# Portuguese Grapevine Leaves: A Neglected By-Product with High Potential
## 3 How Can Portuguese Grapevine Leaves Contribute to Meeting the Goals of the 2023 Agenda? The reuse and potential application of by-products are aligned with the purposes of the 2030 Agenda, namely Sustainable Development Goals 2, \"End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture\", 3 \"Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages\", and 12 \"Ensure sustainable consumption \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound/Formula** & **Cultivar** & **Toxicity** & **Bioactivity** \\ \hline Hepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene & Red & None found & None found \\ C\({}_{7}\)H\({}_{8}\) & TN, TR [123] & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6-Methyl-hept-5-en-2-one \({}_{8}\)H\({}_{14}\)O} & \multirow{3}{*}{TR} & Rat LD50 oral: 3500 mg/kg & \\  & & & Mouse LD50 oral: 2410 mg/kg [167]. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Safe in the concentrations used as & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & flavouring agent [168] & \\ \hline Undec-1-ene \({}_{11}\)H\({}_{22}\) & Red & Neurot, skin and eye irritatant, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & hazard if ingested [169] & None found \\ \hline Benzaldehyde \({}_{7}\)H\({}_{6}\)O & Red & Rat and mouse LD50 oral: between & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 800 and 2850 mg/kg. White rat & Antimicrobial and \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & intraperitoneal LD50: & antioxidant [162] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 3265 mg/kg [170] & \\ \hline Hexa-2,4-dien-2-ol & Red & None found & None found \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Rat LD50 oral: 4890 mg/kg; mammal & \\ \cline{1-1} Hexanal \({}_{6}\)H\({}_{12}\)O & Red & (unspecified species) LD50 oral: & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 3700 mg/kg; uremic toxin, which & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & stimulates ROS production [171] & \\ \hline Hex-3-en-1-ol & Red & Not genotoxic; repeated dose toxicity: & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & no-effect & Anxiety [166] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & level = 125 mg/kg/day [172] & \\ \hline Nonene \({}_{9}\)H\({}_{18}\) & Red & Neurot; human inhalation may & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & dizziness or loss of & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & consciousness [173] & Antibacterial and \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Detection methods: gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Other organic compounds identified in Portuguese grapevine leaves. and production patterns\" [177]. Portuguese grapevine leaves have been shown to be rich in bioactive compounds with diverse properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative effects, among others, making them valuable for use in the agri-food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries [14; 77]. These leaves contain functional ingredients that can be extracted and provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, contributing to a high-quality and nutritious diet (Goal 2), in addition to promoting overall health and well-being [178] (Goal 3). Vine leaves are generally considered agro-industrial waste [10] and therefore undervalued, which means they are low-cost and therefore accessible to more people. As inexpensive raw materials, once transformed industrially, they can produce affordable products for populations with special nutritional needs, such as adolescents, pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and the elderly (Goal 2). The phytochemical-rich extracts from these leaves further expand their potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, creating sustainable therapies that promote personal well-being and, consequently, mental health (Goal 3). Utilizing undervalued waste is part of the responsible use of a natural resource, sustainable development, and the promotion of lifestyles in harmony with nature (Goal 12). Additionally, their industrial transformation contributes to the adoption of sustainable business practices (Goal 12). In alignment with the 2030 Agenda objectives, it is essential to use extraction techniques that are as environmentally friendly as possible.