## 5 Commercialization, Regulation, and Technological Innovation
### Technological Innovation
Coffee pulp as a pigment powder has been employed in ice cream formulations, conveying health-enhancing properties due to its anthocyanin content [253]. Moreover, coffee by-products have recently gained interest as bioactive ingredients for preventing cancer metastasis or alleviating and treating cancer [259, 260]. Another area of interest is the development of new materials with a high degree of biodegradability for packaging purposes. For example, roasted coffee by-products have been used as composite materials for containers or mixed with other agri-food by-products, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Patent Number** & **Title** & **Key Knowledge/Advantages/Benefits** & **Country** & **Ref.** \\ \hline CN107568408A & Processing technology for ice cream containing coffee pulp pigment powder & Coffee pulp pigment ice cream has more healthcare functions due to its high anthocyanin content & China & [253] \\ CN115379990A & Container made of composite material with affinity between substances & Economic utilization of coffee by-product, resulting in a packaging with a high degree of biodegradation & Spain & [254] \\ KR101344471B1 & Bioplastic using coffee residual products and methods making the same & Degradable bioplastic that contributes to resource saving by recycling waste & Korea & [255] \\ CN115515866A & Composite material having components obtained from the solver sheet of coffee & Biodegradable coffee capsule providing an optimal use of silverish byproduct & Germany & [256] \\ CN115583435A & Beverage capsule and method for sealing coffee beverage capsule & Coffee payment layer with a high wet and dry rupture (ratio 50–70%) & Finland & [257] \\ KR20220062702A & Pellet using coffee waste & Pellet using coffee waste & Pellet using coffee waste capable of controlling water content & Korea & [258] \\  & Composition comprising coffee, coffee extract, and byproduct as an active ingredient for the prevention of cancer & Active ingredient with inhibitory activity against cancer metastasis, cancer growth, and VCAM1 protein expression & Korea & [259] \\ WO202158885A1 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Composition for preventing, improving, \\ or treating metastasis of cancer \\ comprising coffee extract and byproduct \\ as effective components \\ Application of products of coffee \\ silverskii in anti-aging cosmetics and \\ functional food \\ \end{tabular} & Material with the ability to inhibit cancer metastasis, inhibit cancer growth, and inhibit VCAM1 protein expression & Korea & [260] \\ WO2013004873A1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Coffee silverskii products obtained \\ through water extraction, with uses in \\ cosmetics and functional food. \\ \end{tabular} & Spain & [136] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._such as coconut and grains, to enhance packaging and manufacturing processes [254]. Bioplastics incorporating coffee residual products have emerged as an alternative to sustainable packaging solutions [255]. Composite materials comprising components made from coffee silverskin or parchment have been utilized for the production of dispensing capsules [256; 257]. Recent innovations include the utilization of coffee beans as solid fuels; however, challenges related to incomplete combustion and the generation of harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide, have been observed. To address this, a patent was developed to produce pellets containing coffee by-products that burn more efficiently and can be smoothly used as a solid fuel [258]. Overall, technological innovation, as demonstrated by patents, is a critical driver for the development and commercialization of functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals derived from coffee by-products. Continued investment in research and development in these areas is essential for companies and researchers to stay competitive and meet the evolving needs and demands of the market.