# DPSIR Model Applied to the Remediation of Contaminated Sites. A Case Study: Mar Piccolo of Taranto
## 8 Responses
### Remediation Technologies
[87] explored the possibility of re-using dredged contaminated sediments from the Mar Piccolo as a resource via S/S treatment. After 28 days from preparation, the sediment mixtures with Portland cement (10%) and active carbon or organophilic clay (5%) complied with the acceptance criteria for reuse in terms of leachability. [PERSON] et al. [91] suggested that the ex situ S/S treatment could contribute to improving the current situation of the Mar Piccolo and that the marine sediment S/S operation generates a complex environmental profile which is dominated by the treatment phase, which, in turn, shows that the optimization of this stage could lower these impacts. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [92] investigated the effects of a treatment with cement and lime enhanced by the addition of green additives, such as active carbon and biochar, for chemical remediation. The last one is a promising and cheap adsorbent material, which is the by-product of--mainly--agricultural waste pyrolysis. The first results suggested that appropriate mix designs and curing times could allow for the reuse of sediments by both improving their geotechnical characteristics and making them environmentally acceptable in accordance with end-of-waste criteria. However, the addition of binders increased the pH of the mixtures with a consequent high leachability of different metals. The mobility of the metals appeared to be also governed by the curing time. The performance of the mixtures in terms of immobilized metals was influenced by the presence of organic contaminants (e.g., organic matter, PAHs, and PCBs). As a lesson, high organic matter and fine-grained particles can negatively affect the effectiveness of S/S treatment in terms of metal immobilization. Regarding the sediments of the first basin of the Mar Piccolo, after the addition of the binders (Portland cement/Calcium oxide), a significant increase in release was observed [93] due to the consequent rise of pH values (>10). Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as an efficient, cost-effective, environment-friendly, and promising technology for soil remediation [89]. [PERSON] et al. [94] studied the effectiveness of nZVI treatment for the decontamination of marine sediments polluted by heavy metals, using the commercial product Nanofer 25s. Experimental activities were conducted on sieved sediment with a size \(<5\) mm and the treatments with nZVI included 2, 3, and 4 g of product per kg of dry matter (DM) in the case of low dosage and 5, 10 and 20 g for kg DM in the case of high dosage. The optimal amount of nZVI to be potentially used for sediment reclamation was selected (4% and 5% in the case of low and high dosages, respectively). According to the results, nZVI was more suitable to be used for specific elements removal rather than to be applied for a generalized contamination, meaning that a mix of techniques can be suggested for whole sediment remediation. The institute for Coastal Marine Environment of the National Research Council CNR IAMC--UOS of Taranto proposed (with the Life4 MarPiccolo project [95]) an alternative methodological approach to traditional intervention and remediation techniques, based on the design and implementation of a pilot wastewater treatment plant using the technology of microfiltration. The study is centered on the reclamation process of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto on a marine area of 3000 sqm, using a pilot system based on the use of membrane technology, defined internationally as Best Available Technologies (BAT). Lastly, much interest has lately been given to monitored or assisted natural attenuation as a bioremediation treatment. It arose after extensive studies in numerous real scale sites about the reductive dechlorination of PCBs, such as the Hudson River (NY, USA), Silver Lake (MA, USA), Waukegan Harbor (IL, USA), and Acushnet Estuary (MA, USA) [96, 97]. PCB biodegradation was followed for one year in microcosms containing marine sediments collected from the Mar Piccolo chronically contaminated by this class of hazardous compounds [98].