## 3 Results and Discussion
### Anthocyanins are Affected by Location
Moreover, pel-3-mal-glc (Table 7) was  
Although the mean levels of total and individual anthocyanin in fruits of 'Gariguette' did not vary much between locations, as was the case for the other cultivars, the different locations were separated as well (see score plot in Figure 3). This was mainly due to the high level of cya-derivates in Poland in 2018 (Tables 3 and 6), and high amounts of pel-3-mal-glc in samples from France in both years, from Norway and Italy in 2017 and from Germany in 2018 (Table 7). Interestingly, total anthocyanin (Table 2) and its main component pel-3-glc (Table 4) did not contribute much to the separation of the locations because of contrasting year-on-year effects mainly in Norway, and even more pronounced, in Italy. In general, the anthocyanin profile of 'Gariguette' seemed to be less affected by the growing locations. In the case of 'Sonata', total and individual anthocyanin did not vary much between the locations (Tables 2-7). Samples from France were clearly separated from the other locations (score plot in Figure 3), properly due to their relative low level of cya-derivates (Tables 3 and 6). Interestingly, Italian samples contained similar levels of these anthocyanins, but also less pel-3-glc (Table 4), and thus total anthocyanin (Table 2) in 2018, and this  
Figure 3: Score and loading plots of PCA for ‘Gariguette’, and ‘Sonata’ grown at five locations (F: France; G: Germany; N: Norway; P: Poland and I: Italy) characterized by total and individual anthocyanin and climatic data. The number and capital letters in the different panel are referring to the year (2017 and 2018, labeled as 17 and 18) and A or B to the harvest date, being one week apart. distinguished these samples from those of France and partly from the other locations. Moreover, in 2018, Norwegian samples were enriched in pel-3-rut (Table 5), but contained, at the same time, low levels of pel-3-glc (Table 4), and total anthocyanin (Table 2) like samples from Italy. Both variables were of the factors responsible for the clustering of the Norwegian samples. Total anthocyanin and pel-3-glc were abundant in fruits of 'Candonga' grown in France but less enriched in those grown in Norway in 2018 (Tables 2 and 4). Thus, both compounds contribute to the separation of France from Norway, and both of these from the two other locations (Figure 4). Moreover, pel-3-rut (Table 5) was low in samples grown in Norway whereas samples grown in Poland were enriched in cya-3-glc (Table 3) and pel-3-mal-glc (Table 7) in 2018, and thus showing clear seasonal effects. Fruits of 'Florence' grown in France were clearly separated from those grown in Norway (Figure 4). Moreover, PCA segregated both these locations from Germany  
Figure 4: Score and loading plots of PCA for ‘Candonga’, and ‘Florence’ grown at four locations (F: France; G: Germany; N: Norway and P: Poland) characterized by total and individual anthocyanin and climatic data. The number and capital letters in the different panel are referring to the year (2017 and 2018, labeled as 17 and 18) and A or B to the harvest date, being one week apart. and Poland. In both seasons, the level of pel-3-glc and anthocyanins were high in the French samples, whereas seasonal effects only enriched the levels of total anthocyanins in Poland and Germany, of pel-3-glc in Germany and of pel-3-mal-glc in all locations in 2018 (Tables 2, 4 and 7). In addition, fruits grown in Poland and Germany were enriched in cya-derivates in 2018, too (Tables 3 and 6). In general, the PCA separated samples of all cultivars from France from those from the other locations. One reason might be the low values of global radiation for France in both years (Figure 1). However, more reasonable is the fact, that here, as in Italy, strawberries were cultivated in an open-sided tunnel covered with a standard plastic film that is well known to be non-transparent for UV radiation. Among others, flavonoid syntheses in plants is strongly induced by light and UV-B wavelength (280-315 nm).