## 1 Introduction  
In recent times, building information modeling (BIM) has been actively introduced in the construction industry to enhance productivity [1]. In projects involving buildings, the use of the BIM has the following advantages: (1) visibility owing to the use of a 3D model; (2) interoperability of the information owing to the use of a common data schema; and (3) persistence of the information owing to the use of a standard data schema. The reason information interoperability should be treated as an important aspect can be explained by the problem of integration of various facilities or environmental information, or the improvement of applicability based on the information model. In the former case, the most representative case is the information linkage between BIM and the geographic information system (GIS). For example, it is essential to exchange information with the surrounding terrain of the tunnel structures. BIM does not deal with detailed information concerning the terrain or ground; it is indispensable to link it with the GIS to control the terrain information [2]. It is also essential to ensure interoperability between BIM and GIS for the construction of facilities, environmental impact assessment, resource distribution, safety analysis, or pipeline network plan [3; 4]. However, as pointed out in [5], the integration of the two fields becomes compromised at the data, process, and application levels. Therefore, the authorsemphasized that openness is the key to the success of the integration. The improvement of the applicability based on the information model ensures interoperability throughout the lifecycle phases or information reusability between different application fields using one model. Examples of the effort to improve interoperability using an open data schema to utilize the BIM generated in the design or construction phase are to apply the BIM in the facility management (FM) phase [6; 7], or reuse it as a structural analysis model [8; 9; 10]. In other words, to reuse model data and ensure interoperability between software packages, the use of the information model generated based on the open standard data schema marks the beginning of the process. The industry foundation classes (IFC) is an open data schema as an international open standard developed by the buildingSMART International model support group (MSG) to support information exchange throughout the facility lifecycle [11]. Currently, the IFC4 version is the latest scheme, and most BIM authoring software packages support the IFC4-based or the IFC2 \(\times\) 3-based IFC physical file format (IPFF). Therefore, the information model of a building can be based not only on the models generated using BIM authoring software, but also on the models converted to IPFF. This feature allows access to the model data not only from the software relating to the model generation but also to various software programs pertinent to the application of the model, which implies the possibility of the re-use of the model. The successful applications of the use of the information model as a standard practice for buildings led to an increase in demand for its use in other structures as well. Consequently, there is an active effort toward the information modeling of bridge structures for productivity enhancement. However, in actual projects, bridge models are only being used as 3D digital models for visualization purposes, with the aspect of information interoperability being ignored. As an example, after the Loma Prieta earthquake, a replacement simulation using BIM was conducted for replacing the viaduct of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge [12]. However, the BIM that was actually applied to the Bay Bridge focused on virtual construction rather than the exchange of information, thus utilizing only the information regarding the geometries of the structure. The Korea Expressway Corporation attempted to build a system based on the information exchange of road structures, including bridges.