esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Effects of Forest Stand Conditions
#### 4.3.4 Topographic Variations  
The topographic variations will alter tree spatial distribution patterns and affect the proportions of the four forest components. For the plot PC-P1, we compared the proportions of the four forest components obtained based on the height normalized and original ALS data in both solar principal and perpendicular planes. It was found that the proportions of both shaded and sunlit overstory from original ALS data with topography (i.e., shaded forest overstory of 0%-31.9%, sunlit forest overstory of 16.2%-35.5%), were larger than the ones of shaded overstory (i.e., 0%-29.8%), sunlit overstory (i.e., 7.9%-28.6%) obtained from normalized ALS data at different VZA of -60\({}^{\circ}\) to 60\({}^{\circ}\) in the solar principal plane. It can be explained by the fact that the reducing mutual shadowing effects among tree crowns resulted from the increasing elevation when topography was present. The increased tree height because of topography will increase the probabilities of sunlit tree crowns, which was shaded by other tree crowns in a flat forested area. Conversely, the original ALS-based sunlit forest background proportion with an average of 5%, was smaller than the normalized ALS-based result with an average of 64.8%, because of mutual shadowing effects in normalized ALS data increased the probability of shadow casting on other crowns and visible sunlit forest background. Similarly, as for the solar perpendicular plane, after normalizing the height information, the average proportion of sunlit forest background proportion increased from 54.2% to 63.7%. Furthermore, the proportions' range of visible overstory changed from 34.6%-61.6% to 29.9%-42%, with the VZA varying from -60\({}^{\circ}\)to 60\({}^{\circ}\).  
Figure 14: The spatial variations of the four forest component proportions including shaded forest background (inset **a**), sunlit forest background (inset **b**), shaded overstory (inset **c**), and sunlit overstory (inset **d**) with the view zenith angles changing from -60\({}^{\circ}\) to 60\({}^{\circ}\) in the solar principal plane with the solar zenith angle of 30\({}^{\circ}\) for five forest plots with different tree heights or crown shapes.  
In conclusion, we found that the crown cover, tree height, spatial pattern of trees, crown diameter, crown shape, and topographic variation had significant effects on the four forest component proportions in a forest plot and subsequently affect the forest canopy BRDF. Geometric optical models, by assuming the trees had identical height and geometry in a flat ground, cannot truly and accurately describe BRDF for a natural forest. Moreover, it was difficult to reconstruct a forest scene before, using the ray-tracing methods precisely. The voxel-based forest sunlit and shaded components' estimation method in this work can resolve this problem using ALS lidar data, because the detailed 3D structural information implicitly contained within the lidar data makes it possible to capture the shadowing effect between crowns directly [63; 64; 65].
# A Novel Crowdsourcing-Assisted 5G Wireless Signal Ranging Technique in MEC Architecture
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Environment Perception Fingerprint Collection  
This section outlines the traditional street-scanning method for environmental perception fingerprint collection and introduces a grid-based approach to address the challenges in data acquisition.
Considering this context, the greatest potential for the use of lignin in bio-based resins for FRP composites seems to lie in its incorporation in the polymer structure of the types of resin more commonly used in the composites industry, such as unsaturated polyester or vinyl ester. The present study explores this strategy by investigating the effects of lignin incorporation (4% \(w/w\)) on a partially bio-based vinyl ester resin synthesized in a two-step bulk polycondensation reaction. The bio-based resin was formulated with monomers derived from renewable sources, namely 1,3-propanediol, isosorbide, and fumaric acid,and ortho-phthalic anhydride, sourced from crude oil. The objective of lignin incorporation was two-fold: (i) to increase the bio-based content of the vinyl ester resin and (ii) to improve the stiffness of the main polymeric chain, and thus, the mechanical properties of the resin. To that end, two bio-based vinyl ester resin compositions were produced, one without (reference formulation) and another with lignin incorporation. These resins were characterized by means of the following analyses/tests: (i) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, (ii) gel permeation chromatography (GPC); (iii) dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), (iv) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (v) tensile tests, and (vi) shear tests.
# Study of Mesh Pattern for Optically Transparent Flexible Antenna with Feedline
## 3 Meshed Feedline and Antenna
### Meshed Feed Line
#### 3.1.2 Diamond-Meshed Feedline  
As in Section 3.1.1, the effect of diamond mesh on transmission line performance by changing the length of open space from 0.3 to 1.4 mm at fixed \(w_{d}\) = 0.1 mm and mesh width from 0.08 to 0.28 mm at fixed \(g_{d,\;hor}\) and \(g_{d,\;ver}\) = 1.5 mm within the range of 70-90% transparency was investigated in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 6b, it is shown that the loss factor decreases as the mesh width increases as shown in the square mesh. Unlike square meshes, however, open space in diamond meshes has two parameters. It is the \(g_{d,\;hor}\) which is parallel to the direction in which the signal is transmitted along the transmission line and the \(g_{d,\;ver}\) which is perpendicular to the direction. Therefore, when \(g_{d,\;ver}\) increases, the loss factor increases proportionally, whereas the increase in \(g_{d,\;hor}\) does not have a large effect on the degradation of transmission line performance in Figure 6a. In particular, when \(g_{d,\;ver}\) is large (\(g_{d,\;ver}\) = 1.2 mm, or 1.4 mm), it is also observed that the increase in \(g_{d,\;hor}\) improves the transmission line performance. In the case of diamond-meshed line with \(g_{d,\;ver}\) = 1.0 mm, \(g_{d,\;hor}\) = 1.3 mm, and \(w_{d}\) = 0.1 mm, which has an OT of 88% higher than that of square-meshed CPW, rather improved s-parameter results can be seen in Figure 7. Comparing the loss factor of the square-meshed line and the diamond-meshed line when the OT is 90%, the square mesh has about 0.078 whereas the diamond mesh has about 0.072. From a transmission line point of view, the diamond mesh is subtly superior, but both lines work well as transmission lines.  
Figure 4: Effect of square mesh on loss factor: (**a**) length of the open space, \(g_{s^{z}}\) (**b**) mesh width, \(w_{s}\).  
Figure 5: Simulated and measured s-parameter of solid feedline and square-meshed feedline.
## 3 High-Energy Few-Optical Cycle Parametric Sources in the IR Spectral Region
### Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification
#### 3.2.1 Few-Cycle OPCPA Sources in the Near-IR
In this sense, an OPCPA system in the near-IR working at a repetition rate of 1 kHz and fully based on Ti:Sa laser technology was recently developed by [PERSON] and coworkers [40]. Figure 6: **(a)** Scheme of the Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) setup for near IR pulses amplification. G, reflection Grating; CM, Curved Mirror; PM, Plane Mirror; TM/BM, Top/Bottom Mirror; AOPDF, Acousto-Optic Programmable Dispersive Filter; RA, Regenerative Amplifier; PA, double-pass Post-Amplifier; f, f3, f4, f5, lens Focal lengths; T1, T2, Telescopes; A, Aperture; W1/W2, input/output Windows; BP, Beam Profiler; **(b)** Measured (black) and retrieved spectral intensity (blue) and phase (red); **(c)** Temporal intensity profile corresponding to a pulse duration of 19.8 fs. Adapted with permission from [38], Copyright OSA Publishing, 2009. This system is based on bismuth triborate (\(BiB_{3}O_{6}\), BIBO) crystals, and it is capable of providing CEP-stabilized sub-two optical cycle pulses at 1.6 \(\upmu\)m with an energy below the mJ-level (550 \(\upmu\)). A way for increasing amplification gain and bandwidth without the need for a 100 mJ-pump and IR spectral broadening is provided by the use of properly engineered non-linear parametric media: periodically poled non-linear crystals. Periodically poled materials, compared to conventional birefringent crystals, exhibit improved performances, namely a higher bandwidth and an enhanced nonlinear coefficient resulting in higher gain and broadband amplification. [PERSON] et al. [41] and [PERSON] et al. [42] succeeded in developing an OPCPA 2.1-\(\upmu\)m system based on \(LiNbO_{3}\) and \(LiTaO_{3}\) periodically-poled crystals. This system produces CEP-stable 740 \(\upmu\) pulses at 2.1 \(\upmu\)m with a duration of \(\sim\)16 fs, corresponding to two optical cycles of the fundamental frequency. This source can in principle be scaled in energy, but the scaling potential of periodically-poled crystals is in turn limited by the difficulty of manufacturing high quality crystals with large apertures.
# Cargo Terminal Intelligent-Scheduling Strategies Based on Improved Bee Colony Algorithms
###### Abstract  
Due to the rapid increase in cargoes and postal transport volumes in smart transportation systems, an efficient automated multidimensional terminal with autonomous elevating transfer vehicles (ETVs) should be established, and an effective cooperative scheduling strategy for vehicles needs to be designed for improving cargo handling efficiency. In this paper, as one of the most effective artificial intelligence technologies, the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), which possesses a strong global optimization ability and fewer parameters, is firstly introduced to simultaneously manage the autonomous ETVs and assign the corresponding entrances and exits. Moreover, as ABC has the disadvantage of slow convergence rate, a novel full-dimensional search strategy with parallelization (PfdABC) and a random multidimensional search strategy (RmdABC) are incorporated in the framework of ABC to increase the convergence speed. After being evaluated on benchmark functions, it is applied to solve the combinatorial optimization problem with multiple tasks and multiple entrances and exits in the terminal. The simulations show that the proposed algorithms can achieve a much more desired performance than the traditional artificial bee colony algorithm in terms of balancing the exploitation and exploration abilities, especially when dealing with the cooperative control and scheduling problems.  
intelligent scheduling; artificial bee colony algorithm; vehicle cooperative control; parallelization; multidimensional search Article
# Numerical Investigation of Slurry Fracturing during Shield Tunneling under a Reservoir
###### Abstract  
The Jinan Jiluo Road Crossing the Yellow River Tunnel North Extension Project will intersect the Queshan reservoir, which currently supplies 60% of the domestic water in Jinan City. During the excavation process of the large-diameter slurry type shield used in this project, it may lead to slurry fracturing of the stratum in front of the excavation face and slurry blow-out from the surface if the slurry support pressure is too high. The leakage of shield slurry will pollute the reservoir water, and the safety of domestic water in Jinan will be threatened. Shield slurry blow-out may also lead to water inrush accidents. It is difficult to prevent slurry blow-out during shallow shield tunnel construction due to an insufficient understanding of the shield slurry fracturing mechanism. The initiation and extension of shield slurry fracturing are very complex and difficult to observe in the stratum. Currently, there is no effective method to study the slurry fracturing mechanism of shield tunneling. This paper presents a numerical simulation method of shield tunneling slurry fracturing based on the extended finite element method (XFEM). The risk of slurry blow-out in shield tunnel crossing reservoir engineering is analyzed. The advantages of the XFEM for simulating crack propagation are fully exploited. Considering the coexistence of tensile and shear failures in soft soils, embedding the combined tensile and shear failure criterion is realized in the XFEM by the secondary development of the ABAQUS extended finite element. Compared with the slurry fracturing test of blind-hole clay samples, the rationality of the simulation method for slurry fracturing in cohesive soil is verified. Through the establishment of the slurry fracturing extension model, the slurry fracturing process of shield tunneling in cohesive soil layer is simulated. The variation law of slurry pressure in the process of fracture extension is studied, and the influence of shield slurry support pressure, overburden thickness, formation shear strength, and slurry viscosity on fracture extension pressure and extension path is analyzed. Based on this numerical simulation method, the risk of slurry blow-out is analyzed in the shield tunneling intersecting the Queshan Reservoir of the Jinan Jiluo Road Crossing the Yellow River Tunnel North Extension Project.  
slurry shield; tunnel excavation face; slurry fracturing; extended finite element method; slurry support pressure; crossing reservoir; slurry blow-out +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Literature Review
### Uniqueness of Proposed Protocol from Existing Protocols  
In this paper, similar to FLMPC, two routing protocols are proposed. However, they are different from existing as follows:  
* In SPF-Three, the single shortest path for routing of data packets based on 'Dijkstra' algorithm
* In BFS-SPF-Three, breadth First search for routing and opportunistic routing for minimum EC
* Efficient routing selection with the least number of active nodes in both SPF-Three and BFS-SPF-Three
* Above discussed strategies provide results in the reliability of data transmission with minimum EC and least distance
# Attention-Based Two-Branch Hybrid Fusion Network for Medical Image Segmentation
## 1 Introduction
We present in this research a dual-branch hierarchical global-local fusion network that integrates CNN and Transformer models for lesion region segmentation on pathology pictures. * To tackle the challenge of indistinct segmentation outcomes from merged features, this paper employs the Attention Feature Fusion (AtFF) module. This module synergizes global and local encoder branch features using an attention mechanism that effectively forges long-range correlations between coarse global and detailed local information, enhancing the extraction of both types of details. * By incorporating depth supervision and an additional segmentation head, we methodically bring the merged features back to the input image's resolution. This approach mitigates gradient vanishing and accelerates convergence for pixel-level prediction using depth-guided training. * Comprehensive comparative and ablation studies on various segmentation datasets confirm that our model is adept for histopathology image segmentation. It surpasses  
Figure 1: Workflow diagram of the proposed GLFUnet network. the performance of many prevalent segmentation techniques, with each module contributing to enhanced segmentation accuracy. The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 offers an overview of essential concepts, focusing on research related to multi-scale feature integration and CNN-based image segmentation. Section 3 presents the GLFUnet model's architecture, which combines attention mechanisms with algorithmic procedures. Section 4 discusses the experimental findings and their analysis, while Section 5 concludes and provides future perspectives.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Parametric Optimization Results  
Due to the limitation of laboratory tests, using different phase change materials to make energy piles for analysis is difficult. Although the FRPC pile adopted in this study could reduce the mechanical response of the pile structure, it still had shortcomings in overall heat transfer performance compared with the ordinary concrete pile. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct further analysis on the heat transfer and heat storage capacity of phase change concrete piles. Based on the above numerical analysis, parameter optimization was carried out for the phase change pile's thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. All the results were obtained at a fixed flow rate of 1500 mL/min. The heat power and maximum tensile stress of the FRPC pile with thermal conductivity of 1.6 W/(m\(\cdot\)K), 1.9 W/(m\(\cdot\)K), and 2.2 W/(m\(\cdot\)K) for the solid phase (1.4 W/(m\(\cdot\)K), 1.7 W/(m\(\cdot\)K), and 2.0 W/(m\(\cdot\)K) for the liquid phase) and specific heat capacity of 1200 J/(kg\(\cdot\)K), 1500 J/(kg\(\cdot\)K), and 1800 J/(kg\(\cdot\)K) were compared with those of the FR pile. The results are shown in Figure 13.
# Design and Development of an Embedded Controller for a Hydraulic Walking Robot WLBOT
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
This paper focuses on the design and control strategy of an embedded controller for the hydraulic quadruped robot WLBOT. First, an overview of the WLBOT is given, including its mechanical structure, onboard hydraulic system, and hierarchical control system. Then an embedded controller for WLBOT is designed in detail. The embedded controller's hardware consists of a CAN bus module, a sensors module, a DAC output module, a data storage module, a DC-DC power module, and other peripheral circuits. In the software design, the main program and four interrupts are introduced as well as their flow charts. CAN receive interrupt will finish the information communication with PCM-3365, while ADC-DMA interrupt can sample and process 14 sensor signals and control interrupt will realize the complex control algorithm. By studying the relationship between ADC-DMA interrupt cycle, data volume, and sampling rate, we select an appropriate interrupt cycle to achieve the controller's 2 kHz high-speed control frequency. Then the joint position control PID VFC is proposed, combined with the Chebyshev filtering algorithm to reduce the impact of joint jitter. Furthermore, an impedance controller in the joint space is designed to realize better locomotion behavior in the walking experiment. Finally, the experiments show that PID VFC control can have better joint position control accuracy, which can reduce the maximum tracking error by 39.13% and 71.31%. In the walking experiment, the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Data Type** & **Knee** & **Hip** \\ \hline The mean of position (rad) & 0.0082 & \(-\)0.0168 \\ The SD of position (rad) & 0.0278 & 0.0516 \\ The mean of torque (\(N\cdot m\)) & \(-\)0.9206 & 1.1430 \\ The SD of torque (\(N\cdot m\)) & 29.0615 & 22.7472 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of position and torque tracking errors.  
Figure 14: Comparison of the foot force between impedance control and position control.  
impedance control can achieve a good compliant effect and reduce the SD of foot force by 36.06% and 72.79%, compared with the position control.  
Future work will concentrate on improving the motion ability of the robot as well as other complex control strategies for the position, force, and hydraulic system.  
Conceptualization, Z.L., C.Z., B.J., S.Z. and J.D.; methodology, Z.L. and B.J.; software, Z.L.; writing, Z.L.; supervision, B.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology under grant 2019B10052.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Different Methods  
#### 3.3.1 Analysis of Effects of Different Clustering Algorithms  
To verify the effectiveness of the AAP clustering algorithm in terms of clustering performance, the clustering quality metrics of the AAP and K-means clustering algorithms are compared across different customer scales, as shown in Figure 7.
# Par3 DNet: Using 3 DCNNs for Object Recognition on Tridimensional Partial Views
## 1 Introduction  
In the last few years, with the advent of cheap 3D sensors such as Microsoft Kinect or Asus Xtion, object recognition in tridimensional data has been a blooming field with several successful works [1]. The problem that these approaches address is to recognize which object is represented in the input tridimensional data. This is important because, despite the current image-based object recognition systems perform very accurately, there are common situations where these systems are still prone to fail. For instance, image-based object recognition systems would fail wherever exist depictions of objects that actually are other objects, such as posters in the street or billboards depicting persons. This is because these systems rely its capabilities on recognizing certain visual features, but they can be easily fooled [2; 3; 4]. Furthermore, there are several studies that state the difficulties that humans have to distinguish between some tridimensional objects using only 2D data, when they are seen from unusual points of view [5]. Since neural networks operate according to principles similar to those of the human mind, it is not surprising that they suffer from the same limitations.  
In addition, most tridimensional-based approaches in the state of the art are challenge-driven. Namely, the authors usually impose restrictions on their methods that are acceptable for the challenges they apply to, but that renders the approach useless for real life applications [6]. The most severe of these restrictions is that the methods usually take as an input a full tridimensional representation of the object. Nonetheless, this case would not occur when capturing 3D data with an actual sensor in real life because it is only being captured the part of the object that is facing the sensor.  
Thus, in this paper, we propose Par3 DNet: a deep learning-based architecture for 3D object recognition that takes a partial 3D view of the object as an input and is able to accurately classify it. Asthere is a lack of large-scale datasets of partial views of real objects, we also focused on filling the gap between synthetic and real data. Despite the fact that we trained our system on synthetic data, it is able to generalize and perform accurately on real life objects.  
Specifically, the main contributions of this work are:  
* A deep learning-based architecture that is able to take 3D data as input and perform classification.
* The architecture is able to classify partial 3D data like the one provided by a Kinect sensor.
* The architecture is trained on synthetic data and performs accurately when fed real 3D data.  
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: first, we review some relevant related works in Section 2. Then, we describe our approach and the data preprocessing method in Section 3. In Section 4, we show the results of the experiments we carried out to validate our proposal. Finally, we draw the conclusions and state the limitations and future works in Section 5.