esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a suitable damping model into the numerical method to more accurately simulate the energy dissipation of the block system [27; 28; 29]. Then, mass damping, viscoelastic damping, adaptive damping, and Rayleigh damping are embedded into numerical methods to describe the energy dissipation of blocks [25; 30; 31; 32; 33]. [PERSON] et al. showed that damping affected movement, but did not quantify the effect [34]. [PERSON] et al. found that viscous damping was suitable for simulating quasistatic dynamic processes [26], while Rayleigh damping is often used to analyze dynamic processes [35]. Despite damping having been widely used in DEM simulations, damping parameter selection is not understood well. The rationality of damping parameter selection was usually verified by comparing numerical results with historical disasters or field tests. [PERSON] et al. applied a local damping value of 0.8 to landslide simulations with 3 DEC and obtained results that agreed with the actual affected area [9]. [PERSON] et al. used the 3 DEC model without damping to simulate a landslide case, which was also verified in the actual affected area [8]. [PERSON] et al. applied global damping value of 0.02 to a particle DEM-based landslide model and validated the results through field investigations [10]. These studies showed that the value of damping focuses on verifying historical data and field tests, but the values are divergent and lack systematic quantitative research. Moreover, the value of damping for numerical simulations in areas lacking historical data and field tests remains to be studied, and the correspondence between damping and COR also needs to be studied in detail. This study numerically models a field test to investigate the correlation between COR and damping parameters. A series of damping-COR correspondences are obtained and compared with the field test and its previous numerical simulation to verify the rationality of the correspondences. The obtained corresponding values were applied to the analysis of the practical rockfall engineering on the basis of the COR of similar geological conditions.
# Retinal OCT Images: Graph-Based Layer Segmentation and Clinical Validation +
## 3 Results
### Performance Evaluation
#### 3.3.1 Segmentation Accuracy with Respect to Previous Studies
[26] (green bars) and those computed by the present segmentation algorithm when the images were denoised using Gaussian filter (blue bars) and wavelet reconstruction (yellow bars), respectively, prior to segmentation. The error bars indicate \(\pm\) standard deviation of the mean. * indicates statistically significant difference. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Current Study**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Published Results [26]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Statistical**} \\  & & & **Mean Thickness** & & \\
**Retinal Layer** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Mean** \\ **Thickness** \\ **\(\pm\) SD (in \(\mu\))** \\ \end{tabular} & **Retinal Layer** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Mean Thickness** \\ **\(\pm\) SD (in \(\mu\))** \\ **Across 9** \\ **Macular Vectors** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **_p-_** \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Std. Error** \\ **of Diff.** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Layer 1 & 25.02 \(\pm\) 0.36 & Layers (1 + 2) & 25.88 \(\pm\) 4.48 & 0.36 & 0.94 \\ \hline Layer 2 & 5.40 \(\pm\) 2.79 & Layer 3 & 5.44 \(\pm\) 1.74 & 0.92 & 0.43 \\ \hline Layer 3 & 5.94 \(\pm\) 1.10 & Layer 4 & 6.00 \(\pm\) 2.59 & 0.91 & 0.53 \\ \hline Layer 4 & 8.45 \(\pm\) 0.96 & Layer 5 & 7.67 \(\pm\) 1.93 & 0.04 & 0.40 \\ \hline Layer 5 & 16.24 \(\pm\) 1.76 & Layers (6 + 7) & 15.00 \(\pm\) 4.27 & 0.15 & 0.87 \\ \hline Layer 6 & 12.67 \(\pm\) 6.04 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Layers (8 + 9 \\ + 10 + 11) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 13.22 \(\pm\) 3.34 \\ \end{tabular} & 0.52 & 0.86 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Statistical results showing the difference between the mean thickness values computed by the present algorithm and that of the normalized mean thicknesses from a previous study. differences between the mean (\(\pm\)SD) thicknesses of each of the retinal layers 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 (\(p>0.05\)), except for layer 4 (\(p=0.04\)). When the reference layer thicknesses were compared to the layer thicknesses computed post-wavelet-based denoising, the reported results show non-significant differences (\(p>0.05\)) for all six layers, including layer 4. However, the overall mean retinal thickness computed by this algorithm did not vary significantly when either of the denoising techniques were implemented before segmentation (\(\mathrm{p_{gauss}}=0.17\) and \(\mathrm{p_{wavelet}}=0.66\)).
## 1 Introduction
They found that when the Cu content exceeded 12.6 wt%, the transmittance of the film in the visible near-infrared region was less than 40%. As the Cu content increased, the Eg decreased from 3.54 eV to 0.25 eV [11]. [PERSON] et al. prepared DLC-Ge composite materials to improve the electrical and optoelectronic properties of materials. Through experiments, it was demonstrated that their developed nanocomposite film was responsive to light, and its photosensitivity and photoreactivity increased with an increase in light intensity [12]. In addition to metal doping, non-metals such as Si [13; 14; 15], F [16], and N [17] are also used to prepare different types of DLC films, which typically exhibit excellent mechanical [18], tribological [19], and chemical properties [1]. Hydrogenated DLC has poor thermal stability and optical properties due to the presence of CH bonds. These properties of N-DLC can be controlled based on the content of nitrogen [20], C sp\({}^{2}\), and C sp\({}^{3}\). [PERSON] et al. used methane gas as a carbon source, doped nitrogen, and prepared N-DLC thin films using the PECVD method. They studied the effect of annealing temperature after vacuum deposition on the properties of diamond-like carbon films. They found that the optical bandgap increased after annealing at 235 \({}^{\circ}\)C and decreased significantly after annealing at 420 \({}^{\circ}\)C [21]. [PERSON] et al. prepared N-DLC thin films using a mixture of n-hexane and nitrogen gas and atmospheric-pressure DBD plasma deposition technology and studied the effect of deposition time on the films' structure and optoelectronic properties [22]. The abovementioned publications utilizing chemical vapor deposition methods using gas as a carbon source did not discuss the effect of gas flow rate changes on the optical properties of N-DLC. Discussion on the impact of gas flow rate changes has, so far, focused on the adhesion [23] and tribological properties of diamond-like coatings [24]. To our knowledge, there are currently no reports on the effects of gas flow rate changes under low-flow conditions on the structure and optical properties of diamond-like carbon films using chemical vapor deposition methods. This article uses a mixed gas of nitrogen and methane as the gas source to prepare N-DLC thin films through RF-PECVD. The effect of the change in the ratio of nitrogen to methane and gas flow rate on optical properties such as film structure, surface morphology, optical band gap, refractive index, etc., under a constant total gas flow rate is studied.
# Effect of Space Configurational Attributes on Social Interactions in Urban Parks
## 3 Results
### Spatial Configuration Characteristics in the Parks
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **DtoR** & **DtoG** & **Connectivity** & **NACH-200** & **NACH-1K** & **NACH-10K** & **NAIN-200** & **NAIN-1K** & **NAIN-10K** \\ \hline DtoR & 1 & & & & & & & \\ DtoG & 0.16 * & 1 & & & & & & \\ Connectivity & \(-\)0.13 & 0.10 & 1 & & & & & \\ NACH-200 & \(-\)0.20 ** & \(-\)0.03 & \(-\)0.20 ** & 1 & & & & \\ NACH-1K & \(-\)0.19 * & \(-\)0.09 & \(-\)0.23 ** & **0.63 ** & 1 & & & \\ NACH-10K & \(-\)0.24 ** & \(-\)0.13 & \(-\)0.24 ** & **0.54 ** & **0.86 ** & 1 & & \\ NAIN-200 & \(-\)0.61 ** & 0.21 ** & 0.00 & **0.59 ** & 0.45 ** & 0.43 ** & 1 & \\ NAIN-1K & \(-\)0.69 ** & 0.06 & 0.03 & 0.41 ** & **0.57 ** & 0.52 ** & 0.81 ** & 1 & \\ NAIN-10K & \(-\)0.65 ** & \(-\)0.21 ** & 0.00 & 0.28 ** & 0.52 ** & 0.57 ** & 0.60 ** & 0.83 ** & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. * and ** represents significant correlation at 0.05 and 0.01 level, respectively. Correlation coefficients >0.5 are bolded.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Result of correlation analysis between space configurational attributes. Figure 3: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Distribution of space configurational attributes of in two parks.
## Materials and Methods
### Ankistrodesmus Braunii and Culture Media  
The algae tested for the elimination of CBZ was _Ankistrodesmus braunii_, strain CCAP 202/7a, from the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP, Ambleside, UK). _A. braunii_ was cultivated in two liquid culture media having different elemental compositions: namely, the Bold's basal medium (BB) and the proteose peptone medium (PP) to compare the relative growth of the algae and its ability to remove CBZ in these media. The components of these liquid culture media and the used protocols are described below. For the BB media, different salt stock solutions at a given concentration were prepared as follows: NaNO\({}_{3}\) (5.0 g/200 mL), MgSO\({}_{4}\) (1.5 g/200 mL), NaCl (0.5 g/200 mL), K\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\) (1.5 g/200 mL), KH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (3.5 g/200 mL), and CaCl\({}_{2}\).2H\({}_{2}\)O (0.5 g/200 mL). Stock solutions were stored unsterilized at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Culture media was prepared by combining 10 mL of each of the six stock solutions with 1 mL of each of the following solutions: alkaline EDTA (5.0 g/100 mL of EDTA-KOH), acidified iron (4.98 g/L of FeSO\({}_{4}\) and 1 mL of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)), boron (1.14 g/L of H\({}_{3}\)BO\({}_{3}\)) and trace metals solution. The volume was finally filled up to 1 L with ultrapure water. The metals solution used was composed of: 8.82 g of ZnSO\({}_{4}\), 1.44 g MnCl\({}_{2}\).4H\({}_{2}\)O, 0.71 g of MoO\({}_{3}\), 1.57 g of CuSO\({}_{4}\), and 0.49 g of Co(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\).6H\({}_{2}\)O dissolved in 1 L ultra-pure water. The proteose peptone medium contained per liter: 20 mL of each of the following stock solutions (MgSO\({}_{4}\) (1.0 g/L); K\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\) (1.0 g/L); KNO\({}_{3}\) (10.0 g/L)) and 1 g of proteose peptone powder. The pH of both culture media was adjusted to 7 with NaOH (1 mM) and then sterilized in an autoclave for 15 min at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
# Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor for C-Reactive Protein Detection
###### Abstract  
A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor was investigated for its application in C-reactive protein (CRP) detection. Piezoelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO\({}_{3}\)) substrates were used to study their frequency response characteristics in a SAW sensor with a CRP sensing area. After the fabrication of the SAW sensor, the immobilization process was performed for CRP/anti-CRP interaction. The CRP/anti-CRP interaction can be detected as mass variations in the sensing area. These mass variations may produce changes in the amplitude of sensor response. It was clearly observed that a CRP concentration of 0.1 \(\mu\)g/mL can be detected in the proposed SAW sensor. A good fitting linear relationship between the detected insertion loss (amplitude) and the concentrations of CRP from 0.1 \(\mu\)g/mL to 1 mg/mL was obtained. The detected shifts in the amplitude of insertion loss in SAW sensors for different CRP concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis of risk of cardiovascular diseases.  
surface acoustic wave; C-reactive protein; piezoelectric lithium niobate +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 3 Background
### Word Embedding Techniques
#### 3.2.1 HMM2 Vec  
The Hidden Markov Model is a statistical model in which a system is assumed to be a Markov process of order one with a number of hidden states that are not directly observable. The aim of an HMM is to figure out the most probable sequence of states that could have generated the data. Usually, HMM can be represented by three matrices A, B, and Pi which denote the hidden state transition probability, the observation probability matrix, and the initial state probabilities, respectively [22]. The number of hidden states that the HMM may infer is denoted by N and is usually selected by the user. Other notations that are used are T, to define the length of the observation sequence, and M, which represents the number of unique symbols in the vocabulary. The values of M and T are most commonly derived on the basis of the training dataset.  
HMM2 Vec is a technique in which we calculate the cosine similarity between any two vectors. We consider the row of the converged B-transpose matrix as the vector representation of that particular letter. This means that for each individual letter, we have a vector of length 2. The length of the vector depends on the number of hidden states.  
More detailed information on HMMs and how they work can be accessed at [22]. More details on HMM2 Vec can be found at [15; 23].
# The Concurrent Validity of Mobile Application for Tracking Tennis Performance
###### Abstract  
The SwingVision (SV) application represents software for the automatic analysis of movement and specific parameters in tennis, but no study evaluated its applicability so far. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the validity of SwingVision for monitoring speed and placement parameters when performing serve and the frequency, type, and rotation of each stroke in the game. The sample of participants (N = 5) consisted of elite male junior tennis players (mean age 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.35 years, mean height 179.16 \(\pm\) 5.71 cm, and mean weight 72.62 \(\pm\) 3.89 kg). Video analyses of closed and open character exercises were used to compare real data and those obtained using SV. The placement results determined good and very good validity (ICC = 0.83-0.87). In terms of speed, the results were found to have good validity (Speed_AD-ICC = 0.76-0.80). SV provided very good validity (ICC = 0.97) in the stroke detection parameter and also presented good validity in recognizing the rotation of shots (ICC = 0.76). SV provides valid objective feedback on tennis performance. Thus, the results justify the use of SV as a helpful tool in the training process, both in training and matches.  
player tracking; concurrent validity; mobile application; tennis performance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article  
The 2023 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/))).
## 2 Related Studies
### Smart Ring Interactions  
Smart rings have emerged as versatile wearable devices that significantly enhance gesture-based interactions across a variety of digital environments, including TVs, computers, and XR devices. Equipped with advanced sensing technologies, smart rings accurately interpret a broad spectrum of hand and finger movements, providing seamless and user-friendly interaction experiences. For instance, the RingGesture system integrates an IMU sensor and electrodes to detect mid-air gestures, enabling seamless text input and navigation across digital platforms [43]. Similarly, Ring-a-Pose employs acoustic sensing technology to continuously track three-dimensional hand poses, accurately identifying various types of micro-gestures [44]. Also, empirical studies underline the broad applicability of smart ring technology further. [PERSON] et al. conducted an in-depth study that aggregated extensive user-driven data collection and analyses, uncovering minimal agreement among participants and the necessity of personalized gesture mapping to enhance the intuitiveness of smart ring interfaces [45]. Building on this, a follow-up study reaffirmed the need for a participatory design process by formalizing user-specified gesture sets and assessing their cognitive loads across multiple interaction use cases [46]. Additionally, PeriSense utilized capacitive sensing to capture the subtle distances between the ring's electrodes and the user's skin, thereby enabling more refined and complex interactions involving multiple fingers [47].  
The growing presence of smart rings in consumer electronics showcases their broad potential for everyday use. The Samsung Galaxy Ring enables intuitive gesture-based controls, such as a double-pinch gesture, enabling users to manage common tasks like taking photos or dismissing alarms hands-free, significantly enhancing the convenience of interactions within the Samsung ecosystem [48; 49; 50]. Similarly, the Neyya smart ring allows users to perform actions such as controlling presentations, managing calls, skipping media tracks, and adjusting the volume on a variety of devices, including laptops, TVs, and smartphones [51]. Additionally, the Y-RING features personalized gesture inputs and an integrated NFC module for contactless payments, offering diverse interaction possibilities and transactional convenience [52]. Given the growing integration of gesture recognition and cross-platform compatibility, smart rings are poised to become a useful, intuitive interface for seamless and context-aware interactions.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Method  
Here, we employed the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method to compute the optical responses and EM field distributions of the different PLA structures. To evaluate the optical responses of the periodic structures in the frequency domain, the RCWA method is suitable and one of the most reliable methods because it directly solves Maxwell equations for the periodic structures in a numerical manner without any simplification and modelling. The RCWA method was originally formulated in the frequency domain, using Fourier transformation from the spatial coordinate to the wavenumber space and was substantially improved in the truncation order of the Fourier expansion [25].  
To handle stacked structures, it is important to incorporate the scattering-matrix algorithm in order to avoid numerical divergence that makes the numerical calculations impossible [26]. The optical spectra and the resultant absorptance spectra were obtained based on the RCWA method  
Figure 8: EM-field distributions of the 2D W-SiN-W membrane at the perfect-absorption condition indicated by the black cone in Figure 7a. (**a,b**) the \(xz\)-section views of \(|\mathbf{E}|\) and \(|\mathbf{H}|\) distributions, respectively. The xz section cuts through the center of the rectangular W patch; (**c,d**) the \(yz\)-section views, corresponding to (**a,b**), respectively; (**e,f**) the \(xy\)-section views of \(|\mathbf{E}|\) and \(|\mathbf{H}|\) distributions, respectively. The \(z\) positions are indicated by the cones in (**a–d**), respectively. The green lines represent the boundaries of the 2D periodic W-SiN-W structure. The relevant coordinate axes are shown on the left-hand side. All of the panels are shown in linear scale in the minimum-to-maximum-value manners.  
incorporating the scattering-matrix algorithm, which was implemented in a multi-parallel manner on supercomputers.
###### Abstract  
This article reports the current status of SACLA, SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LASer, which has been producing stable X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) light since 2012. A unique injector system and a short-period in-vacuum undulator enable the generation of ultra-short coherent X-ray pulses with a wavelength shorter than 0.1 nm. Continuous development of accelerator technologies has steadily improved XFEL performance, not only for normal operations but also for fast switching operation of the two beamlines. After upgrading the broadband spontaneous-radiation beamline to produce soft X-ray FEL with a dedicated electron beam driver, it is now possible to operate three FEL beamlines simultaneously. Beamline/end-station instruments and data acquisition/analyzation systems have also been upgraded to allow advanced experiments. These efforts have led to the production of novel results and will offer exciting new opportunities for users from many fields of science.  
X-ray free electron laser; SACLA; linac; undulator; X-ray optics; photon diagnostics; damage-free analysis; ultrafast science
## 4 Analysis of Viscoelastic-Plastic Stability of Frozen Wall
### Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Frozen Wall
#### 4.2.2 Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Frozen Wall
Substituting Equation (17) into Equation (10), we get  
\[\frac{b^{2}(P-\sigma_{r_{c}})}{b^{2}-r_{c}^{2}}=\frac{b^{2}P-r_{c}^{2}\sigma_{ r_{c}}}{b^{2}-r_{c}^{2}}\sin\varphi+c\cos\varphi \tag{18}\]  
According to the stress continuity at the interface of elastic-plastic zone of frozen wall,  
\[\sigma_{r_{c}}=\sigma_{r_{c}}^{e}=\sigma_{r_{c}}^{p}=\frac{c\cos\varphi}{\sin \varphi}\left[a^{-\frac{2\sin\varphi}{1-\sin\varphi}}r_{c}^{\frac{2\sin \varphi}{1-\sin\varphi}}-1\right] \tag{19}\]  
Using Equations (18) and (19), the plastic zone radius \(r_{c}\) of the frozen wall under the action of external load \(P\) can be obtained. When the inner wall of the frozen wall just enters the plastic zone, \(r_{c}=a\). At this time, the frozen wall is in the elastic limit state, and the external load borne by the frozen wall is denoted as the elastic ultimate bearing capacity \(P_{e}\). When \(r_{c}=a\), \(\sigma_{r_{c}}=0\). According to Equation (18), the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of frozen wall can be obtained as follows [24]:  
\[P_{e}=\frac{c\cos\varphi\left(b^{2}-a^{2}\right)}{b^{2}(1-\sin\varphi)} \tag{20}\]  
When the frozen wall is completely plastic, \(r_{c}=b\). In this case, the external load borne by the frozen wall is called the plastic ultimate bearing capacity \(P_{p}\). According to the first formula in Equation (15), the plastic ultimate bearing capacity of the frozen wall can be written as follows [24]:  
\[P_{p}=\frac{c\cos\varphi}{\sin\varphi}\left[a^{-\frac{2\sin\varphi}{1-\sin \varphi}}b^{\frac{2\sin\varphi}{1-\sin\varphi}}-1\right] \tag{21}\]  
The excavation radius of wellbore \(a=4.053\) m, and the outer radius of frozen wall \(b=8.403\) m. According to the indoor triaxial shear test of frozen soil, when the frozen soil temperature is \(-14.14\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, its cohesion \(c=\)1.39 MPa, and the internal friction angle \(\varphi=13.18^{\circ}\). Substituting the above parameters into Equations (20) and (21), the elastic ultimate bearing capacity can be obtained as \(Pe=1.35\) MPa, and the plastic ultimate bearing capacity \(Pp=3.20\) MPa. The external load of the frozen wall is \(P=2.81\) MPa, which is greater than its elastic ultimate bearing capacity but less than its plastic ultimate bearing capacity. Therefore, the frozen wall is in the safe state of bearing capacity.