# Dietary Soy Impact on Host Transcriptome Profile--A Review
## 4 Discussion  
Nutrients can act as dietary signals detected by the cellular sensors and influence gene expression and metabolite production [52]. The health benefits of whole soybean diet include protection against chronic diseases, including heart diseases, diabetes, and osteoporosis [15; 16]. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects are still intensely debated. Interventional studies focused only on soybeans components (proteins, genistein, saponins) attempted to shed on into how soy diet affects gene expression but fail in reproducing the natural changes induced by a regular (every day) soybean-supplemented diet. Since whole soybean and soy protein are among the most widely used soy diet supplements, and, in an attempt to make our analysis relevant to naturally occurring humans' feeding regimens, we chose to include in our analysis the transcriptome data only from this kind of interventional studies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Up vs. Down Common Pathways** & **Up vs. Down Common Pathways** \\
**in Mammals** & **in Fish** \\ \hline Metabolic pathways & Metabolic pathways \\ \hline Autophagy-animal & Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum \\ Hepatocellular carcinoma & Carbon metabolism \\ Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) & \\ Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism \\ Fatty acid metabolism & Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism \\ Starch and sucrose metabolism & \\ Glycosaminoglycan degradation & \\ PPAR signaling pathway \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Ambiguously changed KEGG pathways (found both up and downregulated in fish and mammals). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Common Pathways for** & **Common Pathways for** & **Common Pathways in Fish vs. Mammals** \\
**Downregulated Genes** & **Upregulated Genes** & **(Up and Down DEGs)** \\ \hline ABC transporters & Fatty acid metabolism \\ \hline Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism & ABC transporters \\ \hline Metabolic pathways & Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 \\ \hline Steroid hormone biosynthesis & Pentose and glucuronate interconversions \\ \hline Argin and proline metabolism & Glutathione metabolism \\ \hline Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism & Peroxisome \\ \hline Pentose and glucuronate interconversions & Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism \\ \hline Glutathione metabolism & Proteasome \\ \hline Carbon metabolism & Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism \\ \hline Ascorbate and adlarate metabolism & Ascorbate and adlarate metabolism \\ \hline Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis & Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis \\ \hline Ferroptosis & Ferroptosis \\ \hline  & Protein export \\ \hline Biosynthesis of amino acids & \\ \hline Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism & \\ \hline Argin and proline metabolism & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._Our comparative analysis of fish and mammal transcriptome data identified multiple common pathways potentially impacted upon soy diet intervention. As expected, the metabolic pathway was enriched in all species and tissues, irrespective of the dietary intervention regimen, reflecting soy's overall well-known metabolic impact. However, the enrichment was also common for both downregulated and upregulated genes datasets, suggesting that the overall metabolic effect results from balancing subclusters of metabolic gene networks. Previous studies indicated that soy might have a serum cholesterol-lowering effect in humans when consumed at levels of 1.5-2 g per day [53]. The hypocholesterolem action of the soy diet relies on reducing associated risk factors for cardiovascular disease by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations, increasing HDL (high-density lipoproteins), and by inhibiting lipid peroxidation [54]. Nevertheless, we also found several discrepancies between fish and mammals. In mammals, gene sets related to lipid catabolism were upregulated after soy dietary intervention.