## 5 Conclusions  
We investigated the contribution of GNSS-IWV and CAPE to extreme-rainfall events at two GNSS station locations in the eastern central Andes. We used a quantile regression analysis to describe the effect of both atmospheric variables on extreme rainfall in the presence of each other. We obtained the following key results:  
First, we observed that the two GNSS-IWV stations in the eastern central Andes (CATA and TUCU) belong to different climatic conditions with varying lognormal parameters in the exceedance probability domain for rainfall and IWV. (Figure 2). Second, based on the correlation analysis, we found that there was an exponential relationship between the GNSS-IWV and extreme rainfall at both station locations (Table 1).  
Third, we support a power-law relationship between rainfall and CAPE at the GNSS-IWV station locations in the eastern central Andes. The regression coefficient reveals a value close to the one predicted from parcel theory (0.5) at both station locations. Fourth, we show the effect of both variables (GNSS-IWV and CAPE) on rainfall generation by multivariable regression analysis relying on quantile regression. We present different contributions of CAPE and GNSS-IWV to rainfall for each station for extreme rainfall.  
Fifth, we observe that the temporal variations of GNSS-IWV and CAPE are well correlated with extreme rainfall just before and after the extreme rainfall (Figure 11A,B). In this study, we show the effect of two important climatic variables (GNSS-IWV and CAPE) that trigger deep convection and lead to extreme rainfall in the eastern central Andes. We show that high-temporal resolution GNSS-IWV can be used as a reliable data source for extreme rainfall investigation.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.R.Z., B.B., T.S., J.W., A.d.l.T., Z.D. and A.C.; methodology, M.R.Z., B.B., T.S., J.W., A.d.l.T., Z.D. and A.C.; software, M.R.Z. and B.B.; validation, M.R.Z. and B.B.; formal analysis, M.R.Z. and B.B.; investigation, M.R.Z. and B.B.; resources, M.R.Z. and B.B.; writing--original draft preparation, M.R.Z.; writing--review and editing, M.R.Z., B.B., T.S., J.W. and A.d.l.T.; visualization, M.R.Z.; supervision, B.B., T.S., J.W. and A.d.l.T.; project administration, B.B.; funding acquisition, B.B., T.S. and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Brandenburg Ministry of Sciences, Research and Cultural Affairs, Germany, within the framework of the international research training group IGK2018 SuRface processes, TEtonics and Georesources: The Andean Andean foreland basin of Argentina (StRATEGy).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Brandenburg Ministry of Sciences, Research and Cultural Affairs, Germany, within the framework of the international research training group IGK2018 SuRface processes, TEtonics and Georesources: The Andean foreland basin of Argentina (StRATEGy) for the financial support. We acknowledge the support of the Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Potsdam. We also thank the Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN), Argentina, [55] for the RAMSAC data.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.