## 2 Related Work and Motivation
Additionally, the authors explored a study in [43] to select the right RAN architecture shared with other operators to enhance energy efficiency. In this study, it was investigated how these approaches could be applied in real networks, along with current trends in research. [PERSON] et al. [44] and [PERSON] et al. [45] provided insight into developing energy-efficient mMIMO technology for cellular systems. Some limitations of mMIMO technology were also mentioned. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [46] considered mMIMO and HetNet architecture, along with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and non-orthogonal aggregation, to enhance energy efficiency in cellular communication systems. [PERSON] et al. [47] presented a detailed overview of green cellular communication, considering mMIMO, mmWave, and HetNet mechanisms. To address the power consumption challenge in ultra-dense Small Cell Networks (SCNs) for 5G wireless communication, [PERSON] et al. [48] suggested the use of mMIMO and Passive Optical Networks (PONs). [PERSON] et al. [49] presented different types of base stations and explored various techniques to enhance the energy efficiency of cellular base stations. An algorithm to save power was also provided. [PERSON] et al. [50] performed a simulation and proposed an approach called Dynamic Point Selection Coordinated Multipoint (DPS CoMP) to balance cellular network loads for enhancing throughput and energy efficiency. The simulation results showed that the considered approach reduced on-grid power consumption by 22% and enhanced energy efficiency by 32%. [PERSON] et al. [51] presented a detailed review of potential techniques to improve energy efficiency in 5G cellular communication while reducing Operating Expenses (OpEx) and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. The authors primarily focused on developing mMIMO and C-RAN mechanisms to reduce power consumption in cellular networks. [PERSON] et al. [6] presented a 5G green communication network based on energy harvesting, HetNet architecture, and SDN. [PERSON] et al. [52] presented the current ICT development in Nepal. Simultaneously, the evaluation of cellular networks to make them green was explored, utilizing SDN and Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). [PERSON] et al. [53] examined mMIMO, mmWave, HetNet, D2D, and SDN mechanisms to develop green cellular communication. [PERSON] et al. [54] reviewed recent research to develop green cellular communication. SDN, NFV, sleep modes of base stations, and ML techniques were considered to reduce power consumption in cellular networks. [PERSON] et al. [55] provided an overview of recent research on the energy efficiency of 5G cellular communication. Techniques such as green energy harvesting, smart grids, mMIMO, D2D, C-RAN, and NFV were considered. Additionally, the latest developments in the standard energy efficiency of the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) within the context of key 5G green technologies were explored. [PERSON] et al. [56] explored the advantages of SDN and NFV in cellular networks. Different network architectures based on Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) were proposed, utilizing NFV to deploy network functions. [PERSON] et al. [57] provided a detailed review of softwarization in densely deployed RANs. The applicability of ML in future cellular networks, along with SDN and NFV, was explored to curtail energy consumption in cellular network architecture. [PERSON] et al. [58] provided an overview of Wireless Network Virtualization (WNV), SDN, and C-RAN technologies to develop future cellular networks. A general WVN cellular network architecture using SDN was proposed. Challenges and research issues related to WNV- and SDN-based cellular networks were also discussed. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [59] explored China Mobile's vision and potential solutions for future cellular communication. Information about C-RAN, SDN, NFV, and ultra-dense networks was provided.