Optimal Tilt and Orientation Angles in Fixed Flat Surfaces to Maximize the Capture of Solar Insolation: A Case Study in Ecuador  
[PERSON]  
1 Grupo de Investigacion en Energias, Universidad Politecnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010103, Ecuador; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.S.-G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.C. ); [PERSON]@ups.edu.uc (J.-J.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.-E)  
[PERSON]  
1 Grupo de Investigacion en Energias, Universidad Politecnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010103, Ecuador; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.S.-G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-J.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.-E)  
[PERSON]  
1 Grupo de Investigacion en Energias, Universidad Politecnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010103, Ecuador; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.S.-G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.C. ); [PERSON]@ups.edu.uc (J.-J.F. ); ebarangan@ups.edu.uc (A.B.-E)  
[PERSON]  
1 Grupo de Investigacion en Energias, Universidad Politecnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010103, Ecuador; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.S.-G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-J.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B.-E)  
Footnote 10: emailto refer to the measurements as field parameters in irradiance with those that affect directly in a normal way on the capture surface [4]. This provide valuable information of design, such as optimal panel arrangement for the highest energy capture [5,6]. The transposition models could be divided into two groups: isotropic and anisotropic. Isotropic models consider that the total sky diffuse radiation is distributed isotropically over the sky dome [7]. Anisotropic models assume isotropic components with an additional circumsolar region or the horizon-brightening components. Anisotropic models could include two or three components. Various models have evaluated the accuracy transposition models by comparing the modeled irradiance with measured values in different climate conditions since long time ago. For example, in Reference [8], the calculation of monthly mean solar radiation for horizontal and inclined surfaces was proposed. [PERSON] et al. [9] proposed a radiation model, titled CDRS, which can be used with different input data combinations. In Reference [10], an assessment of tilted insolation models in Athens, Greece, was performed. Some recent models have been proposed. For example, [PERSON] et al. [11] proposed an inverse process of transposition models by converting from tilted to horizontal. In [12], an open-loop single-axis solar tracking system that tracks the sun through optimized rotation about the tilted axis was presented. [PERSON] et al. [13] performed an analytical approach for determining the global horizontal from the global tilted irradiance. In Reference [14], a solar gridded model was proposed using spatial and temporal data in Nordic countries. [PERSON] et al. [15] investigated the influence of terrain orientation for PV systems. Many other works compared the performance of available transposition models in various countries, such as Thailand [16], Algeria [17,18], Greece [19], Slovenia [20], Germany [21], Palestine [22], Spain [23], and Brazil [24]. Due to geographic location conditions, Ecuador is at a latitude in which the solar potential is particular and vital [25,26]. Ecuador is a developing country with increasing energy consumption and seasonality with little variation throughout the year [27]. Consequently, there are relatively constant high levels of insolation. Furthermore, it has excellent potential for using solar energy as an alternative for the effective reduction of atmospheric pollutants and the global effects of climate change [28,29]. Several studies were carried out in Ecuador to obtain the optimal position of a solar panel. For example, the authors of Reference [30] suggest an orientation of \(35^{\circ}\) concerning the north and an inclination of \(15^{\circ}\) concerning the horizontal, for the city of Cuenca. In cities where there are significant changes in weather conditions across cities due to geographic conditions, it is not representative for the entire country to estimate a single average optimum tilt angle.