# Space Weather Effects on Satellites
## 4 Results
### Space Weather Conditions during Starlink Launches
The only event with both proton and electron fluxes in addition to an ongoing C3-class SF is the launch on 2022-04-29; however, the GS is negligible with a Dst index of \(-\)37 nT, and there are no IP signatures. The accompanied EM emission and particle flux is expected to affect the mission performance when the timing of arrival at Earth overlaps with the launch time. During 2020 and 2021, there are no strong SFs or particle events. During 2022, there are more instances when the EM emission from an SF might add to the SW pre-conditioning during the spacecraft launch. The emission in SXRs is, however, rather weak; namely, the strongest is a C5 class (or \(5\times 10^{-6}\) W m\({}^{-2}\)). With respect to the radiation environment, only a single SEP and three SEEs could be identified, which confirms the relatively quiet background during the selected examples in Table 3. The SEE event at the Starlink failure case starts several hours after the actual launch. However, since the spacecraft failure occurred several days after the launch, 2022-02-07, the radiation exposure effect (from delayed solar or magnetospheric origin) may still have contributed to the hazardous environment at the satellite orbit. For completeness, we show the time differences between the Starlink launches and Dst time (Figure 2, left) and Starlink launches and \(B_{z}\) time (on the right). Positive numbers denote GSs occurring before the launches (preceding or ongoing at the time of spacecraft deployment), which is the majority of the cases, whereas negative times denote successive \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Starlink Launch**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**SFs**} & **SEPs** & **SEEs** \\
**Date** & **hh:mm** & **dd/hh:mm/class** & **dd/hh:mm** & **dd/hh:mm** \\ \hline
2020-04-22 & 19:31 & no & no & no \\
2020-10-06 & 11:30 & no & no & no \\
2020-10-24 & 15:32 & no & no & no \\
2021-02-16 & 04:00 & no & no & no \\
2021-03-04 & 08:25 & no & no & no \\
2021-03-14 & 10:01 & no & no & no \\
2021-05-26 & 18:59 & 26\({}^{on}\)/18:51/18:58/19:47/B7.0 & no & no \\
2021-12-02 & 23:12 & no & no & no \\
2022-01-19 & 02:03 & no & no & 18\({}^{on}\)/19:26\({}^{s}\) \\
2022-02-03 & 18:13 & 02\({}^{gr}\)/17:42/17:47/17:59/C1.1 & no & 03\({}^{an}\)/22:35 \\
2022-04-29 & 21:27 & 29\({}^{an}\)/22:42/22:56/23:14/C3.0 & 29\({}^{an}\)/17:03 & 29\({}^{an}\)/09:12 \\
2022-05-13 & 22:08 & 13\({}^{on}\)/22:07/22:26/22:34/C2.6 & no & no \\
2022-07-07 & 13:11 & no & no & no \\
2022-09-05 & 02:10 & 05\({}^{on}\)/01:53/02:05/02:19/C5.0 & no & no \\
2022-12-28 & 09:34 & 22\({}^{on}\)/09:34/09:42/09:49/C2.4 & no & no \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Starlink launches and accompanied solar/SW phenomena: date (yyyy-mm-dd) and time (hh:mm) of the Starlink launches; SF day/start/peak/end time/class; SEP day/peak time; SEE day/peak time. All times are in UT. Abbreviations: on: ongoing; pr: preceding; s: start time; su: succeeding. events (which take place after the spacecraft has been launched). The Starlink failure is a GS-preceding case but relatively close to the launch time in both cases. Its accompanied GS (denoted as \(-66\) nT) is among the largest GSs in the list but not the strongest, which occurred on 2022-07-07 with Dst \(-81\) nT (we have identified an ICME, but no IP shock, SF or particle events in this case).