## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing  
To generate sufficient bio-physical data, which is required for running the BGC-MAN (Table 2), we supplemented the data with global scale GIS data, such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (STRM) and Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD). For the nitrogen deposition values and pre-industrialization and current values, we adopted global modeling results [56; 57]. Parameters of nitrogen fixation were applied from several previous studies, which suggested different nitrogen fixation values of mature oak forests (12.1-14.0 N kg ha\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\)), pine (0.3-3.2 N kg ha\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\)), and mixed larch hardwood (0.6-4.9 N kg ha\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\)) [58; 59; 60]. For the larch forest, we followed previous studies, with consideration of the nitrogen fixation value from a mixture of western white pine and western larch [61; 60]. We adopted parameters for species characteristics from Europe (the west side of the MLE), but we also adjusted some of the carbon and nitrogen allocation, as well as night time freezing temperature values [10; 33; 62]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Units** & **Oak** & **Pine** & **Larch** \\ \hline Annual leaf and fine root turnover fraction & year\({}^{-1}\) & 1.0 & 0.3 & 1.0 \\ Annual live wood turnover fraction & year\({}^{-1}\) & 0.7 & 0.3 & 0.7 \\ Annual whole-plant mortality fraction & year\({}^{-1}\) & 0.008 & 0.180 & 0.050 \\ Annual fire mortality fraction & year\({}^{-1}\) & 0.017 & 0.700 & 0.056 \\ New fine root C:new leaf C & ratio & 1.0 & 0.523 & 0.8–1.2 \\ New stem C:new total wood C & ratio & 1.29 & 2.5 & 1.2–2.2 \\ New live wood C:new total wood C & ratio & 0.120 & 0.059 & 0.1 \\ New coarse root C:new stem C & ratio & 0.250 & 0.290 & 0.23 \\ Current growth proportion & ratio & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ C:N of leaves & kgC/kgN & 26.9 & 33.1 & 25.8–27 \\ C:N of leaf letters & kgC/kgN & 63.3 & 132.0 & 111.9 \\ C:N of fine roots & kgC/kgN & 73.5 & 38.0 & 42.0 \\ C:N of live wood & kgC/kgN & 63.5 & 50.0 & 42.0 \\ C:N of dead wood & kgC/kgN & 450.0 & 1400.0 & 442.0 \\ Leaf litter labile proportion & DIM & 0.200 & 0.257 & 0.390 \\ Leaf litter cellulose proportion & DIM & 0.560 & 0.493 & 0.440 \\ Leaf litter lignin proportion & DIM & 0.240 & 0.250 & 0.170 \\ Fine root labile proportion & DIM & 0.340 & 0.252 & 0.300 \\ Fine root cellulose proportion & DIM & 0.440 & 0.493 & 0.450 \\ Fine root lignin proportion & DIM & 0.220 & 0.253 & 0.250 \\ Dead wood cellulose proportion & DIM & 0.704 & 0.710 & 0.760 \\ Dead wood lignin proportion & DIM & 0.296 & 0.290 & 0.240 \\ Canopy water interception coefficient & 1/LAI/d & 0.038 & 0.051 & 0.041 \\ Canopy light extinction coefficient & DIM & 0.540 & 0.510 & 0.500 \\ All-sided to projected leaf area ratio & DIM & 2.0 & 2.6 & 2.6 \\ Canopy average specific leaf area & m\({}^{2}\)/kgC & 35.0 & 13.0 & 20.3 \\ Ratio of shaded SLA & DIM & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Fraction of leaf N in Rubisco & DIM & 0.0880 & 0.0457 & 0.0750 \\ Maximum stomatal conductance & m/s & 0.0018 & 0.0010 & 0.0022 \\ Cuticular conductance & m/s & 0.00004 & 0.000014 & 0.00001 \\ Boundary layer conductance & m/s & 0.005 & 0.09 & 0.008 \\ Leaf water potential & MPa & (\(-\)0.1)–(\(-\)3.5) & (\(-\)0.5)–(\(-\)2.2) & (\(-\)0.7)–(\(-\)2.6) \\ Vapor pressure deficit & MPa & 200–2550 & 50–2500 & 800–3200 \\ Night time freezing temperature & C & (\(-\)1)–(\(-\)8) & (\(-\)2)–(\(-\)8) & (\(-\)8)–(\(-\)20) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Species characteristics for running BioGeochemistry Management (BGC-MAN). For the daily weather data, we used global climate data at a grid resolution of 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) from the Environmental Policy Integrated Model (EPIC) and modified them through reflecting temperature lapse and horizontal angle of solar radiations using the Mountain Microclimate Simulation Model (MTCLIM) [63; 64; 65; 66].