# Context-Aware Enhanced Application-Specific Handover in 5G V2X Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion
Figure 6 shows that the CAP approach demonstrates efficient and consistent performance despite variations in the UE velocity, leading to the enhancement of user expectation compared to the alternative method, ACAVHD, as demonstrated in Figure 7. The hybrid channel allocation strategy in ACAVHD prioritizes handover calls and can enhance the likelihood of successful HOs. On the other hand, the static and dynamic contextual information can reduce the number of unnecessary handovers, enabling the UE to only initiate handovers when needed. However, this combination can negatively impact network performance, causing significant delays in the HO decision-making process, particularly in UDN. Figure 5: CAP and ACAVHD methods detail the evaluation of HO issues per UE traffic class. This delay can force the detached UE to return to the previous cell, thereby increasing the phenomenon of pin-pong HOs. Further evaluation was conducted to measure the overall performance of the two methods, as shown in Figure 8. In these simulations, the number of UEs was fixed at 10, moving at a velocity of 20-60 km/h, while the SC density varied from 30, 50, and 100. The number of attempts at handover in ACAVHD was slightly higher than that in CAP, leading to a higher average of success (HO). It is markedly more efficient than traditional approaches. ACAVHD optimizes the selection of SCs based on a combination of mobile node speed and location. On the other hand, the CAP method effectively reduces frequent HO by employing two techniques: restricting cell scanning to only the user's movement direction and filtering the ranking list to include only the highest PI. This method yields greater benefits when the network density is very high. Although both HO strategies ensure that the UE will not encounter interrupted services by ensuring sufficient resource allocation ruling and the enhancement of its capability to minimize link failures, the CAP  
Figure 6: CAP’s consistent performance despite increases in the UE velocity. Figure 7: ACAVHD’s inconsistent performance with every increase in UE velocity. shows better performance than the other method as a result of checking the cell load prior to processing a handover. The practice in the ACAVHD method of switching the connection to wait in queue for channel allocation can potentially impose an additional delay in comparison to the CAP, as the waiting time for the handover is prolonged. In addition, the UE is prohibited from proceeding with cell scanning until the consistency of the information elements stored on the central server is checked. Ping-pong HO in ACAVHD is comparatively higher than the CAP method by approximately 30%. In ACAVHD, a handover call should satisfy two conditions before handover execution, which adds more complexity to the handover decision-making process, especially for high-mobility users. For instance, if the handover call demands a channel and the channel queue is already at the maximum capacity, then it is necessary to perform a handover to another neighbor network. There is a chance that the channel queue is created before HO completion and that the current channel provides better services, which results in ping-pong and, therefore, unnecessary handover. In the proposed method, the inclusion of ST in the proactive handover decision prevents the UE from triggering handover when the current cell can provide a sufficient service, thereby reducing needless handover by 84%. Additional discussions to strengthen the CAP's performance over the ACAVHD method are detailed in the following points:  
* CAP ranks SCs through TOPSIS using network performance parameters. This allows for a more precise and context-aware selection of SCs that are best suited for the  
Figure 5.0 Comparative analysis of HO issues vs. SC density between CAP and ACAVHD. application/service requirements of UEs. This minimizes resource contention and selects only the best SCs with low interference, better signal quality, and less load, resulting in high connection quality and better HO success.