# Enhancing Space Management through Digital Twin: A Case Study of the Lazio Region Headquarters
## 1 Introduction
### Advanced Digital Technologies
Additionally, there are humidity sensors that record and track humidity levels in rooms, or even LED lamps that are controlled by ambient light conditions, thereby reducing energy consumption [21; 22; 23; 24]. The use of these technologies, which facilitate the development of intelligent environments via their integration with sophisticated digital management systems, enables a lifestyle upgrade in terms of comfort, while concomitantly reducing energy consumption and supporting environmental protection [25]. Based on recent trends, the adoption of these technologies will continue to grow, driving innovation and radically changing the way buildings and infrastructure are designed, built, and operated (Figure 2) [26]. IoT plays a crucial role in building production, from energy optimization to SM. This technology is helping to develop a range of applications from real-time monitoring to the advanced predictive maintenance of buildings and energy systems, and the intelligent management of electricity grids [27]. Sensors distributed throughout various equipment  
Figure 2: Trends for specific search terms on Google since 2010 (Google Trends). systems serving a facility can continuously monitor operating conditions and detect anomalies or malfunctions in a timely manner [28]. The collected data are transmitted to a central system that uses artificial intelligence algorithms to analyze patterns and predict potential failures, enabling timely preventive maintenance interventions. In addition, IoT facilitates the improvement of energy distribution through smart grids, enabling a more efficient management of energy supply and demand [29; 30]. Connected devices can monitor energy supply and demand in real time and automatically adjust distribution to avoid overloads or blackouts [31; 32]. Consumers can be equipped with smart IoT devices, such as thermostats or smart meters, to actively manage their energy consumption based on energy prices or grid conditions. The IoT collects data to analyze building energy consumption and grid performance, allowing the control system to identify patterns and trends to enhance the overall performance of the energy system, contributing significantly to the digital and energy transition towards a more sustainable future and addressing key challenges such as climate change and grid security [33]. The adoption of AI and big data is significantly transforming the global business landscape, leading to significant increases in corporate revenues and 15-20% more employment opportunities compared to competitors that do not adopt these technologies [34; 35]. This increase can be attributed to AI's ability to optimize business processes, improve the customer experience, and enable more informed and timely decisions [36]. The implementation of big data allows companies to analyze huge amounts of data in real time, identifying patterns and trends that improve demand forecasting, inventory management, and tailored marketing strategies. Furthermore, AI enables the automation of repetitive tasks and the customization of products and services, increasing operational efficiency and reducing costs [37]. DT platforms can improve and adapt using data collected from installed sensors, enabling the real-time monitoring of environmental conditions and proactive management [38]. First, BIM models of the physical environment are created to develop DT platforms, and then physical data are integrated to create a direct link to the real environment and enable continuous monitoring. In this way, DT platforms become the focal point for the management and control of physical environmental conditions. This revolutionary paradigm is now more relevant than ever for the progressive and prudent management of physical spaces and the built environment in general in the context of post-pandemic economic recovery and the resulting societal changes from this event; the adoption of innovative solutions such as DT is imperative to address the growing need to upgrade processes in the AECO sector.