## 3 Results
### Patients and Daily Polyamine Intake via EN Formulas  
The study included eight patients--six males and two females--with an average age of 64.1 \(\pm\) 3.6 years and an average BMI of 27.12 \(\pm\) 1.81 kg/m\({}^{2}\). The average daily intake of EN formula varied between 185.2 mL and 1085 mL, with an average of 1034.03 \(\pm\) 181.4 kcal/person/day, ranging from 244.46 to 1642.91. By considering the daily volume administered and the polyamine content of the EN formula given to each patient, we calculated the total daily intake of polyamines (Figure 1a), putrescine (Figure 1b), spermidine (Figure 1c), and spermine (Figure 1d) for each patient. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**EN Formulas (\(n\))** & **Cadaverine** & **Tyramine** & \(\beta\)**-Phenyl-Ethylamine** & **Isoamylamine** \\ \hline Fresubin Original Fibre (8) & 1.21(0.1) *** & 0.97(0.08) & 0.26(0.03) *** & 7.78(2.94) \\ Fresubin Thickened (1) & 1.66 & 4.01 & 0 & 8.43 \\ Impact (4) (Nestle Health Science) & 1.32(0.1) * & 1.59(0.08) & 0.55(0.02) *** & 1.71(0.25) \\ Impact Enteral (1) & 2.88 & 3.03 & 0.54 & 7.26 \\ Isosource Protein Fibre (6) & 1.4(0.32) * & 2.25(0.5) & 0.34(0.03) *** & 5.22(1.43) \\ Nepro HP (2) & 1.72(0.67) & 4(0.41) & 1.42(0.48) & 14.27(7.14) \\ Nepro LP (5) & 0.58(0.19) ***,\(\ddagger\) & 2.57(1.74) & 1.57(0.77) *** & 6.04(1.06) \\ Novosource GI Protein (3) & 0.6(0.14) ***,\(\ddagger\) & 0.78(0.26) & 0.05 & 4.32(0.31) \\ Nutricomp Hepa (9) & 1.62(0.35) * & 2.44(0.51) & 6.87(1.01) *** & 63.33(29.49) \\ Nutrison (5) & 0.81(0.18) ***,\(\ddagger\) & 1.82(0.39) & 0.6(0.33) *** & 7.08(1.36) \\ Nutrison Advanced Diason Energy & 2.67(0.22) & 1.5(0.15) & 0.65(0.09) *** & 5.23(1.12) \\ HP (10) & 1.04 & 3.47 & 0.34 & 8 \\ Nutrison Energy Multifibre (3) & 2.47(0.13) & 1.32(0.21) & 0.56(0.08) *** & 4.13(1.98) \\ Osmolite (1) & 0.62 & 0.71 & 0.46 & 2.32 \\ Osmolite Plus (3) & 0.68(0.02) & 0.79(0.07) & 0.39(0.01) *** & 2.07(0.62) \\ Oxepa (2) & 0.53(0.05) & 0.71 & 0.6(0.07) & 1.42(0.08) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Values are presented as the mean (standard error of the mean) for a determined number (\(n\)) of different samples of the nmol/mL content of amines in enteral nutrition (EN) formulas. For cadaverine,
* \(p<0.05\) and **
* \(p<0.001\) by comparison with Nutrison Advanced Diason Energy HP; \(\ddagger\) \(p<0.05\); and \(\ddagger\) \(p<0.01\) by comparison with Nutrison Energy Multifibre. For \(\beta\)-phenylethyllamine, **
* \(p<0.001\) by comparison with Nutricomp Hepa.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Average biogenic amine content in EN formulas in nmol/mL (standard error of mean). The patients' average total polyamine intake was 17.18 \(\pm\) 4.79 umol/day. The intake of putrescine was 4.04 \(\pm\) 1.01 umol/day, the intake of spermidine was 11.53 \(\pm\) 3.42 umol/day, and the intake of spermine was 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.49 umol/day. These intakes, in umol/day, correspond to 236 \(\pm\) 0.67 mg/day for total polyamines, 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.09 mg/day for putrescine, 1.67 \(\pm\) 0.49 mg/day for spermidine, and 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.1 mg/day for spermine. The intake expressed in mg per 1000 kcal was as follows: total polyamines: 1.93 \(\pm\) 0.46 mg/1000 kcal/day; putrescine: 0.333 \(\pm\) 0.06 mg/1000 kcal/day; spermidine: 1.33 \(\pm\) 0.36 mg/1000 kcal/day; and spermine: 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.06 mg/1000 kcal/day. Among the main polyamines, spermidine was the most important, although the intake of \(N\)-acetyl putrescine was the highest. Regarding the remaining amines, isoamylamine intake was higher than the others (Table 4).