goji berries. **Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). ** Goji berries are renowned for their rich micronutrient content, particularly their high levels of certain vitamins and minerals. This micronutrient profile contributes significantly to the berries' reputation as a nutritional powerhouse and their potential health-promoting properties. Vitamins are present in substantial amounts in goji berries, with vitamin C being one of the most notable. The vitamin C content in goji berries can range from 2.39 to 48.94 mg per 100 g of fresh weight, which is comparable to or higher than many citrus fruits [23]. This high vitamin C content contributes to the berries' antioxidant properties and their potential immune-boosting effects. Additionally, goji berries contain significant amounts of vitamin A precursors, particularly zeaxanthin and \(\beta\)-carotene [24]. These carotenoids not only contribute to the berries' characteristic red-orange color but also play crucial roles in eye health and overall antioxidant status. Other vitamins found in goji berries include various B vitamins, such as thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), and niacin (B3). While present in smaller quantities, these B vitamins contribute to the overall nutritional value of the berries and play essential roles in energy metabolism and cellular function. The mineral content of goji berries is equally impressive, with potassium being the most abundant mineral [25]. Potassium levels in goji berries have been reported to range from 434 to 1460 mg per 100 g of fresh weight, making them an excellent source of this essential mineral crucial for maintaining proper fluid balance and nerve function. Calcium is another significant mineral found in goji berries, with levels ranging from 29 to 60 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. This calcium content, while not as high as dairy products, still contributes to the overall calcium intake and may be particularly beneficial in plant-based diets. Iron is present in notable quantities in goji berries, with levels reported around 5.4 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. This iron content is particularly significant given that iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. The presence of vitamin C in goji berries may enhance iron absorption, potentially making the iron in goji berries more bioavailable. Other minerals found in significant amounts in goji berries include zinc, selenium, and phosphorus. Zinc, present at about 1.5 mg per 100 g of fresh weight, is essential for immune function and wound healing. Selenium, while present in smaller quantities, is a crucial component of antioxidant enzymes. Phosphorus, found at levels around 232 mg per 100 g of fresh weight, plays vital roles in bone health and energy metabolism. **Dietary fiber content. ** The dietary fiber content of goji berries is another notable aspect of their nutritional profile. Dietary fiber plays crucial roles in digestive health, blood sugar regulation, and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome [18]. The total dietary fiber content in goji berries typically ranges from 3.63 to 16 g per 100 g of fresh weight, which is considerable for a fruit. The fiber in goji berries consists of both soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber, which dissolves in water to form a gel-like substance, has been reported to range from 0.90 to 5.5 g per 100 g of dry weight in goji berries. This type of fiber is known for its ability to lower cholesterol levels and help regulate blood sugar. Insoluble fiber, which does not dissolve in water, is present in higher amounts, ranging from 2.73 to 11.7 g per 100 g of dry weight [23]. Insoluble fiber aids in digestion by adding bulk to stools and promoting regular bowel movements. The presence of both types of fiber in goji berries contributes to their potential prebiotic effects [26].