## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodologies
#### 2.3.5 Ecosystem Dis-Services Valuation Model (DESV)  
It is difficult to obtain and quantify the data of negative ecosystem services generated from the natural landscape; therefore, this study mainly estimated the ecosystem dis-services value in Ningde City based on the influencing factors caused by human activities. We selected land-use-driven carbon emissions, water consumption, pesticide pollution, plastic film pollution, and fertilizer loss as negative value evaluation indicators. (1) Land-use-driven carbon emissions valuation model  
\[V_{land}=V_{1}+V_{2} \tag{6}\]  
where \(V_{land}\) denotes the total value of land-use induced carbon emissions; \(V_{1}\) and \(V_{2}\) represent the value of carbon emissions from each land-use type (excluding built-up land) and built-up land-induced carbon emissions, respectively. \[V_{1}=P_{C}\times\sum A_{i}\delta_{i} \tag{7}\]  
where \(P_{C}\) indicates the carbon trading price, which is 20 CNY/ton based on the average trading price in the carbon trading market of Fujian Province [59]; \(A_{i}\) is each land-use type \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Sub-Type** & **CL** & **FL** & **OL** & **GL** & **WB** & **UL** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Provisioning services, PS} & Food production, FP & 3475.16 & 794.10 & 2134.63 & 733.82 & 1257.98 & 15.72 \\  & Material production, MP & 770.51 & 1824.07 & 1297.29 & 1079.76 & 361.67 & 47.17 \\  & Water supply, WS & \(-\)4104.15 & 943.48 & \(-\)1580.33 & 597.54 & 16,432.31 & 31.45 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Regulating services, RS} & Gas regulation, GS & 2799.00 & 5998.97 & 4398.98 & 3794.89 & 1493.85 & 204.42 \\  & Climate regulation, CR & 1462.40 & 17,949.74 & 9706.07 & 10,032.36 & 4450.09 & 157.25 \\  & Purify environment, PE & 442.57 & 5529.91 & 2824.24 & 3312.67 & 8978.80 & 644.71 \\  & Hydroologic adjustment, HD & 4701.69 & 11,746.35 & 8224.02 & 7348.68 & 171,981.04 & 377.39 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Supporting services, SS} & Soil conservation, SC & 1635.37 & 7304.12 & 4469.75 & 4623.06 & 1462.40 & 235.87 \\  & Maintaining nutrient cycle, MNC & 487.47 & 558.23 & 522.85 & 356.43 & 110.07 & 15.72 \\  & Bio-diversity, BD & 534.64 & 6651.55 & 3593.09 & 4203.74 & 4025.52 & 220.15 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Supporting services, SS} & Aesthetic landscape, AL & 235.87 & 2916.93 & 1576.40 & 1855.51 & 3113.49 & 94.35 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Built-up land is land used for human activities such as housing, industry, commerce, and transportation and is one of the most significant forms of anthropogenic interference with ecosystems. Compared with other land types, the provision of ecosystem services by built-up land is usually low. Therefore, referring to the existing literature [9; 14; 58], the ecosystem services value provided by built-up land is set to zero in this study.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Ecosystem services equivalent value per unit area of Ningde City (Unit: CNY/hm\({}^{2}\)-a). area; \(\delta_{i}\) represents the carbon emission and carbon absorption coefficients of various land-use types (Table 2). The carbon emission is positive and the carbon absorption is negative. Built-up land carries a large amount of energy consumed by human activities, and its carbon emissions are estimated indirectly. In this study, eight main energy sources including raw coal, coke, fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel gas, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas were selected for calculation, according to the data availability in the research area. The calculation formula is as follows. \[V_{2}=P_{\text{C}}\times\sum e_{i}\times\beta_{i}\times\gamma_{i}\times 44/12 \tag{8}\]  
where \(e_{i}\) is the consumption of \(i\)-th fossil energy, \(\beta_{i}\) is the coefficient of conversion of various fossil energy into standard coal (coefficient of standard coal), and \(\gamma_{i}\) is the carbon emissions coefficient of the \(i\)-th fossil energy.