## 3 Results, Discussion and Outlook
### Categories of Research Studies
#### 3.2.3 Methods of Training and Techniques
In summarizing and analyzing the questionnaires, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [91] show that younger people in management positions are more confident in becoming autonomous ship captains, with the deck department expressing more confidence than the engine department, while older crew members express concerns about their competence due to deficits in learning skills, leading younger crew members to gain more navigation experience and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for autonomous ship operations in order to adapt to career changes. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s survey [92] points to the potential negative implications for licensed deck officers, such as concerns about the increasing reliance on sensors and doubts about replicating situational awareness ashorse, while highlighting the need for adaptability and the potential emergence of new roles in the evolving maritime landscape. They recommend the use of inter-institutional platforms for collaboration and further research in the field of MET to address the expected changes and identify the necessary capabilities for future requirements. [PERSON] et al. [93] examine seafarers' attitudes towards autonomous shipping and show that these are generally positive, with concerns focused on job security and trust in autonomous systems. While participants, regardless of rank, generally welcome technological advancement, the survey suggests that understanding seafarers' perspectives and addressing their concerns is critical to the successful implementation of autonomous shipping, particularly as the maritime industry approaches the 2050 milestone set by the IMO. The aim of the [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] survey [94] was to evaluate the effectiveness of the current training methods, particularly in preparing remote operators to navigate the mobile autonomous surface ship (MASS). Through a comparative analysis of two groups that received onboard training and one group that did not, the study identified specific navigation skill improvements and highlighted the importance of features such as \"Mean ROT\", \"Mean rudder\" and \"Hard rudder\". The results suggest that these features may be useful in the development of simulation-based navigation skill assessment methods for SRCO training in the future implementation of a dedicated MASS remote control simulator. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s survey [95] compared the educational satisfaction and impact of virtual reality (VR) training for disembarking from passenger ships with conventional video-based methods. They found that VR training significantly outperformed video training in terms of learning impact and participant preference. Despite the effectiveness of VR, challenges such as difficulties with the equipment and discomfort with prolonged use need to be addressed. This survey underscores the importance of continuing research and providing adequate education and training for the use of VR on MASS. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s survey [96] examined the impact of autonomous technologies on leadership practices and STCW competency requirements. They showed that competencies such as decision-making techniques, handling system information and maintaining situational awareness are critical for the safe and efficient operation of autonomous ships. [PERSON] et al. 's survey [97] identifies five key challenges for the future of maritime autonomy, including low cyber awareness in the industry, leading to potential over-reliance on digital tools, the need for regulatory adaptation to the evolving cyber threat landscape, as well as concerns that critical decisions will be influenced by inaccurate data or mistrust in accurate systems, the reduction of over-reliance on digital tools, and the potential obstruction of operators' security controls due to their physical separation from the ship.