## 2 Literature Review
### Related Work  
Academic institutions have invested much in developing electronic systems for better management and access of academic records. However, these systems suffer from the lack of protection of private information, and the difficulties in achieving lifelong learning logging by transferring academic records across multiples institutions because of the disconnection in learning records [7, 8]. Solutions to such problems are based on blockchain, which can benefit the education systems by improving the security and the protection of creating and maintaining certificates, credentials and education records [7, 9, 10]. Simultaneously, it would allow several parties to share and access data with high consistency, immutability, and transparency [11, 12].  
To the best of our knowledge, few peer-reviewed papers have presented complete blockchain-based systems in education. In [7], an Ethereum-based system is proposed to store students grades and reward students with cryptocurrency. In [2], a Hyperledger Fabric-based system called Gradubique is proposed to allow instructors post exams and grades to the Gradubique network. According to [PERSON] et.al., blockchain-based systems should not only record transcripts and certificates but also other student achievements [8]. Therefore, the authors of [8] proposed a blockchain-based systemthat stores student learning activities and allows the transfer of learning records in a secure and verifiable way. In addition, an educational record repository based on blockchain is proposed in [1] for securely distributing educational certificates among academic institutions and third-party professionals. Focusing more on transferring credits among institutions, the authors of [13] proposed a blockchain credit transfer system based on the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).  
There are also blockchain-based systems developed by different universities such as the system at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which is an open-source system that allows individuals to securely create and share official documents and academic transcripts [14]. Based on the MIT system, Blockcerts was developed to be an open standard for creating, issuing, viewing, and verifying blockchain-based certificates [15]. Further, Virginia colleges has started to develop blockchain-based diplomas to distribute student degrees through the decentralized computer networks that power Bitcoin [16]. To go beyond transcripts and certificates, the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) developed a large-scale project called Passport that utilizes the benefits of blockchain for improving the educational and the organizational efficiency [17].  
Despite the entire benefits of blockchain to education systems, the aforementioned studies and attempts are still under development and their scalability has not been tested. In addition, there are some challenges facing the application of blockchain in education. The efficiency of blockchain is the main challenges facing blockchain in education, as stated in [7; 18]. In addition, academic institutions do not easily accept the trustless principle and openness to the globe [7]. It is further stated that blockchain technologies, platforms, and smart contracts are not easy to understand by learners, educators, and other professional parties in the chain [8; 18].