# Smart Healthcare Network Management: A Comprehensive Review
## 2 Literature Review
### Internet of Things
While 4G supported the initial wave of IoT adoption, the rapid growth in IoT devices and applications soon exceeded its performance limits, particularly in bandwidth, latency, and overall network efficiency. The transition to 5G has significantly expanded the scope of IoT, offering remarkable speed and ultra-low latency. It provides tailored solutions to meet the diverse demands of IoT applications, particularly in healthcare, where real-time data transmission, remote monitoring, and telemedicine services are critical for improving patient outcomes and operational efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [21] reviewed ongoing advancements in IoT, highlighting the transformative impact of 5G while exploring the potential of sixth-generation (6G) networks to meet future demands for ubiquitous IoT connectivity and enhanced service capabilities. [PERSON] [22] identified eight key research areas that tackle existing challenges and encourage further investigation. These areas include large-scale system expansion, architectural design, interdependencies in knowledge generation and big data, system resilience, openness, security, privacy, and human-in-the-loop considerations. Despite these advancements, numerous unresolved research challenges remain, primarily due to the complex nature of system deployment and the strict requirements imposed by various services utilizing these complex frameworks. Therefore, it is essential to examine existing standardization efforts, explore ways to enhance them, and identify research opportunities that will contribute to the advancement of the IoT field. IoT influenced enterprises' and governments' digital strategies with disruptive business models and fast-changing markets. Many vertical industrial sectors, like transportation, healthcare, and logistics, have incorporated IoT into their digital strategy. IoT still experiences heterogeneity issues in devices, technologies, and protocols. These heterogeneity issues impose challenges on new IT strategies. [PERSON] et al. [23] described a new meta-model-based approach for integrating IoT architectural objects semi-automatically federated into a holistic digital enterprise architectural environment. The large-scale deployment of IoT in various vertical applications is still a challenge. The most important is the diversity of protocols developed for IoT and WSNs [24]. For a recent survey of IoT architectures, protocols, and challenges, the reader may refer to [25]. IoT provides several services that can be utilized to create many vertical applications. IoT services can be divided into four categories: identity-related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services [26]. IoT applications may use the services of one or more of these categories. Moreover, IoT services are essential to application developers to help them focus on their tasks, while the services are provided through some middleware technologies. [PERSON] et al. [27] presented a full-fledged smart home application based on the ZigBee WSN. This is a product in a box that can be easily installed in homes to monitor specific parameters. The product utilizes recent application protocols developed initially for WSNs and later adopted for IoT. Smart homes can be connected through their gateways and form a smart community [28]. An innovative community could provide useful services to its residents, specifically the elderly and residents with disabilities, by incorporating smart healthcare and connecting it to a community call center. Another exciting possible application of IoT is smart cities that allow municipalities to incorporate IoT into their cities [29].