esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# High Bandwidth-Utilization Digital Holographic Reconstruction Using an Untrained Neural Network
###### Abstract  
Slightly off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is the extension of digital holography imaging technology toward high-throughput modern optical imaging technology. However, it is difficult for the method based on the conventional linear Fourier domain filtering to solve the imaging artifacts caused by the spectral aliasing problem. In this article, we propose a novel high-accuracy, artifacts-free, single-frame, digital holographic phase demodulation scheme for low-carrier-frequency holograms, which incorporates the physical model into a conventional deep neural network (DNN) without training beforehand based on a massive dataset. Although the conventional end-to-end deep learning (DL) method can achieve high-accuracy phase recovery directly from a single-frame hologram, the massive datasets and ground truth collection can be prohibitively laborious and time-consuming. Our method recognizes such a low-carrier frequency fringe demodulation process as a nonlinear optimization problem, which can reconstruct the artifact-free phase details gradually from a single-frame hologram. The phase resolution target and simulation experiment results quantitatively demonstrate that the proposed method possesses better artifact suppression and high-resolution imaging capabilities than the physical methods. In addition, the live-cell experiment also indicates the practicality of the technique in biological research.  
digital holography; quantitative phase imaging; deep learning; unsupervised learning; space bandwidth utilization Article
## 2 Methodology and Data Collection  
As an optimum combination of carefully measurements, Kriging and simple path loss models were employed to predict complete system coverage performance in two types of O2I NLOS links. The methodology, measurement equipment, scenarios and procedure are described as follows.
# On Blockchain-Enhanced Secure Data Storage and Sharing in Vehicular Edge Computing Networks
## 3 Proposed Architecture
### Procedures of Proposed Scheme
#### 3.3.4. Consensus Mechanism Process and Block Generation  
In this step, only the authorized RSU performs the consensus process for storing authentication data and logs into the blockchain network layer. Figure 3 illustrates the consensus mechanism in the blockchain-based VECNets system. In this consensus process, PBFT is utilized due to its merits, such as consistency, maturity, high efficiency, and small resource consumption, making it suitable for our proposed scheme. Besides, it offers strong consistency for the consensus process among RSUs in VECNets [14]. Further, PBFT allows the existence of anomalous nodes \((f)\), where \(f=(n-1)/3\), without affecting the consensus result among the number of nodes \((n)\)[33]. Figure 3 shows that the speaker \(RSU_{1}\) broadcast \(Block_{data}\) using a _pre-prepare_ message to other authorized RSUs in edge node of consortium blockchain. Other RSUs \((RSU_{2},RSU_{3},...RSU_{n})\) as congress members receive the data shared using its LSSC. Then, congress members verify the \(Block_{data}\) and broadcast the _prepare_ message among RSUs while calculating the message received from other congress members at the same \(t\) interval. If the number of _prepare_ messages received from different congress members are over \(2f+1\), they broadcast the _commit_ among the participants (i.e., other RSUs). When receiving over \(f+1\) the _commit_ message, the speaker confirms that the consensus is finished by generates a new block to the blockchain network. Consequently, the authentication \(Block_{data}\) and logs are broadcast among node participants, and their ledger is updated. Otherwise, the block will be discarded, and the next round consensus will be executed. Note that in Figure 3, \(RSU_{3}\) represents the malicious node example that does not respond to the request from other nodes but still cannot influence the system decision.
# The Future of Cybersecurity in the Age of Quantum Computers
## 3 Is the Quantum Threat Unassailable?  
Historically, cryptography has been used to hide any sensitive information away from an intruder. Essentially, there are two ways to keep sensitive information secure from intrusion:  
1. Scrambling the information to make it undecipherable to the intruder;
2. Automatically making the information physically inaccessible to an unauthorized intruder.  
The former is carried out using cryptography, and the latter by gating the physical access to the sensitive data. While cryptography has been the cornerstone of computer security since modern personal computers came into existence [23], gating access to computer resources is literally impossible, as legacy computers are designed to grant third-party permissions to all applications by default. Permissions introduce vulnerabilities, enhancing the need for the development of more complex encryption algorithms [24]. The vulnerabilities keep growing exponentially with the increase in connected devices [25]. This trend has shifted the security spotlight exclusively to cryptography, pushing the permissions issue to obscurity, so much so that almost all of today's computer security is cryptography-based. As computer security heavily relies on encryption, it remains vulnerable to impending threats from the enormous computing power of quantum computers of the future. It is time we revisit the much-ignored component of security, i.e., gating the physical access to the information.  
A recent report on zero-vulnerability computing (ZVC) offers some hope in that respect [14]. ZVC is a new encryption-agnostic cybersecurity paradigm supported by 30+ European partners in the European Commission's Horizon program [26]. The published ZVC experiments produced data that resulted in the formulation of the following hypotheses:  
1. As ZVC security is encryption-independent, will it be quantum-resistant by design?
2. As the ZVC architecture lacks layering, rendering it conceptually analogous to the zero-moving-parts nature of solid-state electronics, will it deliver the same advantages to computers as the solid state did to revolutionize the electronics industry in the 1960s-1970s?  
Although these new hypotheses are a subject of ongoing research pursued by a European consortium of experts constituted to test and prove them, it is possible and indeed pertinent to examine the technological rationale that supports these hypotheses. Such a de novo analysis will not only open a possible alternate approach for quantum proofing of future computers but will also pioneer a new era of solid-state software on a chip (3 SoC) that introduces the integrity and robustness of solid-state electronics into software design [27]. With that intent, a deeper dive into the elements of ZVC is presented herein.
###### Abstract  
In longitudinal ventilation, circulating air is formed in portals for closely spaced twin tunnels, which causes mixing between the polluted air exhausted from one tunnel and the fresh air flow of another tunnel, thus leading to the rising costs of ventilation system construction and operation. In this study, for the closely spaced tunnel with staggered inlet and outlet, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation method was adopted to reveal flow characteristics of the circulating air as well as variation rules of the circulating air mixing ratio \(\varphi_{\mathrm{c}}\) with tunnel structure and operation parameters. Results show that both reducing inlet air velocity and increasing outlet air velocity and lateral distance can reduce the impact of the negative-pressure zone at the tunnel entrance on the jet flow structure at the tunnel exit, thus weakening the circulating air. When the inlet is placed behind or aligned with the outlet (staggered distance \(\Delta I\leq 0\)), \(\varphi_{\mathrm{c}}\) will increase linearly along with the increase of staggered distance; when the inlet is placed before the outlet (\(\Delta I>0\)), \(\varphi_{\mathrm{c}}\) will first increase and then decrease with the increase of staggered distance. An expression to predict circulating air mixing ratio was created by sections. The predictions show a good correlation with the measurements and indicate that the front slope gradient of the tunnel portal is also one of the factors affecting the circulating air mixing ratio.  
Keywords:closely spaced twin tunnel; staggered inlet and outlet; circulating air; mixing ratio; computational fluid dynamics (CFD) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
In order to address the problems of various interference factors and small sample acquisition in surface floating object detection, an object detection algorithm combining spatial and frequency domains is proposed. Firstly, a rough texture detection is performed in a spatial domain. A Fused Histogram of Oriented Gradient (FHOG) is combined with a Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to describe global and local information of floating objects, and sliding windows are classified by Support Vector Machines (SVM) with new texture features. Then, a novel frequency-based saliency detection method used in complex scenes is proposed. It adopts global and local low-rank decompositions to remove redundant regions caused by multiple interferences and retain floating objects. The final detection result is obtained by a strategy of combining bounding boxes from different processing domains. Experimental results show that the overall performance of the proposed method is superior to other popular methods, including traditional image segmentation, saliency detection, hand-crafted texture detection, and Convolutional Neural Network Based (CNN-based) object detection. The proposed method is characterized by small sample training and strong anti-interference ability in complex water scenes like ripple, reflection, and uneven illumination. The average precision of the proposed is 97.2%, with only 0.504 seconds of time consumption.  
floating object detection; complex water surface; combination; spatial-frequency; texture; saliency detection +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
_Article_
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Voltage-Capacity Using LDA+DMFT
Interestingly, the \(V\)-dependence of our LDA+DMFT results for \(4.0\leq U\leq 4.5\) eV are also consistent with experimental results in the low capacity range where the voltage increases abruptly. This in turn suggests that the nearly undoped compound is in a sizable correlated regime and that electronic correlations are slightly reduced upon lithiation, driving the anode material to a regime where the on-site Coulomb repulsion is close to 3.5 eV. Thus, according to our theory-experiment comparison, for capacity values above 1.8 where good agreement is seen in Figure 6 correlation effects are predicted to be partially screened in Li-doped MoO\({}_{2}\) and this might be the electronic mechanism for the monoclinic-to-orthorhombic structural transition observed during lithiation insertion reaction [27]. In this scenario, the volume change caused by the monoclinic-to-orthorhombic structural transition observed during lithium insertion reaction correlates with partial screening of correlation effects in electron-doped MoO\({}_{2}\), which lowers on-site Coulomb repulsions. If this electronic factor alone can be taken as driving force for the structural distortion, then strained MoO\({}_{2}\) may offer a means to minder volume changes by keeping the material in a regime of stronger correlation effects, where strain can contrast the screening effect of electron-doping by Li insertion. Together with our previous work on Li\({}_{2}\)MoO\({}_{3}\) cathode material [48], the results presented here prove the applicability and transferability of this approach to battery materials in general, anodic and cathodic, towards a precise and computationally efficient characterisation of voltage-capacity profiles in battery cells and devices. At the same time, this approach allows distinguishing between cathode and anode battery materials candidates, within a database search or a crystal structure prediction workflow. We expect this work to prompt further application of this computational strategy for novel battery products.
## 4 Conclusions  
PAW was successfully prepared by the activation of water with a soft plasma jet. The amount of plasma-induced RONS in PAW increased in a time-dependent manner. The PAW treated by the soft plasma jet for 3 min or more contained sufficient amounts of \(H_{2}O_{2}\) and \(NO_{x}\) to inactivate the _A. brasiliensis_ spores. Similar to direct plasma treatment, indirect plasma treatment by the PAW significantly damaged the fungal cell wall structure and reduced the viability of _A. brasiliensis_ spores. SEM images and flow cytometric measurements indicate that cell wall structure in the PAW-treated spores was deformed and damaged with open holes. Disruption of the cell wall integrity provides a path where intracellular components can escape and RONS of the PAW directly attack intracellular components. Structural damage of the spore cell wall and degradation of genomic DNA by RONS in the PAW are critical processes that lead to cell death. Thus, we expect the fungicidal power of PAW could be applied to the disinfection of bioprotected melanogaster fungal spores that are recalcitrant to inactivation by diverse chemical agents.  
Figure 8: Electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA from _A. brasiliensis_ spores treated by the PAW. Lane 1 (ladder): 1 kb ladder DNA marker, lane 2 (Control): negative control of genomic DNA from the _A. brasiliensis_ spores without the PAW treatment, lane 3 (PAW1): genomic DNA from the _A. brasiliensis_ spores with PAW-1 treatment, lane 4 (PAW3): genomic DNA from the _A. brasiliensis_ spores with PAW-3 treatment, lane 5 (PAW6): genomic DNA from the _A. brasiliensis_ spores with PAW-6 treatment, and lane 7 (DP3): positive control of genomic DNA from the _A. brasiliensis_ spores with direct plasma treatment for 3 min.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON]. ([PERSON]), [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments and research. E.H.C. provided assistance in the plasma setup and the analysis of plasma-induced RONS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant numbers NRF-2016M3A7B4909823 ([PERSON]), NRF-2018R1D1A1B07040386 ([PERSON])), by the Korea Ministry of Environments as \"The Environmental Health Action Program\" (2016001360002), and in part by Kwangwoon University in 2020.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 7 Numerical and Results
### End-to-End Outage Probability \(P_{out:EE}\)  
In Figure 5a,b, as \(\beta\) increases, \(P_{out:EE}\) increases. The impact of the blockage can be quantified by comparing with the baseline case \(P_{out:EE}^{*}\) in Table 1. Overall, the simulation results are in decent agreement with the theoretical curves, which validates our analysis in Section 5. For a fixed parameter set, FN shows the lower \(P_{out:EE}\) compared to NN because FN takes less number of hops to reach the destination, while the outage rate of each hop is the same as defined in Equation (8). For the same reason, \(P_{out:EE}\) with \(L=250\) m in Figure 5b is higher compared to \(L=125\) m in Figure 5a.
## 4 Performance Evaluation in Edge Scenarios
### I/O-Intensive Workload  
In typical workflows, I/O is a common and crucial task. This is particularly relevant in edge intelligence applications, where devices are closer to the data source, making it important to focus on how to efficiently acquire and distribute data through I/O operations. Disk I/O is used for testing, with IOzone selected as the I/O-intensive workload. IOzone generates a series of file operations and measures their performance. IOzone is widely used and has been ported to various systems and platforms to assess file system performance. Since SGX does not support system calls natively, the SGX SDK-based solution requires using Ocalls to exit the enclave for I/O operations. This approach does not provide security guarantees, so we did not conduct I/O tests on the SGX SDK. Instead, we focused on testing LibOS-based solutions, as these solutions have their own file systems, allowing disk I/O to be performed within the enclave. We tested both Gramine and Occlum, which, despite both being based on LibOS, have significant differences in file systems. In Gramine, users need to customize a manifest file to specify trusted files, creating a virtual file system. Since Gramine only allows one process to exist within an enclave, processes cannot share encryption keys, which prevents them from sharing an encrypted file system. Gramine can only encrypt files marked as trusted, and it does not encrypt file metadata. In contrast, Occlum uses a fully encrypted file system divided into two layers: a read/write layer and a read-only layer. The read-only layer is encrypted from the \"image\" folder in the host's Occlum instance, while the read/write layer handles files generated during process execution.  
To ensure the generality of the experimental results, each experiment was conducted a total of five times. Additionally, we ensured that only the current process performs file read/write and disk interaction operations. In the line charts, the short horizontal lines indicate the maximum and minimum values from the five tests, while the average of the five tests is connected to form the line chart. This paper mainly records the performance in four scenarios: sequential read/write and random read/write. Additionally, we focused on the system's read and write performance under different buffer sizes.
# Overview of the Development of 3D-Printing Concrete: A Review
## 7 The Problems and Prospects of 3D-Printing Concrete
### Existing Problems
Although the 3D printed concrete over traditional concrete pouring methods can adapt to complex designs and free-style buildings, the true connotations of optimization, sustainability and effective weight reduction have not been fully explored. Topology optimization is a mathematical method that has been widely used in optimizing the appearance and layout of materials. Now a topology optimization method has been introduced in the numerical simulation stage of 3D printed concrete, with the purpose of optimizing the printed structure. However, it is difficult to apply this method directly to the structural design of concrete because it fails to consider the nonlinear behavior of the material (such as the significant difference between the compressive and tensile strength of concrete). 7. The adhesion between different layers of 3D printed concrete is mainly characterized by tensile and shear strength. Most of the current research focuses on tensile strength, and the research on shear strength is relatively insufficient. In addition, 3D printed concrete will have major changes in the production process, safety measures, etc., which will cause more or less problems. These all require further research.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results Analysis  
For all plots, we overlayed orange vertical lines to show where the PDMSstatus output had a value \(\geq\) 0.5, which is defined as VH (Very High) or EH (Extremely High), and is where the FIS inferred the stall event is being detected. The same was done for FlowRestriction output with a red line.  
If during 1 s (1 acquisition data point) the PDMSstatus output infers VH or EH, the stall is considered to happen. Even if the output goes under the threshold of 0.5 right after, one point only of stalling detection would, in a real situation, alarm the operator on a screen and he/she would be alerted of the abnormal condition, together with short instruction on the contingency to be performed (e.g., stop the pump immediately).
# Real Time Shadow Mapping for Augmented Reality Photorealistic Rendering
## 1 Introduction  
Augmented Reality (AR) is capable of inserting virtual objects into real world environments. There are many cases where AR is helpful in industrial applications, but usually it lacks in visual quality because the image shown is poor. For this reason, rendered images of products are visualized on screens because the visual quality is much greater and the use of AR technology is limited only to essential situations [1]. Low visual quality of AR objects can be considered a not problem when information to be delivered to the user are instructions or technical information: in this case, the main focus of the AR tool is to dispatch a precise information, not a realistic one. On the other hand, low visual quality of AR objects becomes a problem when the main objective of the AR tool is to create the sense of immersiveness to the user. In such cases, the low visual quality problem can be divided into two sub-problems: the material problem and the light problem. The material problem has been faced with the introduction of rendering pipelines, for example the new High Definition Rendering Pipeline in Unity 2018.1, and the implementation of high defined materials with several types of maps, normal map, bump map, specular map, etc., which produce more realistic materials. However, even with the use of ultra realistic materials, watching an AR object casting no shadow fails the scene realism. The realism of the scene is crucial in all those applications that aim to engage the user and to enhance user experience more than to provide the user with technical information or instructions, for example: design review, customer customization and press release. In such a way, matching the environment lighting scheme with the synthetic lighting scheme is fundamental.