esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Description of Modeling Approach
### Simulation Setup  
Concerning the 1D model setup, at low loads, the experimental IMEP is reproduced by a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller acting on the throttle (THR) valve opening, while the WG valve is fully opened. At high loads, the measured IMEP is obtained by another PID controller adjusting the WG valve opening and considering the fully opened throttle valve. In each operating condition, the injected fuel mass is monitored to reproduce the different experimental \(\lambda\) level for each cylinder. The experimental EGR rate is replicated by regulating the EGR valve opening with an additional PID controller. The spark advance is automatically modified in the cycle-by-cycle calculation to realize the measured combustion phasing (MFB 50%). The above-discussed model setup is taken into account in the numerical analysis, and the related outcomes are presented in the next section.
# A Space-Borne Ka-Band Tile-Type Phased Array Transmitter Module Based on HTCC Technology
## 4 Test Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Module** & **Technique** & **Size** & **Pout (dBm)** & **Efficiency** & **Layout** \\ \hline
2018 [10] & X band single channel & LTCC, 3D & \(13\times 16\) mm & \(38\) & \(25.9\%\) & \(2\) submodules \\  & T/R module & packaging & & & & \\ \hline
2021 [20] & S to X band 4-channel & HTCC, BGA & \(27.8\times 27.8\times 12\) mm & \(\geq\)32 & - & \(2\) submodules \\  & T/R module & Silicon-based & \(18\times 19.5\times 3\) mm & \(\geq\)30 & - & \(2\) submodules \\
2023 [32] & Ka-band 4-channel & T/R module & \(17.0\times 2\), BGA, & & & \\  & & LTCC, BGA, & & & & \\
2024 [19] & Ka-band 4-channel & multi-material & multi-material & \(10.8\times 10\times 3\) mm & \(\geq\)26 & \(\geq\)25\% & single-side \\  & T/R module & heterogeneous & & & & \\  & integration & & & & & \\ This work & Ka-band 4-channel T module & HTCC, BGA & \(12.2\times 12.2\times 4.3\) mm & \(\geq\)21 & \(\geq\)40\% & double-side \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Performance comparison. Figure 15: Measurement results of 20 modules: (**a**) the curve of output power; (**b**) the curve of gain; (**c**) the curve of phase shift RMS; (**d**) the curve of attenuation RMS.
# Germanium Single Crystals for Photonics
## 8 The Effect of Photonic Drag of Current Carriers in Germanium
A 6 cm-long p-type Ge crystal rod was manufactured, onto which 7 ohmic contacts were applied at equal distances from each other along the normal to the optical axis of the crystal rod. The device allows recording photo-EMF using any pair of contacts, thereby quickly changing the working length of the crystal rod. Thus, the possibility of operational adjustment of the measured parameter values is achieved. Experimental testing of this photodetector was carried out using a pulsed CO\({}_{2}\) laser [5; 79], with output energy of up to 820 J per pulse and a duration of 5 \(\upmu\)s.  
The maximum measured value of EMF is ensured by optimizing the crystal by the parameters: \(\rho\), S, L. At room temperature, the optimal values are \(\rho\approx 1\)-10 Ohm\(\cdot\)cm and L = 4-6 cm, and the area of the receiving area corresponds to the minimum possible size of the cross-section of the laser beam [38; 39; 40] (Figure 10). It is desirable to take into account that the beam of the laser under study must enter the crystal so that the axis of the crystal coincides with the optical axis. Otherwise, due to multiple reflections from the side faces in the crystal, distortions of the measurement results are possible. Like all nonlinear effects in materials, this effect manifests itself under the influence of intense radiation. In practice, the process is observed at radiation power densities of \(\sim\)10\({}^{5}\)-10\({}^{7}\) W/cm\({}^{2}\). This fact made it possible to create an effective device for measuring the radiation power and energy of powerful-pulsed CO\({}_{2}\) lasers based on a p-type germanium single crystal.
## 5 Methodology Validation
### Scenario 3: Combined Heat and Power  
Under normal operations in connected mode, the CHP will be used as back-up and support, thus helping reduce the energy consumption of the grid. In emergency cases, the CHP could be operated in islanded mode, supplying the energy of critical loads.  
To select the correct CHP, it is necessary to know the energy consumption of the critical load. Considering the energy profile for the critical loads and the CHP available on the market, one CPH of 800 kW was selected. The CHP adjusts the necessary power according to the energy consumptions of the loads. Considering that the average demand for the critical loads is 630 kW per hour, the CHP will operate in about 78% of the maximum capacity. In addition, it is important to considerer the space to locate the CHP. According to the datasheet of the CHP around 12 m\({}^{2}\) are necessary for the installation. For the cost, a project inform was used [19]. In the same way as a PV system and battery, the energy cost was determined considering the annual fuel cost and the total energy produced per year. Obtaining a total cost per kWh, that includes operational and maintenance costs, installation cost, and fuel cost, to obtain a total cost per kWh, as shown in Table 7.  
Figure 17: Load Power, SOC and Voltage in p.u.  
In the same way to determine the initial cost of the system, a study conducted in UPRM [34] was used. The values are summarized in Table 8.  
With the cost obtained from Table 8 and the installed capacity projected for the MG, the initial estimated capital investment is calculated, obtaining the cost shown in Table 9.  
The area needed to install the CHP is minor to the area needed to install the PV system. However, the cost per kWh of CHP is more expensive than the kWh with PV system. As added advantage, the CHP generates additional energy, that will be used in an absorption chiller to refrigerate an additional place, this depends on the capacity of the CHP. In this case according to the capacity of CHP, the chiller could be producing 70 tons of cooling capacity for each bay 200 kW [34]. The power produced for the chiller could be used to refrigerate an area around 13,000 m\({}^{2}\) which corresponds to approximately 5.35 times the area of the Coliseum Mangual located in UPRM.  
To comply with MG Regulation in Puerto Rico, it is necessary to calculate the useful energy obtained by CHP. The regulation establishes that the useful thermal energy output of the system be greater than 50% if the total energy output. The useful thermal energy is equal to 62.96%. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the heat rate of the machine should be no greater than 7000 BTU/kWh. The heat rate of the machine is 3389.4 BTU/kWh. According to the results, the requirements for MG regulation for thermal energy and heat rate of the CHP are accomplished.
# Compliance of Distribution System Reactive Flows with Transmission System Requirements
## 3 Case Study  
### Case Description  
The method described in Section 2 is tested on the Sundom Smart Grid. The single line diagram of the network is depicted in Figure 5. Sundom is a 21 kV distribution network with 13 nodes, including the MV bus of the primary substation (root) and 12 branches. Table 1 shows the minimum and maximum values of active and reactive power of load profiles.  
The measured import of reactive power from the transmission to Sundom never exceeds the limits, as illustrated in Figure 6. Outlier values are due to measurement problems and are disregarded. The most interesting area in Figure 6 is the bottom left, including data points of low or negative active power values. Negative active power means that Sundom is exporting energy to the transmission system. For our case study, we choose a day that is located in the interesting area, that includes both importing and exporting and, therefore, covers three different regions (\(r=1,2,3\)) th  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Node** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **9** & **12** \\ \hline
**min P (MW)** & 0.08 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.12 & 0.15 & 0.0 & 0.20 & 0.02 \\
**max P (MW)** & 0.22 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.37 & 0.47 & 0.0 & 0.73 & 0.07 \\
**min Q (MVar)** & \(-0.06\) & 0.0 & 0.0 & \(-0.09\) & \(-0.09\) & 0.0 & \(-0.22\) & \(-0.06\) \\
**max Q (MVar)** & \(-0.04\) & 0.0 & 0.0 & \(-0.06\) & \(-0.05\) & 0.0 & \(-0.14\) & \(-0.05\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Minimum and maximum values of active and reactive power of load profiles.  
Figure 5: Sundom network.  
There are two DERs located in Sundom. The first DER is a WT, installed at node 11. The second DER is a PV that is recently installed at node 10. Their capacities are shown in Table 2. We assume that the DSO can define reactive power set-points for the DERs, which they implement. These set-points are decided by the method of Section 2. The method is executed by the DSO every 5 minutes, which means that within the control session of an hour there are 12 steps.  
We assume that at each time step we have a perfect forecast of the remaining horizon. A real-life forecast would not be significantly less accurate than the perfect we use in our case studies due to the short-term horizon considered. It is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a forecast method.  
The proposed model is a convex optimisation problem. Therefore, execution for each instance of the model requires less than a second. Given that the model needs to be executed every 5 min, execution time is not an issue for this case. The proposed model and the simulations have been implemented in Julia [23] using the package JuMP [24] and solved using the optimisation software Gurobi [25] on a computer with a 4-core 2.6 GHz Intel(R) XCore(TM) i7-4720 HQ processor and 16 GB of RAM.
## 6 Discussion and Conclusions
### Future Research Directions
#### 6.2.3 Naming and Namespace Management  
Hierarchical naming schemes in ICN, as adopted by NDN, offer the advantage of being more intuitively perceived by humans due to their similarity to DNS names and file paths. They also allow for aggregation in the routing table, leading to a smaller FIB size [83]. However, ensuring global uniqueness requires strict constraints during name creation, increasing the load on content creators, and longer or non-aggregable names can increase the FIB size and cause routing overhead. Flat naming schemes have been proposed as an alternative; however, they require a name resolution system to map these names or identifiers to network addresses for routing. Plus, as content names become more complex, the overhead associated with name resolution and routing increases, negatively affecting  
Figure 6: Distribution of the most commonly optimized QoS/QoE metrics in the studies we surveyed.  
content retrieval times and user experience [124]. Balancing between detailed, expressive names and accurate and fast content retrieval is crucial.
## 3 Principle of the Prediction Model
### Prediction Based on Support Vector Machine (SVM)
At present, the commonly used kernel functions include the following: polynomial kernel function, Gaussian kernel function, and sigmoid kernel function. To prevent the algorithm from being affected by the range of data values resulting in undesired results, the Gaussian kernel function is used in this paper. The Gaussian kernel function, which can map the original data to the infinite dimensional space, has better operation results. It can be expressed as:  
\[\text{K}(X_{i},X)=exp(-gamma\times|X_{i}-X|^{2}) \tag{11}\]
## 4 Discussion
In the latter, the pulse patterns transmitted to generate simultaneous beams, are given by the superimposition of different signals [7]. This superimposition leads to fully constructive interferences on the central elements. As such, the amplitudes applied on non-central elements would decrease since the maximal peak-peak voltage level is fixed on a given system, force a decrease of the amplitudes on the non-centered elements. As a consequence, less energy is transmitted, which would lower the penetration and SNR. The more the MLT beams, the lower the transmitted energy on a given MLT beam. This effect was well demonstrated in Figure 11a,b. In this perspective, coded excitation could thus be an alternative in maintaining the transmit energy/penetration in MLT imaging,particularly for schemes with a larger number of MLT beams. Moreover, a TT-apodized Golay-coded 4-MLT, 6-MLT, and a chirp-apodized 4-MLT could be good candidates as imaging scheme providing a good tradeoff between frame rate and signal-to-noise ratio. As a preliminary test, only one set of in-vivo images using Golay-coded 4-MLT and Chirp coded 4-MLT schemes were acquired. Further in-vivo investigation is the topic of the on-going work. Finally, it should be noted that for either Golay or chirp codes, only two sets of orthogonal coded excitations were adopted since finding larger number of mutually orthogonal codes was challenging. Indeed, to have more mutually orthogonal Golay codes, the excitation duration would be significantly increased and/or more sets of complementary codes would be required [29; 30]. Long excitation duration could lead to a large dead zone and strong interference of the MLT beams in the near field, whereas sending more complementary codes would result in no benefit in frame rate. As for chirp codes, more mutually orthogonal codes could be obtained by subdividing the transducer pass-band and by increasing the code duration. However, the transducer pass-band would not be effectively used, thus limiting the achievable range resolution. Moreover, a larger dead zone could appear close to the transducer surface as well as more near-field artifacts due to higher interference between MLT beams with longer codes. Finally, stitching artifacts were seen in the in-vivo images as previously demonstrated in [9]. However, in the present study, this was not compensated, as described in Reference [31], since the primary purpose was to investigate the capability of coded excitation on crosstalk suppression.
## 3 Performance Analysis
### Transmit Power of \(\mathrm{SS}_{1}\), \(\mathrm{SS}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{SR}_{b}\)
Moreover, as \(P_{\text{PT}}\rightarrow+\infty\), we have \(\exp(-\Omega_{\text{PTPR}}\rho_{0})\approx 1\), and then we can approximate \(P_{\text{SR}_{1}}\), \(P_{\text{SS}_{1}}\), and \(P_{\text{SS}_{2}}\), respectively, as_  
\[P_{\text{SS}_{2}}\overset{P_{\text{PT}}\rightarrow+\infty}{ \approx}\frac{\left(\sqrt{\Delta^{*}}-1\right)}{\theta_{\text{Pth}}}\frac{ \Omega_{\text{SS}_{2}\text{PR}}}{\Omega_{\text{PTPR}}}P_{\text{PT}}. \tag{35}\]  
_where \(\Delta^{*}=\bigg{[}1-\left(\epsilon_{\text{OP}}\right)^{\frac{1}{N_{1}N_{2}} }\bigg{]}^{-1}\). We can observe from (35) that at high transmit power \(P_{\text{PT}}\), the transmit power \(P_{\text{SR}_{2}}\), \(P_{\text{SS}_{1}}\), and \(P_{\text{SS}_{2}}\) linearly increases as \(P_{\text{PT}}\) increases._
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Kinetic Studies  
Figure 7 shows the kinetic adsorption curve of MB adsorption onto A/\(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/f-CNT composite beads. Adsorption increased with increasing contact time due to the abundant availability of active sites on the adsorbent structure [50]. After, these sites were sequentially occupied and the adsorption capacity assume less valuable. In this case, the equilibrium time was achieved within 48 h. The experimental kinetic data were fitted to the non-linear form of pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) models (Equations (5) and (6), respectively) [51; 52]:  
\[\text{q}_{\text{r}}=\text{q}_{\text{e}}(1-\text{e}^{-\text{k}_{1}\text{t}}) \tag{5}\]  
Figure 6: Effect of Ph solution on methylene blue (MB) equilibrium adsorption capacity.  
\[\mathrm{q_{t}}=\frac{\mathrm{k_{2}q_{e}^{2}t}}{1+\mathrm{k_{2}q_{e}t}} \tag{6}\]  
where, \(\mathrm{q_{e}}\) and \(\mathrm{q_{t}}\) (mg g\({}^{-1}\)) are the adsorption capacities at equilibrium and at any time, respectively; and \(\mathrm{k_{1}}\) (min\({}^{-1}\)) and \(\mathrm{k_{2}}\) (g mg\({}^{-1}\) min\({}^{-1}\)) are the adsorption rate constants of the PFO and PSO models, respectively. The fitting of the experimental data to both models is illustrated in Figure 7. According to the calculated values of R\({}^{2}\) and RMSE, it could be concluded that the adsorption process was well-fitted by the PSO model, obtaining a rate constant value of 0.030 g mg\({}^{-1}\) min\({}^{-1}\).
## 2 Force Tracking System  
### System Configuration  
The force tracking system developed in this study consisted of a force sensor (NK Pinch-Grip, NK Biotechnical Co., USA) and a computer screen to quantify the force control capabilities, as illustrated in Figure 1a. The force sensor (precision = 0.098 N, sampling rate = 32 Hz), which can measure the exerting forces of an index finger, was located 30 cm in front of the participant. The computer screen displayed the information needed to conduct a force tracking test and was placed 70 cm from the participant.  
The force tracking system instructed the participant to apply designated target forces with the index finger on the force sensor. The target forces changed randomly among four different levels (5 N, 10 N, 15 N, and 20 N) over time. The time interval between target forces was randomly assigned between 3 and 5 s to prevent expectancy effects. The force tracking test continued for 60 s to obtain the assessment data of force control capabilities under various target force levels.  
The computer screen consisted of a force gauge with a horizontal red line indicating the target force and a ball showing the force exerted by the participant, as shown in Figure 1b. The ball moved vertically in proportion to the exertion force. The color of the ball turned white, green, and red when the exertion force was below 10%, within the target range, and above the designated target force, respectively [9; 10; 13].
## 3 Results
### Quantitative Synthesis  
As shown in Table 4, three articles were identified, with a total of 178 patients and 366 post-extraction implants: 194 single implants [22; 24] and 172 multiple implants [25]. The general findings indicate a slight female predominance and the placement of implants in different age ranges (range: 19-94 years). Likewise, the post-extraction implants subjected to immediate, early and delayed loading showed a similar frequency of location in the upper or lower jaw. With regard to the incidence of complications and implant failure, the figures were lower in the case of immediate loading.  
Considering bone loss, the results of the meta-analysis (forest plot, Figure 3) show that of 171 post-extraction implants, 87 were loaded immediately in fresh sockets while 84 implants were loaded on a delayed basis three months after placement, with a total mean bone loss of 0.85 mm (standard deviation 0.54 \(\pm\) 1.17 mm; \(p\) = 0.15) and substantial heterogeneity (I\({}^{2}\) = 52%); the effect zones (both individual and general) show favoring of delayed implant loading.  
In contrast, of a total of 186 implants, of which 96 were subjected to immediate loading and 90 to early loading (Figure 4), the mean bone loss was 0.25 mm (standard deviation \(-\)0.04 \(\pm\) 0.54 mm; \(p\) = 0.55) with null heterogeneity (I\({}^{2}\) = 0%). In this case, although the summarizing measures favor early loading, the confidence intervals were also located in the effect zone of immediate loading.  
Figure 4: Forest plot of peri-implant bone loss: immediate loading versus early loading [24; 25].  
Figure 3: Forest plot of peri-implant bone loss: immediate loading versus delayed loading [25; 26].  
Although sensitivity tests could not be made because of the limited availability of studies and thus of high-quality data, the results suggest that delayed implant loading is the best clinical option for limiting peri-implant bone loss.  
On the other hand, sensitivity tests for analyzing the heterogeneity of the successive-failure rates could not be made for the same reason as in the case of bone loss. Although two of the studies subjected to meta-analysis reported no events capable of adversely affecting implant success, the findings suggest that the failure rate was lower in the case of implants subjected to immediate loading than in implants subjected to delayed or early loading.  
In any case, these data must be interpreted with caution, since one of the articles included in the meta-analysis [25] failed to report on implant failure in post-extraction sockets loaded in the first 6 weeks and three months after implant surgery.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Characterization
#### 2.1.1 HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis
Dimethylthiophenes and 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolanes were present in significant concentration. In particular, the presence of dialkylthiophenes in the volatile profile of onion has been previously reported as being due to the thermolysis of alkyl 1-propenyl disulfides and di(1-alkenyl)disulfides and in a previous study in which fresh onion was dried at different temperatures, their amount increased the most when the drying temperature was the highest [12]. The total content of dialkylthiophenes in our samples is in low percentages, ranging 3%-4%; this datum, compared with those reported by [PERSON] et al., 2017 [12] confirms that the low temperature of the applied drying process allowed a partial preservation of the volatile profile of onion samples and in particular the disulfides. In order to detect any oxidation process affecting the composition of S-containing molecules in the applied analytical condition and to verify if the presence of an anti-oxidant molecule could inhibit these processes, further analysis was carried out adding ascorbic acid, a molecule well-known for its anti-oxidant properties, to the sample. When samples were analyzed in the presence of ascorbic acid, the total VOCs content increased from 42.79 mg g\({}^{-1}\) to 65.42 mg g\({}^{-1}\) in onion rings (+22.63 mg g\({}^{-1}\), +52.8%) and from 127.26 mg g\({}^{-1}\) to 136.21 mg g\({}^{-1}\) in onion flakes (+8.95 mg g\({}^{-1}\), +7.0%). This different behavior of the two samples was mainly due to the sulfides--in fact, for the onion flakes none of the VOCs in the classes of mono-, di- and trisulfides showed significant differences between the sample analyzed in the presence or in the absence of ascorbic acid, while for onion rings, the content of sulfides was higher in the presence of ascorbic acid. However, the type of sulfur-containing compounds is the same in the presence or in the absence of ascorbic acid. Some other experiments, out of the aims of this work, should be performed to clarify the reasons behind the different behavior of the presence of ascorbic acid in the two samples. Our data suggest that the addition of this antioxidant molecule during analysis of a dried onion sample does not provide different qualitative (and presumably also quantitative) profiles of sulfur-containing compounds, which consequently seem not to be affected by the analytical conditions. We can thus hypothesize that, in the dried onion samples, nonoxidized volatile S-compounds as thiols are absent or present in negligible amounts, in that already transformed in the oxidized forms of di- or trisulfides. Regarding sulfides, Table 2 shows the sum of the relative concentration of the molecules containing the 1-propenyl or the allyl moiety. According to the higher content of iso-allisin than allisin in onion, the concentration of VOCs with the 1-propenyl moiety was higher than those with the allyl moiety; however, the presence of allyl derivatives also suggests the presence of low amounts of allisin, whose transformation after onion cutting leads to allyl derivatives.