## 5 Conclusions  
This study employs LANDSAT data and the CCDC algorithm to continuously monitor the Dongting Lake region over an extended period, revealing the spatiotemporal evolution process of land use/cover change and landscape patterns. The study further clarifies the temporal legacy effect of spatial location, irreversibility, and controllability.  
Over the past 30 years, we have observed a clear trend of ecological restoration in the study area, which is mainly concentrated in the surrounding mountains and hilly areas. The comprehensive restoration of forests reflects the effects of shrub succession/transformation to forests and the conversion of cultivated land to forests. The process of urbanization continues to advance, mainly occurring in the surrounding urban areas and lake plain areas. The cultivated land area continues to decrease while intensification increases and is mainly distributed in the plain areas around the lake area. In addition, the non-linear relationship between landscape patterns and ecosystem services in the Dongting Lake region indicates that the benefits and consequences of ecological services generated by landscape regulation are not linear but have significant landscape structure dependence, which is reflected in changes in effectiveness and directionality.  
The impact mechanism of LUCC on landscape patterns and ES was explored to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of ecological environment management policies and land use strategic planning in the Dongting Lake region. It is of great practical and strategic significance for promoting the ecological construction and protection of the Dongting Lake region and promoting the high-quality development of the ecological environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The feasible framework developed in this study for evaluating and exploring the impact of land use change on ecosystem services can provide reasonable references and a scientific basis for ecological protection and construction in other regions around the world.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15092228/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15092228/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15092228/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15092228/s1)), Figure S1: The spatial distribution of annual mean PLAND of different landcovers in study area from 1988 to 2019. Figure S2: The spatial distribution of annual mean FRAC of different landcovers in study area from 1988 to 2019. Figure S3: The spatial distribution of annual mean COHESION of different land-covers in study area from 1988 to 2019. Figure S4: Spatial distribution of Carbon storage (a), GPP (b), Water conservation (c), and Crop yield (d) in study area for 2000 (A), 2010 (B), 2019 (C), and annual mean (D).  
Conceptualization, S.L.; methodology, S.L. and J.Z.; validation, Z.W., S.F. and L.J.; investigation, J.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, J.Z.; writing--review and editing, S.L., H.G., X.L., B.W., Z.H. and F.X.; visualization, Z.W., S.F. and Z.H.; funding support, S.L. and X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41971152 and U20A2089) to S.L.; and the Hunan Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project (Grant No. XLK202103-2) to X.L.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article or supplementary material.  
We would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for sharing their CCDC codes. Comments from the anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.