# Antioxidant Capacity of Honey Enriched by Wildflowers
## 3 Results and Discussion
Among these, the cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) extract was characterised by the highest antioxidative potential of 188.5 GAE mg:g\({}^{-1}\), with black elderberry (_Sambucus nigra_ L.) extract coming second with an antioxidative activity of 170.4 GAE mg:g\({}^{-1}\), while high mallow (_Malva sylvestris_ L.) had a potential 10 times lower than black elderberry (_Sambucus nigra_ L.) flowers. The flavonoid contents were 52.0 RUE mg:g\({}^{-1}\) for cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.), 32.4 mg:g\({}^{-1}\) for black elderberry (_Sambucus nigra_ L.), and 35.5 RUE mg:g\({}^{-1}\) for high mallow (_Malva sylvestris_ L.). These results demonstrate that individual flowers and other plant parts can provide different health-promoting properties and substances, while the antioxidative activity is not always connected to high flavonoid content. A study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [29] demonstrated that the richest source of polyphenic compounds was cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) flowers and leaves, while aqueous and ethanol extracts from cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) were characterised by a quantitatively rich profile of polyphenic substances and high antioxidative potential. According to [PERSON] [60], the total flavonoid content in cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) flowers reaches approximately 3%, and the substances present in these flowers in the greatest quantities are rutoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, and isorhamentin-3-glucoside. [PERSON] et al. [28] also demonstrated that as a result of enriching wine with cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) flowers, the anthocyanin content in red wine had a four-fold increase, up to 1956.85 mg:L\({}^{-1}\) after a 10% addition of cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) flowers, the flavonoid content had a 5-fold increase for white wines, and an almost 25-fold increase in flavonoid content was found in Carlo Rossi commercial wine samples at the lowest (2.5%) cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.)flower addition. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [61], the object of analysis was a solid herbal extract of cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.), which included a multi-stage purification process with standardisation of its polyphenic composition and its cardioprotective effect in animals with experimental chronic heart failure. The authors of the study demonstrated that a solid herbal extract produced from cowslip primrose (_Primula veris_ L.) at a dose of 30 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) resulted in a smaller number of animal deaths and a lower level of plasma disease markers as compared to the control group. Hierarchical clustering analysis and heatmap visualisation was performed to visualise the relationships between the analysed samples (Figure 1). Figure 1: Hierarchical clustering analysis and heatmap visualisation of honey enriched by wild-growing spring flowers based on antioxidant activity determined via the DPPH and ABTS methods, the total content of phenolic compounds (TPC), and the total content of flavonoids (TFC). R—rapeseed honey, M—multifloral honey, R—rapeseed honey enriched by extract, M_e—multifloral honey enriched by extract, _M. sylvestris—Malva sylvestris L._, P. officialis—Pulmonaria officinalis L._, B. perensis—Bellis perennial L._, T. farfara—Tussillago farfara L._, P. veris—Primula veris L._, and S. nigra—Sambucus nigra_ L. The cluster analysis was performed using standardised data. The colours on the heat map represent the values of individual parameters, with red indicating high values and dark green indicating low values. The heat map was used to depict the content of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids) in individual samples, as well as their antioxidant activities. This facilitated the identification of samples with the highest health-promoting potential. The analysis was conducted using the Euclidean distance as the measure of distance and [PERSON]'s method for linking objects. The variable importance was determined based on the C&RT model.