# Adaptive Jamming Mitigation for Clustered Energy-Efficient LoRa-BLE Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Related Work  
WSNs have become fundamental in various applications, ranging from industrial monitoring and smart city deployments to environmental sensing and security surveillance. However, the resilience of these networks is increasingly challenged by jamming attacks, which disrupt communication and drain energy resources. Prior research has extensively explored mitigation strategies, including spread spectrum techniques [19], frequency hopping [20], and power control adaptations [1]. While these methods offer varying degrees of protection, they also present notable limitations that impact their effectiveness in real-world heterogeneous networks. Spread spectrum techniques, such as direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), have been widely employed to counteract jamming by dispersing signals over a wider frequency band or rapidly switching between frequencies [19]. However, these approaches require significant bandwidth overhead, increasing system complexity and making them less suitable for resource-constrained WSNs. Moreover, sophisticated adversaries can employ reactive jamming strategies that detect and adapt to frequency variations, thereby neutralizing the benefits of spread spectrum techniques. Similarly, frequency hopping methods, while effective against narrowband jammers, suffer from synchronization challenges and additional energy consumption due to frequent switching [20]. In dense IoT environments where multiple wireless protocols coexist, the coordination of frequency hopping sequences across different technologies, such as LoRa and BLE, further complicates deployment and scalability. Additionally, the presence of broadband or sweep jammers can render frequency hopping ineffective, as the entire spectrum may be targeted simultaneously. Power control adaptations aim to mitigate jamming by dynamically adjusting transmission power based on interference levels and link quality [1]. While this technique can help conserve energy and improve connectivity, it is highly susceptible to adversarial exploitation. Attackers can manipulate power adaptation mechanisms by introducing deceptive interference patterns, causing nodes to increase power unnecessarily, thereby accelerating battery depletion. Furthermore, power control alone does not address jamming attacks that exploit MAC-layer vulnerabilities, such as collision-based or deceptive jamming. While these approaches offer varying degrees of protection, they often fail in heterogeneous network environments where multiple communication technologies coexist. Recent studies [21; 22; 23] have highlighted the need for adaptive multi-protocol networks that can dynamically switch communication methods in response to interference [4]. The present study advances the field by integrating a cluster-based reactive jamming mitigation algorithm into a LoRa-BLE hybrid network, addressing critical shortcomings in previous cluster-based approaches that have failed to accommodate the unique challenges of multi-protocol environments. While prior research has explored cluster-based mitigation strategies in homogeneous networks, such as those relying solely on LoRa or BLE, these methods often lack adaptability when faced with heterogeneous network architectures where interference dynamics vary across communication protocols. Existing cluster-based techniques primarily focus on energy-efficient data aggregation and route optimization [24; 25], but they do not account for the need to dynamically switch between protocols in response to jamming threats. For instance, conventional clustering algorithms are typically designed for static topologies with predefined cluster head (CH) selection criteria, which limits their responsiveness to sudden interference conditions in multi-protocol networks.