## 4 Simulation Methodology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Yamal 90E** & **Express 140E** & **Yamal 183E** \\ \hline Number of urban 5G BS/Number of & & & \\ active urban 5G BS & 68,214/10,232 & 110,429/16,564 & 303,050/45,457 \\ Number of suburban 5G BS/Number of & & & \\ active suburban 5G BS & 8186/1228 & 13,252/1988 & 36,366/5455 \\ Number of rural 5G BS/Number of & & & \\ active rural 5G BS & 4254/638 & 6887/1033 & 18,901/2835 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Parameters of each Monte Carlo simulation step (urban/suburban (rural) macro). Figure 9: Scenario 1 operation (**a**) 90\({}^{\circ}\) E bent pipe transponder operation (**b**) Bent piper of Yamal 90E transponder composite link calculation. Figure 11: Cumulative distribution function of C/(N + I) for Express 140E for 6/4 GHz. Figure 10: Cumulative distribution function of C/(N + I) for transponder Yama; 183E for 6/4 GHz. When transmitting the signal through satellite communication link errors in received data occur due to the noise. In digital communication, using adaptive modulation with different modulation schemes is instrumental since it is possible to detect and correct errors by adding redundancy which is called forward error correction (FEC). This allows improving spectral efficiency using different code rates by restoring the data without retransmitting it. The more redundant bits are added, the more robust waveform is, but such improvement cost reduction of data rate and latency. The most popular solutions for satellite links are V + RS--convolutional codes with Viterbi decoding and block codes of Reed-Solomon, trellis coded modulation (TCM), TCM + RS--trellis coded modulation with block codes of Reed-Solomon, TPC--turbo product codes, LDPC--block codes with low density of parity checks. In modern satellite models widely used waveforms use phase modulation with different FEC levels. [20; 21; 22]. Given that the simulation scenarios consider the satellite worst-case link levels where minimum transmit powers are used and the earth stations are located at the boundaries of footprint contours, QPSK and 8 PSK modulations would be used in such scenarios. Table 5  
Figure 12: Cumulative distribution function of C/(N + I) for Yamal 90E for 6/4 GHz. Figure 13: Cumulative distribution functions of C/N reduction for each victim satellite link. contains a theoretical performance of QPSK and 8 PSK based on the ETSI EN 302307 DVB-S2 standard. Knowing C/N and link performance of different MODCODs allows us to find an important metric in digital communication--\(E_{b}\)/\(N_{o}\) which is the normalized signal-to-noise level ratio, the following expression should be used to determine \(E_{b}\)/\(N_{o}\)[20,21]:  
\[E_{b}\)/\(N_{o}=C/N-10*log\left(\frac{R}{B}\right) \tag{12}\]  
where \(E_{b}\)/\(N_{o}\) the ratio of energy per bit to spectral power density (dB); \(N\) is noise level in a reference bandwidth (dBW); \(R\) is the interference level in a reference bandwidth (dBW); \(R\) is data rate, (Mbps); \(B\) is the reference bandwidth (MHz). The values of \(E_{b}\)/\(N_{o}\) can be used  
8 PSK 5/3 & \begin{tabular}{c} 36 \\ 72 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 26.67 \\ 53.33 \\ 53.33 \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} 53.33 \\ 106.67 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 53.33 \\ 106.67 \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
8 PSK 2/3 & \begin{tabular}{c} 36 \\ 72 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 26.67 \\ 53.33 \\ 53.33 \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} 53.33 \\ 106.67 \\ \end{tabular}  &
8 PSK 3/4 & \begin{tabular}{c} 36 \\ 72 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 26.67 \\ 53.33 \\ 53.33 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 53.33 \\ 106.67 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 53.33 \\ 106.67 \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline QPSK 8/9 & \begin{tabular}{c} 36 \\ 72 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.35 \\ 0.35 \\ \end{tabular}  &