## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
Currently, construction around the world is growing significantly due to an increase in the pace and volume of construction work. Structures are being built around the world, including multi-story buildings and houses with numerous large rooms, and reinforced concrete remains the primary building material for such buildings. While reinforced concrete, of course, has a number of advantages, it has several risks associated with the problems of ensuring its reliability and one of the main stages of durability. Undoubtedly, one of the main risks of reinforced concrete structures in terms of durability is their corrosion resistance. The fact is that a large number of operated structures of buildings and structures are at increased risk because of various kinds of corrosive effects on these buildings and structures. In this regard, it is necessary to implement and take additional measures for such buildings and structures to protect them from corrosion factors and corrosive effects. There are several methods for protecting against corrosion effects--these can be methods based on the composition of concrete mixtures, that is, prescription, and methods based on creating an additional protective layer and deepening the reinforcement into the concrete body, that is, constructive [1]. However, in our opinion, the so-called technological methods are promising: these are the improvement and modernization of existing technologies for the production of the most effective structures made of concrete in order to protect the concrete structure from corrosion. The problem of research from a practical point of view is the premature failure of reinforced concrete structures. From a scientific point of view, the problem is the scientific lack of a systematic base of fundamental and applied knowledge about the relationship between the composition, manufacturing technology, structure, and properties of concrete under sulfate attack conditions. In [2; 3; 4; 5; 6], the authors studied the effect of sulfate attack on the physical and mechanical characteristics of various types of concrete. In [2], it was found that the best values of the coefficient of corrosion resistance were recorded for self-compacting concrete with a fly ash content of 40% [2]. The effective use of fly ash for the manufacture of high-performance self-compacting concrete with increased resistance to sulfates is also confirmed in [3]. In [4], the authors considered two different modes of sulfate attack, namely full immersion, simulating the chemical impact of sulfate, and cyclic exposure, in which laboratory samples with fly ash and metakaolin showed the highest resistance. Partial replacement of cement with incinerated municipal solid waste and bottom ash improves the performance of concrete against sulfate attack, namely reducing capillary porosity and increasing durability [5]. In addition, the degradation of concrete structures can be reduced by using modified concrete containing sulfur, fly ash, microsilica, and nanoparticles such as silicon dioxide [6]. The relationship between the penetration of chloride ions and the specific resistance of concrete modified with the addition of two types of calcined ore, namely raw and calcined, was considered in [7]. According to the research results, concrete with the addition of calcined raw ore has the highest resistance and the lowest diffusion coefficient of chlorides in comparison with ordinary concrete, and concrete with the addition of calcined ore. In [8], an assessment was made of the effect of acid corrosion on the mechanical properties of concrete subjected to monotonous and cyclic loads. According to the results of the study, it was found that acid corrosion proceeds more intensively under cyclic loads. The surface of corroded concrete cracked more easily and collapsed under the load. In addition, with an increase in the duration of the aggressive impact, the deformation of concrete increases.