## 5 Conclusions  
We have found that it seems possible to build (or suggest a scheme for building) all the nucleobases that make up the RNA chain from a few simple molecules, such as HCN, CO\({}_{2}\), NH\({}_{3}\), C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\), providing that a certain order between the reactants is kept up, and that one uses the concept of SET (selective energy transfer) for catalysis of the reaction steps involved.  
We have also found that for all reactions considered there is a ratio in small numbers; 1:2, 1:1, 3:2, 4:3, etc. between the vibration quanta of catalyst and reactant, well in accordance with the rules of the SET model.  
What is extraordinary and definitely interesting from the view-point of \"the origin of life\", is that in all cases the catalyst is one and the same substance, the carbonyl sulfide, COS; or rather SCO to emphasize its relation to carbon dioxide (Table 8). One finds reason to use COS as a catalyst not only for the synthesis of the ribose and the four nucleobases, not only for the splitting of carbon dioxide and the splitting of ammonia and ethene, but also for the conversion of amino acids to chains of peptide groups as described in Reference [1]. Further, this gas, COS, came from the--at the time--not so uncommon volcanic eruptions! We are tempted to cite the expression [23], coined by the Nobel Laureate [PERSON]: COS must be \"the dust of life\". (This, of course, is our later-days interpretation).  
But that phrase, \"the dust of life\", also stresses the weak point of our results; a gaseous substance would have difficulties to stay inside the walls of a living cell. It is now well known, however, that small, solid particles of montmorillonite (a type of petrified clay) might be trapped in such protocells in which RNA might operate [24; 25]. Especially interesting for us is the concept \"everything first\", coined in this context by [PERSON] [26; 27], indicating that if all the reactions, needed to build the cell and its contents, were served by one and the same catalyst, the various components must be formed simultaneously, side by side irrespective of the catalyst being a gas or a petrified clay. [PERSON]'s concept also implied that no special part of the total cell was assigned to lead the run, having to see the others slowly following up.  
Therefore, hopefully, we will be able to discuss similarities and differences between gas systems and solid-state catalysts in the next part of this breath-taking tale on the power of SET.  
The activities for producing the manuscript relate as follows: conceptualization, R.L. and A.M.; literature search and evaluation, A.M.; calculations, R.L.; methodology, R.L. and I.O.; writing--original draft, A.M. and R.L.; data collection and evaluation, A.M. and R.L.; drawings and manuscript corrections, I.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors are grateful for the support for this work provided by the University of Lund and the Department of Chemical Engineering of LU. This support was aimed at covering the costs of publishing the results of the study in full Open Access style. One of us ([PERSON]) will strongly thank his daughter, [PERSON], B.Sc., for good guidance in computer use. Likewise, we, the authors, want to express our gratitude to Mr. [PERSON] of Ottawa, Canada, for his computer related help. We are also indebted to Mr. [PERSON] for his help with the figures of vibration patterns.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
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