esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Forecasting Results and Discussion
### Comparison with Conventional Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **RMSE** & **NRMSE** & **MAE** & **MAPE** \\  & **(kW)** & **(\%)** & **(kW)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline SVR & 0.194 & 206.107 & 0.125 & 55.826 \\ DT & 0.242 & 102.470 & 0.141 & 141.067 \\ ANN & 0.154 & 82.529 & 0.109 & 54.719 \\ CNN & 0.143 & 61.190 & 0.088 & 57.675 \\ LSTM & 0.129 & 67.580 & 0.077 & 45.084 \\ BLSTM & 0.131 & 54.825 & 0.078 & 46.452 \\ CNN-LSTM & 0.148 & 63.624 & 0.088 & 46.755 \\
**Proposed** & **0.108** & **55.432** & **0.058** & **36.748** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Performance of different machine learning and deep learning models. Figure 8: Estimated load profile of a commercial building (customer ID: y3).
## 3 Experimental Assessment of Mixed Metal Oxide Systems for TCES
### Co-Cu-O Mixed Oxide System  
The Co-Cu-O system shows very good reversibility and cycling stability for all the studied compositions up to x(Cu) = 0.8 [36; 41] (Figure 3a). With higher copper content in the mixed oxide, the transition temperature of the system becomes too close to the melting point, thus increasing the presence of sintering issues with increasing copper amounts. However, this phenomenon did not alter  
Figure 1: Mass variation (OSC), enthalpy change and onset temperatures of redox reactions measured for the Co-Fe-O system.  
Figure 2: Correlation between measured enthalpy (average values from the reduction and oxidation reactions) and OSC (\(\Delta\)m) of Co-Fe, Co-Cu, Mn-Co, Mn-Fe and Mn-Cu mixed oxides.  
the reactivity of the materials. The OSC of this system also decreases, when compared to pure Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\), above x(Cu) = 0.03.  
Similar to Co-Fe-O, a linear correlation was observed in the Co-Cu-O system between the OSC and the reaction enthalpy (Figure 2), since the decrease in OSC is accompanied by a linear decrease in the reaction enthalpy with increasing Cu amounts (Figure 3b). Depending on the composition, a lower enthalpy can be linked to a decrease in the reactive cobalt-containing phase, thus resulting in lower reaction enthalpies for compositions with higher copper amounts [41]. [PERSON] et al. (2015) [46] studied the OSC of Co-Cu mixed oxides and also observed a favored oxygen exchange with higher cobalt content (Co\({}_{0.8}\)Cu\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{\rm X}\)), while the presence of copper oxide helped decreasing the temperature for the release of oxygen in cobalt oxide. The presence of non-reactive CuO for compositions around x(Cu) = 0.1 was also reported to stabilize the microstructure of the material against sintering [41].  
Nonetheless, the reaction enthalpy of the Co-Cu-O system remains above 200 kJ/kg regardless of the Cu content, thus exhibiting high enough energy storage capacity to be of interest for TCES.  
A noteworthy variation in reaction temperature occurs in the Co-Cu-O system since, on the one hand, the gap in temperature between reduction and oxidation decreases for x(Cu) < 0.1 (Figure 3c). On the other hand, the temperature difference is similar to that of the pure Co\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) system for 0.1 < x(Cu) < 0.8 but both reduction and oxidation temperatures are shifted to lower values, thus providing an additional option to adapt the storage system to lower temperature conditions for energy storage application.  
Figure 3: Mass variation (OSC), enthalpy change and onset temperatures of redox reactions measured for the Co-Cu-O system.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Initial and Final of the Setting Time Measurements  
Addition of amorphous TiO\({}_{2}\) during clinker cooling may be a good way for controlling the initial and final of the setting time as it can be observed in Figure 3, 5 wt% addition of amorphous TiO\({}_{2}\) increased the initial of setting time from 39 min for unmodified material to 87 min for material 300/5, to 79 min for material 600/5 and to 74 min for 800/5. In all prepared materials modification increased the initial of setting time from 6 min (for 800/1) to 39 min (for 300/5). The same observed can be done for the values of the final of the setting time presented in Figure 4, 5 wt% of amorphous TiO\({}_{2}\) has the highest influence on increasing of this value of the final of the setting time, from 89 min for unmodified material to 135 min for 300/5, to 126 min for 600/5 and to 127 min for 800/5. Adding a semi-finished product from the titanium dioxide installation using the sulphate method to the clinker during its cooling resulted in the clinker being surrounded by a layer of TiO\({}_{2}\). During grinding, TiO\({}_{2}\) was in very good contact with the clinker and did not form agglomerates, which influenced the increase in the time of the initial and end of setting time.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **The Bending Strength [MPa]** & **Standard Deviation** & **The Compressive Strength [MPa]** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \hline clinker & 5.24 & 0.11 & 35.27 & 0.88 \\
300/1 & 5.57 & 0.02 & 36.20 & 1.67 \\
300/3 & 5.38 & 0.04 & 34.17 & 1.44 \\
300/5 & 6.56 & 0.50 & 42.67 & 1.66 \\
600/1 & 5.12 & 0.39 & 35.17 & 0.63 \\
600/3 & 4.83 & 0.30 & 30.57 & 1.73 \\
600/5 & 5.95 & 0.29 & 41.04 & 0.82 \\
700/5 & 6.41 & 0.19 & 41.53 & 2.37 \\
800/1 & 5.37 & 0.14 & 33.95 & 1.83 \\
800/3 & 5.30 & 0.22 & 35.32 & 0.78 \\
800/5 & 5.63 & 0.21 & 38.56 & 2.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The values of bending and compressive strength for modified clinkers.  
Figure 3: The initial setting time of the modified clinkers.
# Climate Perspectives in the Intra-Americas Seas
## 3 Regional Climate Features
### Rainfall
#### 3.4.3 Mesoscale Convective Activity  
Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) are the largest form of organised deep convection and storms. They are able to produce rainfall over large extensions, are a major cause of flooding, and connect atmospheric convection to larger-scale atmospheric circulation [147]. The stretched building block model [148] explains how large scales modulate the duration of shallow, deep, and stratiform anvil clouds in the MCS. Different studies analyse the connection between MCS and waves ahead of convective initiation in the MCS and the links between MCS and tropical cyclonegenesis [149; 150; 151; 152]. A relevant MCS region over Central America features MCS in the 3000-40,000 km\({}^{2}\) range, similar to tropical South America [153]. Over land, MCS are more frequent in the evening, and the maximum rainfall occurs after the peak of heating [153]. Different studies have focused on convective development over the Panama Bight that has been linked with the Choco jet. The strengthening of the Choco jet enhances the development and propagation of convective disturbances in the region, providing for favourable conditions for MCS activity in the area [104]. In addition to the Choco jet forcing, other conditions are required for the MCS to develop, including the interaction of the ITCZ with tropical easterly waves [154; 155; 156]. The contribution of MCS development to Central American rainfall exceeds 70% of total rainfall in the Pacific coast [157]. As the Pacific coast is a dry area, this implies that rainfall in this  
Figure 5: Annual distribution of TCs in the (**A**) Atlantic and (**B**) eastern tropical Pacific based on the historical HURricane DATa 2 nd generation(HURDAT2) record available at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) ([[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov)]([http://www.nhc.noaa.gov](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov))) for the 1990–2019 period. The occurrence of hurricanes affecting the Central American coast features a large number of severe events hitting the Caribbean coast. This demonstrates the indirect and direct relevance of these systems.  
area is highly dependent on MCS activity. As the ITCZ reaches its northernmost position, MCS activity increases and development is characterised by a marked difference between rainfall type (convective versus stratiform) as a result of differences in latent heating [158]. Rainfall over the region is featured by a larger size of the stratiform part of the storm compared to the convective core [159]. The position of the convective nuclei is extremely important to define areas under flood risk, and the variability and trends of the MCS are key to assess the impacts of extreme events in the region.
###### Abstract  
In November 2011, the Japanese government resolved to build \"Revival Roads\" in the Tohoku region to accelerate the recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011. Because the Tohoku region experiences such cold and snowy weather in winter, complex degradation from a combination of frost damage, chloride attack from de-icing agents, alkali-silica reaction, cracking and fatigue is anticipated. Thus, to enhance the durability performance of road structures, particularly reinforced concrete (RC) bridge decks, multiple countermeasures are proposed: a low water-to-cement ratio in the mix, mineral admixtures such as ground granulated blast furnace slag and/or fly ash to mitigate the risks of chloride attack and alkali-silica reaction, anticorrosion rebar and 6% entrained air for frost damage. It should be noted here that such high durability specifications may conversely increase the risk of early age cracking caused by temperature and shrinkage due to the large amounts of cement and the use of mineral admixtures. Against this background, this paper presents a numerical simulation of early age deformation and cracking of RC bridge decks with full 3D multiscale and multi-chemo-physical integrated analysis. First, a multiscale constitutive model of solidifying cementitious materials is briefly introduced based on systematic knowledge coupling microscopic thermodynamic phenomena and microscopic structural mechanics. With the aim to assess the early age thermal and shrinkage-induced cracks on real bridge deck, the study began with extensive model validations by applying the multiscale and multi-physical integrated analysis system to small specimens and mock-up RC bridge deck specimens. Then, through the application of the current computational system, factors that affect the generation and propagation of early age thermal and shrinkage-induced cracks are identified via experimental validation and full-scale numerical simulation on real RC slab decks.  
multiscale modelling; concrete bridge deck; crack assessment; early-age cracking; blast-furnace slag concrete 2018 8 394 00.3390/app8030394
# Application of OCT in the Gastrointestinal Tract
## 4 New Technologies and Future Applications
### Capsule  
Endoscopy requires sedation and can be time and cost demanding. Thus, an office-based delivery system for OCT beyond that of the endoscope is desirable. Early versions of OCT used catheters such as the balloon catheter [32, 34, 121], but these proved difficult to navigate the flexures of the colon due to their limitation to tubular structures. MEMS scanners [122] and resonant fiber scanning [29, 37, 123] have also been used, but rotary scanners require proximal motorized pullback, the tethers for which are susceptible to mechanical deformation which degrades scan accuracy along the longitudinal axis [124]. Wireless capsule endoscopy has been used to image the entire GI tract [125], but is not controllable by the OCT operator. However, simply trying a string to the wireless capsule [126, 127, 128] demonstrated SS-OCT for 3-D circumferential imaging [35, 124] tolerable by patients [128]. However, a capsule serving en face OCT would be more desirable, as many markers of disease in the esophagus (mucosal  
Figure 3: Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) of the esophagus showing a luminal en face view of an area of overlap (yellow arrow) between the 3 features of dysplasia (orange is lack of layering, blue is glandular structures and pink is a hyper-reflective surface). (**A**) A view looking down from the proximal esophagus. (**B**) A view closer to the suspected area of dysplasia. The en face view is also shown (**C**). Figure and caption adapted from [PERSON] et al. 2019.  
patterns, pit patterns) [129; 130] are detectable by such an orientation. A capsule in 2015 was able to combine en face and circumferential luminal scanning to obtain large field coverage (30 cm2) and small field inspection (1 cm2), yielding both volumetric and en face imaging [124]. A more recent capsule paper [131] also incorporated laser marking into tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE). Laser marking is a way of co-localizing OCT images with histology [131](120), and the laser marks had a spatial accuracy of better than 0.5 mm. However, small diameter probes sacrifice FOV for transverse resolution, which is a potential drawback of en face capsule technology [124]. In 2017, a study involving Harvard Medical School and MIT demonstrated a cycloid scanner with a tethered capsule for ultrahigh speed side-viewing OCT in vivo and also produced volumetric images of vasculature [132].
# Purely Gain-Coupled Distributed-Feedback Bragg Semiconductor Laser Diode Emitting at 770 nm
###### Abstract  
The transition lines of Mg, K, Fe, Ni, and other atoms lie near 770 nm, therefore, this spectral region is important for helioseismology, solar atmospheric studies, the pumping of atomic clocks, and laser gyroscopes. However, there is little research on distributed-feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasing at 770 nm. In addition, the traditional DFB semiconductor laser requires secondary epitaxy or precision grating preparation technologies. In this study, we demonstrate an easily manufactured, gain-coupled DFB semiconductor laser emitting at 770 nm. Only micrometer scale periodic current injection windows were used, instead of nanoscale grating fabrication or secondary epitaxy. The periodically injected current assures the device maintains single longitudinal mode working in the unetched Fabry-Perot cavity under gain coupled mechanism. The maximum continuous-wave output power reached was 116.3 mW at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the maximum side-mode-suppression ratio (SMSR) was 33.25 dB, and the 3 dB linewidth was 1.78 pm.  
semiconductor laser; distributed feedback; gain-coupled; periodic electrical injection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
A numerical investigation was carried out to explore the effects of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator on a three-dimensional incompressible, separated flow. The test article selected for the simulations was the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) wall-mounted hump model. The simulations were run at a Reynolds number of 936,000, based on hump chord length, and a freestream Mach number of 0.1. Hybrid partially averaged Navier-Stokes/large-eddy simulations (PANS/LES) were completed using CALC-LES, a well-validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, developed by Chalmers University of Technology. The baseline code was modified to simulate the effects of the actuator, which were modeled as source terms in the momentum equation and were assumed to be steady and constant in the span-wise direction. The numerical simulations were carried out for a baseline (no control) case and five plasma control cases. To optimize the performance of the actuator, the variation of actuator location and voltage frequency was investigated. For the baseline case, a comparison of time-averaged skin friction, the coefficient of pressure, and velocity profiles was made of the available experimental results. The results of the baseline case showed good agreement for a hybrid turbulence model, thus strengthening the solver's ability to predict a three-dimensional separated flow with reasonable accuracy. The results with the plasma actuator turned on showed improved flow characteristics compared to the baseline simulations by reducing the region of separated flow. The actuator placed just downstream of the separation point at an operational frequency of 5 kHz completely eliminated the separated flow for our test conditions.  
flow control; DBD plasma actuator; phenomenological; turbulence; separation; reattachment
## 3 Methodology and Mathematical Formulations
### Airflow Physics and Turbulence Modeling
#### 3.3.4 Turbulence Boundary Conditions  
To meet the requirement of faster convergence during the calculation to solve the set of nonlinear partial differential equations representing the flow physics, all turbulence parameters at the inlet boundary were calculated based on theoretical formulations and recommendations provided in the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide [35], as set out in Equations (10)-(13).  
\[\text{Turbulence kinetic energy}\ \ \ k=\frac{3}{2}(UI)^{2} \tag{10}\]  
\[\text{Specific turbulence dissipation rate}\ \ \omega=0.09^{-0.25}\frac{\sqrt{k}}{l} \tag{11}\]  
\[\text{Turbulence intensity}\ \ l=0.09^{3/4}\left[\frac{k^{3/2}}{\epsilon}\right] \tag{12}\]\[\text{Turbulence dissipation rate}\ \ \varepsilon=0.09\frac{k^{3/4}}{l} \tag{13}\]  
where \(U\) is the mean flow velocity, \(I\) is the turbulence intensity. \(\omega\) is the specific turbulence dissipation rate, \(l\) is the turbulence length scale, and \(\varepsilon\) is the turbulence dissipation rate.
## 2 State-of-the-Art in Light Dimming and Lights-Off Visible Light Communications
### Related Work
#### 2.2.2 Color Shift Keying Modulation  
Two types of techniques are typically used for dimming control in a CSK environment: PAM and PWM. In [36], the CSK modulation positions the signal constellation based on colors, whereas the brightness is controlled through the optical power adjustments of the RGB LED. Color Intensity Modulation (CIM) is developed in [37] using multicolored LEDs, to allow simultaneously color matching and dimming requirements. Recently, a combined CSK-PPM modulation has drawn a lot of attention, with a PWM dimming control implemented in a similar way as for VPPM [38].
# An Efficient Trust-Based Scheme for Secure and Quality of Service Routing in MANETs
## 5 Conclusions  
As a part of the literature survey, we observed that integration of QoS trust and social trust could improve the performance of routing in MANETs as both quality and security are very important aspects of such networks. Considering these notes, we developed a trust-based scheme, called TSQRS, in which both components are incorporated. To facilitate reliable communication in the highly dynamic environment of MANETs, TSQRS considers three important parameters during the discovery of on-demand routes, i.e., channel quality, link residual life and residual energy, to reduce route failures and to increase the overall system performance. In addition, the use of CFR, DFR and intimacy level during trust update plays an important role in removing malicious nodes during the routing process. Performance comparison of TSQRS to ETRS-PD and AODV under the same adversary model shows that TSQRS can improve consistently packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and energy consumption due to the enhancement to the routing process and due to the inclusion of new trust components for improving and securing the routing process. Many future works are possible in this area. It is possible to use intelligent rules to make effective decisions in routing. Adaptation of intelligent prediction functions such as software agents for evaluating nodes capability and reliability are suitable where the environment is unreliable, unpredictable and much dynamic. Intelligent Agents can be deployed at each sensor node to accurately predict the resource availability and reliability in order to perform organized allocation of the resource before the data routing.  
**Acknowledgments:** The work in this paper has been supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61602456) and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2015 AA017204).  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON], Ideas, general approach and overall supervision; [PERSON], model design, experiment and analysis; [PERSON] and [PERSON], contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; [PERSON], discussion and paper editing.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 10: EC against percentage of malicious nodes.
# Using a GPU to Accelerate a Longwave Radiative Transfer Model with Efficient CUDA-Based Methods
## 2 Related Work  
A number of successful attempts have been made to accelerate the RRTM or the RRTMG with multicore and multi-thread computing techniques. In this section, the most salient work along this direction is described.  
[PERSON] et al. used CUDA Fortran [29] to port the long-wave RRTM code of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to GPU [30]. In the porting, data structures were modified, the code was partitioned into different kernels, and these kernels were configured. The RRTM attained a 10\(\times\) performance improvement on Tesla C1060 GPUs. However, the RRTM relied heavily on lookup tables, so the performance optimization became extremely data dependent.  
[PERSON] et al. accelerated the RRTM long-wave radiation scheme (RRTM_LW) on the GTX470, GTX480, and C2050 and obtained 23.2\(\times\), 27.6\(\times\), and 18.2\(\times\) speedups, respectively, compared with the baseline wall-clock time. Furthermore, they analyzed its performance with regard to GPU clock rates, execution configurations, register file utilizations, and characteristics of the RRTM_LW [13]. Afterwards, they continued to accelerate the RRTM_LW by exploiting CPUs and GPUs on a Tianhe-1A supercomputer and proposed a workload distribution scheme based on the speedup feedback [16].  
[PERSON] et al. developed the CUDA Fortran version of the RRTM_LW in the the GRAPES_Meso model [27]. Some optimization methods such as code tuning, asynchronous memory transfer, and a compiler option were adopted to enhance the computational efficiency. After the optimization, a 14.3\(\times\) speedup was obtained.  
[PERSON] et al. rewrote the Fortran code of the RRTMG shortwave radiation scheme (RRTMG_SW) in C to implement its GPU-compatible version [31]. Compared to its single-threaded Fortran counterpart running on Intel Xeon E5-2603, the RRTMG_SW based on CUDA C had a 202\(\times\) speedup on Tesla K40 GPU.  
[PERSON] et al. also rewrote the Fortran code of the High-Order Methods Modeling Environment (HOMME) in C++ and used the Kokkos library to express on-node parallelism. Then, HOMME achieved good performance on the GPU [32].  
Rewriting the Fortran code of a radiative transfer model or climate model in C or C++ can achieve good performance on the GPU, but it would take considerable time. In a significantly different approach from the previous work, the current study proposes a systematic, detailed, and comprehensive parallel algorithm on a GPU for the RRTMG_LW in the CAS-ESM, resulting in increased speed performance. The parallelization is implemented by adopting CUDA Fortran rather than CUDA C. CUDA now supports Fortran, so it is not necessary to adopt CUDA C to implement the GPU computation of the CAS-ESM RRTMG_LW. Major concerns addressed by the proposed algorithms include (a) run-time efficiency; (b) common processes and technologies of GPU parallelization; and (c) feasibility of applying the research outputs in other physical parameterization schemes.
## 5 Induced Aging Mechanisms of STSCs  
Aging mechanisms are closely interconnected for long-term applications of STSCs. However, because aging processes are influenced by a diverse range of factors, there is limited literature that thoroughly examines the failure mechanisms. This section aims to analyze the primary aging mechanisms of various solar absorber coatings, addressing aspects such as content, material type, structure design, and preparation methods of STSCs. The goal is to contribute to the long-term viability and effectiveness of solar absorber coatings.