## 3 Results and Discussion
### Corner joints Studies
#### 3.2.3 Influences of Corner Joint Design on the Visual Appeal of Particleboard Furniture  
In the context of panel furniture manufacturing, the aesthetic components of corner joints are crucial for the overall appearance and consumer satisfaction. The quality of edge banding, which includes corner joints, significantly affects the aesthetic appeal of furniture, with defects such as edge collapse, glue leakage, and uneven trimming directly impacting the appearance of furniture. Specifically, for corner joints, rounded corners are an essential aesthetic component as well as safety, where edge banding with a thick edge on both sides should feature a radius of at least 1.5 mm to prevent hand scratching, indicating the importance of smooth transitions and safety in design. It should be emphasized that the possibility of edge damage to furniture is reduced if this radius exists because it is more difficult to catch the edge material and mechanical damage if it is not rounded. This detail underscores the critical role of precision in the edge banding process, particularly at corner joints, in enhancing the visual and tactile qualities of furniture [49]. For example, according to [PERSON] et al. [7], zero-joint edge banding technology enhances aesthetic quality by providing an invisible gluing joint line, which is not achievable with conventional \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factor** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Influence on** \\ **Load-Bearing Capacity** \\ \end{tabular} & **Failure Points** & **Papers** \\ \hline Joint reinforcement (wood & Enhances joint strength and & High bending strength achieved & [PERSON] et al. [31], \\ biscuits) & failure load & with optimized spacing & [PERSON] et al. [39], \\ Material type (particleboard, & Determines bending strength of & Particleboard is more & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20], \\ MDF) & corner joints & MDF & [PERSON] [1], \\ Moisture content & Higher humidity improves load & Swelling of dowels and & [PERSON] [1], \\ capacity & Higher number and & adhesives may lead to stronger & [PERSON] et al. [7], \\ Dowel quantity and spacing & Increased dowel number and & joints & [PERSON] et al. [39], \\  & specific spacing enhances & optimal at 160 mm & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] \\ Adhesive type & PU adhesive offers superior & Better penetration and swelling & [PERSON] [1], \\  & strength over PVAC & lead to stronger joints & [PERSON] et al. [7] \\ Loading method & Impacts joint performance & Screw crushing in face member, & [PERSON] et al. [39], \\  & under cyclic conditions & edge splitting & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Overview of load-bearing capacity influences and failure points in panel corner joint design. edge banding methods. This technology ensures a flawless transition between the edge band and the board surface, making the joint appear seamless to the human eye, thereby improving the furniture's visual appeal. The resistance of the adhesive bond to aging is increased, minimizing the impact of external influences such as water or dirt, which further contributes to the aesthetic durability of the corner joint. Aging significantly affects the aesthetics of edge banded furniture, particularly at corners, where exposure to moisture is the most critical factor. Over time, visual appearance can deteriorate owing to factors such as discoloration, rough surfaces, and gloss changes, which are more pronounced in conventional edge banding than in zero-joint technologies. Zero-joint edge banding, which avoids the use of conventional hot-melt adhesives, offers a seamless appearance that is less susceptible to the aging effects of external influences such as water or dirt, thereby maintaining a more consistent aesthetic appeal over time [50]. The thickness swelling of the zero joints was significantly lower after moisture exposure, highlighting the effectiveness of edge sealing in enhancing joint durability against moisture [51].