## 1 Introduction  
In the context of climate change, the rapid urbanization, population growth, and anthropogenic activities strongly influence the local and global environments. Climate change has been considered the most alarming worldwide issue by climatologists [1]. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, the global temperature has increased by 0.6-0.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C over the last century, which is a record increment over the last 1000 years [2, 3]. Recent research stipulates that regular climate changes, intensification of anthropic activities, and rapid urbanization largely affect the water budget of urban areas [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Global warming has also changed the timing, amount, and distribution of water, causing adverse effects on the water supply system through flooding [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] and droughs risks [17]. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that land-use changes such as pavement, urbanization, logging, deforestation, and soil erosion also contribute to influence hydrologic processes such as rate of infiltration, interception, and evapotranspiration [18, 19, 20]. Due to an increase in impervious surface, the infiltration rate and concentration-time decrease, causing urbanization to yield more surface runoff and peak inflows to river systems [21, 22, 23]. Multan is among fast-growing cities in Punjab, Pakistan. Over the last 54 years (1960-2013), an average increase of 1.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the mean lowest temperature has been observed in Punjab province, with a projected increase of 1.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the following 30 years [24]. Past findings suggest that this extreme climate change stems from mechanisms such as melting glaciers, smog in winter, heatwaves, forest fires in summer, landslides, and population dynamics [24]. The deleterious occurrences of this extreme climate change and extensive land-use have recently brought the city of Multan to national attention, especially given their impact on water resources and their distribution over the region. This points out the need to investigate the combined effect of climate change and land-use on water resources over this area, especially, in the view of the 2030 sustainable development goals (SDG6) defined by the United Nations ([[https://sdsps.un.org/goals](https://sdsps.un.org/goals)]([https://sdsps.un.org/goals](https://sdsps.un.org/goals)); accessed on 1 January 2021). Indeed, the poor understanding of this effect may result in the sub-optimal management of water resources and put local population at greater risk of freshwater stress and diseases. Over the last few decades, a sizable number of studies investigated the effects of climate and land-use change on water resources using climate and hydrological models [25; 26]. Among them, global climate models (GCMs) have been acknowledged as one of the most effective ways to assess future water resources [27]. The advantage of this approach is that daily archived data simulated from global climate models (GCMs) are readily available for specific time duration [28; 29]. Moreover, for the last couple of decades, downscaling methods have been used for future climate projection and long-term weather forecasting [30]. In reality, by coupling GCMs and hydrological models, downscaling methods can be divided into dynamical downscaling and statistical downscaling [31; 32]. Statistical downscaling models are computationally convenient and widely used for regional climate change impact evaluation [24; 33]. This study presents an approach for the spatiotemporal impact evaluation of land-use and climate on water, and its application to the Multan region, Pakistan. The objective is to seize and assess the patterns of the interactions between climate change, land-use, and water resources for this city, which presents atypical extreme climate change and land-use rate. As such, this study is bound to help relevant authorities in making decisions for sustainable water management.