# Wind-Energy-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Resource Availability Data Analysis
## 1 Introduction  
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is making significant progress in addressing the continuous increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide [1; 2]. However, with this considerable progress come enormous challenges. Charging infrastructure is expected to increase with the increasing number of EVs, resulting in huge electricity demand. Moreover, power quality issues related to grid connections and integration with these newly added nonlinear loads and high-frequency switching converters are expected to arise [3; 4]. Hence, the demand for different types of renewable-energy-based EV charging stations is growing in many countries [5]. Although the currently implemented EV charging stations are mostly powered by electric power distributed by utility grids [6; 7], other charging station designs powered by various renewable energy sources have been reported in the technical literature. EV charging stations powered by solar or grid electric power are reviewed in [8]. Several studies have used wind energy for EV grid-connected mode [9; 10] and off-grid stations [11]. Other studies [12; 13] discussed design problems and proposedoptimization methodologies for the size of EV charging stations in both solar and wind microgrids, and concluded that a mix of renewable energy sources and storage systems is best for the optimal design of EV charging stations. Stand-alone solar and wind generators are not suitable sources to supply near-constant power for long periods, at least for slow power charging stations [8; 11]. Fast-charging technology is key to increasing the expansion of EV adoption, because it removes one of the barriers that have stopped many consumers from purchasing their first EVs. However, establishing fast-charging points not only requires a parallel increase in the power supply from the utility companies but also induces significant adverse impacts on the grid and degrades its power quality [4; 14]. [PERSON] et al. reviewed the consumer preferences for EV charging infrastructure, including the fast-charging technology and its impact on the electricity grid [15]. However, with this extensive review, the authors could not draw definite conclusions on several aspects, such as payment for charging, charging locations, the time at which charging occurs, and any impacts these fast charges may have on electricity grids, suggesting that further research in the field is needed. It is known that DC fast chargers are considerably more expensive than other lower rate chargers and have a very high power demand when large numbers of EVs are charged at the same time, inducing problems in the utility supply. These impacts can be seen as deviations in the power line voltage, frequency, and total harmonic distortion (THD). The use of renewable energy systems is one promising method for mitigating these impacts [11]. In previous studies, integrating energy storage (i.e., backup batteries) into the electricity grid was the easiest way to reduce the intermittency, unpredictability, and power fluctuations, therefore providing a stable and continuous renewable electricity supply [16]. An energy hub (EH) that combines different types of energy sources (e.g., wind and energy storage) requires optimal management to reduce the wind uncertainties. In this context, [PERSON] et al. proposed an information gap decision theory (IGDT) considering the demand response (DR) and an energy storage system (ESS) to decrease the uncertainty, hence achieving greater wind turbine generation [17]. The necessity of adding battery banks for energy storage is considered the primary drawback of stand-alone charging stations. The reason for such a drawback is the high installation and maintenance costs, the relatively short life-span when frequently charged and discharged, and the high cost of the associated energy conversion power electronics [18; 19].