## 3 The Reference Architecture
### The Shore Control Centre (SCC)  
In 2006, the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) first brought to attention the concept of e-navigation and, since then, has been coordinating the work on the development of a strategy with active participation from relevant IMO sub-committees, member states, interna  
Figure 1: Block diagram of the considered scenario. tional organisations (e.g., IALA and IHO), and industry representatives. E-navigation ([17]) is the harmonised collection, integration, exchange, presentation, and analysis of marine information on board and adhere by electronic means to enhance berth-to-berth navigation and related services for safety and security at sea and protection of the marine environment. The standardisation process will follow high-level directives for three invariants: Remote Operations Centre (ROC) functionalities, ship assets for a digital ship, and the seaport physical/digital infrastructure. The vessels interact with the ports offering and consuming a wide range of digital services like functionalities exposed by the Port Community Systems (PCSs) and Terminal Operating Systems (TOCs) and representing the _Day X Maritime Services_[18] such as the following:  
* Real-time vessel tracking and monitoring in deep sea sailing and port waters;
* Plans for operating the vessel, updated according to changes and feedback;
* Vessel Collision Avoidance (e.g., early detection of dangerous situations and recalculation of the best path for the vessel);
* Vessel Arrival Slot Management (e.g., Just-In-Time arrival, pre-booking of berths and yard resources, customs pre-clearing, etc. );
* Calculation and measurement of pollution levels (e.g., COx and noise) and changes to the routing plan of the vessel;
* Containerised and general cargo pervasive monitoring and control in port areas and along the logistics chain. The Remote Operations Centre is the natural evolution of the Maritime Security Operation Centre [5] and is supposed to be an infrastructure placed ashore (hence why we refer to it as the Shore Control Centre), which is accessible and fully integrated with the port digital infrastructure. It must also be able to combine the information from the land side with that coming from the vessel to enable all the required services and functionalities for the monitoring and the direct control of the ship, the handling of communication, the planning and the organisation of activities in the port area, and the production of documentation. We implemented and deployed a prototype of the SCC at the Joint Laboratory for Seaports (JLAB-Ports [19]) in Livorno, in the context of the 5G MASS project [20] activities. The SCC is structured as a set of applications running as Software-as-a-Service in a private cloud. The architecture includes an Authentication and Authorisation server to monitor and manage access to the services through user profiling. The communication between the SCC and the ship approaching the port is guaranteed by a 5G millimetre-wave private network in a stand-alone configuration operating in the n258 frequency band (26 GHz) with a nominal bandwidth of up to 10 Gbps. The 5G Core Network is hosted at the JLab-Ports premises, in Livorno. The applications composing the Shore Control Centre are based on the real-time availability of the information coming from the ship to the shore and vice versa, which is exchanged through the 5G private network. In particular, the SCC makes use of port-related data and a snapshot of the seaport area through the high-definition monitoring network (10 cameras) and the data coming from the sensor network of the Port of Livorno (bathymetric probes, weather stations, anemometers, current meters, wave meters, noise, and environmental sensors). Moreover, the SCC can exploit the information coming from the shipboard as well as from the sensors installed on board (e.g., cameras and Light Detection and Ranging sensors--LIDARs). The exact positioning of the ship (in the order of 10 cm) is guaranteed by the presence of a Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) network.