## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Evacuation Rates  
In metro emergencies, it is common for passengers to rush toward the doors but be unable to exit the train carriage promptly due to overcrowding or door malfunctions. A slower evacuation process can lead to the congregation of a large number of passengers  
Figure 6: Emotional state proportions of passengers under different official interventions scenarios: (**a**) \(R\) = 0.1; (**b**) \(R\) = 0.5; (**c**) \(R\) = 0.9.  
in a confined space, thus exacerbating the spread of panic. To investigate the impact of evacuation rates on the evolution of group emotions, we consider the following three scenarios: \(P=0\), where passengers cannot exit the train carriage due to door malfunctions or other reasons; \(P=0.5\), where passengers need some time to break free from the overcrowded space in order to exit the train carriage; and \(P=0.9\), where the passage is relatively smooth and passengers can exit the train carriage swiftly. We tested while keeping other parameters constant: \(N=300\), _arrival-tick_ = 100, and an even distribution of the three personality traits, each making up \(1/3\) of the total. It was assumed that no intervention was made by the authorities, with \(R=0\). We observed the proportions of passengers in four emotional states (the number of passengers in a specific emotional state/\(N\)) within the group, as shown in Figure 7.  
In the scenario where \(P=0\), passengers in intense panic and moderate panic states remain at consistently high levels throughout the observation period. In the scenarios with \(P=0.5\) and \(P=0.9\), when \(t\leq\textit{arrival-tick}\), the intense panic and moderate panic states also remain at high levels. However, when \(t>\textit{arrival-tick}\), the panic begins to subside, with intense panic subsiding first, followed by moderate panic, and finally slight panic. Passengers experiencing higher levels of panic tend to evacuate the train carriage more quickly. This underscores the critical importance of timely intervention and control after the train arrives at the station. Without prompt measures, these highly panicked passengers could potentially trigger another wave of panic on the platform upon disembarking. As the passenger density near the train doors gradually increases, metro authorities can station staff near the doors to provide orderly guidance and effectively direct passengers, thereby alleviating panic. Alternatively, installing train announcement systems directly above the train doors could ensure that passengers crowding near the doors receive timely and effective reassurance through official broadcasts. In the scenario where \(P=0.5\), all  
Figure 7: Emotional state proportions of passengers under different evacuation rate scenarios: (**a**) \(P=0\); (**b**) \(P=0.5\); (**c**) \(P=0.9\). passengers exit the carriage by \(t=119\), while, in the scenario where \(P=0.9\), all passengers evacuate by \(t=111\). These results suggest that rapid evacuation can effectively eliminate panic within the train carriage. When \(t\leq\)_arrival-tick_, the passenger distribution across emotional states in Figure 7a-c is generally consistent across scenarios. This indicates that evacuation rate has minimal impact on emotional contagion during the train's motion. Sudden incidents are often characterized by their explosive nature, with panic emotions spreading rapidly and stabilizing within a short period. The initial intensity of the panic stimulus largely determines the peak level of group panic, while the duration of emotional contagion has limited influence. Unless official intervention is implemented, the level of group panic within the carriage remains relatively stable over time. However, this does not imply that timely evacuation is unnecessary. Prolonged exposure to high levels of panic, coupled with passengers crowding densely near the train doors in confined spaces, significantly increases the risk of collisions, falls, and other safety hazards.