## 2 Materials and Methods  
Participant Recruitment: A single-blinded controlled study was conducted at Taipei Medical University Hospital, and the protocol was approved by the TMU-Joint Institutional Review Board (IRB no. : N202004023). The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed on 11 September 2021) (NCT04532905). A total of 12 young male and female participants were recruited into two groups between December 2020 and May 2021 through convenience sampling. Among these, one was excluded, and the untrained group contained five participants (with no resistance training experience) and trained group six participants (with 2 months of resistance training experience). Each participant signed a written consent form before the commencement of the study. The participants were informed about the objectives and potential risks of the research. The inclusion criteria were: (1) a healthy male or female individual between 20-40 years of age; (2) no metabolic, systematic, or musculoskeletal disease or injury from the last 6 months; (3) no recent surgical procedure which could limit exercise training; (4) taking no medications, especially sedatives, antidepressants, antihypertensive, etc. ; and (5) physically fit according to the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) [11] (Figure 1). Functional outcome measurements and data analyses were performed by trained research staff who were not involved in the intervention. Participants were blinded for the exercise order in this study. Experimental procedure: Each participant visited the training room for eight separate sessions where testing and data collection were completed. All participants were instructed to eat a meal 2-4 h before testing, to avoid alcohol and caffeine ingestion for 24 h before testing, and to refrain from strenuous exercise for 24-48 h before testing [12]. Session 1: During the first visit, baseline body weight (kg), height (cm), body-mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage were measured using a Karada scan-371 body scale (Omron, Kyoto, Japan). Each participant was evaluated by the PAR-Q for physical fitness;  
Figure 1: Study flow diagram. the testing and training procedure was explained to them by an expert researcher. In this session, participants performed an incremental cycling test using Cortex Metalyzer 3B (Cortex, Leipzig, Germany) while wearing a mask to assess cardiopulmonary fitness and familiarity with using the mask during physical activity. The flow and gas sensors were calibrated before every test. The temperature and humidity of the room were respectively set to 22-27 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 52%-64%. The incremental bicycle testing protocol was conducted when the participant pedaled the bicycle at approximately 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) against 25 watts of resistance. The resistance was increased by 25 watts at the beginning of each two-minute stage [13]. The test was stopped when two of three occurred; a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) \(\geq\) 1.1, an HR within 10 beats or over their theoretical aged-predicted maximal HR (220-age), and an expression of RPE \(\geq\) 16/20 [14]. Session 2: During this session, each participant performed a maximum of three to five sets to achieve their maximum 1 RM for dumbbell shoulder press, deadlift, and squat exercises at a cadence of 1.5 s up and 1.5 s down using an audible metronome. An audible cadence was used to control for potential variations in the lifting cadence of the participants. Briefly, participants performed a warm-up consisting of eight to ten repetitions using a lightweight, three to five repetitions using a moderate weight, and one to three repetitions using a heavyweight. After the warm-up sets, the 1 RM strength was tested by increasing the resistance on subsequent attempts until the participants were unable to complete an attempt using a proper technique through a full range of motion [15]. Between each set, the participant was given a 2-4 min rest interval.