###### Abstract
Considering the heat transfer and pressure drop behaviors, the combination of \(D\) = 4.0 mm and \(D/H\) = 4.5 yields the best performance. In their study [12], [PERSON] et al. examined how surface-grooved twisted tapes, toroidal rings, and stents affected the heat transfer behavior. Their results indicated a positive correlation between thickness and width ratios with two metrics, the heat transfer enhancement and the pressure loss. Nevertheless, thermal performance decreases due to increased pitch ratios. When the width-to-thickness ratio increased, the heat transfer and pressure loss significantly increased, and the thermal performance rose to 1.4. At a 0.68 width-to-thickness ratio, the Nusselt number was 105% higher than that of a smooth tube. At greater pitch ratios, both the heat transfer rate and pressure loss decreased, and thermal performance was greater as the pitch ratio decreased. Increased thickness led to greater heat transfer rate and pressure drops. [PERSON] et al. [13] revealed the thermohydraulic characteristics of a parabolic solar trough utilizing twisted tapes with circular holes filled with a water-copper oxide nanofluid in the turbulent zone. The hole diameter ratios were 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. Their results indicated that the greatest heat transfer performance factor was achieved under the condition that the diameter-to-width ratio was 0.9, the nanoparticle volume fraction was 0.4%, and \(Re\) = 10,000. The highest heat transfer performance was 64% greater than that of other modes. [PERSON] et al. [14] identified the optimal parameters to improve heat transfer while decreasing the friction coefficient in dual pipe heat exchangers having twisted tapes of variable cross-sectional cuts. Their findings indicated that the relationship between the cut radius and cut angle markedly affected heat transfer, 1965 W/m\({}^{2}\) K with a 0.077 friction coefficient, as a function of mass flow rate. The best performance coefficient was observed with a cut radius of 5.46 mm and a cut angle of 12\({}^{\circ}\). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] examined enhancements in heat transfer (HTE) utilizing twisted tapes with spiky ribs, with and without edge notches. They considered related increases in pressure drop and efficiency in heat convection. Their research examined distributions of heat transfer in tubular flows augmented with several types of twisted tapes with spiky ribs. The tape with a low twist ratio (1.56), having notches and installed in a forward condition, provided higher heat transfer and pressure drops. These results indicated that twisted tapes exhibited elevated levels of heat transfer with minimal pressure drop. [PERSON] et al. [16] employed twisted tapes with conjugate inclined ribs to augment performance and reduce pressure loss. The ribs turned flow recirculation cells into solenoidal vortices, while the slots enabled the exchange of mass, momentum, and energy across axial swirls. These flow systems enhanced heat transfer and diminished the form drag generated by ribs. The observed thermal performance factor was 1.31 with a 45\({}^{\circ}\) rib inclination angle, twist ratio of 2.0, and a rib-pitch-rib height ratio of 11.2. The combined effect of the inclined ribs with the slots mostly explained the best thermal performance index since it broke the boundary layer, increased turbulence, and lowered the friction factor, thereby improving thermal performance. [PERSON] et al. [17] studied the influence of twisted tapes on thermohydraulic performance in a heat exchanger under laminar flow. Plain tubes, TT, and holed twisted tapes with varying W-ratios and blade numbers were examined. Their results showed a beneficial relationship between the blade numbers and two metrics, the Nusselt number and the pressure loss. The performance index decreased with greater blade numbers. A holed, twisted tape with six blades presented an optimal performance coefficient. [PERSON] et al. [18] reported how the twisted tape's location affected the fluid character and thermal enhancement in the tube.