# Architectural Trends in Collaborative Computing: Approaches in the Internet of Everything Era
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Synthesis of Results
They proposed a hierarchical reference model that combines Edge, Fog, and Cloud layers to support various IoT applications, as shown in Figure 4. The Fog layer is subdivided into Fog Orchestration Nodes that manage control and Fog Gateway Nodes for network access. Fog Computing Nodes handle assigned tasks, enhancing flexibility. The model supports Edge-device-driven resource orchestration, allowing Edge devices to initiate service placement and mitigating multi-user conflicts. Edge devices can also host tasks using user-space containers and migrate services based on predicted movement, enhancing mobility within the Edge-Fog-Cloud architecture. We classify the type of collaboration as \"Cooperation\" because of the convergence of IoT and Cloud, as well as how Edge and Fog Computing complements this cooperation by addressing issues like latency, energy efficiency, and context awareness. The following collaboration aspects are extracted from [PERSON] et al. [43]:  
**Openness:**: Discusses using multiple computing layers (Cloud, Edge, Fog) to address different needs, indicating an open system architecture. **Participation:**: Enables various computing paradigms to play a role. Figure 3: Taxonomy of Edge Computing in intelligent manufacturing, from [PERSON] et al. [42]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) explored the potential of adopting smart technologies such as IoT to enhance collaboration, control, monitoring, supply management, safety, and other construction processes. Specifically, they investigated the potential of an advanced Edge Computing architecture to provide high-quality computing resources for processing and analyzing data in real time. The proposed architecture, shown in Figure 5, follows a three-tier model integrating Edge and Cloud Computing for IoT applications. The first layer, Embedded Systems and Sensors, includes IoT sensors and embedded systems that collect real-time data, typically operating with limited resources and battery power. The second layer, Network Edge, features Edge devices such as microservers, routers, and IP gateway devices that handle local, time-critical data processing, reducing latency and easing the network load while bridging communication between IoT devices and the Cloud. The third layer, Virtual Clusters, leverages scalable Cloud resources managed by a Kubernetes-based orchestrator. It includes container nodes, software-defined networking, and storage to manage non-critical tasks, ensuring efficient service deployment, scalability, and fault recovery. This layered architecture balances low latency and scalability, optimizing resource allocation for robust IoT applications in smart environments. The primary type of collaboration this approach facilitates is \"Communication\", as the article suggests methods to improve communication between construction teams in site offices, aiming to bolster real-time information sharing effectively. The following collaboration aspects are extracted from [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018):  
**Message:**: Focuses on high Quality of Service (QoS) for dependable operation, facilitating effective messaging. **Understand:**: Real-time responses and high QoS support efficient information sharing and understanding by all members. **Interaction:**: The architecture allows for different types of smart applications, facilitating diverse forms of interaction. **Clarity:**: Dependable IoT system for unambiguous communication. Figure 4: Edge–Fog–Cloud Computing hierarchical architecture, from [PERSON] et al. (2018). [PERSON] et al. [41] primarily focuses on the importance of integrated and hybrid approaches for Intrusion-Detection in IoT environments. They emphasize the relevance of combining data-based and trust-based techniques to enhance security outcomes. These integrated strategies involve collaborative efforts among various Intrusion-Detection methods and systems. [PERSON] et al. [41] discuss security concerns within the IoT ecosystem, encompassing IoT devices and communication between IoT and Fog/Cloud Computing layers.