esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mountain Muon Tomography Using a Liquid Scintillator Detector
## 1 Introduction  
Muon tomography (MT) can nondestructively image a density distribution as deep as several hundred to one thousand meters inside a probed volume, which is an advantage over traditional geological prospecting methods, such as drilling or detecting gamma rays. The data taking time reduces 2-4 times for every 200 m depth reduction.  
Extensive research has shown that MT has a wide range of applications, including the imaging of volcanoes [1, 2], pyramids [3, 4], hidden underground structures [5, 6], nuclear reactors [7, 8], high-Z materials [9], high-Z and medium-Z materials [10], and bedrock sculpting beneath an alpine glacier [11]. The imaging techniques used in MT are often based on plastic scintillators [12, 13], emulsion [14], and gas [15] detectors.  
This article focuses on muon geotomography. One pioneering application study [16, 17] demonstrated that this is a promising technique for geological prospecting of large-scale objects, such as mountains, to find the internal mineral veins, water layers, air cavities, etc. The methods mentioned above can only simultaneously image mountains within a particular solid angle, which results in a small detection range and, consequently, limits their application in prospecting.  
In addition, far too little attention has been paid to liquid scintillators (LS) as a target material. One of the advantages of LS is that the detector volume can be larger, increasing the cosmic-ray counting rate and thus achieving a better imaging resolution under the same data taking time. Additionally, the large target mass enables it to make the best use ofsufficient energy deposit information in separating the muon signal from the background (dominantly natural radioactive beta decay). Moreover, the detector's structure can easily be constructed spherically, which enables it to have uniform detection efficiency and angular resolution for the 4\(\pi\) solid angle. Therefore, the muon flux and direction measurements can directly reflect the density distribution inside a mountain without efficiency correction and solve the problem of a small detection range.  
A one-ton spherical liquid scintillator detector with a 1.3 m diameter was used in the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE). In this paper, we study its application in geological prospecting. Such a small size makes it movable, enabling changes to the observation locations flexibly. Its angular resolution is 4.9 degrees.  
In this article, we report on an MT study using the JNE's published results with this detector from the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) [18], performing the imaging of the structure of Jinping Mountain. In addition, an extension of this study, through a simulation based on Geant4 [19; 20] to observe the density variation inside a mountain with a height (defined as the vertical distance from its bottom to its top) of less than 1 km, shows that this type of detector has broad application prospects within geological prospecting.
## 4 Application
### Non-Clinical Application
#### 4.2.1 Home Health Care  
There are limited places and resources for patients in hospitals. Moreover, staying in hospital for a long time is uncomfortable and expensive. Therefore, there is a need for patients, particularly elderly people and infants, to be monitored at home. As iPPG is a noncontact and low cost method with no consumable supplies, it can be used to monitor people's vital signs in home environments [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2015). [PERSON] et al. (2015) also proposed a novel method using a Kinect device that could be applied to the monitoring of HR and RR of subjects at home, without the presence of experts or clinicians.
## 1 Introduction  
The localization of ultrashort and ultrabroadband pulses in spatial and temporal domain is a challenge for ultrashort pulse laser physics because of the fundamental aspects as well as the enormous application potential, e.g., in microscopy, spectroscopy or optical communication, to mention only a few. In particular, a stable propagation of localized wavepackets over large distances requires an appropriate mechanism to continually compensate for the divergence. This can be obtained by balancing dispersion and diffraction effects as known from soliton formation [1; 2; 3; 4].  
In 1990, [PERSON] predicted the possibility of simultaneous spatial and temporal self-focusing in a homogeneous medium leading to the existence of nondispersing, nondiffracting optical pulses which he referred to as \"light bullets\" [5]. During the recent years, the conditions for the formation of certain types of light bullets were studied theoretically and experimentally (for an extensive review on the state of the art, see ref. [6]). Most of these papers were focused on the specific interactions of light and a medium and can be separated in two basically different approaches: (a) nonlinear light bullets and (b) linear light bullets. While this main stream of works evolved from nonlinear optics (preferentially of fibers and waveguides), a quite other approach to linear light bullets already existed in the frame of general wave physics and provided, in reverse direction, new impetus straight back to the soliton theory. The essential difference to abovementioned methods is that no medium is required, _i.e._, the light bullets can be shaped and propagated also in vacuum without complicated constraints with respect to dispersion functions, and their features are therefore found to be much more distinct and stable in propagation. Here we will discuss this particular new class of linear optical bullets more in detail. We present our most recent results including the adaptive generation, characterization and application of near infrared ultrashort-pulsed Bessel-like needle beams, highly localized wavepackets and complex nondiffracting patterns at pulse durations corresponding to just a few cycles of the optical field.
## 5 Results
### Performance Evaluation of DVB-T2 Using BER
#### 5.1.5 UFMC-Based DVB-T2 with LDPC Coder  
As we have already shown the results about the CFO impact on the coded DVB-T2 system, the results about the UFMC insertion in DVB-T2 are presented below.  
Figure 20 exposes the BER vs. SNR performance when OFDM was substituted by UFMC in the native DVB-T2 coded system. It was observed that the UFMC DVB-T2 system performance without CFO was 0.1 dB lower than the native DVB-T2 system performance without CFO at a BER of \(10^{-3}\). Additionally, at that BER value, the SNR values of 6.33 dB, 6.39 dB, 6.45 dB, 6.59 dB, 6.87 dB, and 7.25 dB were identified for CFO values 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05, respectively. At a BER value of \(10^{-5}\), the SNR value was 7.27 dB for CFO = 0.05. The losses induced by the CFO varied from 0.06 to 0.94 dB. In a nutshell, the CFO impact on the native DVB-T2 system was comparable to that viewed in the UFMC-based DVB-T2 system when the coding technique was applied.  
Figure 21 exhibits the BER evolution as a function of SNR for the UFMC-based DVB-T2 system when the LDPC coding technique was applied. The impact of the TU6 channel on UFMC performance is shown. When CFO was not considered, at BER values of \(10^{-3}\) and \(10^{-4}\), the SNR values were equal to 9 dB and 13 dB, respectively. This result means that the TU6 channel induced a loss of 2.67 dB for a BER of \(10^{-3}\) when UFMC was used instead of OFDM. In contrast, a TU6 channel loss of 9.87 dB was obtained at a BER of \(10^{-3}\), as seen when comparing Figure 17 to Figure 16. This result allows us to conclude that the UFMC performance is better than the OFDM performance in the DVB-T2 system in the presence of the TU6 channel. Moreover, when CFO was applied in UFMC-based DVB-T2 using the TU6 channel, the losses induced by the CFO increase were negligible for CFO values of 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03. That loss was equal to 0.2 dB at BER values of \(10^{-3}\) and \(10^{-4}\) for the CFO value of 0.05. Then, we can conclude that the CFO impact on the UFMC-based DVB-T2 system is lower than that with the native DVB-T2.  
Figure 21: BER vs. SNR in the UFMC-based DVB-T2 system with coding: CFO evaluation in the TU6 and AWGN case.  
Figure 20: BER vs. SNR in the UFMC-based DVB-T2 system with coding: CFO evaluation in the AWGN-only case.
###### Abstract  
Accurate cloud segmentation is critical for astronomical observations and solar forecasting. However, traditional threshold- and texture-based methods suffer from limited accuracy (65-80%) under complex conditions such as thin cirrus or twilight transitions. Although the deep-learning segmentation method based on U-Net effectively captures low-level and high-level features and achieves significant progress in accuracy, current methods still lack interpretability and multi-scale feature integration and usually produce fuzzy boundaries or fragmented predictions. In this paper, we propose multi-scale CAM, an explainable AI (XAI) framework that integrates class activation mapping (CAM) with hierarchical feature fusion to quantify pixel-level attention across hierarchical features, thereby enhancing the model's discriminative capability. To achieve precise segmentation, we integrate CAM into an improved U-Net architecture, incorporating multi-scale CAM attention for adaptive feature fusion and dilated residual modules for large-scale context extraction. Experimental results on the SWINSEG dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, improving recall by 3.06%, F1 score by 1.49%, and MIoU by 2.21% over the best baseline. The proposed framework balances accuracy, interpretability, and computational efficiency, offering a trustworthy solution for cloud detection systems in operational settings.  
cloud image segmentation; explainable AI (XAI); class activation mapping; multi-scale interpretability; attention mechanisms; U-Net Article
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Fresh Concrete Properties
#### 4.2.2 Fresh Density  
The effect of glass sand proportions on the fresh density for each of the freshly cast concretes is illustrated in Figure 9. The fresh density of the mixtures containing recycled glass aggregates decreased with the increase in the percentage of glass content. The percentage drop in density is generally modest, falling below 1% drop for mixtures containing more than 15% recycled glass. The factors that affect the density of concrete typically include the density of the aggregates, air content, and the ratio of water and cement within the mixture. Therefore, as the _w/c_ ratio within the varying compositional mixtures remained the same, the decrease in density can be attributed to the lower specific gravity of the glass particles when compared to that of fresh sand [44]. The difference in the fresh density between the control mixture and the highest composition replacement of  
Figure 7: Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) semi-quantitative analysis showing glass sand composition consistent with soda lime glass.  
fresh sand is 4.2%. The trend in unit weight of freshly cast concrete reported in this study is consistent with other results reported in the published literature [39].
## 3 Results
### Effect of Sample Mounting in Multiple Layers  
The graphs in Figure 5 show the absorption coefficients of the four sample types both in the single layer and multiple layer configurations with panel thicknesses of 20, 40, and 60 mm, for an easier comparison. Sample A graph shows that the sound-absorbing performances achieved when coupling two panels of 20 mm thick are comparable to those achieved by a single panel with a thickness of 40 mm. A similar trend is observed comparing the 60 mm thick panel with the combination of 20 + 40 mm thick panels. However, there are some differences occurring above 1250 Hz. It can be observed that above 2500 Hz both the 20 + 20 mm and the 20 + 40 mm combination show lower values of sound absorption compared to the 40 and the 60 mm single layers samples, respectively. It can be noticed that the multiple layer 20 + 40 mm of sample A outperforms the 60 mm sample only at the 800 Hz peak and in the frequency range 1250 to 2500 Hz.  
Sample B graph shows that the sound absorbing performances achieved when coupling two panels 20 mm thick are comparable to those achieved by a single panel with a thickness of 40 mm. However, the combination 20 + 20 outperforms the 40 mm single layer panel in the range of 1000 to 2000 Hz. By contrast, the performances of the 60 mm thick panel are higher than those of 20 + 40 mm thick panels combined for frequencies higher than 1600 Hz. The multiple layer 20 + 40 outperforms the 60 mm sample in the range 630-1250 Hz.  
The results of Sample C show that the sound absorbing performances achieved when coupling two panels that are 20 mm thick are slightly lower than those achieved by a single panel with a thickness of 40 mm, particularly for frequencies range 800-2000 Hz and above 3150 Hz. The performances of the 60 mm thick panel are comparable with those achieved by the combination of 20 + 40 mm thick panels. However, the multiple layer 20 + 40 outperforms the 60 mm sample in the range 1250-2500 Hz.  
Sample D results show that the sound absorbing performances achieved when coupling two panels 20 mm thick are comparable to those achieved by a single panel with a thickness of 40 mm. A similar trend is observed comparing the performances achieved by a 60 mm thick panel with that of the combination of 20 + 40 mm thick panels. This might be due to the high and uniform porosity obtained for all the samples of type D compared to the other panel types, as seen in Figure 6. In these cases, further care should be put in the treatment of the mix design and its curing in samples A, B, and C, as heavier aggregates might sediment and result in nonuniform distribution of the pores within the panel and its front/back surfaces.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sensory Characteristics
#### 2.5.4 Preference Evaluation of CSPSP  
The preference evaluation of the developed CSPSP was carried out among the general elderly population as follows: After obtaining research approval for human subjects (Approval No. GIRB-G22-Y-0058) from the Institutional Review Board at Gyeongsang National University (Jinju, Republic of Korea), in accordance with the Enforcement Decree of the Bioethics and Safety Act, the preference evaluation utilized a hedonic scale and involved 24 participants (12 males and 12 females, aged 65-75, with an average age of 70) residing at the Tongyeong Senior Care Center (Tongyeong-si, Republic of Korea). Parameters evaluated included appearance (color), taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability, following the guidelines of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Run Number**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mixing Ratio (\%, \(w\)tw)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Independent Variables**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Dependent Variables**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & & **A** & **B** & **C** & \(X_{1}\) & \(X_{2}\) & \(Y_{1}\) & \(Y_{2}\) & \(Y_{3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Fractional factorial design (4 points)} & 1 & 17.8 & 10.7 & 71.5 & 0.22 & 0.15 & 49.3 & 8.59 & 3.2 \\  & 2 & 52.7 & 6.2 & 41.1 & 1.12 & 0.15 & 27.6 & 10.75 & 3.5 \\  & 3 & 17.8 & 37.8 & 44.4 & 0.22 & 0.85 & 34.9 & 7.11 & 2.7 \\  & 4 & 52.8 & 21.7 & 25.5 & 1.12 & 0.85 & 22.7 & 10.34 & 2.9 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Axial portion (4 points)} & 5 & 2.9 & 32.4 & 64.7 & 0.03 & 0.50 & 44.0 & 6.86 & 2.9 \\  & 6 & 56.6 & 14.5 & 28.9 & 1.30 & 0.50 & 25.1 & 11.28 & 3.3 \\  & 7 & 40.0 & 0.3 & 59.7 & 0.67 & 0.01 & 37.3 & 9.08 & 3.1 \\  & 8 & 40.0 & 29.9 & 30.1 & 0.67 & 0.99 & 26.7 & 9.79 & 2.6 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Center points (3 points)} & 9 & 40.0 & 20.0 & 40.0 & 0.67 & 0.50 & 27.1 & 10.61 & 4.5 \\  & 10 & 40.0 & 20.0 & 40.0 & 0.67 & 0.50 & 27.8 & 10.29 & 4.5 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 11 & 40.0 & 20.0 & 40.0 & 0.67 & 0.50 & 26.8 & 11.10 & 4.2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* A, RCS mantle; B, isolated soy protein paste; C, surimi paste; \(X_{1}\), A/(B + C); \(X_{2}\), B/C; \(Y_{1}\); hardness (\(\times\)1000 N/m\({}^{2}\)), \(Y_{2}\): redness, \(Y_{3}\): sensory texture (points).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Central composite rotatable design of independent variables for optimizing the material-mixing operation of CSPSP and the predicted values of the dependent variables of CSPSP under the designed independent variable conditions.
# Quantum Multi-User Broadcast Protocol for the \"Platform as a Service\" Model
## 1 Introduction  
The interest in quantum cloud computing (see [1]) has really taken off in the past few years, but, in the future, quantum computers will be quite expensive in nature and will not be available to every one. To solve this problem, a basic idea of cloud computing, which migrates the processing power from customer's computer to remote Internet servers, is put forward. One of the service models on quantum cloud computing, \"Platform as a Service\" [2] is proposed for supporting online development environment. Multi-user broadcast, similar to multicast, can be used on cloud platform to communicate between router and users.  
Multicast has many applications such as access to business information dissemination, distributed databases, distance teleconferencing, and network learning. Multi-user broadcast protocol can increase quantum network efficiency and conserve its resources. A sender, [PERSON], wants to send some confidential information to receivers, [PERSON] brothers. They must multicast communicating messages, on the basis of high enough confidentiality and legitimacy of information. As an applied system, its safety is very important.  
A simple communication mode is one to one, such as the BB84 protocol [3]. Multiparty communication [4; 5; 6] has drawn much attention. [PERSON] [7] proposed a quantum-key-distribution protocol that could enable three parties to agree at once on a shared common random bit string in the presence of an eavesdropper without the use of entanglement, which might not be directly applied to the one-to-many multicast communication. [PERSON] [8] proposed a quantum secret sharing protocol between multiparty \(m\) members in Group 1 and multiparty \(n\) members in Group 2 using a sequence of single photons. Another extension of the theory of various Quantum Cloning Machines (\(QCM\)protocols [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14] has been designed and their applications and implementations have been studied, both theoretically and experimentally. The research of quantum cloning and deep application are continuously developing. In our research, we use optimal one to M phase-covariant _QCM_ to implement multi-user broadcast protocol. Theoretically, these _QCM_, which provide the most dangerous and efficient attack for the BB84 protocol, can be used to multicast message in an optimal fidelity.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. We show a summary of relevant results concerning multicast addresses and quantum cloning in Section 2. In Section 3, we present multi-user broadcast protocol based on quantum cloning. In Section 4, we analyze optimal fidelity, throughput efficiency and security. Finally, we present our conclusions.
## 5 Performance Test
### Spectral Testing of 20 Combinations  
After testing the switching time, the spectral filtering capability of the filter wheel must be evaluated to confirm its ability to select and switch between multiple spectra. The testing location is depicted in Figure 23.  
Figure 21: Different frame images of switching between 10 combinations: (**a**) the 0 th frame; (**b**) the 24 th frame; (**c**) the 48 th frame; (**d**) the 52 nd frame; (**e**) the 64 th frame; (**f**) the 115 th frame; (**g**) the 139 th frame; (**h**) the 162 nd frame.  
Figure 22: Different frame images of switching between 10 combinations with the counterweight: (**a**) the 0 th frame; (**b**) the 48 th frame; (**c**) the 115 th frame; (**d**) the 162 nd frame.  
The spectral filtering function of the filter wheel was tested by sequentially switching all spectral combinations, yielding 20 spectral bandwidth test results. The test outcomes for the spectral segment information are depicted in Figure 24. It is evident that the spectral segment switching corresponds with the design outlined in Table 2, and the filter wheel is capable of selecting and switching between multiple spectral bands.
# Nonlinear Blind Source Separation and Fault Feature Extraction Method for Mining Machine Diagnosis
## 2 The Proposed Method
### Fault Feature Extraction and Identification  
In this paper, wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) [24] is used to extract fault features from the separated fault vibration source. WPD is a powerful time-frequency domain analysis tool for studying non-stationary signals in recent years. The multi-resolution ability makes WPD able to not only reflect the overall characteristics of a signal but also the local information. It can locate the short-time high-frequency components in the signal and display the low-frequency components. A brief introduction of WPD is given below.  
WPD can be regarded as an extension of the progressive partitioning of a function space. It divides the frequency band into multiple layers and adaptively selects the layers for characteristic analysis. WPD uses the following recursive formula for signal decomposition:  
\[\left.\begin{array}{l}W_{2j}(t)=\sum\limits_{k}h_{k}W_{j}(2t-k)\\ W_{2j+1}(t)=\sum\limits_{k}g_{k}W_{j}(2t-k)\end{array}\right\}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(h_{k}\) is a high pass filter and \(g_{k}\) is a low pass filter, \(k\) is the number of decomposition layers, \(W_{2j}(t)\) is the decomposition via high pass filters, \(W_{2j+1}(t)\) is the decomposition via low pass filters and \(j\in Z\). It can be seen that a