## 2 Materials and Methods
### Recording of Agronomical Traits  
The RDA guidebook, which contains details about the characterization and management of genetic resources, was used to document the agronomic qualities of the barley accessions [25]. A total of 15 agronomical traits, consisting of 7 qualitative traits (growth  
Figure 1: Monthly average temperature and humidity (**A**) and precipitation (**B**) during the growing period in the cultivation area. angle, flag leaf angle, spike erectness angle, cold damage, lodging rate, spike type, and grain type) and 8 quantitative traits (days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), days from heading to maturity (DHM), culm length (CL), spike length (SL), awn length (AL), number of grains per panicle (GPP), and one-thousand-grain weight (TGW)) were recorded from field observation and post-harvest investigation. In summary, the statuses of the growth angle and flag leaf angle were measured on a 1-3 scale, while the status of the spike erectness angle was measured on a 1-5 scale (Table 1). Likewise, the status of cold damage and lodging rate were each measured on a 1-9 scale. On the other hand, spike type and grain type were visually inspected and categorized. DH was determined by counting the number of days from the moment of sowing until 40% of the plants showed the first spikes. DM was determined as the number of days from sowing to when all the nodes turned yellow. AL represents the length of the longest awn found in a spike. CL was measured by determining the distance from the ground to the bottom of the spike when it reached maturity, while SL was measured by excluding the aws. Likewise, GPP represents the count of grains found in a panicle. TGW was measured by weighing 1000 grains after they were manually cleaned and dried. AL, CL, SL, and TGW values were determined from triplicate measurements, while the GPP value was determined from quintuplet measurements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Value** & **Scale** & **Status** & **\(f\)** & **\%** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** \\ \hline Growth angle & 61–90 & 1 & Erect & 98 & 27 & & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \\ (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 31–60 & 2 & Intermediate & 230 & 63 & \(\surd\) & & & & \(\surd\) \\  & 0–30 & 3 & Prostate & 39 & 11 & & & & & \\ \hline Flag leaf angle & 61–90 & 1 & Erect & 143 & 39 & & \(\surd\) & & & \\  & 31–60 & 2 & Semi-erect & 155 & 42 & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\  & 0–30 & 3 & Horizontal & 69 & 19 & & & & & \\ \hline  & 61–90 & 1 & Erect & 70 & 19 & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & & & \\ Spike erectness angle & 31–60 & 2 & Semi-erect & 108 & 29 & & & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\  & \(-30\)–30 & 3 & Horizontal & 62 & 17 & & & & & \\  & \(-60\)–(\(-30\)) & 4 & Semi-drooping & 62 & 17 & & & & & \\  & \(-90\)–(\(-60\)) & 5 & Drooping & 65 & 18 & & & & & \\ \hline  & 0 & 0 & Nothing & 3 & 1 & & & & & \\  & \(\sim\)20 & 1 & Resistant & 135 & 37 & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ Cold damage & 21–40 & 3 & Semi-resistant & 156 & 43 & & \(\surd\) & & & \\ (\%) & 41–60 & 5 & Intermediate & 58 & 16 & & & & & \\  & 61–80 & 7 & Susceptible & 12 & 3 & & & & & \\  & \(>\)81 & 9 & Severe & 3 & 1 & & & & & \\ \hline  & 0 & 0 & Nothing & 297 & 81 & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\  & \(<\)20 & 1 & Resistant & 33 & 9 & & & & & \\ Lodging rate & 21–40 & 3 & Semi-resistant & 18 & 5 & & & & & \\ (\%) & 41–60 & 5 & Intermediate & 12 & 3 & & & & & \\  & 61–80 & 7 & Susceptible & 7 & 2 & & & & & \\  & \(>\)81 & 9 & Severe & 0 & 0 & & & & & \\ \hline Spike type & - & - & Two rows & 134 & 37 & & & & & \\  & - & - & Six rows & 233 & 63 & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Grain type & - & - & - & Hulled & & & & & \(\surd\) & \\  & & & Hulless & & & & & & \\  & - & - & (Non-husked) & 121 & 33 & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & & \(\surd\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Controls: 1: Betaone, 2: Saechalssalbori, 3: Heukbori, 4: Heukdahyang, 5: Saessalbori.  
\end{table}