# Analysis of Bullet Impact Locations in the 10 m Air Pistol Men's Competition Based on Covariance
## 1 Introduction  
Shooting is a sport where athletes use a prescribed firearm to hit targets at a set distance, requiring a very high level of concentration and the ability to accurately detect bullet impact locations on target. The technical factors for improving shooting performance include posture balance and stability, gun-hold and muzzle stability, triggering, and coordination of technical movements [1]. Air rifle shooting involves a standing position where the athlete maintains balance by standing with feet shoulder-width apart and aligning their body directly with the target. In the 10 m air pistol event, accuracy and stability are of utmost importance, and it is crucial to minimize muzzle movement to maintain a steady aim for high scores [2]. Changes in muzzle position are closely related to performance in air pistol shooting [3]. In shooting, standstill or stability is reported to determine performance scores and outcomes, as evidenced by numerous studies [4, 5]. The stability of gun-hold has been a key focus in research related to shooting training [6]. To achieve high scores in competitions, it is necessary to enhance the efficiency of shooting techniques and objectively evaluate the continuity of these techniques. It is important not just to hit the 10-point zone but to strike the exact center of the target [7]. Providing objective feedback through sports performance analysis is essential not only for enhancing athletes' performance but also as crucial data for coaches in designing training systems and conducting on-field guidance [8]. To evaluateand improve athletes' shooting techniques, analyzing the target shot positions is essential. This analysis helps identify technical characteristics such as shooting patterns and posture stability, which can be used to develop training and strategies.  
Existing studies have been conducted to provide objective data through a sports science approach in shooting sports, but most of them have been related to sports psychology [5; 9]. Additionally, elements such as aiming and timing have been analyzed using coaching machines, but there have been few studies that analyzed the results of actual competitions. In the context of shooting technique training, emphasis was placed on the importance of posture stability and aiming accuracy [10].  
This study aims to propose a new analysis method for shooting events by localizing the impact positions of shots and conducting variance analysis, thereby providing objective data for improving athletic performance. The proposed method was applied to actual ISSF competitions, focusing on the analysis of shot impact positions in 10 m air pistol shooting. By analyzing the correlation between horizontal and vertical aiming, unique shooting patterns of each athlete were identified. This approach distinguishes itself from previous research by offering new indicators for future training and performance enhancement. Extracting impact position data through image coordinate localization does not require sensors or additional equipment, enabling comprehensive post-game analysis and classification of factors for a better understanding of overall performance.