## 3 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Compounds**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Biological Activities**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Antioxidant** & **Antimicrobial** & **Wound Healing/ Skin Protection** & **References** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Flavonoids} \\ \hline Apigenin & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & [22; 23; 24; 25] \\ \hline Genistein & \(\surd\) & - & - & [26] \\ \hline Vincenin-2 & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & [27; 28] \\ \hline Luteolin & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & [24; 29; 30; 31] \\ \hline Phenolic acid & & & & \\ \hline Vanillic acid & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & [32; 33] \\ \hline Ferulic acid & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & [34; 35] \\ \hline Caffeic acid & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & [36; 37; 38; 39; 40] \\ \hline Chlorogenic acid & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & [41; 42] \\ \hline Vitamin & & & & \\ \hline Vitamin C & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & [43; 44] \\ \hline Triterpenoid saponin & & & & \\ \hline Gypsogenin & \(\surd\) & - & - & [45] \\ \hline Alkaloids & & & & \\ \hline Stellarine A, B, C & - & \(\surd\) & - & [46] \\ \hline Dichotomine B, H, L & - & \(\surd\) & - & [46] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Some biological activities of bioactive compounds identified in SM plants reported in the literature. The testing of the antibacterial activity of the SM extract was performed on Gram-negative (_E. coli_) and Gram-positive (_S. aureus_) bacteria, these being considered the main bacteria that are responsible for the production of infections in wounds [58]. According to research data, an important characteristic of the treatment applied on wounds is its antibacterial activity, which can asepticize the wound and determine the wound healing [59]. Table 2 shows the antimicrobial activity of the SM extract against the Gram-negative bacteria _E. coli_, which depends on the concentration used. It can be observed that the Gram-negative bacteria are sensitive to the SM extract at a concentration of 15 \(\upmu\)g/mL, obtaining the inhibition diameter of 9.66 \(\pm\) 0.58 mm. Higher antimicrobial activity of the SM extract was observed in the case of _S. aureus_ (Gram-positive bacteria) compared with _E. coli_, which depends on the concentrations. Thus, according to Table 2, it can be stated that the SM extract has antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria; the largest inhibition diameter of 15.33 \(\pm\) 0.58 mm was recorded on _S. aureus_ at a plant extract concentration of 15 \(\upmu\)g/mL. The antimicrobial activity of extracts from the _Caryophyllaceae_ family was evaluated on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. _Dianthus argophyllus_ extract was shown to have an antimicrobial effect on _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Bordetella bronchiseptica_, and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_[60]. The antimicrobial activity of the _Caryophyllaceae_ family was also demonstrated both on Gram-negative bacteria (_Proteus mirabilis_ and _Escherichia coli_) and Gram-positive bacteria (_S. aureus_, _Bacillus cereus_, and _Listeria monocytogenes_) with a minimum inhibitory concentration value at 7.8 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 15.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL extract, respectively [61]. Different concentrations of SM extract have been tested on various bacteria, such as _S. aureus_, _E. coli_, _S. typli_, _P. aureus_, and _K. pneumoniae_ si _B. cereus_, and it has been observed that the inhibitory effect increases with an increasing concentration. Furthermore, the antiviral activity against _Herpes simplex_ and _Paraninfluenza Virus_ was demonstrated for species of the _Caryophyllaceae_ family [62]. Luteolin and caffeic acid have antimicrobial effects against _S. aureus_ and _E. coli_, respectively (Table 3). SM extract was tested on NHDF cells to evaluate cell viability. After 24 h of incubation with different concentrations of SM extract, cell viability was not significantly different compared with the control in all treatments, except the SM of 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL, where a significantly increased cell viability of NHDF was observed (_p_ < 0.001) (Figure 3).