## 2 Theoretical Framework
### Local Green Public Procurement  
In municipalities there can be close proximity between buyers, firms, and users that facilitates knowledge exchange toward the public procurement of innovative goods and services [18]. In contrast with regional or central contracting authorities, municipalities may tend to practice more direct procurement and engage with users [18]. While their size and potential lack of procurement expertise may hinder them in the procurement of innovation [18], they may be able to move with more agility than their larger counterparts, benefiting also from the information they can gather from local connections to inform more sustainable or innovative purchases (2017). This creates opportunities for intermediaries to facilitate knowledge exchange, such as studied by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] in the Startup-in-Residence (SiR) program of the municipality of Amsterdam [28]. These interactions are central in the formulation of and progress toward missions. Policies and guidance for innovation procurement, such as in the most recent European Commission Guidance on Innovation Procurement [39], acknowledge the importance of such process-oriented procurement instruments in supporting inclusive and effective procurement planning. Methods for facilitating increased stakeholder engagement, such as user needs assessment and market consultation, are being captured based on best practice, refined, and propagated through European projects under the Horizon 2020 funding program, including ea The overarching mission is translated into six missions, as ambitions or goals to guide practical implementation [40]. For the current analysis, the fifth and sixth themes are combined, five missions for assessment. Sustainability ambitions, as missions, are defined to set targets of various forms which the municipality aims to reach. These missions are often delimited by a certain time period and presented in measurable units, which are either quantifiable or quantifiable. A number of them include baselines for measurement, and some contain references to public policy. In a sense, the formation of the missions in this manner establishes broad de facto standards on behalf of the municipality as guidance for SUD projects. The missions are outlined as follows:  
* **Sustainable energy and a natural gas free city--**Reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in 2050 by 90% of 1990 levels [41], in large part by stopping the use of natural gas by 2040 [42]. Measures include SUD for new buildings that use sustainable energy sources.
* **Cleaner air through emission-free mobility--**Increase air quality by reducing pollution from sources including mobility. Measures include environmental zones that prohibit the most polluting vehicles in the city, stimulating electric vehicles by increasing the number of charging points, and focusing on shared vehicles and making cycling and walking more attractive.
* **Climate adaptation--**Ensure that SUD projects are climate adaptive in response to and anticipation of weather trends such as heavier rainfall and longer droughts. Measures include giving more space to green nature areas, stimulating green or blue-green roofs and applying solutions for water storage.
* **Greening urban spaces and building nature-inclusive--**Support biodiversity, leisure and sports, promote natural cooling, and increase resilience to heavy rainfall through the use of green areas. Measures include improving and maximizing city nature in each SUD project.
* **Circular construction** and **waste and raw materials--**The Council of Amsterdam's _Strategic Circulair_ exceeds goals set in national missions, aiming to reduce the use of raw materials to 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2050, when all raw materials have to be reused [43]. Measures include focusing flexibility and modularity of building (materials), and the use of recycled materials. These fifth and sixth themes are related because if waste is reused through circular construction, fewer raw materials are needed. Therefore, these themes are combined.