conditions [14]. Thermal mass in buildings is of special importance because of dynamic environmental loads caused by dynamic operation, space conditioning, and the resulting dynamic power demand. Therefore, thermal mass and building energy dynamics are becoming dominant factors in building design and the operation of a majority of buildings globally [15; 16]. Very few new buildings are being operated in steady-state conditions. Residential buildings, for example, which are occupied by working residents, are continuously space conditioned only during the weekends, while, during the weekdays, space conditioning is used during mornings, evenings, and nights [17]. The situation is different for many commercial buildings that operate continuously [18; 19; 20]. A large volume of studies has shown how thermal mass can lead to the reduced space conditioning loads. A technology review performed by [PERSON] [13] concluded that thermally massive components had a significant impact on the thermal response of buildings. Specifically, buildings with high thermal mass had lower interior air temperature fluctuations as compared with lightweight buildings. In another study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] analyzed a simplified two-layer wall model exposed to periodic changes in ambient temperature and solar radiation with a parametric analysis of wall material characteristics and the orientation and internal placement of thermal insulation. The general conclusion was that these parameters affected the peak heat flux density on the interior surface, which was reduced when insulation was placed on the envelope's interior side. Furthermore, thermal mass impacted human comfort and well-being. A building's response to external climatic conditions impacts inhabitants' physical and psychological needs, which is essential to give them a sense of self-worth, safety, and privacy. In addition, a healthy environment delights and uplifts the spirit, promotes relaxation, and provides contact with nature [22; 23]. The goal of much of the above institutional research has been to optimize the interplay between building loads and an electric power grid. This approach builds on energy efficiency research and developments that also consider the impact of distributed energy resources, including building-integrated renewable power generation, demand response, and energy storage, to enhance the flexibility and effectiveness of demand-side management [24; 25]. Furthermore, dynamic operation of thermally massive building components can be triggered in response to forecasted needs for reserve capacity, changes in renewable generation output, or actual variations in electricity demand. Responses to these grid service demands for water heating, HVAC, and lighting systems have motivated the creation of control strategies. From another perspective, because buildings are the primary users of electricity, they have substantial potential to provide cost-effective grid services through a variety of advanced demand-side management systems. In the United States, end-uses associated with opaque building envelopes account for about 40% of residential and commercial electricity use [26]. Thermal storage in buildings plays an important role in energy conservation. This includes the use of latent heat storage (phase transition) in different types of structural components, environmental barriers, and surface finish materials. It has been observed that building components that store heat generated by solar radiation could reduce space conditioning energy consumption and resulted in a shift and reduction in peak-hour energy consumption. In high performance massive buildings, this capability for peak-period demand reduction often requires no additional transient controls or enabling technologies. However, phase change materials (PCMs) are one of the key thermal control technologies used today in buildings using lightweight envelopes.