## 1 Introduction  
Digital transformation is a challenge that is facing governments around the world, forcing them to re-engineer their processes and explore new models for providing services in order to provide reliable and cost-effective information and knowledge services [1]. The concept of e-government was introduced in the field of public administration in the late 1990s. It can be defined as the use of information communication technologies (ICTs), such as computers and the Internet, to provide citizens and businesses with services and information in a more convenient and effective way [2]. In order to define the scope of e-government studies, [PERSON] [2] has defined eight different models in an e-government system: government-to-citizen (G2C), citizen-to-government (C2G),government to-business (G2B), business-to-government (B2G), government-to-government (G2G), government-to-nonprofit (G2N), nonprofit-to-government (N2G), and government-to-employee (G2E). In recent years, the implementation of e-government has grown significantly. In Saudi Arabia, there are many e-government systems that are provided in different sectors, including human resources, education, health, and trading. These systems have radically transformed communication between citizens and the public sector. According to the United Nations e-Government Survey [2], Saudi Arabia is ranked 43 rd among 193 countries in 2020, with an e-Government Development Index equal to 0.799. Looking back to 2008, Saudi Arabia was ranked 70 th among 193 countries, with an e-Government Development Index equal to 0.4935. The obvious improvement reflects the big attention paid by Saudi's Government in this regard. In the educational sector, e-government systems have been utilized to provide many services, either to the teachers or to the students and their parents, such as Noor, Faris, and iEN systems. Noor is an educational management system that serves all schools managed by the Saudi Ministry of Education (MOE) directorates. The system provides a wide range of online services for students, teachers, parents, and the schools' directors. These services include students' registration, entering and auditing students' grades, class schedules, and generating all required reports on the educational processes. The Faris system is one of the essential services that target teachers and school administrators. It provides them with essential human resources services, such as vacation requests, salary queries, and employee information. iEN, on the other hand, is a national educational portal that provides distance- and e-learning services for teachers, students, and parents. In recent years, the MOE in Saudi Arabia has shown a growing interest in the of inclusion of visually impaired (VI) students and teachers in public schools. Despite the efforts that the MOE has been exerting to facilitate the educational process for visually impaired teachers [3], the e-government systems in the educational sector still have some limitations regarding its accessibility and usability for this group. According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [4], accessibility is defined as \"the usability of a product, service, environment or facility by people with the widest range of capabilities.\" Accessibility and usability are closely related aspects regarding developing a website that works for all. Usability is considered as a big umbrella that includes accessibility [4]. This implies that for a website to be accessible for specific users, it should be usable by those users, where the users in our case are VI teachers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the accessibility of Saudi e-government systems for teachers, identify the accessibility and usability issues from a visually impaired user's perspective, and answer the following research questions:  
* Q1: How accessible are the Saudi e-government systems for visually impaired teachers? * Q2: What are the key difficulties faced by visually impaired teachers while using Saudi e-government systems for teachers?