## 4 Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare
### Integration of IoT with Point-of-Care Testing in the Workplace  
In the era of the Internet of Things, every device is likely interconnected. The convergence of IoT with advances in point-of-care testing technology presents an excellent opportunity to develop innovative IoT-connected devices for rapid testing of cancer and chronic diseases in the workplace. There are several benefits to implementing IoT for POCT, especially in workplace settings. Workplace POCT can facilitate early disease detection and timely treatment and healthcare planning for employees, even when the diseases are early-stage non-symptomatic. Such late detection can otherwise result in huge treatment costs and loss of productivity in the workplace [56, 57, 58]. With the integration of rapid imaging-based setup, data processing and IoT, emotional health monitoring using facial expressions can also be facilitated in the workplace. By tracking and recording the reactions of employees in the workplace, emotional and sanity shifts can be monitored. Predictive analysis based on data analytics can further alert the management for necessary adjustments to avoid workplace that cause emotional discomfort, such as an increase in workload. All outcomes of workplace POCT will significantly enhance employees' health, well-beingand productivity. For employers, this will be an investment with long-term returns with the benefits of healthier and more productive employees [59; 60; 61]. There are technological considerations for integrating IoT with POCT in the workplace. The design of an IoT-connected POCT setup may require rapid imaging-based detection platforms, connectivity instrumentations for the cloud server and cloud computing-based data analytics and decision support systems. The data transfer from devices to a cloud server may involve Bluetooth and Wi-Fi and setting up a dashboarding user interface for data interpretation. The cloud computing infrastructure may require the installation of cloud computing software and data storage management and connectivity with the company server for notification. For either rapid test-based devices, hygienically disposed of used cards and consumables may be required [62; 63; 64]. The devices and the cloud computing infrastructure should also comply with ISO 13485 and the EU's In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Device Directive (98/79/EC) [65] regulations for point-of-care diagnostics setup. Suitable technologies for the workplace may include using devices such as disposable test kits or card-based setups, sample-to-answer devices with an inbuilt microfluidic cartridge-based lateral flow direction and IoT-connected portable electrochemistry-based bio-sensing [66; 67]. Factors such as disruptive sensing did not exist during periods of better well-being. There are smartwatches providing general well-being information, such as heart and blood pressure and 10,000 steps. However, such measurements do not put individuals in the context of the environment or their co-workers. There is a need for a paradigm shift regarding health and well-being. Instead of a single individual creating awareness of their health and well-being, a platform is needed to foster collaboration between the worker, the workplace and various scientific and technological domains [68; 69]. Comprehensive integration of IoT with point-of-care testing requires consideration of four technology-enabling steps across the PoCT value chain. An emerging class of PoCT devices close to the user that meet at least qualitative performance essentials in terms of clinical performance and are mass-manufactured smart devices connecting to the internet will be suitable candidates for the PoCT-IoT fusion [70]. In applying IoT technologies, the requirements of these devices must be fully understood in terms of connectivity, health information transmission protocols, transmission robustness and cyber security concerns. Steps to address these issues need extensive collaboration between biomedical engineers, connectivity engineers and users.