## 5 Discussion
For instance, the literature emphasizes the role of automation and advanced information systems in enhancing port efficiency and reducing operational costs through real-time data management and automated processes [22]. Similarly, our results demonstrate significant improvements in both efficiency and safety at the port terminal following the introduction of smart gates, particularly in terms of reduced congestion and faster processing times. This is consistent with the observations of [PERSON] et al. [14], who note that the use of digital technologies in ports leads to improved operational flow and heightened security measures. This proposal was based on process mapping with the TO-BE solution of a smart gate while presenting the necessary and most appropriate technologies at each stage of the process. Specifically, this project is grounded in a real case in one of Portugal's largest container shipping ports, aiming to meet the ever-increasing demands of world trade and transform it into an increasingly sustainable port. As mentioned by several authors [3; 24; 25], it is essential to make processes clear and avoid inefficiencies to meet market demand. Building on this case study, this research also fulfills the need identified by [PERSON] [35] for detailed models to apply Industry 4.0 concepts to the port sector. Unlike the current literature, which lacks in-depth analyses of the roles of smart gates, this work develops a conceptual model that demonstrates how smart gates can improve logistical efficiency and prepare ports for future demands, as well as providing a methodology to guide this progress. The practical study carried out in a major Portuguese port provides a detailed analysis of operational and sustainability needs, demonstrating the viability of smart gates in port digital transformation. As discussed, it can be concluded that the role of processes in defining and implementing smart gates cannot be underestimated, especially in a context where every step must be planned and executed (as seaports are considered highly regulated international zones). This study shows that process management is a fundamental component in the context of digital transformation and is an indispensable pillar for the success of this change. It should be noted that collaboration between the various players/stakeholders appears to be a vital element in the success of the port's digital transformation project under study, recognizing that the effectiveness of implementation and operational excellence continue to depend on people and synergy between teams, and not just on technological merit. In line with this thinking, stakeholders were actively involved in the survey of requirements and identification of problems during the port's modernization process, which is essential, as referred to in the literature [26]. Thus, validating the processes with stakeholders not only guarantees and supports the alignment and buy-in of all parties involved but also provides a crucial opportunity to identify and eliminate points of inefficiency. This step is key to ensuring that the proposed system not only meets current needs but is also scalable and adaptable to future needs. In addition, the use of visual representations of the processes facilitates stakeholder understanding and involvement, allowing for a clear and transparent view of the current state and the potential impact of the proposed changes. Although this research was developed within the framework of a specific port, the insights and solutions developed could have a wider impact, suggesting that this proposed smart gate solution could be adapted and implemented in other ports with similar characteristics. This generalization is crucial, especially in cases involving advance scheduling, making it possible to improve the efficiency and sustainability of ports in a global context. While this study focuses on a specific port in Portugal, future research could explore several areas to broaden the understanding of smart gates.