# Evaluation of the Occurrence of Phthalates in Plastic Materials Used in Food Packaging
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quantification of Phthalates in Plastic-Based Food Packaging
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Target Analytics** & **Samples** & \begin{tabular}{l} **Extraction** \\ **Procedure** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} **Analytical** \\ **Method** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} **LOD (\(\upmu\)g/L)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} **LOQ (\(\upmu\)g/L)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{l} **Rec (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} **Ref.** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 PAEs & Milk products & LLE & LC-MS/MS & - & 20-30 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 84–96 & [30] \\
5 PAEs & Meats & LLE & LC-MS/MS & - & 40 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 96–103 & [31] \\
8 PAEs & Tea, juices & DES-VA- & HPLC-DAD & 5.1–17.8 & 17.2–59.4 & 84–120 & [32] \\
6 PAEs, BPA & Waters & SB-DLIME & GC-MS & 0.001–0.008 & 0.005–0.014 & 95–99 & [33] \\
17 PAEs & Capsanthin & QuCBERS & GC-MS & 0.2–0.5 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 0.6–15 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 83–118 & [34] \\
20 PAEs & Breast milk & QuCBERS & GC-MS/MS & 0.004–1.3 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 0.02–4.2 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 83–123 & [35] \\
3 PAEs & Waters & MSPE & HPLC-VDVD & 0.025–0.16 & 0.082–0.54 & 93–102 & [36] \\
15 PAEs & Beverages & MSPE & GC-MS/MS & 0.005–2.748 & 0.018–9.151 & 79–122 & [27] \\
6 PAEs, BPA & Honey & UVA-DLIME & GC-MS & 3–13 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 7–22 \(\upmu\)g/kg & 71–100 & [20] \\
6 PAEs, 1 Adipate & Beers & HS-SPME & GC-MS & 0.006–0.590 & 0.020–1.959 & 74–101 & [28] \\
11 PAEs & Vegetables & HS-SPME & GC-MS/MS & 0.001–0.430 & & - & [21] \\
10 PAEs & Milk and rice & SPME & GC-MS & 0.054–2.51 ng/L & 0.18–8.37 ng/L & 89–114 & [24] \\
4 PAEs & Yogurts, waters & HLMP-SPME & GC-FID & 0.008–0.030 & 0.028–0.120 & 96–100 & [29] \\
4 PAEs & Food packaging & HS-SPME & GC-MS & 0.03–0.08 & 0.10–0.24 & 90–111 & This study \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} BPA—bisphenol A; DES-VA-EDLLME—deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; GC-FID—gas chromatography-fame ionization detection; GC-MS—gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GC-MS—gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; HFLMP-SPME—hollow fiber liquid membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction; HPLC-DAD—high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection; HPLC-VWD—high-performance liquid chromatography-variable wavelength detector; HS-SPME—headspace solid-phase microextraction; LC-MS/MS—liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; LLE—liquid-liquid extraction; MSPE—magnetic solid-phase extraction; PAEs—phthalates; QuCBERS—quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; SB-DLIME—solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; SPME—solid-phase microextraction; UVA-DLIME—ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of the analytical performance of the developed method in this study with other studies reported in the literature. results indicate that the proposed green extraction technique was effective and feasible for the determination of phthalates in plastic-based food packaging. Several studies (Table 5) revealed that phthalates and the ester derivative are passively ingested from the general environment, foods, drinks, breathing air, and dairy life products, causing various dysfunctions [3, 20, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. Exposures to DEHP, BBP, DBP, and DEP are associated with dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and allergic symptoms [47]. Other studies have found a relationship of asthma and worsening of pulmonary functions with these phthalates [48].