## 4 Spectrum of Heterogenous Services for Transport Means and the Communication of Information
### The Information Flows and Modelling for the Context of Tracking
#### 4.3.2 Tracking the Cargo  
There are some benefits stated in the literature regarding cargo tracking: (a) each sender could monitor the cargo; (b) also, the carrier could identify any missing freight part [36]. For cargo tracking, it is especially important to use RFID tags, barcodes, and sensors. For the analysis of tracking cargo, the Global Shipment Identification Number (GSIN) is essential, which is a number assigned by the cargo shipper for cargo identification. It provides a globally unique number that identifies the grouping of logistics units (pallets) for transportation from the seller to buyer under single waybill. It defines one or more pallets, each identified by a different code \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Tag** & **Costs** & **A Large Amount of Metal Case** & **Distance** & **Temperature** \\ \hline Active tag & High-costs & Friendly & Shorter & Higher \\ Semi-passive tag & Mid-costs & Unfriendly & Longer & Lower \\ Passive tag & Low-costs & Less friendly & Longer & Lower \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Characteristics of electronic product code (EPC)/radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Communication** & **Shorter Read Range Communication** & **Longer Read Range Communication** \\ \hline Tag-to-reader & Tag downlink \& reader uplink & - \\ Multiple tags-to-reader & - & Reader downlink \& tags uplink \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Characteristics of RFID communication models. (serial shipping container code (SSCC)); which is linked with cargo that is part of the commercial seller-buyer relationship and that travel at the same time. GSIN could be stated in waybill or despatch advice; it can be used as a consignment reference and/or consignor loading list. All these documents are issued by using traditional or electronic means which send Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) messages. The GSIN is printed on the label, which could be captured by a barcode or tag reader. For international cargos, the rule is that an individual GSIN number must not be reused within ten years from the date of issue and must match the standards of the World Customs Organization (WCO). For domestic cargos reuse, the period is regulated by national governing body, industry, or cargo shipper. The prefix allocated by cargo shipper makes GSIN the unique number world-wide. Tracking and tracing of logistics units through cargo transportation is a key aspect for the application of GSIN. The scanning of GSIN which is marked on each logistic unit (pallet) allows to trace and track the physical movement of the logistics units, create a link between the physical the movement of objects and the related flow of information. It also opens the possibility of implementing a wide range of applications such as cross-dock, batch routing, and automatic receipt [37]. Integration of Heterogeneous Service Infrastructure for Management of Cargo Transportation Processes by Roads and Process Monitoring  
Cargo transportation processes cover the business agreement between the delivery service provider and the buyer on operational and tactical elements. They include the following components, the roles and responsibilities of which have been described in the agreement and implemented in practice. For that, the parameters and objectives must be defined: integration of necessary data, management of transport capacity, service provision, invoicing for freight delivery service, payment for the service, claims, system security, confidentiality/non-disclosure agreement, traceability requirements, service levels (and other operational measures), quality management requirements, and escalation procedures. These elements also cover the technical and administrative levels that can be used to integrate the delivery service provider; and the buyer, including applicable standards, performance, back-up procedures, and privacy instructions.