esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Noise-Assessment-Based Screening Method for Remote Photoplethysmography Estimation
## 3 Method
### Feature Extraction  
#### 3.3.1 Motion Noise Assessment  
To quantify the motion noise of the face, the facial area is divided into 22 segments, with each segment's activity subsequently measured. In this study, we utilized the OpenFace library to detect 68 facial landmarks for facial landmark analysis [21]. As illustrated in Figure 6, an interpolation insertion technique was applied to the detected landmarks, resulting in a total of 104 points, excluding the forehead area. Our focus was on the cheek and chin areas, not the forehead. These areas were defined using 36 additional landmarks, excluding the initial 68 landmarks. We created a total of 22 regions of interest (ROIs) by designating one area using four landmarks. The 22 ROIs for motion detection were established around the mouth and cheeks, which are the most sensitive areas during speech or facial expression among facial movements. By employing the bounding box of the face, we minimized the influence of background and non-skin facial areas. Furthermore, we did not designate the forehead as an ROI due to the potential presence of noise from bangs or hair, opting instead to focus on the lower part of the face.  
Figure 5: Illustration of the rPPG confidence measurement employed in the proposed rPPG screening method.  
Figure 6: Facial segmentation for motion movement detection in various areas.  
Motion measurement for each segment is calculated using the location difference of the landmarks composing the segment. Euclidean distance is employed to determine the location of each landmark, and the motion of the segment is assessed through the average of the landmarks comprising each segment. Consequently, 22 motion values are generated for each frame which are then utilized for further analysis. The equation for motion measurement is presented below:  
\[M_{k}=\sum\
olimits_{n=1}^{4}\left(b_{k_{n}}-b^{\prime}_{k_{n}}\right)/4,\ (k=1,2,3,\cdots,22) \tag{3}\]  
In Equation (3), \(k\) denotes the number of areas, \(n\) represents the vertex constituting the area, \(b\) corresponds to the current frame's vertex position, and \(b^{\prime}\) refers to the previous frame's vertex position. By evaluating the vertex changes between two frame sequences, the movement of the four vertices within the region is determined, and the average is calculated as \(M\), the motion of the region. Subsequently, the 22 movement values are utilized, as procured through the above-described method.
# Radiochromic Films for the Two-Dimensional Dose Distribution Assessment
## 2 Basics of Radiochromic Films  
### Operating Principle and Formation of the Image  
RCFs exhibit a progressive coloration when exposed to ionizing radiation. Their degree of coloration is a strictly monotone function of the absorbed dose. As a consequence of this, one can determine a calibration equation which relates the grade of coloration to the absorbed dose. The calibration equation is therefore used to measure unknown doses. Most of the RCFs available today feature the organic compound of diacetylene (a type of crystalline polyacetylene) as the material responsible for the coloration [49]. Its exposure to ionizing radiation triggers the solid-state polymerization reaction with formation of colored polymer chains. The dyacteilene monomers are bound in gel in the form of crystalline dispersion which is coated on one or more thin transparent polyester bases [50]. The different RCF types differ from each other for the chemical composition and size of the sensitive element, as well as of the plastic support. The considerable advantage of RCFs with respect to silver halide films is in the kinetics of the chemical processes. Silver halide films feature a latent image which can further develop in the form of a photograph by means of the chemical processes of fixing and rinsing. RCFs are self-developing and the primary image is formed almost instantaneously. Studies on the kinetics of the RCF reaction were carried out by [PERSON] et al. in 1996 for two RCF models which are no more in use, i.e., Gafchromic(tm) DM 1260 and Gafchromic(tm) MD 55 (ISP Technologies, Inc., Waterford, MI, USA) [51]. They reported on changes in relative absorbance, observed with a spectrophotometer, at the wavelength 675 nm following a 50 ns, 20 Gy electron pulse. Moreover, they demonstrated that the primary image formation terminates after 2 ms and the entire polymerization reaction continues after the irradiation is ceased. [PERSON] et al. reported a percentage variation in Gafchromic(tm) EBT (which stands for \"External Beam Therapy\") up to 9% within the first 12 h after 1 Gy irradiation [52]. EBT-3 Gafchromic(tm) films have been found to change their darkening up to 4% in 4 h following a 20 Gy electron irradiation [53]. For convenience, most of the recent works and protocols on RCF dosimetry recommend a 24 h gap between the end of the irradiation and its analysis.
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper describes an optimized TDG method designed to address the computational complexity encountered in conventional TDG methods when solving equations with complex flux functions. The optimized algorithm incorporates the Jacobian matrix from the traditional TDG approach, as well as the method for converting temporal derivatives into spatial derivatives. However, it introduces a key improvement, the use of the temporal derivative of the Jacobian matrix \(\partial\mathbf{A}/\partial t\), to eliminate the tension matrix \(\partial\mathbf{A}/\partial\mathbf{U}\) that arises in the traditional TDG method. This enhancement not only improves computational efficiency but also maintains the same level of accuracy as the original method. To further simplify the computation method, the optimized TDG method employs the finite difference method to calculate high-order temporal derivative terms. Therefore, it can be said that the optimized TDG method is a hybrid algorithm that combines the DG method and the FDM method.  
In this study, two finite difference methods are compared to simplify the computational approach, particularly for interpolation in two-dimensional problems. These methods are the inside element difference and outside element difference forms. From the computations of the one-dimensional Euler problem, it is evident that the optimized algorithm using the inside element difference form can maintain high computational accuracy. The comparison of the time consumption between the optimized TDG method and the conventional TDG method demonstrates that the optimized algorithm offers a significant efficiency advantage with the inside element difference form, for a time savings of nearly 70%.  
In the future, this optimized algorithm could be extended to address three-dimensional problems and tackle large-scale turbulence simulations. Furthermore, its computational efficiency could be compared against other widely used numerical methods currently in practice.  
[PERSON] conceptualized the innovations central to this study and conducted the mathematical derivations and experimental programming. In addition, he performed data processing and plotting, as well as initial analysis of the experimental results, and summarized the findings. [PERSON] provided theoretical corrections and enhancements to the mathematical methods and improved the  
Figure 8: The results for the forward step case by optimized TDG.  
Figure 7: The results for the forward step case by conventional TDG.  
manuscript's readability and accuracy. He also conducted an in-depth analysis of the experimental results and contributed to the discussion of the conclusions. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Methodology and Implementation
### Dataset Structure  
Depending on the type of event, the number and type of retrieved parameters differ. The following subsection describes each set of data and their characteristics. Tables 4-7 present examples of the fields retrieved for each type of event contained in the data set.  
All the events share a common group of parameters (index, user, event, mode, and language) that identify the entries, the user who generated them, the app mode used, and the language they are written in. Additionally, each event has some of the following particular fields adapted to its characteristics:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & **Users** & **Entries** \\ \hline Spain & 38.80\% & 63.61\% \\ Argentina & 12.28\% & 7.46\% \\ Chile & 8.33\% & 5.51\% \\ France & 1.91\% & 4.57\% \\ Mexico & 7.69\% & 4.21\% \\ Ecuador & 2.34\% & 3.64\% \\ Colombia & 3.70\% & 2.13\% \\ Peru & 4.72\% & 1.11\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Eight most represented countries in the data set by number of entries.  
* Generation: The language synthesizer field contains the language of the text-to-speech tool used to pronounce the generated phrase. The **phrase** field contains the generated phrase.
* New and deleted pictograms: The **name** field contains the name of the new pictogram. The **category** field includes the indexation of the particular pictogram. For new pictograms, the **source** field contains the origin of the image used to represent it.
* Updated pictograms: The **old name** and **old voice** field represent the name and voice (the text read by the text-to-speech tool) that are being substituted, respectively, and the **new name** and **new voice** fields the new versions of them. As in new and deleted pictograms, the **category** field contains the indexation of the updated pictogram.
## 5 Model Validation
### Within-Source-Type Analysis  
Figure 8 shows the performance of the developed hardness model with the five source types in the within-source-type test. Linear correlation between the model's predictions and the listener ratings of hardness is assessed with \(R^{2}\). For the primary intended application of the model (filtering and sorting sound effect library search results), its ability to predict the rank order of hardnesses within a group of sounds is particularly important. Rank order accuracy is therefore also assessed, using [PERSON]'s rho and [PERSON]'s tau.  
The model achieves a near-perfect linear correlation for the cymbal source type (\(R^{2}\) = 0.99), and high correlation for the piano and snare source types (\(R^{2}\) = 0.93 and \(R^{2}\) = 0.68 respectively). The kick source type achieves a linear correlation of \(R^{2}\) = 0.56, but from inspection of the plot it appears there is a nonlinear trend in the data. The guitar source type achieves the lowest correlation (\(R^{2}\) = 0.44). However, the general trend of the ratings is maintained: the two stimuli rated as the hardest with overlapping CI are predicted towards the top of the scale, whereas the three stimuli rated as least hard, also with overlapping CI, were predicted as less hard.  
In terms of the rank order, the model predicts perfect rank order of the mean ratings with the cymbal and kick sources (rho = 1.0). With the piano and snare sources the model achieves high rank order correlations (rho = 0.90 and rho = 0.80 respectively), but scores the lowest with the guitar source type (\(R^{2}\) = 0.44, tau = 0.2). However, it is clear from these plots that there is notable variance in the subjective data, shown by the 95% confidence intervals (CI) considerably overlapping for adjacent results. To account for these when assessing the rank order of the models, the rho* and tau* metricswere calculated; manipulations of the [PERSON]'s rho and [PERSON]'s tau that take into consideration the variance in the subjective data [35]. Using these metrics, the model can predict the rank order perfectly, with rho* = 1.0 and tau* = 1.0 for all source types.
# Evaluation of Autonomous Mowers Weed Control Effect in Globe Artichoke Field
###### Abstract  
The development of a fully automated robotic weeder is currently hindered by the lack of a reliable technique for weed-crop detection. Autonomous mowers moving with random trajectories rely on simplified computational resources and have shown potential when applied for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of these autonomous mowers for weed control in globe artichoke. A first trial consisting of the comparison of the performances of three different autonomous mowers (AMI, AM2 and AM3) was carried out evaluating percentage of area moved and primary energy consumption. The most suitable autonomous mower was tested for its weed control effect and compared with a conventional weed management system. Average weeds height, weed cover percentage, above-ground weed biomass, artichoke yield, primary energy consumption and cost were assessed. All the autonomous mowers achieved a percentage of area moved around the 80% after 180 min. AM2 was chosen as the best compromise for weed control in the artichoke field (83.83% of area moved after 180 min of moving, and a consumption of 430.50 kWh-ha\({}^{-1}\)-year\({}^{-1}\)). The autonomous mower weed management achieved a higher weed control effect (weed biomass of 71.76 vs. 143.67 g d.m.\({}^{-2}\)), a lower energy consumption (430.5 vs. 1135.13 kWh-ha\({}^{-1}\).year\({}^{-1}\)), and a lower cost (EUR 2601.84 vs. EUR 3661.80 ha\({}^{-1}\)-year\({}^{-1}\)) compared to the conventional system.  
RTK GNSS; random mowing pattern; energy consumption; mechanical weed control +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Recycling of Low-Quality Carbon Black Produced by Tire Pyrolysis
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Hydrophobic Pigments/Fillers for Use in Paints, Plastics, Low-Quality Rubber, etc.  
The initially chosen method for recycling rCB material involves cavitation processing utilizing an ultrasonic vortex mill, as described in Section 2.2. This process yields a powder with an average grain diameter of less than 10 \(\upmu\)m (refer to Figure 3). The ultrasonic vortex  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**PAH** & **mg/kg** \\ Acnaphthylene & 2 \\ Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene & 2 \\ Benzo(k)fluoranthene & 1.6 \\ Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene & 0.94 \\
**Total PAH** & **112.2** \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Element** & **wt\%** \\ \hline C & 74.2 \\ S & 6.0 \\ Zn & 5.3 \\ Si & 4.3 \\ Ca & 1.7 \\ Fe & 1.0 \\ K & 0.1 \\ Co & 0.05 \\ Sr & 0.026 \\ Hg & 0.018 \\ Pb & 0.0016 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Elemental composition of raw rCB.  
processing effectively releases a significant portion of water and adsorbed organic matter during the procedure.  
Ultrasonic effects and the very fast movement of air during the cavitational vortex milling process presumably also facilitate desorption of the contaminants; moreover, the fine pores capped by bituminous substances are opened to mass transfer with the ambient air.  
Recycled carbon black is suitable for use as a pigment in mortar and paints, as well as use as a filler in the rubber and plastic industry. However, caution is advised regarding its use in the production of mechanically demanding rubber items, especially tires, due to its low specific surface area. Moreover, it is not recommended for domestic applications.  
Residual compounds, such as zinc, sulfur, and silicon dioxide, in the product do not hinder its utilization since these additives are commonly integrated into rubber mixtures in standard manufacturing procedures [35].  
The fundamental characteristics of ultrasonic vortex-treated rCB closely parallel those of commercially available recycled carbon blacks worldwide. The composition and properties of the hydrophobic pigment, determined through proximate analysis, are outlined in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Property/Ingredient** & **Unit** & **Value** \\ \hline Carbon black, C & wt\% & 74.2 \\ Silicon dioxide, SiO\({}_{2}\) & wt\% & 9.2 \\ Zink sulfide, ZnS & wt\% & 7.9 \\ Sulfur, S & wt\% & 2.8 \\ Calcium carbonate, CaCO\({}_{3}\) & wt\% & 1.7 \\ Iron sulfide, FeS & wt\% & 1.6 \\ Surface area & m\({}^{2}\)/g & 7–9 \\ Oil absorption number & cm\({}^{3}\)/100 g & 105 \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Pour density} & kg/m\({}^{3}\) & 440 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Main ingredients, and chemical and physical properties (proximate analysis) of hydrophobic rCB.  
Figure 3: SEM microphotograph of vortex-milled rCB.
# Lattice Structure for Improving Cooling Uniformity in HPDC Mould Corners
## 6 Conclusions  
This study is focused on achieving temperature uniformity on the mould/cast interface near corners by implementing three types of lattice structure with known geometry and thermal conductivity, as previously measured and published in a prior study [3]. The investigation was further constrained to a specific configuration involving corner cooling, utilising a cylindrical cooling channel surrounded by lattice structure sleeves of two thicknesses: 1.5 mm and 3 mm. A three-dimensional steady CFD model is developed to assess the uniformity of the local average temperature over the cast/mould surface. The findings from the thermal model can be summarised as follows:  
* Incorporating lattice structures can enhance temperature uniformity within the cast, leading to a more consistent cast/mould interface temperature.
* Applying lattice structures on both sides of a corner improves cooling uniformity, but it also results in an increase in the maximum corner temperature.
* The use of lattice structures as a means to improve cooling uniformity must be carefully optimised to avoid extending the moulding time for the entire casting process.
* Lattice structures should be strategically implemented in regions where overcooling occurs and positioned at an appropriate distance from overheated areas to prevent further temperature increases in these hot spots.  
Lattice structures in 3D-printed tools are integrated into the mould without additional cost, as they use the same material. However, the location and size of the lattice must be optimised. While the method is applied to mould corners, it can also be used in other regions of the 3D-printed mould or insert where overcooling occurs.  
Conceptualization, E.A.-S.; methodology, E.A.-S. and S.K.K.-A.; software, E.A.-S.; validation, E.A.-S. and S.K.K.-A.; formal analysis, E.A and S.K.K.-A.; investigation, E.A.-S.; resources, E.A.-S.; data curation, E.A.-S.; writing--original draft preparation, E.A.-S. and S.K.K.-A.; writing--review and editing, E.A.-S.; visualization, E.A.-S.; supervision, E.A.-S.; project administration, E.A.-S.; funding acquisition, E.A.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project is funded by School of Engineering- School of Engineering. The work is an extension of the project sponsored by Innovate UK ( project no P16874).  
The data presented in this study are available in the article.  
This work is an extension to project no P16874 sponsored by Innovate UK. The author would like to acknowledge the technical support received by the partners during the project.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Additive Manufacturing of Bone Scaffolds Using PolyJet and Stereolithography Techniques
## 1 Introduction
In addition to the load bearing properties, previous studies have also shown that the cyclic mechanical loading of human bone can affect the blood content of bone, and in turn the shear strength [32]. It is evident from the above listed studies that the permeability and mechanical properties of synthetic bone scaffolds are two critical factors that must be evaluated and which should be within the same range as those of human bone to fulfil the mechanical and biological requirements of natural human bone. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), and material jetting (MJ), have different dimensional accuracy levels that can affect the final dimensions of the printed samples [33]. FDM, SLA, and SLS techniques have dimensional accuracy levels of 0.16%, 0.15%, and 0.11% and lower limits of \(\pm\)0.2 mm, \(\pm\)0.01 mm, and \(\pm\)0.3 mm, respectively. MJ is the most accurate additive manufacturing technique, with dimensional accuracy of 0.5% and a lower limit of \(\pm\)0.05 mm [34]. In this paper, we assess the capability of two additive manufacturing techniques, PolyJet and microstereolithography (uSLA), to 3D print synthetic scaffold structures with the desired porosity and mechanical properties. The permeability and mechanical properties of the printed scaffolds are investigated in detail. Numerical permeability calculations according to defined porosity and structural dimensions are validated via experimental results obtained from the 3D-printed scaffolds. The effects of the printing direction on the mechanical properties of the synthetic porous scaffolds were examined and the results are presented here.
# Effect of Processing on Volatile Organic Compounds Formation of Meat--Review
## 2 Genetic Parameters
A Hewlett-Packard GC coupled with ion-trap mass spectrometer was used. Helium was used as a carrier gas. Furthermore, n-alkanes were run to calculate the Kovats indexes. Volatile substances including aldehydes, ketones, and hydrocarbons were identified. Interaction between breed and the rearing system had an influence on VOCs content. It was stated that the volatile profile of meat clearly depended on the breed, and that the rearing system had smaller impact on VOCs level. The aim of the study [23] was the comparison of free-range (FR) and cage-range (CR) breeding on the flavor compound of two breeds of chickens. In the cage-range system, each chicken was kept in a single cage. The FR chickens were located in an indoor house and had free daytime access to a paddock. All animals were fed the same diet. No antibiotics or probiotics were used during the trial. The headspace SPME technique was applied for the extraction of VOCs. The SPME fiber was exposed to a vial containing the extract of the meat sample. GCMS 2010 Series system was used to analyze the VOCs. The results showed that the content of all VOCs, except acids, was higher in the FR group compared to the CR group. The most common group of VOCs was carbonyls. It was stated that meat flavor was associated with the different housing systems. The objective of the study [26] was the analysis of VOCs of lambs (2, 6, and 12 months of age). Eighteen female animals were used in the research. They were offered the same diet and water. For VOCs analysis, GC-IMS was used. After the sample incubation, the headspace gas was injected using splitless mode. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. For the external standard for retention index (RI) calculation, N-ketones from C4 to C9 were used. The VOCs were identified by comparing the RI and the drift time of the standard in the GC-IMS library. Forty-four VOCs were detected. Aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones were the most abundant groups of compounds. The main conclusion was that the age of the animal affects the VOCs profile of meat.