esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Permanent magnets are commonly produced by powder compactions. The dimensions of magnets are therefore limited by the compaction mold. Additive manufacturing currently opens up opportunities for unconventional designs of rare-earth magnets [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], hard ferrites [5, 6], and iron oxides [7, 8], as well as recycled magnets [9]. Novel magnets of varying shapes and sizes can be printed out. To this end, magnetic materials are produced in a printable form by mixing with polymeric materials and then drawing into fibers [4, 5]. In addition, recent advents of three-dimensional (3D) printers enable the use of magnetic polymer composites in the form of granules.  
Manganese-aluminum (MnAl) in the L1\({}_{0}\) structure exhibits ferromagnetism at room temperature. Such a phase, referred to as \(\tau\)-MnAl, is commonly transformed from the high temperature \(\varepsilon\) phase. The metastable \(\tau\) phase tends to decompose into nonmagnetic Mn-rich \(\beta\) and \(\gamma_{2}\) (Al\({}_{8}\)Mn\({}_{5}\)) phases. The stability of the \(\tau\)-MnAl phase is improved with the moderate addition of carbon (C). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) indicates that the doping of 1 at% C prevents the decomposition of \(\tau\) phase into nonmagnetic phases [10; 11]. MnAl-C certainly exhibits lower maximum energy products than those of rare-earth magnets, but it has still received much attention as a rare-earth-free magnet [12]. MnAl-based magnets have been proposed as a \"gap magnet\" between the high-performance rare-earth magnets and low-cost ferrites.  
In addition to MnAl-C powders, bulk MnAl-based magnets consolidated by a variety of techniques have been investigated. The extrusion process was employed by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. at elevated temperatures [13; 14]. Alternatively, high-pressure compactions enhanced the coercivity of bulk magnets compared to MnAl-C powders from the solid-state reaction [15] and gas atomization [16]. [PERSON] et al. also prepared bulk magnets from high-pressure compactions of melt-spun ribbons [17]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated a similar enhancement of magnetic properties by high-pressure spark plasma sintering [18]. [PERSON] et al. reported the different magnetic properties of MnAl-C magnets produced by microwave sintering, hot compaction, and hot deformation [19]. Pressure applied in the hot deformation promoted a textured structure, leading to the highest coercivity.  
For MnAl to be compatible with 3D printing, [PERSON] et al. produced MnAl-C/polyethylene (PE) composites in the forms of fibers [20]. In this article, MnAl-based granules for 3D printing are produced. Magnetic properties of MnAl-C powders are examined to assess the effects of C doping, as well as annealing temperature, and are compared to those after the incorporation in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix.
## Appendix A Information on Geometry Dimensions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Geometry** & **Parameter** & **Value** & **Geometry** & **Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Rectangular & \(h_{\text{rp}}\) & 20.00 & LPA & \(r_{\text{cyc}}\) & 10.00 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{prism} & \(L_{\text{rp}}\) & 29.00 & half-cylinder & \(L_{\text{cyc}}\) & 30.00 \\  & \(W_{\text{rp}}\) & 15.00 & & \(W_{\text{cyc}}\) & 14.98 \\ \hline Hollow & \(h_{\text{hrp}}\) & 4.00 & & \(r_{\text{cy}}^{\prime}\) & 20.00 \\ rectangular & \(L_{\text{hrp}}\) & 29.00 & & \(L_{\text{diff}}^{\prime}\)-cylinder & \(L_{\text{diff}}^{\prime}\) & 19.97 \\ prism & \(W_{\text{hrp}}\) & 15.00 & & \(W_{\text{cyf}}^{\prime}\) & 18.00 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cylindrical hemisphere} & \(h_{\text{hy}}\) & 2.00 & & \(r_{\text{cyh}}\) & 20.00 \\  & \(r_{\text{hy}}\) & 6.60 & & \(L_{\text{cyh}}^{\prime}\) & 28.80 \\  & & & & \(W_{\text{cyh}}\) & 18.00 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Concave hemisphere} & \(r_{\text{sp}}\) & 18.50 & & \(r_{\text{cyc}}^{\prime}\) & 20.00 \\  & & & & \(L_{\text{diff-cylinder}}^{\prime}\) & \(L_{\text{cyc}}^{\prime}\) & 18.00 \\  & & & & \(W_{\text{cyc}}^{\prime}\) & 14.97 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hollow concave hemisphere} & \(r_{\text{sph}}\) & 18.60 & & \(h_{\text{p}}\) & 30.00 \\  & & & LPA inverted & \(L_{\text{bs}}\) & 28.00 \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Hollow concave hemisphere} & & & trapezoidal & \(W_{\text{bs}}\) & 28.28 \\  & & & prism & \(L_{\text{bip}}\) & 14.00 \\  & & & & \(W_{\text{bip}}\) & 15.21 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cone} & \(h_{\text{conv}}\) & 10.15 & & \(h_{\text{ph}}^{\prime}\) & 30.00 \\  & \(r_{\text{bc}}\) & 8.60 & & \(L_{\text{bib}}\) & 30.00 \\  & \(r_{\text{tc}}\) & 14.00 & & inverted & \(W_{\text{bsh}}^{\prime}\) & 31.00 \\  & & & trapezoidal & \(L_{\text{bib}}^{\prime}\) & 28.83 \\  & & & prism & \(W_{\text{bib}}^{\prime}\) & 15.00 \\  & & & & \(t_{\text{ph}}^{\prime}\) & 4.95 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LPA involved half-cylinder} & \(r_{\text{cy}}\) & 15.90 & & \(h_{\text{rec}}\) & 14.00 \\  & \(L_{\text{cyf}}\) & 30.00 & & \(L_{\text{bsc}}^{\prime}\) & 10.00 \\  & \(W_{\text{cyf}}\) & 19.97 & trapezoidal & \(W_{\text{bsc}}^{\prime}\) & 3.00 \\  & & & prism & \(L_{\text{bipc}}\) & 28.83 \\  & & & & \(W_{\text{bipc}}^{\prime}\) & 15.00 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LPA hollow inverted half-cylinder} & \(r_{\text{cyh}}\) & 2.10 & & & \\  & \(L_{\text{cyh}}\) & 30.00 & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(W_{\text{cyh}}\) & 19.96 & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(t_{\text{cyh}}\) & 1.00 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The graphite-made resonator: The dimensions (in mm) offering the best MLM in the numerical simulations.
# Control of Flow around an Oscillating Plate for Lift Enhancement by Plasma Actuators
###### Abstract  
During insect flight, a feathering motion of the wing's controls vortex shedding for lift enhancement. In this study, in order to control the flow around a wing flapping with simplified sinusoidal motion, plasma actuators were introduced to simplify the complex feathering motion. In a wind tunnel, a smoke-wire method was enacted to visualize the flow fields around an oscillating plate with an attack angle of 4\({}^{\circ}\) in a uniform flow for the baseline and controlled cases. The actuator placed around the leading edge was found to suppress the flow separation on the top surface. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the control effects on the fluctuating lift, where the control effects by the intermittently driven actuator were also predicted. The actuator installed on the top surface throughout the up-stroke motion was found to suppress vortex shedding from the trailing edge, which resulted in an 11% lift enhancement compared to the baseline case. In regard to the effects of the installation position, it was found that the actuator placed on the top surface was effective, compared to the cases for installation on the bottom surface or both surfaces.  
micro air vehicle; oscillating plate; plasma actuator; flow control; flow visualization; computational fluid dynamics; lift enhancement; vortices +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 3 Architecture
### UAV Interface Application  
An application was developed to act as a communication bridge between the DJI drone and the rest of the system architecture. We chose the Android platform since it was the most mature and versatile Mobile SDK platform DJI had to offer at the time of development. The app is installed on an Android smartphone connected to the remote controller via a USB cable. The drone connects to the remote controller via DJI's proprietary communication protocol, OcuSync, while the smartphone connects to the rest of the system by WiFi or a commercial mobile network. The app's primary responsibilities are:  
1. Receiving control commands from [PERSON] and forwarding them to the drone;
2. Collecting the drone's IMU readings, aggregating them to estimate its position, and posting this to [PERSON] at regular intervals;
3. Sending the drone's live video feed directly to the HoloLens via network sockets.  
The application, depicted in Figure 5, displays practical information (e.g., battery status of the aircraft and of the remote controller), along with a live view of the drone's camera feed. Buttons are also present to perform various actions. The \"Configurator\" button exposes the user to a settings page shown on the left pane of Figure 5, where several parameters can be configured, including connection settings, the sensitivity of the drone to gesture commands, and infrared visualization options.  
Figure 4: Hand-tracking as visualized in our AR application. Cubes represent hand joints. (The displacement of joints is due to the location of camera capturing the screenshots; the user of the app can see the virtual joints on top of his/her actual joints.
## 4 Analysis of Data Sources and Evaluation Factor Selection
### Analysis of Evaluation Factor Selection
#### 4.2.7 Distance from River  
The river's cutting and erosion activity at the base of slopes will hasten the slope's deformation. In addition, different levels of surface scouring and erosion on slopes might be brought on by the density of river development and distribution [51]. The primary river systems in the study area were subjected to a multi-ring buffer zone analysis. The river buffer zones were subsequently split into seven areas: \(<\)400 m, 400\(\sim\)800 m, 800-1200 m, 1200-1600 m, 1600-2000 m, 2000-2500 m, and \(>\)2500 m (Figure 10). The majority of the geological hazard sites in the study region are located fewer than a thousand meters from the river; the distribution of hazards decreases with increasing distance from the river.  
Figure 10: Tekes County river distance classification hierarchy map.
# Denoising Diffusion Models on Model-Based Latent Space
## 3 Proposed Method
### Latent-Space Diffusion Models
#### 3.2.1 Enforcing Pseudo-Ordinality  
In principle, we are interested in an ordering of the code space \(\mathcal{I}\) which satisfies an ordinality property on the codewords space \(\mathcal{C}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\):  
\[\|c_{i+1}-c_{i}\|_{2}<\|c_{i+j}-c_{i}\|_{2} \forall i\in\{1,\ldots,|\mathcal{C}|-1\},\ j\in\{2,\ldots,|\mathcal{C} |-i\} \tag{18}\] \[\|c_{i-1}-c_{i}\|_{2}>\|c_{i-j}-c_{i}\|_{2} \forall i\in\{2,\ldots,|\mathcal{C}|\},\ j\in\{2,\ldots,i-1\} \tag{19}\]  
In this way, we can enforce that the addition of noise leads to a transition to a code that is similar to the source code in proportion to the level of noise added. Clearly, with \(n>1\), and in the absence of additional constraints on the codebook's definition, the existence of a suitable mapping \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\to\mathbb{R}\) that defines \(\mathcal{I}\) cannot be guaranteed, and in most cases simply will not exist. More specifically, if we look at the codewords as vectors in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), there could be an arbitrary number of values \(j\) which satisfy the right part of the expression in Equations (18) and (19), i.e., there could be multiple elements of \(\mathcal{C}\), identified by different indexes \(j\), which are equidistant from \(c_{i}\). Therefore, we propose a relaxation of the desired property by imposing an ordering along the direction which maximizes the correlation between the elements of \(\mathcal{C}\). This approach is borrowed from the technique of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) [29], widely used in the context of dimensionality reduction. Given a generic VQ codebook \(\mathcal{C}\subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\), its principal component \(v_{0}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) can be conveniently computed as the eigenvector of the covariance matrix of \(\mathcal{C}\) corresponding to its largest eigenvalue. The projection of \(c_{i}\in\mathcal{C}\) along the principal component is hence computed as \(c_{i}^{0}=c_{i}v_{0}\), which also represents a mapping \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\to\mathbb{R}\). We assign each element of \(\mathcal{C}\) to an index \(i\in\{1,\ldots,|\mathcal{C}|\}\) such that \(c_{i}^{0}>c_{i+1}^{0}\), or in simpler terms, as the indices that sort the vectors through their principal components. This approach does not strictly satisfy the properties in Equations (18) and (19), nor does it assures to maximize the correlation between adjacent pairs, but it is guaranteed to be the best possible achievable approximation with a linear transformation. The latter claim is secured by the fact that PCA, in its linear version, is the linear component reduction technique that best preserves explained variance. The additive noise in the diffusion process then causes a displacement along the maximum variance dimension, which in a categorical framework implies moving towards a highly correlated latent state, which resembles the continuous diffusion process. Figure 4 provides a powerful intuition of the achievement.
## 3 Methodology
### Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Characteristics
#### 3.2.2 Analysis of Temporal Characteristics  
The analysis of bus headway in the temporal dimension specifically included the following aspects: (1) daily variation, where one day is divided by hour from 6:00 to 24:00 to analyze the trend in each hour of the day; and (2) different types of periods, where according to the characteristics of traffic conditions and the passenger flow, time is divided into four types: morning peak time on weekdays (7:00-9:00), evening peak time on weekdays (17:30-19:30), off-peak time on weekdays, and rest days.
## 3 Results
### Training Sample Construction Based on VMD  
#### 3.1.1 Initial Determination of VMD Mode  
According to the decomposition principle of VMD in Section 2.1, the number of modalities is determined by studying the series of PV output samples. Figure 4a shows a sequence diagram of the PV output. Figure 4b shows the frequency spectrum after the PV output sequence is through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Because there are many data, the full spectrum diagram is not easy to observe, while the spectrum diagram is symmetrical. Therefore, when analyzing, half of the spectrum diagram is to be taken for analysis.  
As we can see from Figure 4b, the spectrum of the sample sequence contains three major frequency band components, and the symmetry of the spectrogram and the initial value of the modal number are taken as six. When K = 5, K = 6, and K = 7, the load data are separately decomposed via VMD to obtain an iterative curve of each modal center frequency under different K values, as shown in Figure 5.  
From the comparison of Figure 5, it can be found that when K = 7, the ends of the two iterative curves of the label are very close; in other words, central frequency aliasing appears. Therefore, the mode number was finally determined to be six.  
Figure 4: Photovoltaic output sample sequence.  
Figure 5: Sample center frequency iteration curves in different modes.
# ADAfinder Tool Applied to EGMS Data for the Structural Health Monitoring of Urban Settlements
## 3 Experimental Results  
Two case study areas including distinct typologies of buildings (characterized by different materials, dimensions, and structural schemes) have been considered in order to show the potential of the proposed methodology applied to different kinds of urban settlements. The first one is part of the _Example_ neighborhood, while the second one is part of the industrial area near the harbor, known as _Zona Franca_. It is worth highlighting that the PSs used in the following applications are derived by the EGMS, illustrated in Section 2.1.  
_Example_ is a district that occupies the central part of the city of Barcelona (Spain), in an area of 7.45 km\({}^{2}\). It was built in the second half of the 19 th century based on the design of [PERSON]. The area is conceived as a regular pattern formed by quadrangular blocks of 113.30 m per side (that occupy an area of about 12,500 m\({}^{2}\) each), trunked on the vertices with a bevel of 15 m, and separated by a regular pattern of avenues. The blocks are constituted by adjoining buildings, mainly jointed, predominantly in masonry, with an average height of 30 m. For the following application, an area of 0.45 km\({}^{2}\) was selected, where the blocks are also crossed by the _Avinguda Diagonal_.  
_Zona Franca_ is a very large logistics and industrial area located in the Sants-Montiuic district of Barcelona, near the harbor and the airport. This area was used for the construction of several factories during the industrialization period of Catalonia, in the middle of 1900. It is completely different for the _Example_, since the constructions in this area are predominantly large sheds with plan roofs, located without a planned scheme. An area of 17 km\({}^{2}\) of _Zona Franca_ was selected for the following application.
## 2 Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **Problems Addressed** & **Contributions** & **Evaluations** & **Limitations** \\ \hline Blockchain [1] & Critical access control & Smart contracts-based access control & Gas price and misbehavior & Cost and overhead \\ \hline DTLS protocol [2] & Security, centralization & Access management architecture & Throughput, latency, and response time & Single management hub \\ \hline PoC, AES-128, PBFT [3] & Complexity and security & ABAC and hash operation & Overhead & Consensus mechanism not efficient \\ \hline PBFT, CNN [4] & Unauthorized access & D2D underlying cellular networks & Channel rate and spectral efficiency & Non-cooperative scenarios \\ \hline PoW, PBFT [5] & Data management and security & Decentralized access & Security and cost consumption & User privacy \\ \hline PoW [4] & Untrustworthes and centralization & Distributed key & Auditability and scalability & Not persistency \\ \hline ECDSA, PoC [7] & Security and data mismagnement & Soverweigh blockchain & Execution time & Inefficient in industries \\ \hline DRL [8] & Limited MT resources and security & Secure sharing & Energy consumption and data & Trustfulness and security \\ \hline PoA, PoW [9] & Security and untrustworthy & Service provisioning mechanism & Delay, throughput, and gas & Un-authorization \\ \hline PBFT [10] & Complex system and AI bottleneck & Data sharing system & Security, privacy, and scalability & Lacks efficiency \\ \hline ECDSA [11] & Constrained resources and trust & Reputation-based data sharing & Efficiency and security & Not suitable for large area networks \\ \hline MEC tier, NBI, SHA-256 [12] & Insecure sharing & Certificate-less aggregate & Tests on different scenarios & Lacks efficiency \\ \hline PBFT [13] & Security and un-authorization & Secure data sharing & Security analysis and efficiency & Ethereum does not perform well \\ \hline FPSS [14] & Bottleneck of ABE & Encryption-based sharing & Security analysis & Lack efficiency \\ \hline PBFT, SHA-256 [15] & Untrustworthes and communication overhead & Data security sharing and & Safety analysis & Real-time authentication and message verification \\ \hline PoW, SHA-256 [16] & Privacy leakage & Permission-based access & Execution time & Real world implementation \\ \hline ECDSA [18] & Un-authentication and high cost & Decentralized authentication & Time and financial cost & Compromised devices \\ \hline SCKBS [19] & Security risks & Identity-based access control & Energy consumption, requests & Inefficient access mechanisms \\ \hline Chain-code algorithm [20] & Security, reliability, and privacy leakage & Data exchange system & Request speed and transaction time & Delivery time and throughput \\ \hline XACML, PoC [21] & Resource protection & XACML-based access control system & Monetary cost, resource and time & Performance lacks \\ \hline PBFT, cryptographic algorithms [22] & Security problems & Mutual authentication system & Transaction time & No real implementation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of Related Work.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
Considering the Influence of the Viscoelastic Properties of Composite Sleepers on the Dynamic Characteristics of the Track Structure  
In order to analyze the influence of the viscoelastic properties of composite sleepers on the power flow of the track structure, at the same time considering that 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C is close to the annual average temperature of many regions in China, the mechanical parameters of composite sleepers at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the mechanical parameters are considered as constants are selected for comparison. The constant elastic modulus of the composite sleeper is 2000 MPa and the loss factor is 0.12. According to the above description, the vehicle-track dynamic coupling model is adopted to calculate the power flow of the track structure.  
It can be seen from Figure 7a that compared with the constant parameters, a value of below 100 Hz for the viscoelastic properties of the composite sleeper would slightly reduce the rail power flow. Above 100 Hz, the rail power flow would increase slightly. The composite sleeper's viscoelastic properties have little effect on the rail power flow.  
After obtaining the fastener spring force and the speed of the corresponding sleeper node, the sleeper input power flow can be obtained by calculation. Similarly, the spring force of the lower support of the sleeper and the speed of the corresponding sleeper node can be obtained, then the sleeper output power flow can be obtained, as shown in Figure 7b. It can be seen that compared with the constant parameters, when considering the viscoelastic properties of the sleeper, the composite sleeper input and output power flows vary greatly; in most frequency ranges, the sleeper input power flow is reduced. At 100 Hz, the sleeper input power flow is reduced by 4.7 dB. Considering the composite sleeper's viscoelastic properties, the sleeper output power flow is affected more at above 50 Hz. At 63 Hz, the sleeper output power flow is increased by 10.2 dB. At 400 Hz, the sleeper output power flow is reduced by 11.0 dB. Overall, the composite sleeper's viscoelastic properties increase the power flow consumption of the composite sleeper (input power flow minus output power flow).  
Figure 7c shows the ballast bed power flow. Compared with the constant parameters of the composite sleeper, the viscoelastic properties of composite sleeper have little influence on the ballast bed power flow in most frequency ranges; however, they vary greatly in some frequency ranges. For example, at 63 Hz, the ballast bed power flow increases by 11.3 dB, and at 100 Hz the ballast bed power flow decreases by 8.6 dB.
## 5 Discussion
The quality of the aerial orthophotos is an issue to be considered as it may limit accuracy in the identification of feature limits (Table 2). A comparison between orthophotos and UAS images (Figure 9) illustrates this issue. It is clear that a higher spatial resolution (UAS images) facilitates the visual distinction of the feature limits (see Figure 9, left panes). However, features with microtopograhies, such as saltmarsh plant areas versus seagrass ones (Figure 9, right panes), require the availability of accurate digital elevation models, together with field topographic data, to improve the quality of future analyses. The main error sources in previous studies [81] have been related to the quality of the orthophoto and the bias of the analyst. Error sources may differ between cartographies. Therefore, accuracy assessment should be specific to each cartography, and ground truthing campaigns should be performed the same year as the orthophoto to make conditions comparable. With limitations, this study goes beyond previous studies, analysing the behaviour of the estuary as a whole over a period long enough to identify clear trends between geomorphological and ecological subsystems. Figure 9: Examples of limitations to feature classification arising in the accuracy assessment for the SVB estuary. The images show the differences between acquisition methods. Left images show the limit between beach and embryo dune habitats; Right images show the limit between saltmarsh (darkest green) and mudflat (covered by macro-algae and seagrasses) features. Red dots indicate test points in the field.