# Mechanism Study of Combustion Dynamics of GO@CL-20 Composite
## 1 Introduction  
The role of propellants in rockets and missiles is of great consequence. The assessment of propellant performance is contingent upon several key factors, including high energy density, insensitivity, a brief ignition delay time, and a rapid response rate [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. At the present time, a considerable number of researchers are engaged in efforts to enhance combustion technology in order to meet the demands of military and civilian applications [6, 7, 8]. It is well established that the thermal decomposition properties of propellants exert a direct influence on the combustion characteristics of propellants. The use of combustion catalysts to modulate the thermal decomposition properties of propellants represents an effective and straightforward approach to achieving this goal. Consequently, the investigation of thephysicochemical effects of new efficient combustion catalysts in the thermal decomposition process of propellants has emerged as a prominent area of research in recent years. Since the discovery of fire and the subsequent invention of explosives, carbon has constituted an indispensable element in these materials. Among the plethora of carbon materials, graphene has attracted considerable attention due to its exceptional physical properties, which have the potential to be harnessed in a multitude of fields [9; 10; 11; 12]. Graphene oxide (GO) is a derivative of graphene that offers a number of advantages, including a low density, low cost, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and favorable mechanical properties. These attributes render a promising functional additive for high-energy materials, either alone or in combination with other functional catalysts, with the objective of enhancing the comprehensive performance of high-energy materials. Consequently, graphene oxide (GO) is a particularly advantageous material in the field of high-energy materials in comparison to other materials. The carbon skeleton of graphene oxide contains a substantial number of oxygen-containing functional groups, which exhibit strong hydrophilicity and surface activity. Moreover, graphene oxide exerts a more pronounced effect on the thermal decomposition of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanonitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazadiouurea (CL-20), cyclic tetramethylene-trinitramine (HMX), or ammonium perchlorate (AP) than the purely energy-containing components [9; 13; 14]. GO is currently employed as a functional additive for propellants, explosives, and launching agents in the field of energetic materials, as shown in Figure 1. In recent years, a substantial body of research has been conducted by both domestic and foreign researchers. In a recent study, [PERSON] et al. investigated a novel formulation of CL-20-based explosives containing a reduced graphene oxide modification, resulting in the development of a low-sensitivity energy-containing material [15; 16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] prepared AP composites with a GO mass fraction of 2% using the recrystallisation and fast stirring collision method. The lower exothermic peak temperatures of GO/AP composites prepared by the rapid collision method in comparison with those of pristine AP, and the consistent exothermic peak temperatures of AP, can be primarily attributed to the effects of rapid stirring collision and the numerous functional groups on the GO surface. The restriction of AP crystal growth results in a reduction of particle size and an encapsulation effect, which increases the specific surface area of AP and improves the heat transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing its thermal decomposition performance. The presented evidence substantiates the assertion that GO exerts a catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition performance of AP. [PERSON] et al. [18] prepared CL-20/GO composites with a GO mass fraction of 2% by the ultrasonic composite method. The resulting morphology was that of folded circular particles, with the loading of CL-20 forming a continuous structure between the GO sheets.