esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Differentially Private XGBoost Algorithm for Traceability of Rice Varieties
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a private machine learning method for the traceability of rice varieties, named DP-XGB. We suggest applying differential privacy as a measure of the risk of privacy leakage, and endowing the model with the function of privacy protection through the Gaussian mechanism. More specifically, we select the first derivative and the second derivative of the loss function generated in the iterative process of the XGBoost model perturbed by random noise that follows Gaussian distribution, so that the model can obtain a privacy guarantee in the traceability task. Experiments on the data we collected verified that DP-XGB has the privacy-preserving property of a differential privacy guarantee. In addition, we also give a method to calculate the cumulative privacy budget, and show how to achieve different levels of differential privacy guarantee by adjusting parameters.  
Conceptualization, R.Y. and C.Y.; methodology, R.Y. and C.Y.; software, R.Y. and C.Y.; validation, R.Y. and C.Y.; resources, W.Y.; data curation, R.Y.; writing-original draft, R.Y. and C.Y.; writing-review and editing, W.Y.; supervision, W.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key R & D Program of China of 2018 YFE0206300; The Central Government for the Reform and Development of Local Universities in Heilongjiang Province of 2020 YQ16; Heilongjiang BaYi Agricultural University for [PERSON] of ZR-CQC201906.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Source code can be accessed from [[https://github.com/yxzsuper/DP-XGBoost](https://github.com/yxzsuper/DP-XGBoost)]([https://github.com/yxzsuper/DP-XGBoost](https://github.com/yxzsuper/DP-XGBoost)).  
We really appreciate Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Province and the deep learning team from the Cross-Innovation Laboratory in East China Normal University for their fully support.  
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
Figure 5: Relationship between scale parameters and test accuracy on the task of rice traceability based on multi-classification differentially private XGBoost. \(\delta=10^{-5}\) and the number of iterations is 100. Where (**a,b**) represent the experimental results of the three classification and the four classification task respectively.
# Application of the Segmented Correlation Technology in Seismic Communication with Morse Code
## 2 Principles and Methods
### Signal Modulation  
The modulation of transmitted signals is performed with a 500 N electromagnetic driven vibroseis source developed by Jilin university, which mainly transmits a linear sweep signal [32; 33], whose function is defined as follows:  
\[s(t)=A(t)\sin 2\pi(F_{1}+\frac{F_{2}-F_{1}}{2T_{D}}t)t\ \,\ \ \ \ 0\leq t\leq T_{D} \tag{1}\]  
where \(s(t)\) stands for the linear sweep signal; \(A(t)\) represents the cosine amplitude envelope function of the linear scanning signal; \(F_{1}\) shows the initial frequency; \(F_{2}\) identifies the termination frequency; \(T_{\rm D}\) reveals the duration of the scanning signals. It is straightforward to adjust the frequency and duration of signals so that vibroseis sources can output the desired signals. When the frequencies (\(F_{2}\) and \(F_{1}\)) are set to 200 and the \(T_{\rm D}\) is set to 4, the output of the vibroseis source is a 200 Hz single-frequency signal with length 4 s.
## 3 Strength Characterization
### Preferred Results for the Adhesive Strength of the Filler  
Based on the filling strength requirements of a phosphate mine in Hubei for 3 d > 1.5 MPa, 7 d > 2.0 MPa, and 28 d > 3.5 MPa, a ratio that satisfied the requirements of the mine was preferably selected from the experimental results, and the results are presented in Table 10. These strengths are derived from the mine's operational design specifications and safety requirements, and they serve as a practical benchmark for evaluating the performance of the backfill material under field conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number of Samples**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Slurry Mass Concentration (\%)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Compressive Strength (MPa)**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **3 d** & **7 d** & **28 d** \\ \hline
3 & 70 & 300 & 1.567 & 2.022 & 3.652 \\
4 & 71 & 300 & 1.674 & 2.126 & 4.152 \\
5 & 72 & 300 & 1.722 & 2.338 & 4.64 \\
10 & 72 & 270 & 1.624 & 2.112 & 4.238 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Preferred results for filling slurry.  
Figure 7: Failure patterns of specimens with different slurry concentrations at 7-day curing age (cement-sand ratio 1:3). (**a**) slurry concentration 68% (sample 1) (**b**) slurry concentration 70% (sample 3) (**c**) slurry concentration 70% (sample 5).  
Table 10 indicates that four groups of ratios meet the strength requirements for mine filling, namely at mass concentrations of 70% to 72% with 300 kg/m\({}^{3}\) of added cement and at mass concentrations of 72% with 270 kg/m\({}^{3}\) of cement content.
of the factors. ANOVA analyses require data from populations that follow an approximately normal distribution with equal variances between factor levels. The name \"analysis of variance\" is based on the approach in which the procedure uses the variances to determine if the means are different. The procedure works by comparing the variance between the means of the groups and the variance within the groups as a way to determine if the groups are all part of a larger population or separate populations with different characteristics. Presently, it is possible to combine other techniques to give greater effectiveness. Over time, the Design of Experiments (DOE) has been applied with great success in all types of processes and products, mainly in the automotive sector. DOE is used as the first approach for optimization of processes, devices, and manufacture of electrical circuits, pinpointing the factors involved in failures in manufacture processes [1], and identification of elements in the manufacture process to improve the reliability [2]. Based on [3], through the DOE, we made improvements in organic processes. In [4], developed the DOE, improved manufacturing tolerances in permanent magnet motors. Taking into consideration [5], applied the DOE in a spot welding process to identify the key parameters of the process, which influence the tensile strength of welded joints. Also, DOE had been employed successfully en R&R analysis [6], surface response analysis [7] and, algorithm analysis [8]. There have been many cases of successful application of the DOE in all types of production processes. The motivation of this study lies in the interest of analyzing the efficiency of tooling, real monitoring, and measurement processes developed with DOE, and identifying the efficiency of the tooling for the manufacture of electrical conductors. Through a combination of techniques of DOE and DEA, it is intended to establish an analysis of the performance of the tooling and validate the efficiency of the die-nozzle 3 DND model of Mexican manufacture versus the die-nozzle models of foreign manufacture. The main problem in the manufacture of electrical conductors is the wear on the die-nozzle tooling. It generates frequent changes and causes stoppages in the production lines and implies a high consumption of the die-nozzle. In addition to this, there is an increase in the indirect costs of the process, losses generated by the non-conforming product, waste of materials and contamination. Therefore, the problem in this research work was defined in terms of the durability of the torque die-nozzle because the accelerated wear of this leads to the loss of productivity due to downtime, waste, and contamination [9]. It was developed in a company that manufactures electrical conductors for suppliers of the automotive sector, the efficiency of die-nozzle tooling was analyzed.
## 2 State of the Art
### Visualization
#### 2.3.4 Summary: 3D/4D Visualization Challenges  
* Current visualization technologies lack the capability for large-scale 4D architectural and city visualizations.
* It is rarely empirically investigated what visual qualities are required to enable suitable interactive 3D/4D visualizations of past architecture in specific scenarios.  
Within the constraints set by modelling, epistemics, and technical visualization frameworks, there are no validated comprehensive design recommendations for interactive 4D cityscapes.
## 5 Summary  
In summary, this research work brings improvement to the field of robust object tracking in two novel ways. Firstly, it develops an adaptive multi-feature framework on top of the MSPF methodology. A ranking module ranks the given feature space based on maximizing the inter-class variance between the background and foreground. High variance score signifies the chances for better target discrimination and thereby the top features are selected for updating the target model. The likelihoods corresponding to these features are continuously used to form new likelihood images that dynamically initialize the MS to enable tracking in the local context. Secondly, the computational cost of the MS optimization method of the proposed AMF-MSPF framework is reduced. Consequently, that enables tracking in real-time unlike other methods in the hybrid tracking category that can only process a few frames.  
The accuracy and robustness of the proposed AMF-MSPF is tested on the WalkByShop1 cor, CAVIAR and PETS video data sets. These sequences are known for their challenging constraints that makes the experiments very difficult. The AMF-MSPF framework was found to provide improved tracking performance compared with other conventional methods based on hybrid object tracking methodology. The experimental results demonstrate successful visual tracking even under extreme intensity variations and full occlusion. The average F-SCORE (over all the video sets) of the AMF-MSPF is 0.92 as compared to 0.79 and 0.72 for TSHT and PFKBOT respectively.  
The proposed AMF-MSPF implements a ranking module on top of the MSPF methodology to give it an additional layer of capability. Consequently, this has increased the performance of the MSPF that now takes into account any rapid movement of the object that changes its background. However, the improvement is tied to an assumption that the target reference model deviates significantly from its instance of initialization which is updated at the sampling step. This assumption needs to be carefully studied and there is a need to research on a more robust dynamic technique that switches the required features for the target update. In future research, we also plan to employ statistical estimation or deterministic background weighting mechanisms to boast the target in a cluttered background. As the clutter background eclipses some part of the target, and that can hamper the performance of the feature evaluation process. We have employed a linear combination of the RGB color components. However, the availability of a potentially large spatio-temporal feature space can also be experimented with to further improve tracking using the AMF-MSPF framework.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conceived and implemented the idea, laid the mathematical formulation and wrote the original draft paper; [PERSON] supervised the overall project and reviewed the paper; [PERSON] analyzed the data and results, and verified the mathematical formulation.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Results
### Evaluation of the modeling results
#### 5.3.2 Direct comparison with ground-based data  
Next, we compared the modelled GPP with ground-based GPP at the 14 test sites. The main problem, which limits a comparing the field data with the modelling results, is a significant mismatch in the spatial resolution of the SPOT-VGT data (1-km) and the test sites. However, we suggested that the problem of the scale difference could not hinder the assessment of the model through the direct comparison. The reasons for this suggestion are the following:  
The scale problem had been partly solved by a collection of several replicates at each test site. An average of these replicates for each test site was than computed.  
The ground surface at the most test sites and around them was relatively homogeny. We examined the homogeneity of the surface using a fine-resolution satellite image (Landsat ETM+) and considered that the variability of spectral reflection of the ground surface around the test sites was relatively low.  
In Figure 4, the scatter plot between the peak aboveground biomass and the growing season GPP is presented. The accumulated GPP accounts for more than 82% of all variations in the biomass (\(p<0.001\)). Taken into account the mismatch between spatial resolutions of the source data, this result is very positive for a regional modelling approach.
# Towards Client Selection in Satellite Federated Learning
###### Abstract
Secondly, we consider these specific attributes of satellites in the context of SFL, and propose an index called \"client affinity\" for client satellites to gauge their contribution to the global model. Finally, we validated the efficacy of our methods by conducting experiments based on two benchmark methods--FedSat [15] and FedSpace [16]. The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
* We demonstrate a SFL paradigm where LEO satellites act as PSs, and conduct simulations based on a constellation of 120 low-orbit satellites. * We demonstrate in detail the communication and mobility models of SFL, and model the CS problem in SFL as a 0-1 knapsack problem. * We establish a model quality evaluation function for client satellites, and use affinity to describe the contribution of the client to global training. Then, we combine client access and communication to establish a CS mechanism. * Simulation results are presented which verify that the proposed method can effectively improve the convergence speed and accuracy of the model in SFL.
## 4 Results
### Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Model and Receiver Sensitivity
In Section 4.2, we propose and test the use of the O-FDTD wave-propagation algorithm, which considers all the mentioned effects induced by the presence of buildings, for the realistic simulation of the propagation of LoRa signals in urban environments. Figure 2: A plot of the calculated free-space Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), P\({}_{\rm FS}\) power decay over distance, for an 868 MHz LoRa signal. The estimated receiver sensitivity P\({}_{\rm Rx}=-124\) dBm yields maximum coverage distances of 45 km (blue) and 435 km (orange) for transmitter gains \(G_{Tx}\) of 0 dBm and +20 dBm, respectively.
## 5 Conclusions  
Rootstocks had diverse effects on different scions, verified by the aroma and related-gene expression of Merlot and Marselan scion-rootstocks. Rootstocks 5 BB, 1103P, and SO4 enhanced the fruit ripening of Merlot, increased the sugar and acid content, decreased the total amount of aroma components, and down-regulated the expression of aroma-related genes. Rootstock 1103P showed better performance compared with rootstocks 5 BB and SO4. Rootstocks 5 BB and 1103P restrained the ripening of Marselan grapes by reducing the sugar content and increasing the acid content. With the increase in the total amount of aroma components and the upregulation of aroma-related genes, rootstock 1103P performed better than 5 BB. This finding may provide some basis for the selection of wine grape scion-rootstocks in different regions. For areas prone to rain at maturity, Merlot-1103P can be selected to shorten the grape maturity stage, ensuring there is little damage to aroma and good resistance to losses due to climate. The combination of Marselan-1103P, which has a positive effect on aroma abundance and content, can be selected to further improve the aroma and quality of wine in areas with little rainfall at maturity.  
Conceptualization, C.L. and Z.X.; validation, Z.X.; formal analysis, C.L.; investigation, H.C., Y.L., T.D., J.J., C.L. and Z.X.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, Z.X.; supervision, Z.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program, grant number [2019 YFD1000102-11], and the National Modern Agricultural Industry and Technology System Construction Project, grant number [CARS-29-ZP-06].  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors are thankful to [PERSON] for his technical support and the support of [PERSON] and other staff members from Chateau Yaoking, and Chateau Yaoking for allowing the use of their scion-rootstocks vineyard.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
# A SAR-Based Index for Landscape Changes in African Savannas
## 1 Introduction
Still, it has to be easy to interpret for anyone, especially because stakeholders and decision-makers are often not familiar with or interested in the technical background [66; 67; 68]. In this paper, we propose an approach challenging these requirements. For this purpose, we investigate landscape changes in a savannah ecosystem in Eastern Chad. As it is located at the southern border of the Sahel, desertification, impacts of climate change, and limited resources are of main concern [69; 70]. These types of savannas are observed to show significant changes regarding vegetation persistence during the last two decades, both positive and negative [71]. The study is used to answer the following questions: How, where, and how much did the semi-arid landscape change during the last ten years? Can an overall decrease of natural resources, such as the availability of fire wood, be observed and to what extent? Do the LULC types show different developments regarding dynamics and variability? Can land degradation be observed in the direct surroundings of the settlements as an indicator of human impact? And finally, can these aspects be visualized in an output map which is easy to read and still includes the severity of changes during the entire period investigated?
# A Study on the Application of Laser Cleaning on the Weld of the Gas Fuel Supply Pipe for DF Engine  
[PERSON]  
1 Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Hanjo Co., Ltd., Busan 49050, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
3 Innovative Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., Suwon 16675, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-M.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.-S.C.)  
[PERSON]  
3 Innovative Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., Suwon 16675, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-M.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.-S.C.)  
[PERSON]  
4 Division of Marine Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea 49112, Korea 49112, Korea 49112, Korea  
Recently, in order to address the challenges of the chemical cleaning technology and to select appropriate laser conditions, research on environmentally friendly laser cleaning has been attracting attention. The laser cleaning process applies high-density laser beams to the surface of a material to selectively eliminate substances on it [10,11]. This process is as follows. When a strong pulsed laser is irradiated onto the surface of a material, evaporation occurs instantaneously in the surface contamination layer. As the contaminants evaporate rapidly, plasma is generated, and when the pulse laser is continuously irradiated, the temperature of the plasma is rapidly increased. These plasmas generate powerful shock waves to break down the contamination layer into fine particles to remove the pollutants [8]. As environmental pollutants are hardly emitted in the process of this dry-cleaning technology, a work environment is fine. Excellent controllability of the laser facilitates selective and local cleaning, thereby reducing work time and minimizing damage to the base metal. Furthermore, this noncontact process is appropriate for cleaning products that have three-dimensional shapes including edges and curved surfaces, such as gas fuel supply pipes for DF engines.  
In several previous studies, laser cleaning was applied to the surface of the material before welding to improve the welding quality of aluminum alloy and carbon steel [12, 13, 14, 15]. As a result of analyzing the characteristics of the weld before and after laser cleaning, it was possible to remove all of the oxide layer and contaminants remaining on the surface of the weld through laser cleaning. Therefore, it was possible to significantly reduce the pores generated by the vaporization of the oxide layer and contaminants during welding process. In addition, it was reported that the welding quality was greatly improved by significantly reducing welding defects such as cracks, undercuts and humping beads. However, few studies have examined the application of laser cleaning technology to post welding process and gas fuel supply pipes for DF engines. Thus, this study developed the optimal surface cleaning technology, which can minimize the defects of weldments, and derive outstanding external weldment appearance by applying eco-friendly laser heat sources to post welding process, to produce gas fuel supply pipes for DF engines requiring high-precision welding [16].