## 7 Conclusions  
If smart cities are to provide services that are accessible and holistic, this will require interoperability. Therefore, it is necessary to consider strategies capable of addressing such \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Policy Content** & **Policies** & **Permissions Assigned** & **Relevant Service** \\ \hline Allow Staff to Reserve University Parking & Allow if Role = “StaffMember” & Make reservation & Reserve Parking Space \\ \hline Allow Police Officer to Record and Display University Parking & Allow if Role = “Campus Police Officer” & Record Violation & Record Violation \\ Violations & Allow staff to Displaying & Allow if Role = “StaffMember” & Display Violation & Display Violation \\ \hline Allow Student Attendance Recording & Allow if Role = “Student” & Attendance Management & Attendance Management \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Policies applied in Cardiff University’s Smart System. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**User** & **Roles Given to User** \\ \hline  & Displaying University Parking Violation \\ \cline{2-3}  & Reserve University Parking \\ \cline{2-3} [PERSON] (CU Staffmember) & Displaying University Parking Violation \\ \cline{2-3}  & Attendance Recording \\ \cline{2-3}  & Reserve University Parking \\ \hline [PERSON] (CU Student) & Reserve University Parking \\ \cline{2-3}  & Displaying University Parking Violation \\ \hline [PERSON] (CU Campus Police Officer) & Record and Display University Parking Violations \\ \hline [PERSON] (General User) & Not allowed to use digital twin services \\ \hline [PERSON] (General User) & Not allowed to use digital twin services \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Identifiers a summary of some users. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Users** & **Reserve Parking Space** & **Record Parking Violation** & **Display Parking Violation** & **Attendance Recorded** \\ \hline [PERSON] & Yes, user is granted access & No, user isn’t granted access & Yes, user is granted access & No, user isn’t granted access \\ \hline [PERSON] & Yes, user is granted access & No, user isn’t granted access & Yes, user is granted access & Yes, user is granted access \\ \hline [PERSON] & No, user isn’t granted access & Yes, user is granted access & No, user isn’t granted access \\ \hline [PERSON] & No, user isn’t granted access & No, user isn’t granted access & No, user isn’t granted access \\ \hline [PERSON] & No, user isn’t granted access & No, user isn’t granted access & No, user isn’t granted access \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Policies applied in the university smart system. matters. Interoperability issues can result when semantics are fragmented across a range of contexts, presenting challenges for integrators and software developers. It has previously been demonstrated that such issues can be effectively addressed by utilizing ontologies which combine diverse semantics across various domains. The access management ontology was devised to facilitate the interoperability of security information among built environment services, sensor devices and assets comprising the physical built environment. Furthermore, it combines user interfaces, digital twin BIM datasets, and security standards. This study has provided insight into various aspects of the topic, including the access management ontology, class diagrams, the re-engineering of built environment non-ontological resources, built environment resources, analysis of pre-existing ontological resources, competency questions, requirement specifications, built environment case studies, the ontology development methodology, and the formation of the semantically specified access management framework. Specifically, the current paper has addressed the following research question:  
Can a semantically defined access management framework in smart cities prove suitable to manage the security of smart services deployed in the built environment?