esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Special Finite Elements with Adaptive Strain Field on the Example of One-Dimensional Elements
## 2 Research Problem
Calculations have been made using Maxima program [24], in two variants:  
* according to standard stiffness summation--integration in sub-areas. * according to stiffness summation--integration in sub-areas with \(\chi\) parameter--a multi-area element. Figure 3: Calculation models of posttensioned concrete girder KBOS-24: (**a**) Geometry of model prepared in Ansys; (**b**) Equivalent simplified model. In both variants the calculations have been performed using FEM and only one finite element has been applied. The stiffness matrix for the element has been obtained using the integration in sub-areas procedure. The main difference between these two variants is the distribution of shape functions inside the finite element, which has been explained in Section 3. The calculation results have been presented in the Table 1. As a variable parameter the crack width \(l_{\text{s}}\) was established in the range from 1 mm to 50 mm. As a reference solution, the values of displacement obtained from FEM calculations with discretization in form of three separate finite elements have been taken. The diagram presenting calculation error has been shown in Figure 5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Applied Method**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Width of the Crack \(l_{\text{s}}\)**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(l_{\text{s}}\) = 1 mm & \(l_{\text{s}}\) = 5 mm & \(l_{\text{s}}\) = 10 mm & \(l_{\text{s}}\) = 20 mm & \(l_{\text{s}}\) = 50 mm \\ \hline Reference solution—FEM three & & & & & \\ separate elements & 0.754 & 0.815 & 0.891 & 1.042 & 1.498 \\ Stiffness summation from sub-areas—FEM one & 0.739 & 0.742 & 0.746 & 0.753 & 0.776 \\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{finite element integrated in sub-areas} \\ Calculation error of stiffness summation from & & & & & \\ sub-areas [\%] & 1.9 & 8.9 & 16.3 & 27.8 & 48.2 \\ Multi-area elements—FEM one finite element & & & & & \\ integrated in sub-areas with modification of & 0.754 & 0.815 & 0.891 & 1.042 & 1.498 \\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{strain field} \\ Calculation error of multi-area elements [\%] & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of the displacement values [mm], Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Calculation model of the column—single multi-area element. According to the presented results, it can be noticed that the calculations with the application of only a standard stiffness summation procedure are insufficient. Therefore, multi-area elements should be used. In the case of 1-D elements, the use of multi-area elements completely eliminated the calculation error.
# A Novel Cascaded Modular Photovoltaic Energy Storage System for Partial Shading Conditions
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a novel cascaded modular PV/ES system for MPPT and power smoothing under partial shading conditions. In the proposed topology, the adverse effects of the local shadow on the PV system can be eliminated, and all of the PV modules can operate at their individual maximum power points. Moreover, the \"barrel effect\" reducing the effective capacity of ES system is also alleviated, as the ES modules only need to meet the voltage level of the PV modules, but not the grid-connected voltage level. Compared with conventional photovoltaic systems, the proposed scheme can avoid hot spots and hot strings phenomena for the PV module and the large current and voltage stresses for DC/DC converters. Moreover, an energy optimization strategy based on the PSO algorithm is proposed for the coordination of the distributed ES modules, avoiding deep charging and discharging of all ES modules, with the convergence of their _SOCs_ toward 50%. The proposed energy optimization strategy also realizes the constant active power from the PV/ES system to the grid under inconsistency of light intensity in partial shading conditions, improving the power conversion and transmission efficiency. Moreover, the proposed system achieves efficiency at about 97% under partial shading conditions, which is higher than the conventional string structure PV system with an efficiency of 90%, and is similar to the distributed and hybrid structure PV systems with an efficiency of about 97%, providing an effective and practical solution for power generation systems. In addition, the high frequency and compact topology design scheme of the DC/DC converters and the control scheme adapts to the randomness and volatility of the photovoltaic and energy storage systems for the PV/ES system can be considered as directions for future research and for the improvement of the PV/ES system.  
Conceptualization, Y.F. and L.F.; methodology, H.W. and Y.W.; software, Z.W.; validation, Y.F., Z.W., and Y.W.; formal analysis, B.L.; investigation, J.H.; resources, J.H. and S.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.F., Z.W., and Y.W.; visualization, J.H. and S.L.; supervision, Y.W.; project administration, H.W. and Y.F.; funding acquisition, Y.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China under grant no. 521304190072 and the Industrial Guidance Key Project of Fujian Province under grant no. 2020H0043.  
Figure 10: Current of the DC bus and the power of the PV/ES system.
# Low-Resolution Target Detection with High-Frequency Information Preservation
## 2 Related Work
### Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation  
Human pose estimation has undergone significant progress in recent years and is now recognized as a critical task in computer vision. However, existing methods still face varying degrees of performance degradation when processing low-resolution images [7]. This is due to the fact that current models rely on the intricate details of the human body encoded in high-frequency components of features.  
To tackle this challenge, recent studies have approached the problem from two perspectives: enhancing feature representations and mitigating quantization errors. [PERSON] et al. [21] introduced a super-resolution module into the pose estimation network which can learn and reconstruct missing high-frequency details from low-resolution images, thereby enhancing the representation quality of low-resolution images. Although improving the feature representation of low-resolution images is crucial for accurate low-resolution target detection, this often comes at the cost of increased computation, which can have a significant impact on real-time performance. On the contrary, post-processing-based and offset-based methods do not suffer from the above-mentioned issues. For example, [PERSON] et al. [7] proposed the distribution-aware coordinate representation for human body keypoints. This employs an improved coordinate-encoding process and a novel distribution-aware decoding method to generate accurate subpixel coordinates. [PERSON] et al. [8] proposed confidence-aware learning, which adjusts the learning process for heatmaps and offset maps by weighting masks to enforce consistency in training and improve stability in terms of inference.  
As opposed to the above-mentioned methods, in this work, we address this challenge by designing a high-frequency information preservation block that is model- and task-agnostic and can be easily integrated into existing models.
## 4 Material and Methods
### Taste and Odor Compounds Analysis  
#### 4.2.1 Chemicals, Material and Standards  
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methanol and sodium chloride (NaCl) of ensured quality were procured from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively. Headspace bottles were acquired from Anpel Company (Shanghai, China), while ultrapure water was sourced from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All other reagents adhered to guaranteed reagent-grade standards. The standards for T/O compounds, specifically, GSM and MIB from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. and CYC and ION from Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd. (Basel, Switzerland), were employed. A stock solution of 1 mg: L\({}^{-1}\), comprising the four target T/O compounds in methanol, was securely stored in darkness at \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and subsequently diluted into aqueous working standard solutions before utilization.  
Figure 3: Sampling sites in the eastern drinking water source of Chaohu Lake.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Indexes** & **Minimum** & **Maximum** & **Mean** \\ \hline Chlorophyll-\(\mu\) (ng:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 5.3 & 75.6 & 25.7 \\ Cyanobacterial density (\(\times 10^{4}\) cells:mL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.1 & 21.9 & 9.4 \\ _Microcystis_ spp. density (\(\times 10^{4}\) cells:mL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.0 & 18.5 & 5.6 \\ _Dolicosperm_ spp. density (\(\times 10^{4}\) cells:mL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.1 & 17.1 & 3.7 \\ Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 6 & 31 & 19 \\ pH & 7.3 & 8.8 & 8.1 \\ Dissolved oxygen (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 6.0 & 12.4 & 9.4 \\ Conductivity (\(\upmu\)S:cm\({}^{-1}\)) & 293 & 416 & 329 \\ Total nitrogen (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.48 & 3.29 & 1.67 \\ Nitrate (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.09 & 1.46 & 0.59 \\ Ammonia nitrogen (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.06 & 0.38 & 0.19 \\ Total phosphorus (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.02 & 0.19 & 0.08 \\ Orthophosphate (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.00 & 0.02 & 0.00 \\ Potassium permanganate index (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 3.8 & 8.3 & 5.5 \\ Dissolved organic carbon (mg:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 3.71 & 5.82 & 4.22 \\ MC-LR (\(\upmu\)g:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.07 & 1.90 & 0.53 \\ MC-RR (\(\upmu\)g:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.12 & 3.73 & 0.79 \\ MC-YR (\(\upmu\)g:L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.00 & 4.18 & 0.82 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Minimum, maximum, and average values of biological, physicochemical indices, and microcystins observed in the eastern drinking water source of Chaohu Lake from September 2011 to August 2012.
# Trends in Performance Limits of the HOT Infrared Photodetectors
## Abbreviations  
2D 2 dimensional
3D 3 dimensional  
\(\alpha\) The absorption coefficient  
APD Avalanche photodiode  
bP Black phosphorus  
\begin{tabular}{l l} bPAs & Black phosphorus-arsenic \\ c & Speed of light \\ C & Scene contrast \\ CMOS & Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor \\ CQD & Colloidal quantum dot \\ D\({}^{*}\) & Detectivity \\ FIR & Far infrared \\ FOV & Field-of-view \\ FPA & Focal plane arrays \\ g & Photoconductive gain \\ G & The thermal generation \\ h & Planck's constant \\ h-BN & Hexagonal boron nitride \\ HOT & High operating temperatures \\ IB QCIP & Interband quantum cascade infrared photodetectors \\ IR & Infrared radiation \\ \(J_{\mathrm{BLIP}}\) & Background radiation current \\ J\({}_{\mathrm{dark}}\) & Dark current density \\ J\({}_{\mathrm{dep}}\) & Depletion current \\ J\({}_{\mathrm{diff}}\) & Diffusion current \\ \(\lambda\) & Wavelength \\ LWIR & Long wavelength infrared radiation \\ MBE & Molecular beam epitaxy \\ MWIR & Middle wavelength infrared radiation \\ MOCVD & Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition \\ NEDT & Noise equivalent difference temperature \\ n & Electron concentration \\ n\({}_{\mathrm{i}}\) & Intrinsic carrier concentration \\ NIR & Near infrared \\ P & Hole concentration \\ PC & Photoconductor \\ PEM & Photoelectromagnetic \\ PV & Photodiode \\ R\({}_{\mathrm{i}}\) & Current responsivity \\ q & The electron charge \\ QE & Quantum efficiency \\ QD & Quantum dot \\ QDIP & Quantum dot infrared photodetectors \\ QWIP & Quantum well infrared photodetectors \\ R\({}_{0}\)A & Dynamic resistance area product \\ ROIC & Readout integration circuits \\ SRH & Shockley-Read-Hall \\ SWaP & Size, weight, and power consumption \\ SWIR & Short wavelength infrared radiation \\ T2 SLs & Type-II superlattices \\ THz & Terahertz \\ TMD & Transition metal dichalcogenide \\ \(\tau_{\mathrm{A1}}\) & Auger 1 lifetime \\ \(\tau_{\mathrm{Ai}}\) & Intrinsic Auger 1 lifetime \\ \(\tau_{\mathrm{int}}\) & Integration time \\ \(\tau_{\mathrm{po}}\) & Specific SRH lifetimes \\ \(\tau_{\mathrm{SRH}}\) & SRH lifetime \\ UV & Ultraviolet \\ vdW & van der Waals \\ \(\Phi_{\mathrm{B}}\) & Background flux \\ \end{tabular}
## 3 Unscented Particle Filter with Adaptive Sample Size
### Unscented Kalman Filter  
In the UPF, the important density function is generated by the nonlinear filtering algorithm UKF, so that its overlap with the true posterior probability density is larger. The idea of UT transformation is mainly used to approximate a Gaussian distribution by a fixed number of parameter branches. Assuming that the posterior probability distribution of a system state approximates a Gaussian distribution, UKF directly estimates the probability density function of this system state according to the model of a nonlinear system. At time \(\mathbf{k}\), the state distribution \(\mathrm{N}(\hat{X}_{k-1},\hat{P}_{k-1})\) at time \(k-1\) is approximated by a set of samples, where \(\hat{X}_{k-1}\) and \(\hat{P}_{k-1}\) are estimates of the mean and variance at time \(k-1\), respectively. These samples are then propagated to obtain the predicted mean and variance of state through the nonlinear state model of the system. Next, the weights of particles are given by the measurement model to update the estimated state. Finally, estimated \(\hat{X}_{k}\) and \(\hat{P}_{k}\) at time \(k\) are obtained by a particles weighted summation. The detail of the UKF is shown in [49].
# A Low-Profile Wideband Monocone Antenna Using Bent Shorting Strips
## 5 Conclusions  
A low-profile wideband monocone antenna with bent shorting strips, and parasitic and circular sleeves is proposed in this paper. By loading the bent shorting strips, parasitic sleeves, and circular sleeves, miniaturization of the antenna is achieved. By attaching the bent shorting strips from the monocone hat to the ground plane, the proposed antenna has a parallel resonance mode generating the resonance in the low-frequency band. Moreover, the parasitic and circular sleeves improve the impedance matching characteristics of the monocone antenna in the mid-frequency band. From the experimental results, a 147.3% fractional impedance bandwidth for a wide bandwidth -10 dB reflection coefficient is obtained. The proposed antenna provides stable dipole-like radiation patterns for the entire band. Along with the wide impedance bandwidth, the proposed antenna has good radiation properties, which are desirable for wireless transmission and communication systems.  
The presented work was carried out in collaboration between all the authors. [PERSON]-[PERSON] wrote the paper. [PERSON]-[PERSON] participated in the conception. [PERSON]-[PERSON] supervised the research.  
This work was supported by the research fund of the Signal Intelligence Research Center supervised by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration and the Agency for Defense Development of Korea.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Hardened Properties of OMGPC
#### 3.2.3 Flexural Strength of OMGPC Containing Recycled Aggregates  
The flexural strength investigation of OMGPC is necessary to assess its ability to withstand deformation when subjected to bending stress. The flexural strength follows a similar trend to the compressive strength, as depicted in Figure 10. The strength decreases  
Figure 9: Compressive strength of OMGPC containing RESIN8 and FWG.  
as the content of RESIN8 increases, showing the effect of higher porosity, lower stiffness, and weak ITZ between the RESIN8 aggregate and the natural aggregate. The flexural strength of OMGPC obtained in this study after the 28-d of curing ranges from 3.07 to 4.47 MPa (Figure 10).  
The flexural strength of the control OMGPC specimens increases with curing age from 3.25 to 4.17 MPa at the 7-d to 90-d of curing. In addition, the flexural strength of OMGPC increases progressively with curing age for all replacement levels. For OMGPC with RESIN8, the flexural strength decreased as the RESIN8 content increased. However, the difference in flexural strength between the control specimen and the R5% specimen is minimal. Specifically, the R5% specimen has a 9.6% and 5.5% reduction in flexural strength for the 28-d and 90-d cured specimens, respectively, compared to the control.  
Meanwhile, the R10% specimen yielded a more substantial decrease, with a 24.6% and 22.1% reduction in flexural strength at the 28-d and 90-d of curing, respectively. This reduction is attributed to the lower stiffness and higher porosity of the RESIN8 aggregate. This flexural strength reduction of concrete incorporating RESIN8 is attributed to lower stiffness and weak ITZ between the surface of the recycled plastic aggregate and the cement matrix due to the hydrophobic nature of the aggregates, which creates a wall impact and low stiffness compared to sand, as reported by many authors [63; 68; 77; 78].  
In contrast, incorporating G5% in OMGPC mixture leads to similar flexural strength of the control specimen at the 28-d of curing, while the strength improves after the 90-d of curing. However, adding G10% leads to an 8.6% and 3.8% flexural strength reduction at the 28-d and 90-d of curing, respectively. Furthermore, the flexural strength is 14.2%, 15.3%, 14.1%, 13.7%, and 13.1% for 0%, R5%, R10%, G5%, and G10% replacement levels, respectively, in comparison to their respective compressive strengths at the 28-d of curing.
## 5 Evaluation
### BER Analysis
#### 5.1.2 BER and Selective Signaling (Goal B)  
Consider pixel-1 as the pixel corresponding to LED 1 and pixel-2 as the one for LED 2. We conducted the BER experiments under three different configurations of the shutter pixel and under three different transmit frequencies. The results from Table 3 indicate that the BER is at least an order low when only the desired signal is received versus when the interference is also sampled on the single photodiode receiver. The BER values, though relatively high (which can be reduced using error control coding) for data streaming applications, however, indicate the feasibility of multiple access using our proposed architecture. Considering \(Goodput\approx(1-BER)*transmitsymbols/sec*bits/symbol*errorcontrolcoderate\), we note with an assumed code rate of 1/2, 2 Mhz (2 M symbols/sec) transmit rate and 2 bits/symbol modulation rate, the effective \(Goodput\) per LED in our preliminary system is about 1.9 Mbps.  
We observed after our experiments and analysis that the positioning of our custom built LCD array on pixel 2 location was slightly tilted thus causing a focussing issue of any light beam falling on it to the photodiode. The lens was placed at exactly the optical focal length distance from the photodiode to ensure convergence of the rays, however, due to the tilt the LED 2 signal falling on pixel 2 was actually defocused. After a breakdown of the equipment we measured that the signal intensity was reduced by almost 50%. This actually confirms our finding that the BER is little more than 2\(\times\) that of LED1-pixel 1. We report these numbers as is and believe it is a honest representation of our experiments and that it actually helps make key observations.
# An Improved Dynamic Joint Resource Allocation Algorithm Based on SFR
###### Abstract  
Inter-cell interference (ICI) is the main factor affecting system capacity and spectral efficiency. Effective spectrum resource management is an important and challenging issue for the design of wireless communication systems. The soft frequency reuse (SFR) is regarded as an interesting approach to significantly eliminate ICI. However, the allocation of resource is fixed prior to system deployment in static SFR. To overcome this drawback, this paper adopts a distributed method and proposes an improved dynamic joint resource allocation algorithm (DJRA). The improved scheme adaptively adjusts resource allocation based on the real-time user distribution. DJRA first detects the edge-user distribution vector to determine the optimal scheme, which guarantees that all the users have available resources and the number of iterations is reduced. Then, the DJRA maximizes the throughput for each cell via optimizing resource and power allocation. Due to further eliminate interference, the sector partition method is used in the center region and in view of fairness among users, the novel approach adds the proportional fair algorithm at the end of DJRA. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous approaches for improving the system capacity and cell edge user performance.  
joint resource allocation; soft frequency reuse; inter-cell interference; LTE; interior sector partition +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article
## 4 Proposed Method
### DNC Method  
#### 4.2.1 Local Clustering Coefficient  
The local clustering coefficient of a node is an important metric that measures the level of closeness between nodes in a network, delineating the density of connections among a node's neighboring nodes.  
For unweighted graphs, a node's local clustering coefficient is defined as the ratio of actual existing edges between neighboring nodes to the potential number of edges between them [35]. It is defined as follows:  
\[C_{i}=\frac{2\cdot E_{i}}{k_{i}\cdot(k_{i}-1)} \tag{9}\]  
where \(E_{i}\) denotes the number of edges connecting the node to its neighbor.
## 3 Results
### Assessment of the Survival of Probiotic Bacteria in Cosmetic Formulations  
To confirm that bacterial encapsulation can overcome the problem of incompatibility of cosmetic preservatives and the viability of probiotics inserted into skin care products, two emulsions of the same composition but differing in the form of microorganism introduction--free form (E2 emulsion) or bacteria-loaded alginate microcapsules (E3)--were prepared, and Table 5 shows the viability of probiotic bacteria in these two cases (_Lactobacillus casei_). A system consisting of sodium benzoate combined with sodium salts of levulinic and anisic acid was used as a preservative. The survival rate was assessed immediately after the production of the cosmetic formulation and after 7, 30 and 120 days of storage (Table 5).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **E1** & **E2** & **E** \\ \hline Centrifugation test & + & + & + \\ \hline Thermal stability test & + & + & + \\ \hline pH & 5.8 (\(\pm\)0.1) & 5.8 (\(\pm\)0.1) & 5.8 (\(\pm\)0.1) \\ \hline Mean droplet size [um] & 10.6 (\(\pm\)0.4) & 8.60 (\(\pm\)0.89) & 12.40 (\(\pm\)0.26) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Physicochemical properties of cosmetic emulsions.  
Figure 4: Viscosity curves of the prepared emulsions (T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, n = 3, \(\pm\)SD).  
The initial density of the _L. casei_ strain that was included in the cosmetic formulation (E2) was 11.6 log CFU/g. In the case of assessing the viability of the free strain of _Lactobacillus casei_ bacteria in the cosmetic formulation (E2), the number of _L. casei_ cells decreased by 0.86 log immediately after preparing the cosmetic formulation. Slightly greater decreases in the viability of probiotictic bacterial cells were observed after one week and one month of storage of the cosmetics and amounted to 4.97 log and 6.8 log, respectively. After 4 months of storage, complete inactivation of _L. casei_ was found in the cosmetic formulation.  
However, in the case of the cosmetic product containing microspheres with the _L. casei_ strain (E3), the initial density of the _L. casei_ strain in the microspheres was 10.54 log CFU/g. Immediately after the preparation of the emulsion, a 2.03 log decrease in the number of probiotictic cells was observed. Tests performed at intervals of 7, 30 and 120 days of storage of the cosmetics revealed a reduction in the viability of bacterial cells in the range of 0.96-1.38 log compared with the initial value. Bacteria viability after 4 months was comparable to the control level. In the case of the formulation (E2) containing the \"not protected\" bacterial strain, the preservative system caused the complete elimination of probiotic cells. The obtained results enable the conclusion that encapsulation in the alginate microspheres ensures the survival of probiotictic bacteria in the formulation, despite using the preservative system.