## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Germination Parameters  
Figure 1 shows the percentage of basil germination as a function of each PhAC at different doses and of MIX solutions at same concentrations. The statistically lowest percentages of germination were observed for CLZ and MIX only at the highest dose, followed by NPX and TCS, which showed slightly lower percentages of germination relative to other treatments. The remaining theses did not show statistical difference. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Germination** & **Symbol** & **Unit** & **Calculation** & **Formula Description** & **Parameter Description** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mean Germination Time} & \multirow{4}{*}{MGT} & \multirow{4}{*}{day} & \multirow{4}{*}{MGT = \(\sum(n\times\text{d})/\text{N}\)} & N = number of seeds & \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & & & & germinated on each day & \\  & & & & d = number of days from & \\  & & & & the beginning of the test & \\  & & & & N = total number of seeds & \\  & & & & germinated at the end of & \\  & & & & the experiment & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Seed Vigor Index-I} & \multirow{2}{*}{SVI-I} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{SVI-I = SL \(\times\) FGP} & SL = seedling length (cm) & The seed vigor index was \\  & & & & FGP = Final Germination & \\  & & & & Percentage & and the length of the seedling (mm) \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Seed Vigor Index-II} & \multirow{2}{*}{SVI-II} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{SVI-II = SDW\(\times\)FGP} & SDW = Seedling dry & or seedling dry weight of the \\  & & & & weight (mg) & seedling (g). The seed lot showing \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & FGP = Final Germination & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & Percentage & considered more vigorous [27]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [13] tested 15 PhACs on _Lactuca sativa_ L. germination and found that even at the highest concentration tested (3000 mg L\({}^{-1}\)), seed germination was not affected. [PERSON] et al. [30] tested 10 antibiotics in carrots, lettuce, and alfa alfa and found that none of the antibiotics caused a significant decrease in seed germination. This result can be attributed to the seed coat, which is a protective barrier for the plant embryo against environmental contaminants [31; 30; 32]. Table 3 shows the values of the germination indexes. GE was statistically the highest for 100 and 200 ppb solutions and the lowest for the control. With respect to the influence of PhACs, MIX and CBZ showed higher values of GE compared to those of other contaminants, whose GEs were quite comparable. On the FGP, this parameter was inversely proportional to the concentration of the solution applied, and the control showed the highest values. On the contrary, no significant differences were recorded when PhACs were considered individually or in combination. Therefore, in the first 4 days of the trial, the presence of PhACs was more helpful for the germination of the seeds, especially the PhACs mixture, possibly because of a short-term effect of chemical treatment on seeds. This was confirmed by the MGT values that resembled the GE trend. On the other hand, over the entire period of the trial, the PhACs solutions resulted in a lower inhibition of seed germination than the control. As the germinability varies in a seed population, it could be possible that seeds with the lowest intrinsic germinability, i.e., the ones that germinated later, were most affected by the addition of PhACs. Figure 1: Effect of mixture and individual pharmaceuticals on seed germination in basil. Each bar represents the mean value of five independent replicates, and the error bar shows the standard deviation. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (\(p<0.05\)).