## 3 Results and Discussion
### Non-Saccharomyces as Inhibiting Species  
Delving into the results found for each of the couple of tested microorganisms, Table 2 shows the inhibitory activity of tested non-_Saccharomyces_ strains against all the studied yeast and bacterial strains. Figure 1: Frequency of inhibitory activity concerning the inhibiting (**a**) and inhibited (**b**) species, according to the different media tested. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Inhibiting Species** & **Inhibited Species** & **Inhibitory Activity** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_M. pulcherrima_ 346_} & _S. cerevisiae_ 16 & \(\pm\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. plantarum_ & V22 & \(\pm\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. brevis_ & IOEB & \(\pm\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. plantarum_ & 38 CDS & \(\pm\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _O. oeni_ & OT3 & \(\pm\) C \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_T. delbrueckii_ 291_} & _L. plantarum_ & Lp90 & \(++\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. plantarum_ & 44 & \(++\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. brevis_ & IOEB & \(++\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _P. parvulus_ & 126 & \(++\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. hilgardii_ & CECT 4786 & \(++\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _L. plantarum_ & 38 CDS & \(++\) C \\ \cline{2-3}  & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) C \\ \hline _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) C \\ \hline _P. fermentatus_ B05A36 & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) C \\ \hline _H. guillermondii_ M105A31 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _H. uvarum_ B05B29 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_P. fermentatus_ B05A29_} & _T. delbrueckii_ 291 & \(\pm\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _T. delbrueckii_ & CECT 11199 & \(\pm\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _B. bruxellensis_ 2 & \(\pm\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _B. bruxellensis_ 6 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B0512B3 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B0512B24 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B0512B25 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B0512B26 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B0512B15 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B05B2P & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B05A36 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline _M. pulcherrima_ B0522 & _P. fermentatus_ M105A30 & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_B. bruxellensis_ 2} & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(++\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _O. oeni_ 6 & \(++\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_B. bruxellensis_ 5} & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _O. oeni_ 6 & \(+\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) J \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_B. bruxellensis_ 6} & _Pediococcus_ spp. & \(\pm\) J \\ \cline{2-3}  & _O. oeni_ 6 & \(+\) J \\ \hline \end{tabular} The superscripts indicate the medium onto which the results have been observed: “C” = culture medium and “J” = grape juice.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Inhibitory activity of non-_Saccharomyces_ yeasts according to the diameter of halo of inhibition: “\(\pm\)” = lower than 3 mm, “+” = ranging from 3–6 mm and “++” = more than 6 mm. In literature, several studies deepened the antimicrobial potential of _M. pulcherrima_ (e.g., [27, 60]). Interestingly, _M. pulcherrima_ 346, an isolate from commercial starter culture [10], inhibited, on culture medium, bacterial strains representative of spontaneous malotactic consortia (_L. plantarum_, _L. brevis_, _Pedicoccus_ spp., and _O. oeni_) and the autochthonous _S. cerevisiae_ strain I6 [42]. This is consistent with what has been found in previous studies that demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of _M. pulcherrima_ strains against _S. cerevisiae_, _O. oeni_, and other lactobacilli of wine interest [61, 62, 37, 63]. Furthermore, these findings could contribute to explaining the modulatory effects on the spontaneous malotactic consortium observed when _M. pulcherrima_-based commercial starter culture was used in winemaking [30]. On the contrary, the other _M.