## 3 Results  
A total of 68 out of 130 samples were detected using SPME-HEADSPACE, while 64 samples were detected using the micro-quEChERS method. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 130 samples of insects captured and separated according to family level and examined through GC/MS, using both the HEAPACE-SPME and micro-QuEChERS techniques. The results of the sample analysis by SPME extraction are shown in Table 4. In this analysis, it was observed that chlorpyrifos was detected in 48.46% of the sample population when employing the HEADSPACE-SPME \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Precursor (\(m/z\))** & **Product (\(m/z\))** & **Collision Energy (eV)** \\ \hline
97 & 79 & 10 \\
197 & 169 & 10 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Energy conditions optimized for SRM. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Extraction** & **Recovery Rate (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & 96.1 \\
2 & 96.8 \\
3 & 95.4 \\
4 & 94.3 \\
5 & 94.8 \\
6 & 96.1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Recovery of chlorpyrifos using QuEChERS. method, whereas it was identified in 43.84% when using the Micro-QuEChERS technique. Three ranges of chlorpyrifos content were established: low (<0.1 ng chlorpyrifos/mg insect), medium (0.1-1 ng chlorpyrifos/mg insect), and high (>1 ng chlorpyrifos/mg insect). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Insect Families** & **N** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **SMPE (ng of** \\ Chlorpyrifos/mg of Insect)** \\ \end{tabular} & **N QuEChERS** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **QuEChERS (ng of** \\ Chlorpyrifos/mg of Insect)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline High & 31 & 15.03 & 22 & 12.71 \\ \hline Agromyzidae & - & - & 1 & 2.11 \\ Aleyrodidae & 1 & 5.06 & 1 & 12.18 \\ Aphididae & - & - & 1 & 1.24 \\ Apidae & 1 & 1.96 & 1 & 2.15 \\ Braconidae & 3 & 20.14 & 1 & 45.26 \\ Diptera & 1 & 3.55 & - & - \\ Cicadellidae & 3 & 23.91 & 2 & 11.06 \\ Diptera & 1 & 12.73 & - & - \\ Gelechidae & 4 & 15.83 & 2 & 19.17 \\ Hemerobidae & 1 & 49.16 & 1 & 23.26 \\ Ichneumonidae & 2 & 18.85 & 2 & 18.21 \\ Lygaeidae & 1 & 1.75 & 1 & 2.30 \\ Muscidae & 2 & 1.06 & - & - \\ Mycetophilidae & 1 & 2.72 & - & - \\ Mymardiae & - & - & 1 & 4.36 \\ Mycetophilidae & 1 & 13.39 & 1 & 6.98 \\ Nitidulidae & 1 & 1.88 & 1 & 1.34 \\ Psyllidae & 1 & 56.71 & 1 & 31.25 \\ Pteromalidae & 3 & 21.96 & 2 & 22.70 \\ Sciaridae & 3 & 2.08 & 2 & 1.90 \\ Tenebrionidae & - & - & 1 & 1.22 \\ Symphidae & 1 & 9.73 & - & - \\ \hline Medium & 36 & 0.42 & 21 & 0.46 \\ \hline Agromyzidae & 2 & 0.51 & 1 & 0.88 \\ Aleyrodidae & 1 & 0.34 & - & - \\ Anthocoridae & 1 & 0.77 & - & - \\ Anthomidae & 3 & 0.44 & 4 & 0.24 \\ Aphididae & 1 & 0.63 & - & - \\ Apidae & 1 & 0.73 & 1 & 0.18 \\ Calliphoridae & - & - & 1 & 0.33 \\ Cicadellidae & 1 & 0.26 & 1 & 0.53 \\ Farmicidae & - & - & 1 & 0.62 \\ Gelechidae & - & - & 1 & 0.98 \\ Lygaeidae & 1 & 0.27 & 1 & 0.60 \\ Muscidae & 2 & 0.30 & 3 & 0.42 \\ Nitidulidae & 2 & 0.58 & 1 & 0.88 \\ Nocutiidae & 2 & 0.14 & 3 & 0.15 \\ Plutellidae & 1 & 0.29 & - & - \\ Psyllidae & 1 & 0.61 & - & - \\ Pteromalidae & - & - & 1 & 0.21 \\ Sarcomophagidae & 1 & 0.65 & 1 & 0.99 \\ Staphylococcus & 2 & 0.24 & - & - \\ Tenebrionidae & 1 & 0.33 & - & - \\ Syrphidae & - & - & 1 & 0.87 \\ Gelechidae & - & - & 1 & 0.98 \\ Lygaeidae & 1 & 0.27 & 1 & 0.60 \\ Muscidae & 2 & 0.30 & 3 & 0.42 \\ Nitdulidae & 2 & 0.58 & 1 & 0.88 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of chlorpyrifos levels in samples analyzed through SPME and QuEChERS extraction techniques at high, medium, and low concentrations. The pesticide detection methods exhibited variations in both the percentage of samples containing detected pesticides and the quantity of pesticide residues within the insects. The SMPE method detected pesticide residues in 49.34% of the samples, while the QuECh-ERS method detected them in 42.10% of the samples (\(p>0.001\)). Regarding the number of residues found in the samples, the SMPE method yielded an average of 3.56 ng/mg across all the analyzed samples.