## 4 Discussion
ilicifolium_ had a single-stage decomposition curve (Figure 2B). The antioxidant assay showed that the IC\({}_{50}\) of alginate, mangosteen rind, and alginate-magnosteen rind extract combination was 297.60, 29.60, and 52.0 \(\mu\)g/mL, respectively. The results indicated that alginate was a weak antioxidant and mangosteen rind was a powerful antioxidant, and when combined they produced a material with excellent antioxidant properties. These observations could be linked to the fact that mangosteen rind contains xanthones, such as \(\alpha\)-mangostin and \(\gamma\)-mangostin, which have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and radical scavenging activity [33; 34; 35]. According to [PERSON] et al. (2015), xanthones can capture free radicals in two ways: through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to explain the antioxidant activity in the gas phase and the single electron transfer-proton transfer (SETPT) mechanism that is thermodynamically favored in water [36]. Strong antioxidant activity observed in the combination of alginate and mangosteen rind extract could possibly overcome ROS that occur in hypergly conditions, thus enhancing wound repair in diabetic mice. The total phenolic content in mangosteen rind extract tends to be low due to several factors, such as the type of mangosteen fruit, storage time, and the hardness of the rind. According to [PERSON] et al. (2008), the total phenolic content of mangosteen fruit will decrease throughout the storage time [37]. Another study reported that the lignin content and density of the damaged pericarp tissue would increase as a result of the hardening of the fruit skin, while the total phenolic content decreased [38]. Mangosteen rind is an essential, natural phenolic antioxidant source; at least ten phenolic acids have been characterized in mangosteen rind [39; 40]. Mangosteen rind contains bioactive substances,such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, (-)-epicatechin, and xanthones, which have biological, medical, and antioxidant properties. The administration of lard can significantly increase the body weight of mice. This condition indicated increasing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and it will cause type II DM [20]. [PERSON] et al. (2019) reported that obesity caused by excessive fat accumulation can induce various chronic diseases and complications such as diabetes mellitus [23]. The administration of STZ was performed to increase the condition of hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar level) [20]. The increase of blood sugar levels in three diabetic groups, namely diabetic non-treated (DC), diabetic treated with alginate ointment (DA), and diabetic treated in alginate-magnosteen rind extract ointment (DAM), of up to 250 mg/dL indicated that the mice were in a diabetic condition. Based on experiments, the combination of alginate and mangosteen rind extract proved able to reduce blood sugar levels (Table 2). [PERSON] et al. (2018) reported that mangosteen was able to increase insulin secretion in pancreatic B-cells and protected cells from apoptosis, due to the presence of \(\alpha\)-magnostin in mangosteen fruit [41]. [PERSON] et al. (2015) reported that daily \(\alpha\)-magnostin supplementation in diabetic rats shows remarkable hypoglycemic and insulinotropic effects, a reduction in plasma glycated hemoglobin, and a decrease in serum triglycerides and cholesterol [42]. It was expected that the administration of a topical combination of alginate and mangosteen rind extract in diabetic wounds could reduce blood sugar levels by entering the systemic circulation through the bloodstream. The entry of compounds found in topical drugs through the bloodstream can enhance the host insulin level and the sensitivity of somatic cells [43]. Therefore, the topical combination of alginate and mangosteen rind extract can be classified as diadermic ointment. A diadermic ointment is a drug that is able to enter the deepest skin tissue and enter the systemic circulation [44].