esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Results on Other Distributions  
In the current section we investigate the performance of the pre-amplified PPM receiver under \(\gamma-\gamma\) and negative exponential fading. In the former case, the fading distribution is given by ([26], Equation (9.137))  
\[f_{h}(h)=\frac{2\left(\alpha\ \beta\right)^{\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}}}{\Gamma( \alpha)\ \Gamma(\beta)}h^{\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}-1}\ K_{\alpha-\beta}\left(2\ \sqrt{\alpha\ \beta\ h}\right)\, \tag{28}\]  
where the distribution parameters \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are calculated from ([26], Equation (5.15, 9.41, 9.46, 9.138)). Table 2 summarizes the \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) values that have been obtained for 100 m and 500 m links that operate at 1550 nm and for a structure constant equal to \(C_{n}^{2}=4.58\times 10^{-13}\) m\({}^{-2/3}\).  
Using the analysis of the previous sections, we find that the average PER is given by Equation (26) with the modification of the weighting function to  
\[\begin{split} w(s)&=\frac{z_{q}^{s}}{s!}\ \frac{2\left(\alpha\ \beta\right)^{\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}}}{\Gamma(\alpha)\ \Gamma(\beta)}\ \int_{0}^{\infty}\ h^{s+\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}-1}\ \exp\left(-z_{q}\,h\right)\ K_{\alpha-\beta}\left(2\ \sqrt{\alpha\ \beta\ h}\right)\ dh\\ &=\frac{\Gamma(s+\alpha)\ \Gamma(s+\beta)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\ \Gamma(\beta)\,s!}\ \left(\frac{\alpha\ \beta}{z_{q}}\right)^{\alpha}\ \Psi\left(s+\alpha,1+\alpha-\beta;\frac{\alpha\ \beta}{z_{q}}\right)\.\end{split} \tag{29}\]  
Figures 7 and 8 summarize the average PER results for the 100 m and 500 m \(\gamma-\gamma\) link, respectively. The results show that modulation order plays the most important role on the performance of the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **1–100 m** & **1–500 m** \\ \hline \(\alpha\) & 16.53 & 4.04 \\ \(\beta\) & 14.91 & 1.53 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: \(\gamma-\gamma\) distribution parameters.  
Figure 6: Diversity reception of optically pre-amplified PPM under strong Malaga-\(\mathcal{M}\) fading. The noise modes are equal to \(M=2\) and \(M=200\) in (**a**) and (**b**), respectively.  
shorter link (weaker fading), while diversity provides a more drastic performance improvement for the longer link (stronger fading), similar to the key observations of the Malaga-\(\mathcal{M}\) fading analysis.  
Finally, in negative exponential statistics, the fading distribution is given by ([26], Equation (9.129))  
\[f_{h}(h)=\exp\left(-h\right) \tag{30}\]  
and the weight function becomes  
\[w(s)=\frac{z_{q}^{s}}{s!}\int_{0}^{\infty}h^{s}\,\exp\left(-z_{q}\,h\right)\, \exp\left(-h\right)\,dh=\frac{z_{q}^{s}}{(1+z_{q})^{s+1}}\,. \tag{31}\]  
Figure 8: Diversity reception of optically pre-amplified PPM under \(\gamma-\gamma\) fading (500 m link). The noise modes are equal to \(M=2\) and \(M=200\) in (**a**) and (**b**), respectively.  
Figure 7: Diversity reception of optically pre-amplified PPM under \(\gamma-\gamma\) fading (100 m link). The noise modes are equal to \(M=2\) and \(M=200\) in (**a**) and (**b**), respectively.  
The corresponding average PER results are shown in Figure 9 and verify the importance of diversity in a saturated fading environment.
## Abstract  
The application of anaerobic digestors to decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DWTS) has gained momentum worldwide due to their ease of operation, high efficiency, and ability to recycle wastewater. However, the microbial mechanisms responsible for the high efficiency and ability of DWTS to recycle wastewater are still unclear. In this study, the microbial community structure and function of two different anaerobic bioreactors (a primary sludge digestor, PSD, and anaerobic membrane bioreactor, AnMBR) of a DWTS located in Germany was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing, respectively. The results showed that the microbial community structure was remarkably different in PSD and AnMBR. _Methanobacteriaceae_ and _Syntrophaceae_ were identified as the families that significantly differed in abundance between these two bioreactors. We also used genome-centered metagenomics to predict the microbial interactions and methane-generating pathway, which yielded 21 near-complete assembled genomes (MAGs) (average completeness of 93.0% and contamination of 2.9%). These MAGs together represented the majority of the microbial community. MAGs affiliated with methanogenic archaea, including _Methanobacterium_ sp., _Methanomicrophiales_ archaea, _Methanomassiliicoccales_ archaea, and _Methanosaeta conciliu_, were recruited, along with other syntrophic bacterial MAGs associated with anaerobic digestion. Key genes encoding enzymes involved in specific carbohydrate-active and methanogenic pathways in MAGs were identified to illustrate the microbial functions and interactions that occur during anaerobic digestion in the wastewater treatment. From the MAG information, it was predicted that bacteria affiliated with _Bacteriotes_, _Prolixhacteraceae_, and _Synergistaceae_ were the key bacteria involved in anaerobic digestion. In the methane production step, _Methanobacterium_ sp. performed hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, which reduced carbon dioxide to methane with hydrogen as the primary electron donor. Taken together, our findings provide a clear understanding of the methane-generating pathways and highlight the syntrophic interactions that occur during anaerobic digestion in DWTS.  
**Keywords:** decentralized wastewater treatment system; primary sludge digester; anaerobic membrane bioreactor; genome-centered metagenome; methane generation
# Multimode Physics in the Mode Locking of Semiconductor Quantum Dot Lasers
## 3 Towards Transform-Limited Performance
### Group Velocity Dispersion  
The group velocity dispersion (GVD) is regarded as a limiting factor for generating high-bandwidth optical frequency combs (OFC) due to the increased mismatch between the frequency comb modes and the cavity modes that decreases the four-wave mixing efficiency [29]. The GVD is performed by the variation of the free spectral range (FSR) of the resonant cavity with respect to the optical frequency. Such an inconvenience has been observed in both semiconductor laser-based and micro-resonator-based OFC, which is no longer negligible if the pulse duration is reduced to the level of a hundred femtoseconds [30]. It is worth stressing that a low GVD is beneficial for shortening the pulse width and increasing the optical bandwidth. Approaches such as the dual grating dispersion compensators allow for reducing the cavity dispersion, thus reducing the pulse duration by a factor of more than 15 [31]. The QD laser is known for its high efficiency in optical frequency comb generation [32]. In particular, self-mode locking (SML) has been widely observed in single-section QD or quantum-dash (QDash) lasers [27; 28]; however, the SML behavior is rarely observed for the QW devices. It is worth stressing that the contribution of GVD can be a crucial factor that leads to the generation of SML from a single section QD laser. Figure 8a depicts the optical spectrum (blue) and the corresponding free spectral range (FSR, red curve) as functions of optical frequency for the single-section epitaxial QD laser on Si operating at twice the threshold current. The same measurements of a commercial QW laser are also investigated and are displayed in Figure 8b. Due to the different FP cavity lengths, the FSR of the QD laser is smaller than that of the QW device. In this study, the QD laser exhibits a low GVD in the presence of the FSR \(\approx\) 28 GHz, which shows a high degree of stability against the variation of the optical frequency within a range of 6 THz. In contrast, the QW laser exhibits a much larger GVD than its counterpart. With the increase in optical frequency from 231.6 to 237.6 THz, its FSR reduces from 104 to 102 GHz. The ultra-low GVD, along with the rich optical nonlinearities offered by QD, thus enables the laser to generate a high-efficiency frequency comb [17]. The OFCs can, thus, take advantage of the low-dispersion semiconductor QDs to realize high-performance SML lasers.  
Figure 8: Optical spectrum (blue) and corresponding free spectral range (FSR) as a function of the longitudinal mode frequency (red) for (**a**) QD and (**b**) QW laser. The red solid lines are guiding lines for the FSR variation. Both devices operate at twice the threshold current.
# Survey on Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Based on Multimetrics
## 4 Routing-Protocol Proposals Based on Metrics
### Multimetric-Routing Proposals  
Some routing-protocol proposals that use more than one of the previously explained metrics are presented below, applying to a specially developed systematic literature review.  
Before we begin with routing-protocol proposals based on several metrics, it is important to mention three main routing protocols for ad hoc networks in general, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) [26], greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) [28], and GeoNetworking protocol [29].  
On the one hand, AODV and GPSR are the base in ad hoc network routing in MANET and VANET, which is our study field. They are the most commonly compared protocols with new proposals. On the other hand, GeoNetworking is the standardization effort from ETSI for VANET routing. In this sense, GeoNetworking must be used as a baseline for future proposals.
## 3 Results  
We evaluated the deep learning segmentation algorithm's performance accuracy for the four classes (floating vegetation, emergent vegetation, water, and land) and experimented with multiple learning rates. We found the optimized batch size to be 8, training epoch to be 100, and learning rate to be 4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\), which resulted in a segmentation accuracy of 94.5% for the test set and 82.7% for the hold-out validation/OOB set, over all four classes. Color-coded inference maps were produced for visualization (Figure 7). Floating vegetation, which strongly predicts snail abundance and transmission risk in the SRB [7], represents the most important classification target for the problem at hand. When segmentation accuracy is computed only on the floating vegetation class, the U-Net model achieved an accuracy of 96% for the test set and 84% for the hold-out validation set.  
Concerning the performance of the random forest model coupled with the six GLCM texture features, segmentation accuracy achieved 96.7% for the test set and 67.8% for the hold-out validation set, over all four classes, while the accuracy for the floating vegetation class was 97% for the test set and 68% for the validation set. When the U-Net model was trained by using the GLCM features, the segmentation accuracy was 96.5% for the test set  
Figure 7: Comparison between satellite images and the corresponding inference maps. (**a,b**) WorldView-2 satellite imagery, (**c,d**) inference map (red: floating; green: emergent; blue: water; yellow: land) produced by the trained U-Net model. The black colored pixels on the inference map refer to the false positive values of floating vegetation.  
and 83.1% for the hold-out validation set, over all four classes, while the accuracy for the floating vegetation class was 97.0% for the test set and 84.0% for the validation set. The results are summarized in Table 2.
# Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond
### Contributions
This might help antenna design engineers to select the right frequency bands to target 60 GHz mmWave industrial communication;
* By establishing the potential of the 60 GHz mmWave band for smart industrial communication and highlighting the wireless standards, we review various 60 GHz mmWave antenna designs and discuss their challenges for Industry 4.0 and beyond applications;
* We emphasize the intriguing potential emerging in this domain, explaining new design characteristics and research paths for the researchers in this domain. As a result, this review paper can act as a catalyst for more research into 60 GHz mmWave smart antenna designs and the development of physical layer-based solutions to support smart communication in the era of Industry 4.0 and beyond.
# A Novel Battery-Supplied AFE EEG Circuit Capable of Muscle Movement Artifact Suppression
## 5 Discussion  
### Observed Limitations of the Proposed EEG Circuit Design  
The present single-channel arrangement of the EEG circuit presents a limitation, if a complete study of brain activity is desired, as it allows a very limited amount of data to be collected. Even though the design is modular and can be expanded for multi-channel acquisition, this was not performed in this study. This circuit was designed as a proof of concept for efficient modeling of the electronic behavior of the brain, muscle artifacts and EMI, as well as the circuit topology needed for muscle artifacts' removal during the EEG signal acquisition process. This problem can only be resolved by designing a multi-channel system that would allow simultaneous monitoring in several brain areas, an attribute that is certainly required for carrying out comprehensive neurological studies. Also, the multi-channel approach could give more flexibility in muscle artifact removal, as this type of artifact is mostly a common mode signal, and having a better space sampling of this signal means it can be more effectively filtered with hardware or software solutions. In addition, the absence of a wireless technology MCU and ADC topology being intergraded with this circuit limits the ability of this study to be a complete proof of concept for effective EMI and muscle artifact removal in potential mobile monitoring applications. Even though the signal generator can be a step towards the verification of the reproducible simulated evaluation of EEG AFE circuits, the utility of such circuits for real time mobile EEG muscle artifacts free signal acquisition can only be assessed with the inclusion of wireless communication modules, ADCs and MCU, in order to produce a complete EEG circuit that can be tested initially in a lab environment and ultimately in real-life scenarios. There are also concerns over the continued reliance of the circuit on battery power, which could affect the long-term operational stability and long-term efficiency in power management. The integration of resilient material and application-specific battery technologies can prove highly effective in reducing the risk of single points of failure, a critical factor in decreasing the risks to medical safety regulation. To avoid this, the proposed AFE should be subjected to thorough testing within various environmental conditions, such as low, freezing and high temperatures and humidity levels, which was not part of the present
# A Goal-Oriented Evaluation Methodology for Privacy-Preserving Process Mining
## 4 Case Study
### PPPM Analysis and the Derivation of Answers to Questions
#### 4.5.9 PPPM Analysis of Laplacian-DP (Q2.2.1)  
In this section, we present the quantitative results of applying the _LaplacianDP_ PPPM model in _PRIPEL_ on our real-life event logs under two different aspects as result and time utility qualities. Here, the parameter \(\epsilon\) regulates the privacy risk. All the other hyperparameters are drawn from the authors original publication. In particular, for the BPIC13 and Sepsis event logs, the values were set due to their variant count nature. For each \(\epsilon\) value, the experiments were run 10 times and averaged to reduce the nondeterministic behavior of DP.  
Result Utility Quality  
The Figure 18 heatmap shows the applied _LaplacianDP_ model for the PM quality metrics with respect to five different \(k\) and \(t\) parameter values behavior on our real-life event logs. For all the results, the baseline metric values without any anonymization are included in Table 3 and employed for the comparative interpretations. Since the runtime performance is very low (>30 min timeout limit) within the _PRIPEL_ framework, this model does not apply to the Road Traffic Fines event log for all configurations.  
All the _LaplacianDP_ anonymized event logs showed alignment with their baseline fitness and generalization values. However, for all the event logs, there was an increase in precision for a weak privacy budget (when \(\epsilon\) goes high) in comparison with their baselines. Specifically, the precision and generalization applied to the Sepsis and CoSeLog event logs exhibited the highest increase for \(\epsilon\) = 0.5. On the other hand, for the BPIC13 event log, the metric results showed well-defined trends for each parameter configuration.  
Figure 18: Discovered LaplacianDP anonymization model quality results.  
Time Utility Quality  
Figure 19 includes the runtime(s) performance metric results of the applied _LaplacianDP_ PPPM model in _PRIPEL_ on our real-life event logs. During the experimentation with the _LaplacianDP_ algorithm, an inversely proportional decrease in model runtime was observed with increasing privacy levels as a consequence of the specific \(\epsilon\) privacy parameter modifications, attributable to reduced model complexity. On the BPIC13 event log, the runtime for the anonymization values was increased with the \(t\) parameter value explicitly. However, for the Sepsis event log, the runtime values were significantly reduced between \(\epsilon=0.01\) and \(\epsilon=0.05\) values. The BPIC13 event log also had effective runtime performance for strong privacy despite its high count number of instances.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### XS Anode Test  
In order to prove the XS anode performance test, a test circuit was built which was divided into five parts: a signal generator, oscilloscope, reference ground plane, XS anode, and terminal. We used a signal generator and oscilloscope to test the anode signal. A charge of 1000 pC was injected above the anode, and then the charge signal at the signal collection end of the horizontal and vertical strips was tested. The test results are shown in Table 2. The approximate ratio of horizontal and vertical strips is 1:1. This may be caused by the space charge distribution. The total charge collected is less than 1000 pC, probably because electrons can be ejected in any direction. Therefore, some signal may be lost as electrons fly upward away from the plate instead of downward into the plate. In terms of anode design, the maximum amount of charge can be collected.  
Then, the crosstalk is tested. We study induced pulses at adjacent strips when signals within the event pulse time range are transmitted through one strip. The ground plane is used to eliminate noise signals including space radiation interference, and the high-impedance probe is used to reduce the influence of the test equipment on the parasitic parameters of the device under test. Then, a periodic pulse signal is output through the Tektronix 3011 signal generator. The pulse rise time is 10 ns and the pulse amplitude is 1 V. Finally, the Agilent 5032 A wave detector is used to display the transmission signal on the interfering line and the crosstalk signal on the interfered line and compare the impact  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Strip Width** & **Strip Distance** & **Periodic Width** & **Area Ratio** & **Strip Thickness** \\ \hline \(110\)\(\mu\)m & 530 \(\mu\)m & 640 \(\mu\)m & 1:1 & 120 \(\mu\)m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: XS anode electrode production parameters.  
Figure 8: XS anode physical picture.  
level of crosstalk under different conditions (see Figure 9a). It can be seen from the test results in Figure 9 that the crosstalk on adjacent lines is very obvious; the peak-peak value of the induced signal of the far-end adjacent strip reaches 28 mv. The crosstalk signal has a smaller pulse amplitude than the main signal. Therefore, we conclude that appropriate selection of parameters will reduce crosstalk.
## 3 Results
### Robustness of DStr and DSize of High Edge Gradient Images  
Thirteen grayscale images (Figure 1) are used as test samples to explore both the absolute and relative robustness of DStr and DSize. The experiment was organized as follows. The global threshold was used to convert the grayscale image into a binary mode. Eight thresholds, \(\text{tr}_{1}=20\), \(\text{tr}_{2}=50\), \(\text{tr}_{3}=80\),..., \(\text{tr}_{8}=230\), were used to assess the robustness of DStr and DSize. All images were rotated for \(\varphi=0^{\circ}\), \(\varphi=10^{\circ}\),..., \(\varphi=180^{\circ}\). The parameters of DStr and DSize were calculated for the position of each image rotation. Equations (1) and (2) were used to calculate the absolute and relative robustness of DStr and DSize. All images, except the DSize of tidal ripples, have absolute and relative robustness of more than 0.85 (Figure 4).
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations and Strengths  
This case report provides long-term clinical outcomes of the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) related to pycodysostasis (PDS) through a multidisciplinary approach. A strength of this study is its emphasis on the risk-benefit ratio of certain interventions, particularly concerning long-term respiratory function. However, additional research with a larger cohort and improved imaging protocols is necessary to fully understand treatment outcomes for patients with PDS.  
The main limitations of this study include the following:  
1. Imaging Variability: The pre-orthodontic lateral cephalogram (T2) was performed with the patient's mouth open. Consequently, the cephalometric analysis focused on dental changes, particularly the inclination of the incisors. A significant limitation of this study is the lack of a reliable quantitative assessment of upper airway volume due to differing patient head positions during the pre- and post-treatment NMR scans. The patient was anesthetized for anxiolysis during the N0 scan, which was taken in a supine, open-mouth position. In contrast, the N1 examination was performed in a supine, closed-mouth position while the patient was awake. Therefore, the upper airway anatomy could not be accurately compared between the NMR scans taken before and after UPP, due to potentially confounding imaging biases [26; 27].
2. Small Sample Size: This study focuses on a single case, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
3. Functional Outcomes and Orthodontic Treatment: The orthodontic treatment provided aesthetic camouflage for the patient, avoiding surgical intervention. However, it did not improve the patient's apnea-hypopnea index (AHI); in fact, the AHI worsened. This raises important questions about the efficacy of orthodontic interventions in managing OSA in patients with PDS.
# State of the Art and Trends Review of _Smart Metering_ in Electricity Grids
## 4 Development of _Smart Metering_ Worldwide
### America  
The Unites States leads the _SM_ rollout in America, with a strong presence of _RF-mesh_ technologies, followed by Canada, while deployments in most countries of Latin America have not started yet. Figure 6 depicts an estimation of the total number of _SM_s installed in North America by 2020.