# Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review of Its Benefits and Challenges in E-learning Contexts
## 5 Discussion
### Benefits of AR in E-learning Contexts
According to [39], AR can be used to augment collaborative tasks in e-learning contexts. Through this technology, it is possible to develop and implement innovative computer interfaces that can integrate real and virtual worlds to develop better face-to-face and remote interactions and collaborations. Furthermore, a key affordance in the academic setting is that it allows a smooth transition between reality and virtuality. Ref. [40] Reported that interactions and collaborations enabled by AR were more similar to natural face-to-face collaborations than were screen-based collaborations. This affordance was also reported by [41] in their study on the promotion of collaborative and autonomous learning of science practices without the assistance of a teacher. The results showed that students preferred using AR rather than traditional teaching practices, describing AR as \"nice,\" \"easy,\" and \"useful.\" Such findings not only have practical implications for e-learning performance and outcomes but also students' motivation and engagement. This systematic review of the research literature also found that other studies, such as those by [42; 43] supported the findings that AR in academic settings improves learners' motivation and engagement, especially when game-based approaches are utilized. Studies by [44; 45] investigated the current state of AR application in mobile learning contexts, particularly for wearable devices, both stationary and mobile. Essentially, they investigated selected subject areas of education that have been positively impacted by AR and provided recommendations for applications of AR in these areas. For instance, [44] found that, for the subject area of history, museum guide apps could be used to recreate artifacts, especially where structures have become dilapidated over the years. Similarly, game-based AR applications were found to be useful in educational settings to teach students a variety of subjects and topics through embodiment, play, and practice. The AR applications in the mobile devices, such as iPhones and Android devices, were found to have the potential for positive implications in education when their application was suitable and appropriate. Furthermore, [45] reported that AR was beneficial because it allowed remote and distance learning due to the devices' portability and convenience. Studies by [46; 47] reported that AR increased learners' focus, attention, and concentration. Ref. [46] examined a variety of educational technologies and increases in student focus and attention, and found that innovations, such as AR, when used appropriately, could enhance learning by increasing their focus and attentiveness. In their systematic review of the research literature, [47; 48] found that the key benefits of AR for learning included increased satisfaction, concentration, attention, and motivation. Increased satisfaction implies that students' experiences in the learning context rise to satisfactory levels, particularly during the learning process. Students enjoy learning subject areas they would otherwise not engage in during routine teacher-student lectures. For instance, students are reported to enjoy going through library catalogs and solving mathematics and science tasks when AR technology is involved. In contrast, frustration is increased when using a manual or a routine method of accomplishing such tasks. Increased concentration connotes learners' intensified degree of focus while using AR tools during the learning process. The results of the study by [47] suggest that AR application in learning situations increases students' physical interactions, which in turn, induces deeper concentration. This systematic review revealed that learners pay attention to AR as a technology, which they described as being \"interesting\" compared to other learning approaches. Learners' attention and amplified interest have been shown to promote their interactions with learning materials. Ref.