# Factors Affecting the Stability of Loess Landslides: A Review
## 2 Relevant Measured Parameters
### Deformation Damage and Monitoring  
Scientists use integrated geophysical and satellite remote sensing techniques to monitor the geomorphology, deformation, and damage of landslides. It is possible to identify the location where the most significant change in geophysical response occurs by using time-lapse and hierarchical stability analysis methods to interpret landslide data [81]. Geophysical methods such as SRT, ERT, MASW, and HVSR can be used to visualize and monitor the site, constrain the hydrological model based on morphology, and determine the relevant rock stratigraphy and damage surface geometry. In addition, borehole samples can be used in combination with these methods to improve the accuracy of interpretation [48; 82; 83]. In recent years, a major focus in the study of landslide deformation, failure, and monitoring has been on geophysical data, including precise topography from GPS and DTMs from ground laser scanning. These data provide more accurate estimates of the near-surface velocity field, as well as more accurate models of the spatial variability and area of landslides [50]. Some scientists have conducted extensive research on landslide deformation, damage, and monitoring. They have been able to infer the processes of landslide deformation and damage by performing sensitivity analyses on the results of model back-calculations [84]. The prediction of landslide travel distances is possible from geometric datasets of shallow loess landslides and loess-rock landslides [54]. Landslide hazard monitoring and prediction can be improved by the application of seismological basement theory, which uses the mechanical properties of earthquake faults comparable to landslide slip surfaces [85]. Satellite remote sensing technology, with its ability to provide rapid, real-time, and high-resolution data, plays an important role in the monitoring of geological hazards. This technology is particularly useful in situations where it is impractical or time-consuming for humans to intervene. To date, this technology has been successfully used to create slope databases, remotely monitor landslide deformation in real time, and predict slope stability, among other applications. For example, [PERSON] et al. [86] used Google Earth high-resolution remote sensing imagery to conduct a preliminary investigation of the geomorphologic types in the landslide distribution area, identifying 609 landslide sites and performing a landslide hazard assessment using the weight-of-evidence method. [PERSON] et al. [87] investigated the stability of the slope geomorphology calculated from Landsat 8 imagery and used the Selpy model for slope stability analysis in terms of deformation monitoring and modelling. [PERSON] et al. [88] analyzed the capability of ground-based GNSS technology for integrated monitoring of shallow loess landslide hazards. GNSSs can monitor changes in soil moisture around the station while providing highly accurate deformation time series features. In addition, using high-precision Beidou and displacement meter monitoring data, [PERSON] et al. [89] developed a high-precision prediction model for loess landslide displacement. They went on to comprehensively analyze the predictive performance of the various models used. [PERSON] et al. [72] presented a comprehensive study of the sliding characteristics during the development of loess landslides by combining remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, and additional monitoring information. Based on geological investigations, it is possible to analyze the surface geomorphology, sliding stages, and movement patterns of loess landslides by combining remote sensing, 3D laser scanning and other comprehensive techniques. It has been proposed that the steepness of the terrain serves as a fundamental factor that contributes to the occurrence of high-speed landslides in remote areas. However, satellite remote sensing technology can only measure the surface. It does not capture the characteristics of subsurface changes at depth, which are typically analyzed retrospectively.