## 4 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Classifiers** & **Parameters** & **Malignant** & **Benign** & **Control** & **Average** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DT} & precision & 85.7 & 56.3 & 71.4 & 71.1 \\ \cline{2-6}  & sensitivity & 60 & 90 & 50 & 66.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & specificity & 95 & 65 & 90 & 83.3 \\ \cline{2-6}  & accuracy & 66.7 & 66.7 & 66.7 & 66.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F1-score & 70.6 & 69.2 & 58.8 & 66.2 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SVM} & precision & 50 & 75 & 60 & 61.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & sensitivity & 60 & 60 & 60 & 60 \\ \cline{2-6}  & specificity & 70 & 90 & 80 & 80 \\ \cline{2-6}  & accuracy & 60 & 60 & 60 & 60 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F1-score & 54.5 & 66.7 & 60 & 60.4 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{KNN} & precision & 50 & 57.1 & 62.5 & 56.5 \\ \cline{2-6}  & sensitivity & 40 & 80 & 50 & 56.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & specificity & 80 & 70 & 85 & 78.3 \\ \cline{2-6}  & accuracy & 56.7 & 56.7 & 56.7 & 56.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F1-score & 44.4 & 66.7 & 55.6 & 55.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Performance evaluation, including precision, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score, for the DT, SVM, and KNN classifiers to show the saliva hormones performance from normal subjects, benign patients, and malignant patients. Figure 5: Confusion matrices for the DT, SVM, and KNN classifiers to demonstrate the saliva hormones performance from the normal subjects, benign patients, and malignant patients. Figure 5 displays the accuracy rate of the DT, SVM, and KNN classifiers when using the hormone levels in saliva. When compared to the SVM accuracy of 60% and the KNN accuracy of 56.7%, the DT's accuracy was higher at 66.7%. Hence, the DT correctly identified six malignant patients, nine benign patients, and five control patients. Hence, using the DT, four of the malignant patients were incorrectly classified as one benign patient and one control subject, one benign patient was incorrectly classified as a control subject, and five control subjects were incorrectly classified as one malignant patient and four benign patients. Table 6 shows the effectiveness of the saliva hormones in normal subjects, benign patients, and malignant patients demonstrated through the use of performance assessment criteria such as precision, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score for the DT, SVM, and KNN classifiers using the FA dimensionality reduction technique. Figure 6 depicts the confusion matrix for identifying normal people, benign patients, and malignant patients based on the salivary levels of P, T, C, and HCG using statistical features and FA dimensionality reduction techniques on the KNN, SVM, and DT classifiers, respectively. On the diagonal, the proper recognition is noted, whereas the off-diagonal represents substitution errors. Figure 6 depicts the percentage of data that were properly identified by the DT, SVM, and KNN classifiers using FA when the salivary level hormones were used as the variable of interest. The accuracy of the DT was 90%, while that of the SVM was 83.3%, and that of the KNN was 73.3%. Because of this, the DT was shown to be successful in correctly identifying 9 patients with cancer, 10 people with benign conditions, and 8 control patients. Therefore, one malignant patient was incorrectly classified as benign, and two control subjects were incorrectly classified as benign patients. Table 7 shows the effectiveness of the saliva hormones in normal subjects, benign patients, and malignant patients demonstrated through the use of performance assessment criteria such as precision, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score for the DT, SVM, and KNN classifiers using the t-SNE dimensionality reduction technique.