## 2 Theoretical Background
### Digital Transformation  
Logistics 4.0 is the evolution of logistics with the ultimate goal of increasing customer satisfaction, based on their requirements and in combination with reducing overall costs [32]. A company should be able to provide what customers want and need as a result of the digital transformation it has undergone, as well as address supply chain issues with regard to inventory control and boost internal productivity [33]. Due to this fact, customer service standards can be raised, production can be optimized, and production and storage expenses can be decreased [34].  
Logistics 4.0 is heavily influenced by digital technologies, especially in terms of Mobile Services, the Internet of Things (IoT), Augmented Reality (AR), and Cloud and Big Data [35]. Digital technology in turn brings about changes in the consumer behavior of the customer and the market, so companies need to transform their business model and the set of processes they follow, through digitization, in order to finally achieve an effective response [36; 37].  
Digital transformation is based on how companies innovate their business model. New digitally transformed companies enter the market with an innovative business model, while incumbents still rely on the existing business model as part of their business, and while the market and customers change, incumbents need to develop new skills and innovate the business model they apply [7]. Therefore, company digitalization encourages changes in sociocultural (i.e., attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors) and technical aspects (i.e., material elements like processes and goods) [38; 39]. In this sense, strong leadership behaviors are needed for the digitization projects that Industry 4.0 supports. In a similar vein, some significant obstacles to the digitization of businesses include poor change management, a deficiency of digital culture and strategy, and developing nations in particular, where the socioeconomic climate creates extra challenges for deeper digitization [40; 41].  
The significance of leadership in digitizing companies highlights the need for them to consider leadership development in their strategies for digitization. Businesses that can identify issues with these leadership traits early on may have an advantage over competitors because changing behavior takes time and effort, and outcomes are frequently observed over a long period of time. Furthermore, this can help companies avoid wasting resources and educate and grow their executives in the wrong ways, allowing processes to be prioritized [42; 43].  
There are many potential uses of digital transformation for Industry 4.0 and the degree to which they manifest may depend on the interactions of many elements, such as [39; 44]:  
1. Top management involvement and commitment.
2. Organizational strategy.
3. Digitization of the supply chain.
4. Smart products and services.
5. Digitization of the organization.
6. Adaptation of workers in Industry 4.0.  
In summary, digitization has an impact on every industry, whether it is through the replacement of old products with digital ones or the addition of new digital features to existing items. In any instance, businesses should first take into account the needs of their customers before implementing the necessary adjustments within the organization. The most uncertain challenge is this one [45; 46].