esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion  
In this section, we discuss in detail the presented measurements and the results of the study, which addresses the novel approach of using an MRR and a heat-pump-controlled laser to achieve analog wavelength locking in mmW RoF links. This approach offers a potential solution to mitigate the wavelength-drift issues causing the PP deterioration, which is critical to maintaining the signal integrity in communication systems. Experimental validation of the effectiveness of the MRR in wavelength locking is a notable contribution of the work, representing an advance over conventional wavelength-stabilization techniques.  
In our experimental work (Step 1), we have shown that the carrier wavelength and the selected MRR resonance can be successfully interlocked using a purely analog CLC system in conjunction with a heat-pump-controlled DFB laser. While this challenge has been well addressed by a number of researchers, as presented in the introduction of this paper, our concept is the first to approach the challenge by employing the integrated Peltier heat pump of an ordinary DFB laser module in a so-called butterfly package. Advantageously, our approach removes the need for complex photonic structures with enabled thermal management. It also allows for direct relative wavelength interlocking and is immune not only to the MRR's temperature instability but also to that of the laser. The locking mechanism involves a (triangle-wave) modulation (in the referenced papers also referred to as dithering) signal causing an unavoidable, yet minimizable and acceptable wavelength dither. The latter is also inherent to and considered in some solutions by other researchers. The experimental setup we developed enabled us to effectively interlock the wavelengths while minimizing the dither to less than 0.004  
as clear from Figure 16, the PP function does not reach zero even at the target frequency \(f_{0}\). Though this alone does not obstruct our wavelength-locking concept, as the performance of the locking is determined by the wavelength dither and the resulting PP deterioration (measured at \(<2\) dB), rather than by the absolute PP number at \(f_{0}\). Excessive dither amplitude might also increase the unwanted behavior, where the CLC system hops between the states with either the sidebands or the carrier being aligned with the MRR's resonance. Some key performance parameters of our wavelength locking system are summarized in the Table 3 and compared to a few referenced solutions.  
However, from a more general perspective these potential disadvantages could be lessened by carefully choosing or even designing a purposeful MRR when aiming at a high-performance end-product development and manufacturing. The next steps in this research should be lowering the time constant of the process and thereby allowing for a faster-responding CLC and determining the criterion for a suitable MRR resonator for this task.
# Information-Aware Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Simulation Results
### G4 Simulations: Dynamic Simulation  
Figure 11 plots the packet loss ratio in two algorithms when the proportion of the malicious nodes in the WSN increases from 20% to 40% (at 1800 s) and then to 60% (at 3600 s). As we can see from the figure, the packet loss ratio grows significantly when the number of malicious nodes increases. The packet loss ratio gradually converges to a steady value after a short learning time. In Figure 11, the packet loss ratio in the improved Dijkstra algorithm (the blue dashed line) is lower than that in the traditional Dijkstra algorithm (the red solid line) while the number of malicious nodes changes. When the number of malicious nodes that need to be avoided is relatively small, the simulation results show that the packet loss ratio of the improved algorithm is close to that of the traditional algorithm. When the number of malicious nodes approaches half of the total, the improved algorithm obviously outperforms the traditional algorithm. This is due to the fact that the weight calculating method in the improved algorithm is more reasonable and effective than the traditional method, so that the route generated by the improved algorithm can stay away from malicious nodes to the greatest extent possible. Thus, the improved algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithm while the number of malicious nodes changes.  
The simulation results verify that the model can learn quickly and maximize network connectivity and the packet delivery ratio, even when the malicious nodes are dynamically increasing. Thus, the intrusion tolerance and robustness of the network can be enhanced.
# Free Vibrations and Flutter Analysis of Composite Plates Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Modeling Verification  
Before the detailed analysis of the CNT/nanocomposite plates, the step-by-step analysis of the simply supported isotropic square plate is verified. The calculated results for the square isotropic plate were compared with literature data [45; 55; 57; 58]. The verification showed excellent agreement with existing data reported in the literature.
## 2 Theoretical Background  
The Stokes vectors and Mueller matrices allow a whole study of the polarization state for fully polarized, partially polarized and even unpolarized light, comprising the optical axis and the degree of polarization. On the other hand, the Jones vectors, that can be useful only for completely polarized light, are more appropriate for problems concerning coherent light (see Appendix A). As a general rule, the Jones vectors are useful for problems involving amplitude superposition, while the Mueller matrices are applied for problems involving intensity superposition [24]. Different approaches of PS-DHI have been proposed in the literature, however, the basic idea is to generate a hologram of the sample through the interference between the object wave and two orthogonally polarized reference waves, producing in this way two fringe patterns. The hologram of the magnified sample is recorded by a digital camera (such as a charge-coupled device or an active pixel sensor). The numerical reconstruction of such hologram leads to two wavefronts, one relative to each reference wave, and thus, one for each perpendicular state of polarization [15]. Basically, PS-DHI approaches can be classified in two groups--(i) those which allow measurement of Jones vectors or Jones matrices and (ii) those which give information on Stokes vectors or Muller matrices. Since holography needs a uniform laser beam, especially regarding the flatness of phase front and the extended depth of field, in both approaches, (quasi)-monochromic light and perfect plane wavefronts are considered. However, the realistic intensity distribution of laser sources is described by Gaussian function, leading to problems in holographic-based applications, such as a reduced image contrast. These issues can be overcome by implementing beam shaping systems built on the base of field mapping refractive beam shapers like \(\pi\)Shaper [25].
## 2 Computational Approach  
To accurately predict and understand the fundamental properties of graphyne, especially in the absence of widespread experimental data, computational modeling has become indispensable. Among the most employed methods is Density Functional Theory (DFT), a quantum mechanical framework that simplifies the complex many-electron problem by focusing on electron density rather than wave functions. DFT is widely used for calculating electronic band structures, charge distribution, and mechanical responses. However, standard DFT often underestimates the electronic band gap due to its approximate treatment of exchange-correlation energies, which limits its predictive accuracy for semiconducting materials like graphyne.  
Figure 4: (**a**) Functionalization of graphene to conversion into n-type graphyne. (**b–f**) Molecular structures of \(\alpha\)-, \(\beta\)-, and \(\gamma\)-graphyne and \(\gamma\)-graphdiyne showing differences in carbon-carbon bonding patterns due to varying acetylenic linkages. Reproduced with permission from reference [77] © 2024 Elsevier.  
To overcome this limitation, the GW approximation is employed--named after the Green's function (G) and the screened Coulomb interaction (W). The GW method provides a more accurate description of quasiparticle energies by accounting for many-body electron-electron interactions that DFT neglects. This is particularly important for materials like graphyne, where precise band gap values and electronic transitions determine their suitability for applications in transistors, photovoltaics, and sensors. For instance, while DFT may predict a small or zero band gap in some graphyne forms, the GW approximation can reveal a nonzero band gap that aligns better with potential semiconductor behavior.  
Additionally, tight-binding models are used for their computational efficiency, especially in exploring large or complex graphyne systems. These models use predefined parameters to approximate the electronic structure and are useful for studying trends across different graphyne derivatives. For charge transport analysis, the Nonequilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism becomes critical. NEGF enables the simulation of current flow in nanoscale devices under bias, making it ideal for assessing graphyne's performance in electronic applications such as field-effect transistors (FETs).  
Together, these computational tools provide a multiscale understanding of graphyne's structure-property relationships--DFT for general electronic and mechanical properties, GW for accurate quasiparticle energy predictions, tight-binding for efficient band structure analysis, and NEGF for transport and device-level simulations. They collectively guide the design (Figure 5), doping strategies, and application potential of graphyne-based materials.
# Quiescent Gap Solitons in Coupled Nonuniform Bragg Gratings with Cubic-Quinic Nonlinearity
## 5 Conclusions  
We have analyzed the stability dynamics of zero-velocity gap solitons in coupled FBGs with dispersion of reflectivity and cubic-quintic nonlinearity. The model supports two disjointed families of GSs which are categorized as Type 1 and Type 2 solitons. Type 1 solitons are the generalizations of the gap solitons in coupled Bragg gratings in the third order (cubic) nonlinearity with dispersive reflectivity. For Type 2 solitons, the effect of quintic nonlinearity is more pronounced. A key finding is that, unlike the cubic-quintic models without dispersive reflectivity, the Type 2 solitons' profiles are smooth and they do not have a sharp peak.  
The stability of Type 1 and Type 2 asymmetric and symmetric solitons has been investigated systematically via numerical stability analysis. The stability analysis corroborates the predictions of the bifurcation theory. More specifically, it is found that the symmetric solitons are stable only in the parametric region where they exist by themselves. Through the stability analysis, the stable and unstable regions for Type 1 and Type 2 asymmetric solitons have been identified. A notable finding is that, for a fixed coupling coefficient, increasing the dispersive reflectivity enlarges the stable region for the asymmetric Type 2 solitons. On the other hand, for a given value of dispersive reflectivity, increasing the coupling coefficient makes the stable regions for Type 1 and Type 2 asymmetric solitons smaller.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 8: Stability diagrams for asymmetric quiescent solitons for different values of \(m\) and \(\lambda\). The numerically-determined boundaries between Type 1 (T1) and Type 2 (T2) asymmetric gap solitons are represented by the dashed curves. It should be noted that the solitons in the regions labeled as “Stable (Symmetric) (T1)” belong in the symmetric branch of the bifurcation diagrams where only the symmetric solitons exist (see text).  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** A.A. was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Stipend and RTP Fee-Offset Scholarship through the University of Sydney.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Harmonized Information Security Taxonomy for Cyber Physical Systems
## 2 Background
### Focus and Limitations of the Leading Standards  
Several standards are available that can be utilized as guiding frameworks to implement information security management systems, but there are limitations to each of them. The standards' focuses and limitations are shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Standard** & **Body** & **Focus** & **Limitation** \\ \hline ISO27000 suite & ISO & \begin{tabular}{c} General information \\ technology as found in the business and \\ consumer markets. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Limited applicability to CPS as it does \\ not consider the limitations of industrial \\ systems, such as extended lifecycles and \\ the inability to frequently apply patches. \\ Incomplete, as important modules such \\ as the system lifecycle have still not \\ been published. \\ \end{tabular} \\ IEC62443 suite & ISA & \begin{tabular}{c} Broadly applicable to \\ information systems, with \\ SP800 82R2 specific to CPSs. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Mixed to apply to \\ information systems, with \\ SP800 82R2 specific to CPSs. \\ \end{tabular} \\ NERC CIP & NERC & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Specific to bulk electricity \\ supply systems (BESs). \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Many of the more generic equipment and \\ technology types found in CPSs are not \\ covered, as they do not apply to BESs. \\ NIST 800 & NIST 800 SP 82R2 references many other \\ standards, resulting in inconsistencies, \\ such as with the lifecycle \\ module reference. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Overview and comparison of standards and frameworks and their limitations.
## 3 Deployment of an Application on Serverless Platforms
### Deployment of SmartSAT Application on Serverless Platforms  
SmartSAT was initially deployed on Cloud Run, Google's serverless platform, which offers services on hassle-free containerized applications running without the user's infrastructure management. Using containers in computing has a rich and extensive history [40; 41]. Unlike hypervisor virtualization, where an intermediation layer enables running one or more independent machines virtually on physical hardware, containers operate in user space atop an operating system's kernel [42; 43]. Thus, container virtualization is often referred to as operating system-level virtualization [42]. This technology enables the creation of numerous isolated user-space instances on a single host.  
Docker is an app platform that streamlines the process of building, deploying, and running apps by bundling all the necessary elements into containers. The advantages of this approach include easy mobility, efficient resource utilization, and a quick, streamlined development cycle [42; 44]. Because of these benefits, we opted to package our application in a docker container when the application was deployed on a serverless platform. We followed the instructions outlined in [45] to establish the initial configuration of the docker file and build it for Google's Cloud Run platform. We then made minor tweaks to the docker file to address various application requirements. To guarantee deployment on other serverless cloud services on AWS App Runner and Azure Container Apps, we modified the settings files to include the appropriate port numbers and parameter values.
# Effect of Magnetic and Electrical Fields on Yield, Shelf Life and Quality of Fruits
## 2 Effect of Magnetic Fields and Electrical Fields on the Growth, Development, and Yield of Fruit
### Effect of Magnetic Fields and Electrical Fields on Fruit Quality
(2006) it might be assumed that the electrical field increases cell membrane permeability by influencing the voltage-gated ion channels [139]. In addition, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs or CPKs) induced by stress are involved in stress signalling, hormone response, and regulation of a given metabolic pathway [140; 141; 142]. Consequently, it may result in an increase in freshness in fruit and vegetables [143]. On the other hand, a high-voltage electrical field of \(-35\) kV/cm leads to irreversible damage to the cell membrane, resulting in an increase in the lycopene and \(\beta\)-carotene content [144]. The literature reports numerous benefits of using magnetic and electric fields on fruit quality [5; 145; 146]. The treatment with an electric or magnetic field improves the structural properties of the fruit and inhibits the loss of water in the tissues. Magnetic and electric fields significantly delay the softening of the fruit tissue and increase the firmness of the fruit. Treatment with an electric or magnetic field significantly affects the quality parameters of the fruit and increases the concentration of glucose, beta caroten, lycopene, and vitamins A and C. The use of MF and EF has a positive effect on the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant enzymes [5; 108]. Effects of magnetic and electric field on the morphophysiological properties of fruits, with possible mechanism of action, are represented in Figure 2.
# On-the-Fly Olive Tree Counting Using a UAS and Cloud Services
## 5 Conclusions  
The value of an unmanned system is in its ability to carry out a specific job whose ultimate goal is to provide useful information to the end-user. Data processing and analysis can take a long time before obtaining the final product, which is then delivered to the end-user, usually in the form of maps or reports. In this work, we have shown that the processing capabilities of current embedded processors can be combined with existing cloud services for a fast delivery of the relevant information and using easy visualization tools found in current personal devices. As an example use case, we implemented an application to count the number of olive trees in a crop field during flight, using an incremental segmentation algorithm on each of the images as the data were being acquired. Processing includes segmentation of trees, individual geolocation, and image overlapping corrections. The partial information that is available (the trees' geolocation) is published in the cloud, where end-users can obtain straightforward visualization. In less than 20 s, the application detected and counted 330 olive trees out of a total of 332 reference trees for a sequence of 10 images. The resulting accuracy was higher than 99%, improving the accuracy of similar works that processed one mosaic image using off-line software. Although color-based segmentation has provided very good results in this experiment, we will consider using machine learning algorithms for future works on tree recognition, especially for more noisy images, such as forests. Moreover, the use of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) techniques can be a complementary solution to improve the geolocation accuracy. As pending work, we shall obtain the ground-truth trees' coordinates to be able to validate the trees' geolocation results. Many new UAS applications, not only in rural areas, but also in populated areas, will require the increase of the processing capabilities on board the UAV. The proposed architecture can be applicable to them when the outcome of the flight needs to be shared rapidly.  
Conceptualization, E.S., A.G., and C.B.; formal analysis, E.S. and C.B.; funding acquisition, C.B.; investigation, E.S., A.G., and C.B.; methodology, E.S.; resources, A.G.; software, E.S., A.G., and G.S.; supervision, C.B.; validation, E.S.; visualization, E.S. and C.B.; writing, E.S., G.S., and C.B.  
This work was funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain under Grant Number TRA2016-77012-R.  
We thank the reviewers for the valuable comments they provided.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# The Observed Impacts of Wind Farms on Local Vegetation Growth in Northern China
## Materials and Methods
### Data  
The vegetation indexes (VIs) in this paper are from the Collection 5 MODIS 8-days, and 1 km leaf area index (LAI) data (MOD15A2) for the period 2003-2014. The monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data (MOD13A3) with a spatial resolution of 1 km are also used to characterize vegetation growth status [20]. The vegetation productivity data used in this paper include gross (GPP, MOD17A2) and net primary productivity (NPP, MOD17A3) with a spatial resolution of 1 km. The temporal resolution of GPP and NPP are eight days and one year, respectively [21; 22]. Since there is no suitable monthly NPP data, annual NPP data was used to characterize the changes in the net primary production of vegetation.  
To investigate the processes of the observed effects, we use related auxiliary data, including the MODIS LST, albedo and evapotranspiration (ET), Climate Change Initiative (CCI) soil moisture v02.2 and wind speed and direction of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) [23]. The temporal and spatial resolution of the LST (MYD11A2), albedo (MCD43B3) and ET (MOD16A2) are every eight-days and 1 km [24; 25; 26], respectively, and those of the soil moisture data are daily and 0.25\({}^{\circ}\)[27]. The LST product for Aqua (MYD11A2) includes two measurements, at approximate local solar times of 13:30 and 01:30. The wind speed and direction of MERRA are composites of the U- and V-wind speeds, with a temporal resolution of once per hour and a spatial resolution of 0.5\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.667\({}^{\circ}\)[23]. In this research, the wind speeds and directions at 50 m above the surface at 05:30 and 17:30 (UTC), which approximately correspond to the local times of 13:30 and 01:30 in the study area, are chosen. Since this height is close to the height of the wind turbines, it can approximately represent the wind speeds associated with the wind turbines.