# Periodical Vehicle Inspections with Smart Technology
## 1 Introduction  
According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) online workshop [1], vehicle technical defects can relate to 8 to 15% of death accidents in high income countries. In middle income countries the number can be even higher, at 15 to 25%. Vehicle inspection service stations offer periodical vehicle safety inspections (PTI) to prevent traffic accidents resulting from vehicle malfunction. PTI's significance has been highlighted in [2]. During PTI, vehicles are assessed for compliance with national safety regulations and, in several countries, emission inspections are conducted in conjunction with safety inspections to ensure compliance with emission regulations. The significance of road-worthiness inspections extends beyond verifying the vehicle's proper functioning to include environmental considerations. In the European Union, two forms of evaluation are performed: on-the-spot roadside inspections and periodic checks that necessitate vehicle owners taking their cars to an inspection service station  
It is difficult to quantify exactly how much road safety in Europe has improved as a result of periodic technical inspections. PTIs are just one of many factors that can influence road safety and it is difficult to isolate the specific impact of PTIs on road safety trends. [PERSON] et al. in [3] conducted a study on traffic accidents in Thailand and the correlation between vehicle defects and these incidents. The study findings indicate that implementing adequate vehicle inspections could potentially serve as an efficient approach to decrease road accidents. On the other hand, [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed an opposing view in the paper [4], stating that advancements in modern vehicle technology and reliability have reduced the necessity for effective vehicle inspections. This conclusionyielded from examining the impact of removing vehicle inspections in New Jersey and observing no notable rise in accidents caused by vehicle defects. That being said, there is evidence that PTIs can help to improve road safety by identifying and correcting problems with a vehicle that could potentially cause accidents. For example, a PTI might identify worn brakes or faulty lighting, which could be repaired before they become a safety hazard. Previous reports have shown a wide variation in the proportion of road crashes caused by vehicle defects. In developed countries, this percentage has been estimated to range from 3% to 19% [5; 6], while in developing countries, it was reported to be as high as 27% [3]. The primary basis for the implementation of PTI programs in many countries is the relationship between technical defects in vehicles and road crashes. By detecting such defects, PTIs can help ensure roadworthiness and prevent crashes [6; 7; 8; 9]. Studies [10; 11] provide further evidence of the positive influence of Periodic Technical Inspections (PTI) on road safety. It explores the relationship between PTI for vehicles and traffic accidents caused by technical defects in Slovakia. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of PTI in enhancing road safety by analyzing statistical data on accidents resulting from vehicle technical defects and PTI records. The study revealed two significant findings. Firstly, as the PTI validity period approaches its end, the probability of accidents caused by technical defects increases. Secondly, an increase in the number of vehicles assessed at PTI stations as temporarily roadworthy or not roadworthy corresponds to a decrease in accidents caused by vehicle technical defects. These findings demonstrate that PTI has a measurable impact on reducing accidents caused by vehicle technical defects, thus contributing positively to road safety and justifying its implementation. Instead of questioning the PTI systems, it is recommended that national authorities implement more stringent measures to enhance PTI performance, particularly at the EU level.