# Health IoT Threats: Survey of Risks and Vulnerabilities
###### Abstract  
The secure and efficient collection of patients' vital information is a challenge faced by the healthcare industry. Through the adoption and application of Internet of Things (IoT), the healthcare industry has seen an improvement in the quality of delivered services and patient safety. However, IoT utilization in healthcare is challenging due to the sensitive nature of patients' clinical information and communicating this across heterogeneous networks and among IoT devices. We conducted a semi-systematic literature review to provide an overview of IoT security and privacy challenges in the healthcare sector over time. We collected 279 studies from 5 scientific databases, of which 69 articles met the requirements for inclusion. We performed thematic and qualitative content analysis to extract trends and information. According to our analysis, the vulnerabilities in IoT in healthcare are classified into three main layers: perception, network, and application. We comprehensively reviewed IoT privacy and security threats on each layer. Different technological advancements were suggested to address the identified vulnerabilities in healthcare. This review has practical implications, emphasizing that healthcare organizations, software developers, and device manufacturers must prioritize healthcare IoT security and privacy. A comprehensive, multilayered security approach, security-by-design principles, and training for staff and end-users must be adopted. Regulators and policy makers must also establish and enforce standards and regulations that promote the security and privacy of healthcare IoT. Overall, this study underscores the importance of ensuring the security and privacy of healthcare IoT, with stakeholders' coordinated efforts to address the complex and evolving security and privacy threats in this field. This can enhance healthcare IoT trust and reliability, reduce the risks of security and privacy issues and attacks, and ultimately improve healthcare delivery quality and safety. interact of things; digital health; IoT; security; privacy; healthcare +
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Record (EHR) management [8], and smart ambulance services [9]. The use of IoT devices has enabled medical practitioners to receive real-time information regarding patients' conditions, which facilitates health monitoring and treatment [10]. The integration of IoT in healthcare has also led to increased efficiency in the delivery of healthcare services [11] and improved patient outcomes [12]. IoT architecture is comprised of three main layers [5] (as shown in Figure 1):  
The perception layer: Also referred to as the sensing layer [13], this layer integrates hardware for perception and data collection. Objects/human identification and environmental condition sensing are performed through various IoT devices in this layer [13; 14]. With advancements in IoT technologies, this layer has become more sophisticated, including the use of sensors, cameras, and wearable devices to capture and transmit data [15; 16]. The network layer: This layer is responsible for providing secure and dependable data transmission support and aggregating data from multiple sources [17; 18]. Data transmission in this layer occurs through different networks, such as mobile communication [19], satellite [20], wireless [21], and the internet [21]. The application layer: This layer enables user interaction with IoT devices based on their needs and requirements [22]. This is crucial in the IoT architecture as it provides the platform for delivering IoT services and applications [23; 24]. With the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms, the application layer has become more intelligent, capable of providing personalized experiences to users and making real-time decisions [25].