esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# BODIPY-Based Nanomaterials--Sensing and Biomedical Applications
## 2 Metallic Nanoparticles@BODIPY
### Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
#### 2.2.2. Magnetic Nanoparticles  
[PERSON] and co-workers proposed nanomagnets for biomedical applications [73]. On the magnetic carbon coated with cobalt nanoparticles, authors constructed multifunctional particles bearing fluorescent BODIPY moieties and dendrimic components (Figure 18). BODIPY molecules are known as very efficient light emitters, and the dendrimic component provides good solubility. Despite the literature reporting quenching of fluorescence dyes deposited on the carbon surfaces, the authors noted the same level of fluorescence for bounded and free BODIPY dyes, making the nanoparticles suitable for MRI and fluorescence diagnosis. Non-covalently bonded drugs (BODIPY) can be triggered in a controlled manner via temperature and changing of the solvent or pH, allowing the presented nanomagnets to be used for theranostic purposes [73].  
An interesting utility of BODIPY immobilized onto iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) with chelated Ni\({}^{2+}\) ions was reported by [PERSON] and co-workers (Figure 19) [74]. They adjusted the formation of an immobilized metal affinity (IMA) adsorbent for protein purification via the adsorption process in the chromatography method. To assemble this IMA absorbent, 10 mg of SPIONs were decorated with 29.7 uM of previously prepared BODIPY (8-(2,6-diethyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) benzylchloride) and then 738 umol of Ni(II) ions from nickel nitrate were adsorbed by 10 mg of SPIONs/BODIPY particles with an adsorption rate of 74.3%. Cytochrome c was used as a model for binding characterization due to the formulation of fluorescent SPIONs/BODIPY/Ni-Cyt c agglomerates. The authors concluded that the complexation of nickel ions by nanoparticles increases the binding ability, which was evaluated as 170 ug at pH 7.4 per 10 mg of SPIONs/BODIPY/Ni complex [74].  
Figure 17: The chemical structure of gold nanoparticle coated with BODIPY dyes and L-tryptophan [72].  
Figure 18: The chemical structure of magnetic carbon coated with cobalt nanoparticles conjugated with BODIPY dye and dendrimic moieties [73].
## 2 Methodology
### Model Establishment
#### 2.3.1 Governing Equations  
The principles of mass and momentum conservation are included within the governing equations for transient compressible fluid flows. These can be written as follows for a Lagrangian framework [37]:  
\[\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{D\rho}{Dt}+\
abla\cdot\mathbf{v}=0 \tag{5}\]  
Figure 3: Particle initiation process in response to the fluid velocity.  
\[\frac{D\mathbf{v}}{Dt}=\mathbf{g}+\frac{1}{\rho}\
abla\cdot\boldsymbol{\tau}-\frac{ 1}{\rho}\
abla P \tag{6}\]  
where \(P\) stands for pressure and \(D/D_{t}\) refers to the material derivative, \(t\) is time, \(\mathbf{v}\) is the particle velocity vector, \(g\) is the gravitational acceleration. The density \(\rho\) has been intentionally kept in the equations to be able to enforce the incompressibility of the fluid. Using an appropriate constitutive equation to model the shear stress tensor \(\boldsymbol{\tau}\), Equations (9) and (10) can be used to solve both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows [37].  
The momentum equations adopted for this study include three driving force terms (i.e., body force, forces due to divergence of stress tensor, and the pressure gradient) that have to be considered with the incompressibility constraint. Furthermore, the above system of governing equations was solved for each particle at each time-step (typical for a SPH formulation). Each algorithm implements these terms related to each force within the momentum equations by following a specific order that may vary from one method to another.
# Proactive Service Caching in a MEC System by Using Spatio-Temporal Correlation among MEC Servers
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Caching Behavior  
We also scrutinize the caching behavior of each method. Instead of predicting the exact order of the service popularity in each MECS, we aim to predict a set of \(\eta\) services whose popularity is relatively higher than those of the rest of the services. To quantify the service caching behavior, for each time slot, we calculate \(b_{m}(t)=|S_{m}^{\mathrm{T}}(t)-S_{m}^{\mathrm{T}}(t+1)|/\eta\) and \(\tilde{b}_{m}(t)=|S_{m}^{  
compared to when our method is used. This difference in the caching behavior comes from the manner that each method predicts the service popularity. The LSTM method uses only the history of \(\
u_{m,k}(t)\) when it predicts \(\hat{\
u}_{m,k}(t+1)\) without considering the history of \(\
u_{n,j}(t)\)s (\(n\in\mathcal{M}-\{m\},k\in\mathcal{K}-\{k\}\)). On the contrary, when our method predicts the service popularity, our method collectively considers not only the temporal correlation but also the spatial correlation. Consequently, compared with the LSTM method, our method responds less sensitively to the instant changes in the service popularity at a single MECS.
# Recent Advances in the Growth and Characterizations of SILAR-Deposited Thin Films
## 3 Metal Selenide Thin Films
### Copper Selenide Films  
During the experiment, copper sulfate and Na\({}_{2}\)SeSO\({}_{3}\) solutions were used to provide cationic and anionic, respectively [113]. The formation of thin films took place on a glass slide at room temperature by using tartaric acid under 60 deposition cycles. Film thickness (130 nm) and deposition rate (2.17 nm/cycle) were studied by using the gravimetric method. The greenish brown and reddish brown colors could be observed in the as-deposited and annealed films (573 K, 60 min, nitrogen atmosphere), respectively. The XRD results showed the tetragonal phase (Cu\({}_{3}\)Se\({}_{2}\)); the lattice parameters (a = 6.41 A, b = 4.294 A) were reported. The atomic percentages of Cu:Se were 55.23:44.77 and 61.31:38.69 in as-deposited and annealed films, respectively, based on the EDX technique. The Raman spectroscopy showed the sharpest peak at 260 cm\({}^{-1}\) in both samples (Figure 6). There was a lower band gap (2.15 eV) in the annealed films due to the phase conversion during the formation of films. [PERSON] and co-workers [114] reported on the preparation of Cu\({}_{0.87}\)Se films on glass slides. The visual observation showed the colors of the obtained films were transparent and then changed to dark gray. The XRD studies showed hexagonal blockmannite phases with four diffraction peaks (20 = 26.6, 28.1, 31.2, and 50\({}^{\circ}\)). The XPS spectrum exhibited binding energy around 932.2-932.4 eV (Cu2P\({}_{3/2}\)), contributing to the CuSe and Cu\({}_{2}\)Se phases. The atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis showed copper-rich films when the temperature increased (from 40 to 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) during the experiment. [PERSON] and co-workers [115]proposed that the obtained SILAR-deposited Cu\({}_{3}\)Se\({}_{2}\) films were polycrystalline in nature, with uniform morphology (without any pores).
## 4 Results and Discussion
The methodology presented, through the development of the implemented model, requires a spatial database that can be readily obtained from open and freely available data sources. This includes spatial databases provided by international and national organizations, as well as alphanumeric databases accessible from governmental, non-governmental organizations, or public institutions. These sources are crucial for the decision-making process, such as determining factor importance in the AHP matrix, or for acquiring detailed information like the geolocation of traffic incidents. Given these considerations, the model demonstrates its applicability and effectiveness for spatial analysis in other similar case studies, returning highly validated results. The study particularly emphasizes the significant cumulative impact of traffic incidents around large and medium-sized urban areas lacking bypasses or urban expressways, where general traffic is concentrated on main national and county roads, often exceeding their transport capacity. Sections of European and national roads, as well as other routes near urban centers that are supplemented by motorways, tend to exhibit low impact along their lengths. This finding reinforces the need for further development of Romania's motorway network and the prompt implementation of TNT CORE and TNT comprehensive requirements. Such advancements would lead to a decrease in accident numbers, a reduction in the severity of accidents, and improved traffic flow through increased transport capacity.
## 5 System Development and Specifications
### Data Pre-Processing  
Data preprocessing is a technique to prepare the dataset to be fed to a machine learning model [38]. Figure 12 depicts the preprocessing step. Initially, the dataset was stored in a Comma-Separated Value (CSV) format. Next, any string value of the matrix was converted to a numerical record, as discussed in the Feature Engineering section (Section 4.2). Then, the CSV file was converted to a MAT file (Matlab matrix). After that, the dataset was normalized, so each matrix value had a value between 0 and 1. For the data partitioning procedure, data were randomly divided into parts 70% for training, 25% for testing, and 5% for validation. We used an across-validation technique as a validation scheme for our research. Finally, data were fed to the machine learning model, which will be discussed next.  
Figure 11: The architecture of ML models for prediction instruction attacks.  
Figure 12: Data pre-processing.
## 3 Significance of the Investigation  
In recent years, being economically and environmentally friendly has become one of the key requirements for UHPC. Hence, this study aimed to explore UHPC based on the following aspects:  
_Economic aspect_  
* Superplasticizer is a crucial material in the production of UHPC. However, its high cost in large projects has led to a search for more economically efficient approaches. Research has primarily focused on evaluating third-generation superplasticizers, while the potential of second-generation superplasticizers for UHPC has been largely overlooked, with limited studies conducted.
* The results of ANN and FL models were compared with the results of experimental tests (which are costly and time-consuming)  
_Environmental aspect_  
* Various percentages (15%, 20%, and 25%) of silica fume were studied as a partial substitute for cement.  
_Industrial application_  
* The key practical aspect of this study was the construction workshop for prefabricated parts production. To efficiently create parts in the workshop, quick molding and removal from the mold are essential. Speed (enhancing construction pace) and cost reduction are crucial in such workshops. The second-generation superplasticizer (naphthalene-based) holds promise, with a shorter processing time and lower cost than the third-generation alternative (polycarboxylate-based), offering potential time and cost savings.  
Figure 3 delineates the methodological framework employed in the present study.  
Figure 3: Methodology.
# Alpha Centauri: Disc Dynamics, Planet Stability, Detectability
## 2 Protoplanetary Disc Dynamics in Alpha Centauri
### Circumstellar Discs in Alpha Centauri
The rest of the material is either accreted by the stars or ejected from the system. In other words, the disc around A is about 50% more massive than the disc around B--although they had the same mass and size initially. As expected, the primary star A was able to retain more material around it with respect to the secondary star B [22]. The immediate consequence of this is that, if we assume the same planet formation efficiency within both discs, then we should expect more massive planets around A compared to B. It is also interesting to note that the circumstellar discs exchanged gaseous material with each other during the first orbital periods. This is mainly due to the initial disc sizes we considered. However, when the binary Alpha Cen formed, it is not unreasonable to consider that the circumstellar discs were more radially extended than the tidal disc truncation radii of about 3 au. At any rate, we measured the amount of (alien) material that was transferred from disc A to disc B and vice versa. Figure 3 shows the surface density profiles of the material that was initially orbiting around one star and was transferred to the other star's disc. First, we note that there was more alien material around the primary A than around the secondary B, given that the disc around B loses gas more easily. Overall, the surface density values of the alien material were an order of magnitude below those of the entire disc. This indicates that these discs were mildly polluted by gas coming from the other disc. The left column of Figure 4 shows the gas distributions of the material around A (top panel) and B (bottom panel) that were initially around A and around B, respectively--i.e., the captured material is not plotted. Instead, the right column shows the gas distributions of the alien material captured by A from B (top) and of the alien material captured by B from A (bottom). All these figures show the discs after five binary orbital periods, since we did not see meaningful variability for later evolutionary stages. The implications of this initial transfer of material between circumstellar discs are discussed  
Figure 2: Surface density profiles of the circumstellar discs around Alpha Cen A (**left**) and B (**right**). Different colours represent different evolutionary stages: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 binary orbital periods. in Section 5. Last, we note that the formation of individual circumstellar discs from a circumbinary gas reservoir is beyond the scope of this work. This process has been recently studied in the context of misaligned young binaries [23; 24]. Alpha Cen could have hosted a circumbinary disc in the past, but we currently lack evidence pointing in that direction.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Proposed Model
#### 2.5.4 Syntactic Analysis in Chatbots  
For syntactic analysis, several chatbots were selected following specific criteria to guarantee a representative sample. Several critical criteria were established for chatbot selection. First, broad sector representation was sought, including industries with varied communication styles and customer needs. Additionally, chatbots with advanced NLP technologies and those with high interaction volumes, indicative of robust and highly used systems, were prioritized. Another important criterion was the variety in the complexity of the tasks that the chatbots had to perform, from simple transactions to more complex customer service queries. Finally, the accessibility of interaction data was considered, selecting chatbots whose records could be obtained ethically and legally, ensuring user privacy protection. We selected conversations that represented a variety of contexts, including both routine dialogues and those that presented syntactic challenges, such as indirect questions or complex grammatical structures. This process ensured that our evaluation covered a broad spectrum of real-world use cases and syntactic structures.  
Two fundamental NLP tools are used in the analysis: BERT and GPT. Each provides unique capabilities essential to evaluating the syntactic structure of chatbot responses.  
* BERT: This model uses bidirectional processing to analyze the context of words in a complete sentence. Its ability to understand the context and intent behind words makes it ideal for evaluating how chatbots interpret user queries.
* GPT: Focused on text generation, GPT evaluates the fluency and coherence in chatbot responses. Its focus on text generation ensures that responses are relevant, grammatically coherent, and logically structured.  
These models allow sentences to be decomposed into structural components, identifying subject, verb, object, and other grammatical elements. With its focus on bidirectional representations, BERT is especially useful for understanding the context of words in a sentence. At the same time, GPT, based on text generation, helps evaluate the fluency and coherence of the chatbot's responses. Table 4 presents the main characteristics of the tools used.  
For the analysis and selection of the tools, an evaluation focused on how chatbots process and respond to sentences with different levels of syntactic complexity. A set of tests was developed that included simple, compound, and complex sentences, observing the precision and relevance of the chatbot's responses. In addition, statistical analysis was applied to measure the efficiency and precision of syntactic interpretation. With the data collected, patterns are identified in the accuracy of the chatbot's responses and how syntactic complexity affects its performance. This approach allows us to comprehensively evaluate the ability of chatbots to interpret and respond to different syntactic structures, providing a clear view of their effectiveness in NLP.
# Performance of the Transport Layer Security Handshake Over 6 TiSCH
## 1 Introduction
The handshake duration grows between \(\pm\)10% and \(\pm\)15%, and the number of exchanged bytes grows between \(\pm\)2% and \(\pm\)15%. In the second part of the paper, we provide an insightful discussion on the results. We detail the different mechanisms at work which cause the performance discrepancy and explain how we can use the many TCP options to limit the TLS handshake and TCP overhead in constrained environments. Finally, we propose an improvement for the TLS handshake. We make use of a Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP) [11] at the 6 TiSCH network gateway to reduce the spurious retransmissions incurred by the high latency in 6 TiSCH networks. The PEP reduces the number of exchanged bytes during the TLS handshake and the total duration of the TLS handshake. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. Section 2 provides the relevant background on 6 TiSCH and the (D)TLS handshake protocol and lists the important differences between the TLS and DTLS handshake. Section 3 presents the experiments and results. Section 4 describes the different algorithms and mechanisms at work throughout the network stack to successfully complete the handshake, and identifies the root causes for the results obtained in Section 3. Based on the insights from the previous section, Section 5 implements and evaluates the PEP setup for the TLS handshake. Section 6 sheds some light on the changes in recently standardized TLSv1.3 and upcoming DTLSv1.3 specifications. Section 7 discusses related works. Finally, Section 8 concludes this article and presents avenues for future work.
###### Abstract  
This paper introduces a novel local Volt/var control strategy in a low-voltage smart grid. Nowadays, various Volt/var local control strategies built on customer photovoltaic inverters, e.g., \(cos\varphi(P)\) and \(Q(U)\), are introduced to mitigate the upper voltage limit violations in feeders with high prosumer share. Nevertheless, although these strategies are further refined by including more local variables, their use is still very limited. In this study, the effects of a new concentrated Volt/var local control strategy in low-voltage grids are investigated. Concentrated var-sinks, e.g., coils-\(L(U)\), are set at the end of each violated feeder. The concentrated local control strategy \(L(U)\) is compared with the distributed \(cos\varphi(P)\) and \(Q(U)\) strategies. Initially, both control strategies are theoretically investigated, followed by simulations in a test feeder. Finally, the expected practical significance of the findings is verified through simulations in a real typical urban and rural grid. Additionally, the impact of the different local control strategies used in low-voltage grids on the behavior of the medium-voltage grid is analyzed. The results show that the concentrated Volt/var control strategy eliminates the violation of upper voltage limit even in longer feeders, where both distributed local strategies fail. In addition, the concentrated \(L(U)\) local control causes less reactive power exchange on the distribution transformer level than the distributed \(cos\varphi(P)\) and \(Q(U)\) strategies. Therefore, the reactive power exchange with the medium-voltage grid and thus the distribution transformer loading are smaller in the case of concentrated local control strategy.  
smart grids; renewable energy resources; low-voltage grid; local Volt/var control; high prosumer share
## 3 Results
### Nonlinear Relationships and Effective Thresholds of Influencing Factors on WUEc  
Although the previous section identified the primary drivers of WUEc, understanding their nonlinear responses is crucial for accurately predicting how WUEc will behave under varying conditions. To quantify the contribution patterns of each driver, we created dependence scatter plots (Figure 9).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factor Importance on WUEc** & **Ta** & **LAI** & **Pre** & **VPD** & **EVI** \\ \hline Factor importance index & 0.15 & 0.1 & 0.09 & 0.08 & 0.05 \\ (gC\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{-1}\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)) & 45.7 & 17.6 & 17.4 & 14.7 & 4.6 \\ Proportion of dominant factor & 45.7 & 17.6 & 17.4 & 14.7 & 4.6 \\ regions (\%) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Statistical table of SHAP values and spatially dominant regions for meteorological and vegetation factors.  
Figure 8: Contribution ranking of meteorological and vegetation factors (**a**) and the spatial distribution of their dominant regions (**b**).  
Figure 9: The SHAP dependence plots illustrate how the SHAP values vary along the gradient of meteorological factors: SHAP dependence plot of T and WUEc (**a**), SHAP dependence plot of Pre and WUEc (**b**), and SHAP dependence plot of VPD and WUEc (**c**), SHAP dependence plot of LAI and WUEc (**d**), SHAP dependence plot of EVI and WUEc (**e**).  
Overall, temperature, VPD, and LAI are negatively correlated with WUEc, while precipitation is positively correlated with it. Each of these relationships exhibits distinct thresholds. No clear correlation is found between EVI and WUEc. Specifically, when the temperature is below 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C, WUEc shows a negative correlation with temperature. Between 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 14 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the SHAP values for temperature increase steadily, resulting in a rise in WUEc with increasing temperature. Once the temperature exceeds 14 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the rate of WUEc increase begins to slow (Figure 9a). For precipitation, when rainfall is below 300 mm, WUEc increases with increasing rainfall. Between 300 mm and 400 mm, WUEc generally declines. When rainfall exceeds 400 mm, the positive correlation between WUEc and precipitation becomes significantly stronger (Figure 9b). A clear threshold for VPD appears at 0.75 kPa: below this value, WUEc is negatively correlated with VPD, whereas above it, the correlation becomes positive. LAI exhibits thresholds at approximately 0.5 and 1.25 (Figure 9c). When LAI is below 0.5 or above 1.25, it is primarily positively correlated with WUEc. Within the range of 0.5 to 1.25, WUEc tends to decline as LAI increases (Figure 9d). For EVI, the positive and negative SHAP values are nearly balanced across Xinjiang, indicating no significant correlation with WUEc (Figure 9e).