# Interference Mitigation Strategies in Beyond 5G Wireless Systems: A Review
## 3 Classification and Evolution of Interference Management Strategies in B5G Networks
### Classification and Analysis of Interference Management Strategies in B5G Networks
#### 3.2.1 Device to Device
They stated that the proposed method achieves better performance of signal interference to noise ratio (SINR) and lower occupation of resources than conventional pairwise D2D transmission schemes. RA and IM problems of D2D in underlay communications are investigated in [81]. The study showed that by using the proposed method of determining adaptive sub-BW, the total number of cellular UE in outages has decreased. [PERSON] et al. [82] presented a study on IM in heterogeneous cellular networks for D2D communications and concluded that the proposed IM solutions would effectively reduce interference among cellular and D2D connections. [PERSON] et al. [83] proposed an efficient interference alignment (IA) algorithm for D2D communications based on channel state feedback concentration interference alignment (FCIA). The authors suggested that the FCIA would reduce the overhead of feedback and coordination of the transmitter. [PERSON] et al. [84] designed a Stackelberg game-based ICO scheme with full FR in the context of D2D underlying mm-Wave SC network. They reported that the proposed system converges rapidly, holds SINR in a high range, and achieves outstanding performance throughput. [PERSON] et al. [85] studied the issue of allocating resources for D2D pairs from cellular users in such a way that the overall interference is minimized according to a minimum target sum rate. They found that the proposed algorithm requires polynomial time when the interferences are uniform. D2D MOS criteria for each UE based on the maximum received signal strength (RSS) for controlling the D2D to cellular interference are presented in [86]. It was found that the MOS technique can minimize significant interference from the D2D transmitter to the cellular network. [PERSON] et al. [87] considered vehicular communication nodes scenario in which the same resources of the spectrum are shared, causing interference with other network nodes. The results showed that the proposed scheme increases QoS satisfaction with high EE compared to conventional link selection and power adaptation IM schemes. In [88], the authors proposed a novel MOS algorithm for D2D in HetNet for B5G technology. It was concluded that when participating device UE are moving away from each other, the outage likelihood of D2D links is sharply increased. As B5G networks expand into UD and multi-layered environments, traditional D2D IMI strategies are increasingly challenged by both terrestrial and non-terrestrial deployments. In future scenarios involving UAVs, high-altitude platforms, or satellite-assisted D2D links, interference patterns are affected by factors such as 3D spatial variability, Doppler shifts, and dynamic topologies [37; 89]. Additionally, in UDNs, D2D transmissions face cross-layer interference from macro-cell users, neighboring D2D pairs, and SCbackhaul links [90]. To manage this complexity, emerging research is turning to AI-driven frameworks, including RL and FL, which offer adaptive POC, MOS, and spectrum coordination based on RT and historical data [53; 91; 92]. However, challenges remain in ensuring low-latency inference, fairness across user types, and model robustness in distributed, heterogeneous environments [93; 94]. Addressing these issues is crucial for realizing scalable, reliable, and interference-aware D2D communication in the evolving B5G ecosystem. Table 2 summarizes the related works of D2D discussed in this section. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Issue** & **Methodologies** & **Advantages** & **Limitations/Future Works** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline D2D MOS under dynamic interference. & Q-learning-based adaptive RA. & Improved SE and ICO in dense networks. & •