## 3 Results and Discussion
### Organoleptic and Nutraceutical Quality of Soil-Grown Tomatoes (2021)
No significant differences were observed in terms of total phenolic and lycopene content between the Pisanello and Goldman F1 tomatoes (Table 7). However, the antioxidant activity was higher in Pisanello tomatoes compared to Goldman F1 tomatoes. The values of total phenolic were similar to those reported by other authors, confirming our findings [1; 11]. [PERSON] et al. [1] reported a value around 60 mg 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW in soil-cultivated Pisanello tomatoes following the traditional agronomic practices used in Tuscany. Additionally, a similarity between the total phenolic content of Pisanello tomatoes and that of some commercial tomatoes, such as San Marzano and Fragola tomatoes, was also reported [1]. Cultivating Pisanello and Goldman F1 tomatoes under the same environmental conditions, as undertaken in this experiment, did not increase the total phenolic content. The same considerations could be made for lycopene content. However, the higher antioxidant activity found in Pisanello tomatoes compared to Goldman F1 tomatoes might be due to phenols with higher antioxidant capacity, as found by other authors [25]. Sensory Profile of Soil-Grown Pisanello and Goldman F1 Tomatoes and Soilless-Grown Pisanello Tomatoes (2021)  
A sensory profile was carried out on tomatoes from soil and soilless systems to determine if consumers can distinguish between various types of tomatoes grown in soil versus those cultivated in soilless systems (Figure 2). The soilless-grown tomatoes received higher scores for sweetness, sapidity, persistence, and intensity of taste (Figure 3). The TA, an important quality parameter in fresh tomato associated with the perception of sweetness [59; 60], was higher in soilless tomatoes than in those cultivated in soil. Conversely, the soil-grown tomatoes, especially the Goldman F1 hybrid, received lower appreciations during the panel test in comparison to soilless-grown tomatoes (aeroponics and rockwood). For instance, the tomatoes grown in soilless conditions gathered higher \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total Phenolic Content** \\ **(mg GAE 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Lycopene** \\ **(mg 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **DPPH** \\ **(mg TE 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Pisanello & 56.52 \(\pm\) 9.24 a & 4.52 \(\pm\) 0.56 a & 58.30 \(\pm\) 1.06 a \\ Goldmar F1 & 49.80 \(\pm\) 6.03 a & 3.65 \(\pm\) 0.77 a & 28.82 \(\pm\) 7.37 b \\ \hline Significance & ns & ** & ** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data were analysed by Student’s \(t\)-test. ns: not significant, **+:**: \(p<\)0.01. The mean values \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) followed by different letters are statistically different (\(p<\) 0.05) according to the Student’s \(t\)-test.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Total phenolic content, lycopene content, and antioxidant capacity by DPPH assay of soil-grown Pisanello and Goldman F1 tomatoes, harvested in July 2021.  
scores from the panellists for many factors, such as colour intensity, tonality, and colour homogeneity (Figure 3). Figure 3: Sensory profile analysis comparison between Pisanello soiless rockwood, Pisanello soiless aeroponics, Pisanello soil, and Goldman F1 soil. Significance level (*** \(p<0.001\), ** \(p<0.01\), * \(p<0.05\)) is based on ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test performed between treatments. Figure 2: Tomato fruit cultivated in soil and soiless systems used for quality and sensory profile analysis. Overall, the sensory evaluation results suggested that Pisanello tomatoes cultivated using aeroponics received the highest scores in most attributes, closely followed by Pisanello tomatoes cultivated using the rockwood soilless system (Figure 3). Although Pisanello tomatoes achieved superior scores to Goldman F1 soil-grown tomatoes, which had the lowest sensory profile scores, the Pisanello tomatoes grown in soil were less appreciated in comparison with the soilless treatments (Figure 4). Similar results were found by [PERSON] et al. [27].