# A Granularity-Based Intelligent Tutoring System for Zooarchaeology
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Materials  
The used dataset had 3406 instances of archaeological remains and 64 attributes (the last one is the predicted class) extracted from feunal assemblage of Stratigraphic Unit Xa of El Salt (Figures 1 and 2) [25; 26; 27]. The excavation of \"El Salt\" can be seen in Figure 1 and examples of the archaeological remains of \"El Salt\" can be seen in Figures 2 and 3. The Salt is one of the fundamental sites of the Middle Palaeolithic in the western Mediterranean region due to the entity of its archaeological sequence, for its extraordinary state of conservation, which affects even organic matter and for the integrated and multidisciplinary nature of the research process which takes place in it, with the confluence of different Hispanic, European, and North American Universities and Research Centers. This enclave has been located at the head of the Serpis River, in the locality of Alocy (Alicante, Spain). It is presented as an outdoor site of about 300 m\({}^{2}\) located at the foot of a large wall that rises up to 38 m tall. The space inhabited at the foot of the wall was protected by a large roof, which at times of maximum development came to serve as protection for almost the entire surface. Highlights are the strategic condition of its location, in the middle of various biotopes of plain, mountains, river valley, and lake-palm environment, etc. and immersed in a territory of the mountains of Alicante, very rich in diversified resources. Research at the El Salt site attempts to deepen the knowledge of its paleolithic record, from an integrative and multidisciplinary perspective. This record does not stop growing by virtue of the application of increasingly sophisticated excavation techniques and high resolution analytical procedures. To the traditional material record of this type of deposits, consisting of lithic remains, fauna, anthracological material, etc. Currently, a microscopic and even molecular registry is being added that is decisively contributing to enrich the information and improve its quality. These facts give us the opportunity of obtaining a complete and accurate data-set in zooarchaeology, among others, which is a key step for training classification algorithms as the ones needed for developing the ITS presented here. Figure 1: Geographical location of “El Salt”, site overview and current excavation surface. Figure 2: Taphonomic damage and bone remains recovered examples: manganese (**A**), concreteness (**B**), root-marks (**C**), bone flake (**D**), burned bone (**E**), erosion (**F**), bones, teeth and deer antler (**G**), bones and wild goat teeth (**H**), horse tooth (**I**), phalanges and lynx maxillary (**J**), and rabbit bones (**K**). Figure 3: Bioestratinomic damage examples. There are anthropogenic marks: slicing and scraping marks (**A**–**D**), Predator non-anthropogenic marks: digestion (**E**,**F**), punctures (**G**), and scores (**H**). In Figure 2, we can observe taphonomic damage and bone remains recovered examples. In Figure 3, we can observe bioestratinomic damage examples. In Table 1, a descriptive analysis of the sample is shown. There are two columns in the table. In the first one, we have listed the most relevant parameters (according to the classification algorithm with best performance in the coarse, medium, and fine granularities, which will be explained in the following section) and the predicted class 'Family' (taxonomic rank between Order and Genus) both in coarse, medium, and fine granularities. Following the name of each parameter, we have included a description of the possible values that it can take. For instance, \"Bone\" can take the listed 93 unique values, while the anatomical group can take only 11 values. It is worth noting that, in the case of the prediction classes, the coarse granularity can take five values, the medium granularity 12, and the fine granularity 15. The second column of the table describes briefly the attribute.