## 2 Theoretical Analysis Framework  
The improvement of agricultural production efficiency, green development, and sustainability of economic development are the key points of agricultural development system [37]. In food production, the improvement of agricultural production efficiency is the basis for increasing farmers' income and ensuring food supply. Agriculture green development reflects the allocation level of agricultural production factors. Agricultural pollution reduction and land fertility maintenance are conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. Arable land and its social security function, which facilitates the agricultural infrastructure input and the agricultural machinery promotion, contributing to the sustainable development of the agricultural economy [15; 38]. The ADR, as the expression of agricultural supply and sustainable development level, connects the factor allocation of macro agricultural production with the micro farmers' cultivated land use behavior. In agricultural spatial factor allocation, the external environment of agricultural development system includes the policy system and regional industrial structure. They restrain the ability and level of agricultural development system to resist external interference. Additionally, when human capital scale and quality interact with agricultural development system, they are not only subject to the scale stress of agricultural development system but also restrict the changes in ADR. Social capital is the crucial connection between household livelihood and agricultural spatial factor. In this way, grain demand and supply determine the agricultural development space of the main grain-producing areas, which represents the allocation of factors in terms of farmer and industry. Grain demand and supply determine the agricultural development space of the main grain-producing areas, which forms a space system represented by the allocation of factors in terms of farmer and industry (Figure 1). On the farm household scale, NGCL results from reallocating production factors such as land, labor, information, and family capital. A farmer's long-term income is determined by the free flow of production factors among region and the optimal allocation of it within the household [39]. According to [PERSON]'s rational smallholder theory extended by [PERSON], small farmers make decisions according to their own preferences and values [40]. Farmers' decision making in planting behavior is uncertain due to the heterogeneity of their families in different family life cycles, genetic relationships, and changes in rural social structures. The factor input of cash crops is quite different from that of grain planting. The former faces extra input of labor, technology, and capital, whereas vegetable greenhouses and short-term cash crops can avoid the adverse effects of climate factors and natural disasters on crop planting income [13]. In reality, the comparative income of growing grain is low, and the land transfer market is imperfect. In a short time, improving farmers' family welfare by increasing grain income and promoting land transfer is extremely difficult due to the limited technological advances and relatively fixed channels of information dissemination. Labor and land are the main production factors in household decision making. Therefore, labor mobility and the change in cultivated land use mode have become important considerations for farmers' NGCL behavior. On the industrial scale in the macro policy system, \"grain-oriented\" is the main orientation of agricultural policy [22]. Differences exist in the implementation effect of different policies: the minimum purchase price of rice has strengthened the behavior of large rice growers toward grain [41]. Agricultural support and protection subsidies have significantly expanded the grain planting area of large-scale farmers, with no effect on their planting structure [42]. In underdeveloped areas, land transfer is one of the paths to increase agricultural income [43].