## 4 Pharmacological Properties of _Elaeedendron_ Species
### Antibacterial Activity  
[PERSON] et al. evaluated canophyllol, a new triterpene isolated from the _E. buchanantii_ stem bark ethyl acetate crude extract using the agar diffusion method against the pathogens; _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Escherichia coli_, _Enterococcus faecalis_, _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _N Neisseria meningitides_. The compound showed promising antibacterial activity against _N Neisseria meningitides_ with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of 31.25 \(\mu\)g/mL [14]. [PERSON] et al. used the agar diffusion technique to test the antibacterial activity of an acetone extract of _E. croecum_ bark against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Enterococcus faecalis_, and _Escherichia coli_. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms examined, with maximum activity levels ranging from 8.0 \(\mu\)g/mL to >275.0 \(\mu\)g/mL [48]. Using a two-fold serial microdilution approach, [PERSON] et al. analyzed the antimicrobial properties of _E. croecum_ bark acetone extract against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Escherichia coli_, and _Enterococcus faecalis_. Screening for MIC (minimum inhibitory concentrations) was carried at values ranging from 0.02 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL. The extracts were effective against at minimum a few of the test species for 1, 2, or 24 h, with typical MIC values ranging from 0.2 mg/mL to 1.8 mg/mL against the microorganism evaluated [49]. [PERSON] et al. used the microplate serial dilution technique with gentamicin as a positive control to investigate the antibacterial activity of _E. croecum_ leaves acetone extract against _Bacillus anthracis_. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity with a MIC of 0.3 mg/mL and total antimicrobial property of 290.0 mg/mL [50]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the antimicrobial activities of _E. croecum_ leaves acetone extract against _Escherichia coli_, _Salmonella typhimurium_, _Stentrophomonas malophilia_, _Proteus mirabilis_, _Enterobacter cloace_, and _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ using a serial microdilution method and gentamicin as a reference drug. The extract had overall antimicrobial activity values ranging from 290.2 mL/g to 1124.6 mL/g and MIC values ranging from 0.08 mg/mL to 0.31 mg/mL [51]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] used the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods to test the antibacterial activity of _E. croecum_ stem bark and leaves aqueous extract against _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Enterococcus faecalis_, _Shigella flexneri_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Salmonella typhimurium_ and _Proteus vulgaris_[35]. The extracts were active against all the pathogens tested, with zones of inhibition that range from 13.0 to 15.7 mm. Amoxicillin, the positive control, was effective against _S. aureus_, _E. faecalis_, _S. flexneri_, and _K. pneumoniae_ with zones of inhibition that ranges from 12.5 to 26.5 mm. The extracts and the control had a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.6 mg/mL to >5.0 mg/mL against all pathogens [35]. [PERSON] et al. investigated silver nanoparticles' biosynthesis from the leaves and stem bark of _E. croceum_ as well as their antimicrobial and anticancer properties [52]. _E. croceum_ leaf and stem bark extracts (ECL-AgNPs and ECB-AgNPs, respectively) were used to make the silver nanoparticles, which were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments included Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. For ECB AgNPs and ECL-AgNPs, the nanoparticles were stable aqueous dispersive, crystalline, and spherical in form, with average particle sizes of 22.26 nm and 10.01 nm, respectively. For ECB AgNPs and ECL-AgNPs, the nanoparticles were stable aqueous dispersive, crystalline, and spherical in form, with average particle sizes of 22.26 nm and 10.01 nm, respectively.