# Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments
## 6 Open Research Topics for Future IoT
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Required Improvements on**} \\ \hline
**SG Stage** & **Application Type** & **Communication** & **Security** & **Big Data** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Generation} & Real Time Monitoring & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\  & Power Plant Control & ✓ & ✓ & — \\  & Distributed Generation & ✓ & ✓ & — \\  & Renewable Sources & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\  & Substation Monitoring & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\  & Line Fault Monitoring & ✓ & ✓ & — \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Transmission} & Line Measurements & ✓ & ✓ & — \\  & Power Quality Analysis & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\  & Direct Load Control & ✓ & ✓ & — \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Distribution} & Smart Transformer Control & ✓ & ✓ & — \\  & AMI and DSM & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\  & Substation Automation & ✓ & ✓ & — \\  & Home Energy Management & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Consumption} & System & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\  & Microgrid Management & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \cline{1-1}  & Electric Vehicle Control & ✓ & ✓ & — \\ \cline{1-1}  & Appliance Control & ✓ & ✓ & — \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Current potential research topics for IoT systems. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI); demand side management (DSM). hand, [PERSON] et al. have expressed big data application of electrical utilites in [79], where the big data applications in generation to consumption cycles are required to ensure the reliability of modelling and simulations of the utility grid to improve prediction and integration levels of DG resources in conventional and renewable types and to provide knowledge for system planners and engineers. Another important issues in IoT-based SG applications are related to machine learning and deep learning approaches in big data analytics, as researched in [80]. The data analysis methods improved by using middleware can be developed with the aid of deep learning methods to overcome colossal data sizes, heterogeneity, high volumes, and massive structures of acquired data. On the other hand, the security researches include private networking, cloud control centers, substations, local control applications, and CPS intelligence [77]. The cyber security and privacy concerns are met by improved use of authorization-, encryption-, authentication-, identification, and public key infrastructure (PKI)-based approaches. The IoT-based devices used in the management environment should ensure the security requirements of the entire system to increase the reliability of IoT-based SG infrastructure. Therefore, authorization and identification researches are assumed as one of the core topics of security and privacy studies in the near future [25; 77]. The IoT applications enabled in SG systems include various communication technologies, protocols, and frameworks. Therefore, it is foreseen that security and privacy issues will be deeply taken into account for enhancing communication secrecy. In addition, coding and encryption methods developed for IoT systems will gain great attention in future works. The conducted studies on security and privacy issues pointed out that the use of PKI may be a good way to improve the security features of IoT systems. On the other hand, security and privacy concerns have led to the creation of potential research areas, such as IP and LPWAN security, routing security, security for PHY, MAC, and network layers, and end-to-end security in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. The wide area communicaitons with low power requirements are one of the other emerging communication methods that are assumed as open research areas in IoT. The LPWANs provide a comprehensive approach to support a new concept meeting these requirements. Despite the traditional communication methods that are not adequate to provide long distance communication with low power consumption, the LPWAN-based communication systems have been paid intensive interest [77; 81]. Figure 4: Open research topics in the context of IoT-based SG and applications [77].