# Micro-Nanobubble Technology in Surface Cleaning and Defouling
## 4 Biofouling Mitigation and Advanced Cleaning Technologies
### Fouling Mitigation and Biofilm Control
Instead, it may aid in the inhibition or postponement of oral biofilm formation, indicating that it can be used as a novel mouthrinse to prevent infectious diseases, especially in the early stages of periodontal disease. [PERSON] et al. [93] created the sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), which is a combined aerated and bioaugmented reactor, to enhance wastewater nitrogen removal. Aerobic denitrifiers and NBs improved the formation of biofilms by making them more compact and stable, thereby increasing the effectiveness of nitrogen removal. NH\({}_{4}\)+-N removal and total nitrogen removal were 19.86% and 14.36% higher, respectively, in the bioaugmented SBBR than in the control group. In the microbial community analysis, strains such as _Hyphomonas, Defluviococcus_, _Hydrogenophaga_, and _Pseudofluiltromonas_ were found to be important for nitrogen removal. Mixed aeration offered an ideal oxidative environment for both aerobic denitrifiers and autotrophic nitrifiers, such as _Nitrosomonas_ and _Nitrospina_. This study also discovered that mixed aeration and bioaugmentation boosted important genes involved in nitrogen metabolism (including _amoABC_, _hao_, _nirA_, and _napAB_), improving the processes of nitrification, denitrification, and assimilation and resulting in a markedly better removal of nitrogen. Thus, this strategy is promising for effective wastewater treatment. [PERSON] et al. [94] investigated the application of a nanoparticle liposome solution having a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 1562 ppm, as described by patent application number TR2021004032. In accordance with ASTM F 1980 [95], the solution showed long-term stability, remaining effective for more than a year after 37 days of storage at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C. With longer stability than gaseous ozone, which has a short half-life of approximately 20 min, the nanoparticle liposome solution showed promise as a disinfect for surfaces in food-processing plants where biofilm-forming microbes were present. The research highlighted the potential of this solution for various applications by stressing its extended  
Figure 13: Beta-diversity of unweighted UniFraq distance (**a**) and weighted UniFraq distance (**b**). Colored dots indicate individual sample groups: black: control; red: O2-NBW; green: HOCI-NBW. Colored circles indicate groups exposed to NBW: black: control; red: O2-NBW; green: HOCI-NBW. Reproduced with permission from [92], CC-BY license, Copyright © 2023, the authors. stability, nontoxicity, and decreased corrosivity compared with chlorinated disinfectants. This study indicated the significant potential of NB ozone liposome solutions for improving food safety and other industrial domains, thereby promoting the advancement of this cutting-edge technology. [PERSON] et al. [96] examined and established the ideal dose of NBs in biogas slurry distribution systems to reduce fouling. According to the findings, fouling was worsened at lower NB concentrations, whereas it was effectively reduced at concentrations ranging from 50% to 100%. While NBs reduced biofouling at 50-100% concentrations, they served as an activator and bactericide at 5-25% concentrations, encouraging biofouling. Although larger concentrations of NBs successfully reduced precipitate fouling, low quantities worsened it. Furthermore, superior particle fouling management was demonstrated at higher NB concentrations. This study found that, at concentrations above 50%, NBs were the most effective at reducing biofouling and precipitate fouling, and that 75% NBs were advised to reduce particle fouling. [PERSON] et al. [87] created and produced a biomimetic antifouling film (micro-SR-GN) using a silicone rubber-graphene composite material, drawing inspiration from the composition and capabilities of _Salvinia molesta_. Underwater, the micro-SR-GN film could create a \"bubble shield\" by absorbing air bubbles, which served as an eco-friendly physical barrier to stop fouling.