## 3 Literature Review
### Lean Construction and BIM Interaction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Key Interaction** & **Findings** & **Case Study** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{BIM as Lean Enabler} & BIM supports Lean Construction by improving project efficiency, reducing waste, and enhancing collaboration, focusing mainly on BIM’s role in coordination and scheduling and lacking a full exploration of Lean–BIM. & The Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center (LMCCC) case study shows how BIM-driven scheduling optimization improved project coordination and risk mitigation. \\  & BIM enhances Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Target Value Design (TVD), Last Planner System (LPS), and Kanban through automated scheduling and real-time tracking. & The Yas Island Hotel project utilized BIM for prefabrication planning, grid-shell resource leveling, and scheduling optimization. \\  & BIM supports automated work package creation, resource leveling, and 4D scheduling to improve Lean project execution, which can validate Takt Planning and the Digital Twin-driven Lean execution approach. & The case study confirms efficiency gains through BIM. \\  & BIM facilitates prefabrication, modularization, and logistics coordination, reducing variability and improving efficiency, which can support & The CCJ Precast Project used BIM to streamline precast detailing and production sequencing, reducing processing time by 80\%. \\  & BIM facilitates providing efficiency, improving efficiency, which can support & The CCJ Precast Project used BIM to streamline precast detailing and production sequencing, reducing processing time by 80\%. \\  & Just-in-Time (JIT) integration and & The CCJ Precast Project used BIM to streamline precast detailing and production sequencing, reducing processing time by 80\%. \\  & Blockchain-enabled Lean supply chain tracking. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Key summary of the interactions and findings of [22]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Key Interaction** & **Findings** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Clash Detection and Waste Reduction} & BIM enhances error detection and reduces rework in construction. Lean ensures continuous improvement in workflow efficiency, where it can support the Kaizer, PDCA, and BIM-based quality checks in the design and construction phases. \\  & LPS and 4D BIM where BIM visualizes task sequences. While LPS ensures smooth project execution by reducing uncertainties, TVD ensures cost alignment. Meanwhile, BIM-based cost estimation tools (5D BIM) provide real-time financial tracking, and JIT approach aligns with BIM-driven prefabrication, ensuring materials arrive only when needed. \\  & BIM facilitates robotic integration, while Lean removes inefficiencies in construction sequences which can be aligned with Takt Planning, RFID tracking, and robotics-driven logistics. The study in [24] examines BIM and Lean Construction synergies, highlighting enhanced efficiency, waste reduction, and optimized decision making. It emphasizes benefits to Lean tools, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Last Planner System (LPS), and Target Value Design (TVD), from BIM's real-time visualization and digital tracking. BIM supports waste reduction via clash detection and prefabrication aligned with Lean's Just-In-Time (JIT). Integration with a Common Data Environment (CDE) strengthens collaboration, providing stakeholders real-time updates. Automated quality control through BIM simulations and IoT monitoring aligns with Lean's Kaizen and PDCA cycles. However, the study mainly addresses BIM as a Lean enabler during design and construction phases, offering limited insights into post-construction operations. Additionally, detailed strategies for implementing AI, IoT, and Digital Twins are lacking, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive BIM-Lean-Emerging Technologies lifecycle framework. Table 4 summarizes these findings. Study [21] investigates Lean Construction and BIM integration, aiming to enhance workflow efficiency, waste reduction, and collaboration in the design phase.