# Limitations of Large Language Models in Propaganda Detection Task
## 2 Literature Review
### Propaganda, Media Bias and Fact Checking in Poland  
Little do we know about propaganda in Polish media, especially online ones, as it is an unpopular topic, rarely covered by scientific works. There are some examples of qualitative works that studied attitudes of Polish Internet users toward Islamic refugees [61] or the threat posed by Russian disinformation and propaganda in Poland [62]. Closely related, but not in the online sphere, the study of mediatization of politics analyzes popular weekly magazines in Poland and their influence on political processes [63]. The author claimed that in the analyzed period of time, Newsweek magazine could be characterized as a balanced, non-radical and objective medium that avoided propaganda bias, including ideological ones. On the other hand, such magazines like Polityka, which tried to avoid political and propaganda bias, failed to do it at the ideological level. It openly promoted values like a common Europe, equal rights for minorities, supported weaker and underprivileged groups, and was against xenophobia, as well as conservative values. Another example was Wprost, which showed ideological, propaganda and political bias--it criticized all political actors, but varied in intensity. Considering all this, the author still thought that the weekly opinion magazine market in Poland was a good example of external media pluralism due to the representation of various political preferences, ideologies, norms and values from the left to the right. However no such similar work was done on online news outlets. Additionally, propagandist narrative could also be found in the daily newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, which clearly stood in opposition to the previously ruling Law and Justice party and the President of Poland [64]. When it comes to studies on propaganda in digital media, one study focused on computational propaganda in Poland [65]. This phenomenon can be described as a collection of social media platforms, autonomous agents and big data, whose task is to manipulate public opinion. The quantitative part of this study focused on the analysis of Polish Twitter data and reports that a very small amount of accounts were accountable for a vast spread of fake news. What is more, there were two times more right-wing bots than left-wing ones. One thesis analyzed propaganda in the online news regarding a controversial media law from 2021 called _Lex TVN_[66]. It proposed a mixed method of propaganda model theory [18] and ways of using propaganda techniques [42]. Content indeed consisted of propaganda across different online news platforms. Due to the limited number of articles checked, as the methods were not automatic, the author suggested further investigation of TVP Info articles, as no propagandist examples were found. Another study focused on fake news appearing regarding COVID-19 in both online news outlets and traditional media in Poland [67]. A rising amount of fake news on the Internet was observed and one of the conclusions included the high need for professional fact checkers in the professional media. One of the subtasks during SemEval-2023 Task 3 was the detection of persuasion techniques in Online News in different languages, including Polish [47]. It was an extension of the SemEval-2020 Task 11 scope, which was expanded to 23 fine-grained propaganda techniques, which could be grouped into six coarse classes. The number of works in Polish regarding propaganda, especially in news and online news, is low [26]. However, just as in other countries, we can observe that there is a growth in interest in media bias and fact checking of online news. Media Bias/Fact Check website (MBFC), although being based in America and focusing primarily on their local media, also provides reports of political bias and factual reporting of foreign media outlets, including Polish ones. Table 2 presents news outlets that were described in the MBFC website [68; 69; 70; 71; 72].