# OpticalTrust: A Sensor-to-Blockchain Framework Using Free-Space Optical Communication
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Use Case** & **Implementation** & **Research Directions** & **Potential Impact** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Environmental Monitoring [47, 48]} & Sensor networks using FSOs for data transmission and blockchain for data integrity in environmental monitoring & * & Resilient FSOs systems for adverse weather Energy-efficient blockchain consensus for sensor nodes Data fusion techniques for multi-parameter sensing & * & Enhanced climate change studies Improved pollution tracking Buffer ecosystem management \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Smart Cities [49, 50]} & FSO-enabled high-bandwidth communication between urban sensors with blockchain-based data authentication & * & Scalable blockchain architectures for city-wide networks Secure multi-hop FSOs routing for urban environments Privacy-preserving techniques for citizen data & * & Improved urban planning Enhanced energy management \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Healthcare Monitoring [51, 52, 53]} & Wearable health sensors using FSOs for data transmission and blockchain for secure data management & * & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * & * \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Agricultural Monitoring [54, 55, 56]} & FSO-enabled precision agriculture sensors with blockchain-based crop data management & * & Energy-harvesting for long-term sensor deployment FSO-based underground-to-aboveground communication Blockchain marketplaces for agricultural data sharing & * & Optimized crop yields Reduced resource wastage Improved food security \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Industrial Automation [57, 58]} & FSO-connected industrial sensors with blockchain-based operational data management & * & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * & * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & * & * & * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Use cases and applications of proposed methodology. testing to validate these findings under diverse operational conditions and varying atmospheric turbulence. Conceptualization, P.B. and A.K. ; methodology, V.P. ; software, P.B. ; validation, P.B., A.K. and V.P. ; analysis, P.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.B. and V.P. ; writing--review and editing, A.K., S.G. and H.M.; funding acquisition, H.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (RS 2024-00400955, Development of core security technology to respond to international smart ship regulations). Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data available upon request. The authors declare no conflict of interest.