## 1 Introduction  
With rapid economic growth and continuous urbanization, the world's energy consumption is increasing rapidly. The CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in 2019 in China--the world's largest energy consumer--were approximately 9.825 billion tons, accounting for nearly one third of the world's total emissions [1]. Building energy consumption accounts for 30% of the total energy consumption, mainly for building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning [2, 3, 4, 5]. Therefore, measures of using renewable energy to reduce the energy consumption and carbon emissions of buildings have been promoted to realize the goal of an emissions peak by 2030 and to be carbon neutral by 2060. At present, solar energy is one of the most commonly used renewable energy sources. A solar chimney is an efficient technology combining chimney technology with solar thermal utilization technology to enhance the natural ventilation of a building [6]. The solar chimney has a simple structure and is mainly composed of a glass cover, an inlet and outlet, and a storage wall. According to the combination of a solar chimney and a building, there are three main structural types: an inclined-roof solar chimney, a vertical solar chimney, and a Trombe wall solar chimney [7, 8, 9]. A vertical solar chimney and an inclined-roof solar chimney have a better ventilation effect in the summer but they are not suitable for winter heating. A Trombe wall can be used for both summer ventilation and winter heating. However, when it is used in the summer, the ventilation flow rate is usually restricted and overheating is inevitable [10, 11, 12, 13]. The ventilation performance of a solar chimney is mainly affected by structural factors and environmental conditions, for example [14]. Studies indicate that the daily average air-conditioning energy consumption of houses with solar chimneys can reduce by approximately 10% to 20% compared with ordinary rooms. If the operation mode is suitable, it can save 30% of operating costs [15]. [PERSON] [16] found that when the air gap of a vertical solar chimney is 0.1-0.5 m, the corresponding mass flow rate is 0.04-0.18 kg/s. The mass flow rate increase can reach up to 4.5 kg/s\(\cdot\)m, which is 900 times higher than that of a chimney height in the range of 2-8 m. [PERSON] [17] compared the indoor air distribution of an inclined solar chimney at different inclination angles. It was found that when the inclination angle was below 30\({}^{\circ}\), the flow resistance at the inlet of the chimney was higher due to a worse penetration depth and a streamlined distribution of the air flow. In addition, it was pointed out that when the latitude was 28.4\({}^{\circ}\) N, the optimal inclination angle ranged from 45\({}^{\circ}\) to 70\({}^{\circ}\). [PERSON] [18] conducted a comparative simulation analysis of a vertical solar chimney and an inclined solar chimney at a latitude of 52\({}^{\circ}\) in the Edinburgh area of Scotland. The simulation results showed that the air flow rate was the largest when the inclination angle was 67.5\({}^{\circ}\). Compared with a vertical solar chimney, the air flow rate of an inclined solar chimney increased by 11%. [PERSON] [19] conducted an experiment on an inclined solar chimney with a thickness-to-height ratio between 0.2 and 0.6. The results showed that the air flow rate could be maximized when the height was 2 m and the air gap was 1 m. The optimum thickness-to-height ratio was approximately 0.5. In order to improve the performance of a solar chimney, structurally improved systems have been proposed and studied by researchers. [PERSON] [20] studied the ventilation performance of a combined solar chimney (CSC) with a two-story house. It indicated that the optimal length-to-width ratio was 12:1 and the ratio of the length of the vertical part to the inclined part was 1.175. [PERSON] [21] compared a combined solar chimney with an inclined solar chimney.