esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research Progress of Visual Inspection Technology of Steel Products--A Review
## 3 The Hardware Composition of the Inspection System
### Light Selection  
Lighting devices will vary because of different operating environments. For hot rolled steel, the strip itself is a luminous heating element. In order to reduce the interference of internal light sources, the intensity of the light source should be much higher than that of the steel strip. Thus, the light source can only have high-power, long-distance characteristics, so that it can provide high-intensity light at a long distance. For the cold rolling environment, although the relative distance between the light source and the steel strip is short, a more continuous light is needed to attenuate unstable infrared light, in order to ensure the highest sensitivity of the lens to the visible light spectrum. Overall, high strength, life span, design freedom, heat radiation, and response speed should be considered during lighting arrangement.  
At present, some classical light sources are optical fiber, LED (light-emitting diode) lights, and stroboscopic xenon lamps. Among the latter, the strobe xenon lamp is mainly used in the area array CCD detection system as shown in Figure 4a, since it can effectively deal with adverse environmental conditions, such as fog Luo [22].  
Figure 4: (**a**) Stroboscopic xenon lamps; (**b**) Halogen lamps; (**c**) Light-emitting diode (LED) lamps.  
An example of an optical fiber light source is the halogen lamp (Figure 4b), which is used in conjunction with a color filter adapter. The output of light through the cylinder prism can avoid overflow and increase light intensity by 10% Wu [54], which can result in an ideal performance if high-power halogen lamps are used in industrial sites. However, halogen lamps are not suitable for hot-rolled steel in poor environments, and are mainly used in the testing environments of cold-rolled steel and finished products because of their high price and susceptibility to damage.  
LED lamps (Figure 4c) are a spontaneous radiation source. Spontaneous radiation is a process in which an excited atom spontaneously transitions from a high-energy state to a low-energy state, emitting a photon at the same time. LED lamps have the advantages of non-related light, no optical resonator, long lifespan, and easy maintenance. However, the weaknesses of the lamps are their narrow spectral range and that the wavelength is affected by the materials. The lifespan of LED lamps will also shorten as the ambient temperature increases, so they are not suitable for high-temperature applications. In addition, LEDs cannot be directly connected in parallel. Therefore, a method of a single-channel serial multi-channel parallel connection method is used to form an array LED, which then forms a light source through the prism. Owing to its low cost and long lifespan, LED light sources are usually equipped with cooling devices for hot-rolled inspection.
## 5 Corrections for Off-Reference Conditions
### Correction of Mach Number  
In order to correct the effects of Mach number, a series of CFD computations were performed with the range of subsonic Mach number from 0.10 to 0.85 for blades with various geometry parameters. Figure 17a gives the total pressure loss and deflection angle vs. inflow angle characteristics of a certain splittered cascade with different inlet Mach number. It is indicated that the Mach number does not significantly affect the low loss regions and flow deflection when the Mach number is lower than 0.70. However, as the Mach number exceeds 0.70, the total pressure loss starts to increase, and the flow deflection begins to dramatically drop. It is believed that the supersonic acceleration on the front part of SS of PBs or SVs and the considerable interaction of shock waves with boundary layers are responsible for the performance deterioration.  
Figure 17b shows the results of the reference minimum-loss incidence and deviation angles with Mach number for the certain splittered cascade. It can be seen that both of the angles tend to increase with the increased Mach number. As discussed previously, a Mach number of 0.7 is a critical value, above which the incidence and deviation angles increase considerably. The same phenomenon can also be observed for the blades designed with other different geometry parameters. In order to include the effects of the Mach number, the following exponential relationship obtained based on database fitting method could be defined:  
\[\Delta i_{\text{Ma}}\approx\Delta\delta_{\text{Ma}}=Ae^{\text{Ma}/B}, \tag{20}\]  
where coefficient \(A\) has a value of \(4.18\times 10^{-6}\) and \(B\) has a value of \(6.19\times 10^{-2}\). The correction results of Mach number are compared with CFD computation results, as illustrated in Figure 17b, for the certain splittered cascade. Within the error band of \(\pm 1.0^{\circ}\), the correlation results agree well with the CFD computation results.
# A Novel LOS Decision Technique Reflecting 3D DTED for Modeling an Electronic Warfare Environment
## 4 Experimental Results and Comparison  
This section applies the proposed sign-counting method described above to a DTED level 0 dataset in areas of 51T, 52T, 51S, and 52S in the UTM coordinate system. The results were compared with the interpolation method, which was directly calculated. This data was converted into a UTM-k coordinate system and this system was used. UTM-k coordinates are similar to the existing UTM coordinates, but false northing and false easting are slightly different coordinates according to the earth's curvature at the place where the Korean Peninsula is located. The simulation was conducted using MATLAB installed in a computer with an Intel Core i7-3770 @ 3.40 GHz CPU, 16 GB of RAM, and operated on a 64-bit operating system.  
Figure 6: Algorithm to determine LOS.  
The two randomly selected points are the positions where LOS is not secured, and the positions of a jammer and an object in the converted to UTM-k coordinate system are shown in Table 1.  
The LOS decision was performed according to the algorithm described in the previous section and the location of the point that interfered with the LOS was calculated. The average time was calculated through a total of 10 simulations, and Table 2 shows the time taken and the average time while performing 10 simulations.  
With the proposed method, LOS can be accurately determined with an average of 0.026 s for the 1.8 million data, which has approximately 1.5 times the efficiency of the existing interpolation method. Since this method vectorizes the given data and calculates it, even if the data increases, the time does not increase linearly as much as a multiple of the data. Therefore, even if a higher level of DTED is used in an electronic war situation, it can be determined in real time.
# Geomechanical Basis for Assessing Open-Pit Slope Stability in High-Altitude Gold Mining
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analysis of Fracture Orientations and Weakness Planes
Ideally, this monitoring should be automated using the GEOMOS system developed by the Swiss company Leica Geosystems, which provides automatic tracking of the spatial positions of monitored objects at any desired frequency. This monitoring system is widely used for tracking the stability of open-pit mine slopes. Surveys are conducted using high-precision geodetic instruments in automatic mode from base stations, enabling the real-time acquisition of displacement and deformation data. The GeoMoS system manages sensors in automatic mode even at considerable distances from data collection and processing points. The automated system enables high-frequency measurement cycles, minimizes human error, and increases operational reliability. The operator is responsible for performing a comprehensive analysis of the monitoring results, selecting appropriate instruments, configuring the system layout, and integrating the system into a unified monitoring network [19]. With timely updates of the monitored parameters, the system allows for reliable diagnostics of slope conditions and the prediction of potential failure zones. Figure 8 shows the automated GeoMoS monitoring system deployed at the Bozymchak mine. For systematic monitoring, the Leica Geosystems TCR 1201 total station (Switzerland) is used. This instrument provides fast and highly accurate measurements. The data obtained from the TCR 1201 can be easily integrated into any existing workflow for geodetic or mine surveying data processing. The use of an electronic total station allows for the precise positioning of control benchmarks by determining their X, Y, and Z coordinates, as well as constructing a vector map of benchmark displacements in space and over time. The conducted studies made it possible to monitor the actual condition of pit bench slopes and pit walls. Figure 8: GeoMoS monitoring station at the Bozymchak open-pit mine.
# Research Progress of Zero-Busbar Technology Based on Heterojunction Photovoltaic Modules
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Electrical Performance Analysis
#### 3.1.1 Contact Resistance
Assuming that every soldering point has the same contact resistance, the power loss caused by contact resistance \(P_{loss}\) is calculated as follows:  
\[P_{loss}=I^{2}R_{cont}=\left(\frac{I_{pm}}{N_{1}N_{2}}\right)^{2}*R_{cont}*N_{1}* N_{2}*N_{3}*N_{4} \tag{4}\]  
where \(N_{3}\) is the number of solar cells in one string, \(N_{4}\) is the number of strings in a module, and \(I_{pm}\) is the maximum working current of the module. Here, \(N_{3}\) is 11, and \(N_{4}\) is 12. According to Equation (1), the difference in \(R_{cont}\) between the soldering-based samples and the IFC-based samples is 161 m\(\Omega\) on the front surface and 444 m\(\Omega\) on the rear surface. By inserting the results into Equation (4), the power loss difference between the two modules \(\Delta P_{loss}\) was calculated as 2.89 W. For \(\Delta F\)F, the difference between the \(FF\)s of the samples was calculated as 0.33% using Equation (5):  
\[\Delta F=\frac{\Delta P_{loss}}{I_{sc}*V_{\infty}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(I_{sc}\) is the short-circuit current of the module, and \(V_{\infty}\) is the open-circuit voltage of the module.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### In Vitro Safety Assessment  
One key parameter in pharmaceutical development is the safety of the formulations. In this work, two relevant cell lines were studied: HaCaT cells and HFF cells. These two cell lines showed that both polymeric formulations were safe. Viability studies of HaCaT cells were performed for all samples, in the concentration range of 2.11-33.75 \(\upmu\)g of rutin/mL (Figure 13a). No change in cell viability was observed. The same observation occurred with HFF cells for a range of concentrations of 1.81-29.02 \(\upmu\)g for rutin/mL (Figure 13b). The selection of these two type of cells was based on each cell's properties and functions. HaCaT cells are a spontaneously transformed keratinocytes cell line from adult human skin with high capacity to proliferate in vitro [47]. HaCaT cells are a nontumorigenic cell line [48; 49; 50], representing 95% of epidermal cells [51]. This cell line is more sensible than skin [52]. HFF cells are another type of cells which are present in the skin, more specifically in dermis [32]. They are responsible for the production of compounds in the connective tissue (mast cells and macrophages), which are related to the immune and inflammatory responses [32].  
Figure 12: In vitro collagenase inhibition activity of samples (at least mean \(\pm\) S.D., \(n=3\), ***\(p<0.001\), when compared to positive control and \({}^{+}p<0.05\) and \({}^{+++}p<0.001\), when compared to free extract, respectively).
## 3 Results
### Compare MTVDI Seasonality against with Climatic Dryness Indicators  
To test the robustness of MTVDI, we compared it with four climatic dryness indicators: TWS, VPD, PDSI and CWD, respectively (Figure 6). In general, the seasonality of MTVDI shows consistency with VPD, of which positive value indicates drier condition, but shows opposite trends to those of CWD, TWS, and PDSI, of which negative value means drier conditions (Figure 6). This is also shown in six subregions (Supplementary Materials Figure S8). We further used NSE to compare the seasonality matching between MTVDI and four climatic dryness indicators. The seasonality of MTVDI matches well with those of VPD (NSE = 0.40) and CWD (NSE = 0.25), compared with those of PDSI (NSE = \(-\)0.56) and TWS (NSE = \(-\)0.72), especially in the regions NA1, WA, CA, and SA2 (Supplementary Materials Table S2).  
The spatial patterns of correlation between seasonality of MTVDI and seasonality of VPD, CWD, TWS, PDSI at the pixel level are shown in Figure 7. In general, MTVDI has better correlation (red pixels) with VPD (Figure 7a, \(|\) Mean R\(|\) = 0.44) and CWD (Figure 7b, \(|\)Mean R\(|\) = 0.35) than TWS (Figure 7c, \(|\)Mean R\(|\) = 0.24) and PDSI (Figure 7d, \(|\)Mean R\(|\) = 0.05) in seasonal variability. Previous studies have shown the great potential of VPD in representing the Amazonian phenology [5]. Therefore, MTVDI not only has the potential to represent the Amazonian tropical forest phenology, being well matched with VPD in seasonality (NSE = 0.40), but also can be used as an integrated drought index. MTVDI relates to both atmospheric drought (VPD) and soil water stress (CWD), especially in southern regions of Amazon tropical forests (SA2) (Table S4), where there is a transition from predominantly light-adapted to water-adapted canopy phenology from west to east [80]. Besides, in the southern of NA1, the northern of WA, and the CA regions, the MTVDI has poor correlation with all of four climatic dryness indicators (Supplementary Materials Table S3). It is because those pixels are distributed along the river and has lower brightness temperatures and higher polarization differences due to contamination of water [39].  
Figure 6: Seasonality of MTVDI, Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Climatological Water Deficit (CWD), Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS), and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) in Amazonian tropical forests. The seasonality represents the mean values of each month from 2003 to 2010. The gray shadings represent standard error of the mean (SEM). The negative values of PDSI, CWD, and TWS mean a drier condition, and positive values of MTVDI and VPD indicate a drier condition.
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### Implementation  
Our experiments were conducted on Ubuntu 16.04, equipped with NVIDIA GTX 1070 GPU, 8 GB of RAM. Our model was trained and tested using the Keras library with TensorFlow as the backend. The parameters of the network were set as follows: The total training epoch was 100, learning rate was \(10^{-4}\), activation function was exponential linear unit (elu), and optimizer algorithm for gradient descent was Adam [50]. We trained the modified U-net network on the training data sets and tested the perceptual hash algorithm the testing data set. The training time was about 4 h.  
Since the extraction of robust features is the key step for perceptual hashing, we present some examples of the results of robust edge extraction of the modified U-net model, as shown in Figure 10. Although the traditional Canny operator can extract the edge features of the image, it also extracts many false edges (as shown in Figure 10b), which will have a negative impact on the robustness of the algorithm. Of course, one can also adjust the parameters of Canny operator to avoid detecting these false edges, but this will miss many effective edge features. It can be seen from Figure 10c that the robust feature extraction algorithm of our modified U-net can largely ignore the influence of noise features such as false edges and effectively maintain effective edge features.  
Moreover, the result of the Canny operator detection is a binary image, that is, each pixel can only be an edge point or not. The robust feature extraction result of the proposed algorithm is actually a grayscale image, so that each pixel is a valid edge point according to a certain weight, which is beneficial to the robustness of the algorithm.  
Figure 9: The testing HRRS images used in the experiment: (**a**) Image A (4200 \(\times\) 5000 pixels), (**b**) image B (4200 \(\times\) 5000 pixels), (**c**) image C (4200 \(\times\) 5000 pixels), (**d**) image D (4200 \(\times\) 5000 pixels), (**e**) image E (4200 \(\times\) 5000 pixels), (**f**) image F (4200 \(\times\) 5000 pixels).
# Magnetic Nanowires
## 1 Introduction  
Over the last 25 years, the group at UCLouvain has developed a strong expertise in the template-assisted electrodeposition of elongated magnetic nanostructures such as homogeneous and multilayered nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs). Arrays of magnetic nanofibers with desired aspect ratio, composition, structure, morphologies and density were successfully synthesized by electrochemical deposition in nano-templates with well-defined pore architecture (see Figure 1). This template-assisted synthesis of nanowires has been demonstrated as a very powerful and versatile technique and has the merits of simplicity, high efficiency and low cost. These advantages are key elements compared to more complex and restrictive synthesis methods such as electron-beam lithography [1] and interference lithography [2, 3]. Magnetic nanowires provide interesting physics and innovative ideas for fundamental studies in nanomagnetism and spintronics as well as for various device applications [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The group at UCLouvain has performed pioneering work on giant magnetoresistance (GMR) phenomena in magnetic multilayered NWs [5, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Extensive studies were realized on many ferromagnetic NW arrays using various experimental techniques for a deeper understanding of the magnetic properties and spin-dependent transport properties in relation with their nanoscopic dimensions [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. The research activity at UCLouvain on magnetic NWs were also motivated by related applications in microwave devices [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54] and multiferroic nanocomposites [55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. Recently, we demonstrated the suitability of three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous polymer templates to form dense interconnected magnetic NW networks with tunable geometrical parameters in terms of nanowire size, density, and orientation opens up the possibility for a controlled synthesis of a large variety of complex 3D networks of high aspect-ratio nanostructures with different geometries and materials [60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67]. Their unique architectures and high degree of nanowire interconnectivity facilitate the ability to perform magneto-transport measurements and to investigate the interplay between electronic and thermoelectric transport and magnetic properties.  
The intent of this article is to provide a review of the most relevant results obtained by the group at UCLouvain on the fabrication, characterization and properties of ferromagnetic nanowires. The paper is organized as follows: first, the template-assisted electrodeposition methods which have successfully grown high quality parallel arrays and complex networks of nanowires, nanotubes and multilayers are briefly recalled in Section 2. The experimental investigations and analysis of the magnetic, magneto-transport and thermoelectric properties of single magnetic nanowires, nanowire arrays and nanowire networks are presented in Section 3. Finally, prospects of this field are outlined in Section 4.
# Toward Addressing Location Privacy Issues: New Affiliations with Social and Location Attributes
## 3 Results
### Geosocial Networks  
Logging into geosocial networks seems to be an integral part of users' online practice. The rise and popularity of geosocial applications are likely to represent a \"primary source of information about our surroundings\" (p. 1) according to [13]. [PERSON] et al. underline the shortage of privacy mechanisms indicating probable threats due to leaks of a user's activities enabling tracking or predicting habitual actions. After summarizing the three approaches according to which users' privacy is being conducted, namely, \"(1) introducing uncertainty or error into location information, (2) relying on trusted servers or intermediaries to apply anonymization to user identities and private information, and (3) relying on heavy-weight cryptographic or private information retrieval (PIR) techniques\" (p. 1), the study proposes the LocX, which is a new approach that despite utilizing exact accuracy as far as location information is concerned, protects users' privacy in location-based social applications (LBSAs) through encrypting users' location information so that only friends are able to decrypt them. Defining users' habits may provide enough information for tracking their normativity, which can prove to be a powerful means in making assumptions for users' upcoming actions and choices.  
Geosocial networks are categorized by [14] into three privacy aspects--location privacy, absence privacy, and co-location privacy--in a way to address those concerns while discussing unresolved private challenges. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] define location privacy as \"the sensitivity of the association between a user's identity and the user's location, be it the user's past, current, or anticipated future locations\" (p. 2). Location privacy can reveal sensitive information, as a potential leak in absence privacy can signify an unattended place that is vulnerable to theft. Location information can also reveal information about potential relationships among users, due to the frequency they meet, and thus can prove to be quite important. Another aspect worth mentioning is co-location privacy, which is associated with co-location events and is frequently enjoyed, provided that users' identity is not linked to their co-location information. Spatio-temporal information may constitute a threat via re-identification through location or the release of sensitive location information. In that way, two possible solutions offered by this paper are to utilize spatial and temporal cloaking and encryption. However, it is argued that the aforementioned privacy-aware solutions are addressing only a certain subcategory of proximity-based services. Re-identification and tracking users' normativity when combining spatial and temporal information creates powerful affiliations on both users' past, current, or future habits in a way that is descriptive enough to raise location privacy concerns.
## 4 Doppler Frequency Estimation in the Presence of Noise
### Averaging Method  
Since noise is dominant in the acquisition process, in order to increase the robustness of the proposed approach in the presence of noise, the performance of a simple averaging method, based on the idea of non-coherent sums, is assessed here. The main steps of the method represented in Figure 10 are:  
1. Find the initial code delay using a first period of data, then pick out the column (marked in blue color in Figure 4), and save \((2J+1)\) points (\(J\) points at each side of the peak point as illustrated in Figure 10)
2. Use the parameter \(\langle\overline{f}_{d},\overline{\tau}\rangle\) evaluated in the first step to calculate the new columns (as shown in Figure 10) of the next \((M-1)\) periods of data.
3. Calculate the average of the \(M\) columns into one single mean column.
4. Pick out the top \(\overline{n}\) cells in the mean column and use Equation (40) to calculate the final Doppler frequency.  
Figure 9: Results of second group of experiments, with \(T_{d}=8\) ms. (including the false alarm).  
In the following simulation, we set CNR = 43 dB-Hz, \(\overline{n}=3\), \(J=2\), \(M=4\), and we execute 1,000 independent runs, for both averaging and non-averaging strategies. The result is shown in Figure 11, where we can see that the new averaging method decreases the error range from (\(-\)25,25) Hz to nearly (\(-\)15,15) Hz.