## 3 Results and Discussion
### Irrigation Purposes  
Anions and cations are water resources characteristics that need to be constantly monitored. We used water quality indices such as SAR, MAR, SSP, RSC, PI, SP, and KR to assess the suitability of the groundwater-dependent springs and drilled well waters for agricultural uses. For irrigation water, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is typically regarded as an appropriate evaluation index [56]. SAR values of irrigation water and the amount to which Na\({}^{+}\) is absorbed by the soil have a significant relationship [57]. The cation-exchange complex may become saturated with Na\({}^{+}\) if irrigation water is rich in Na\({}^{+}\) and low in Ca\({}^{2+}\). The dispersion of clay particles has the potential to disrupt the soil structure [36]. The presence of Na\({}^{+}\) in irrigation water reacts with the soil to limit permeability, and repeated applications make the soil very poorly permeable, whereas excessive Na\({}^{+}\) causes alkali soil to grow. Ca\({}^{2+}\) insufficiency is also caused by high Na\({}^{+}\) saturation. If the soil is irrigated with high Na\({}^{+}\) water for an extended period, it becomes plastic and sticky when wet and forms clocks and crusts when dry. The addition of Ca\({}^{2+}\) or Mg\({}^{2+}\) salts in irrigation water, on the other hand, reduces the negative effects of sodium by enhancing soil permeability [58; 59]. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values in the research region are within standard limits, indicating excellent to permissible irrigation feasibility (Tables 4 and 5). Based on soluble sodium percentage (SSP) values, the springs and drilled well waters belong to a good category for irrigation according to [PERSON] [40] (Tables 4 and 5). SSP levels beyond a certain threshold in irrigation water might stile plant development and decrease soil permeability [60]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples No.** & **SAR** & **RSC** & **KR** & **SSP** & **SP** & **MH** & **PI** & **PS** & **r1** & **r2** \\ \hline
**S1** & 0.61 & \(-\)0.65 & 0.25 & 20.13 & 25.47 & 46.03 & 35.53 & 0.21 & \(-\)2.08 & \(-\)1.45 \\ \hline
**S2** & 0.58 & \(-\)0.69 & 0.27 & 21.06 & 28.48 & 46.03 & 37.64 & 0.29 & \(-\)1.78 & \(-\)1.24 \\ \hline
**S3** & 2.64 & \(-\)4.44 & 0.65 & 39.39 & 41.97 & 46.03 & 18.60 & 2.14 & 0.28 & 0.42 \\ \hline
**S4** & 1.85 & \(-\)3.24 & 0.44 & 30.41 & 32.98 & 46.03 & 21.06 & 1.74 & 0.04 & 0.18 \\ \hline
**S5** & 0.88 & \(-\)0.59 & 0.43 & 30.10 & 37.90 & 46.03 & 36.16 & 0.21 & \(-\)0.95 & \(-\)0.04 \\ \hline
**S6** & 1.66 & \(-\)0.89 & 0.84 & 45.56 & 48.29 & 46.03 & 28.13 & 0.25 & \(-\)0.20 & 0.17 \\ \hline
**S7** & 0.72 & \(-\)1.54 & 0.28 & 22.11 & 26.01 & 46.03 & 29.19 & 0.39 & \(-\)2.51 & \(-\)2.23 \\ \hline
**S8** & 0.67 & \(-\)1.56 & 0.22 & 18.22 & 21.10 & 46.03 & 28.69 & 0.16 & \(-\)6.57 & \(-\)5.94 \\ \hline
**S9** & 0.60 & \(-\)1.25 & 0.27 & 21.09 & 26.67 & 46.03 & 31.57 & 0.20 & \(-\)2.25 & \(-\)1.64 \\ \hline
**S10** & 0.66 & \(-\)1.72 & 0.29 & 22.72 & 29.52 & 46.03 & 24.93 & 0.11 & \(-\)5.77 & \(-\)4.34 \\ \hline
**S11** & 0.69 & \(-\)1.75 & 0.35 & 25.85 & 28.60 & 46.03 & 17.02 & 0.04 & \(-\)20.58 & \(-\)19.44 \\ \hline
**S12** & 0.62 & \(-\)1.61 & 0.33 & 24.54 & 33.78 & 56.38 & 17.07 & 0.04 & \(-\)19.87 & \(-\)15.19 \\ \hline
**S13** & 0.70 & \(-\)1.70 & 0.35 & 25.85 & 34.00 & 45.09 & 18.01 & 0.05 & \(-\)20.06 & \(-\)16.59 \\ \hline
**S14** & 0.64 & \(-\)1.97 & 0.29 & 22.67 & 32.87 & 46.03 & 18.19 & 0.01 & \(-\)94.92 & \(-\)74.72 \\ \hline
**S15** & 0.64 & \(-\)2.65 & 0.25 & 20.16 & 28.42 & 46.03 & 16.94 & 0.02 & \(-\)95.58 & \(-\)80.89 \\ \hline
**S16** & 0.49 & \(-\)3.28 & 0.18 & 14.94 & 22.75 & 46.03 & 14.78 & 0.04 & \(-\)54.42 & \(-\)48.32 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**SAR**: Sodium Absorption Ratio, **RSC**: Residual Sodium Carbonate, **KR**: Kelly’s Ratio, **SSP**: Soluble Sodium Percentage, **SP**: Sodium Percentage, **MH**: Magnesium Hazard, **PI**: Permeability Index, **PS**: Potential Salinity, **r1** and **r2**: Soltan Classification.  
\end{table}