## 1 Introduction  
The corporate community and academia have long collaborated in order to meet the sustainable development goals (SDGs) set forth by the united nations, which place an emphasis on sustainable underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) communication technologies with an intent for the wellbeing of marine life, better energy efficiency, and data security [1, 2, 3]. Furthermore, the unique underwater communication techniques should enable upcoming applications in the industrial internet of things (IIoT) and UWSNs. Many research groups from academia are focusing on enhancing the performance of UWSNs, particularly through reliable and energy-efficient communication for the localization of nodes in a cooperative network below water. However, this work focuses on two SDGs, namely SDG 14 for life below water and SDG 17 for sustainable development of science and technology, by enhancing effective node energy consumption methodologies in UWSNs [3, 4, 5]. The exploration of marine resources and the monitoring of the marine habitat have recently increased with the development of UWSNs. Which can be either the ocean/sea floor or a river bed, that has become more critical than ever before, due to its various applications [6]. Developed UWSNs became a major source of ocean exploration in recent times with having different applications, such as oil fields, cable line networks monitoring, pollution detection etc. [7]. As there are a lot of application of UWSNs, which includes environmental monitoring, disaster prevention, detection of oil gas leaks, and pollution monitoring [8]. On the other hand, the UWSN humanitarian perspective can help prevent manmade and natural disasters, boost economic growth and save marine life [6]. Specifying the significance of these applications in recent researches, the investigation and development of energy-efficient UWSNs protocols has sparked a lot of interest among the research community [9]. The deployment of UWSNs for different application of obviously requires power/energy source to operate, so we have to look into the possibilities of such systems/technologies that can optimize power consumption with no additional manufacturing/resource cost to be added. Therefore, it is important to analyze MAC protocol, because it is the MAC layer, which is responsible of accessing sensor Rx nodes and Tx anchor nodes to share information between them in a deployed UWSNs. In UWSNs MAC protocols operates on the top of physical layer, correcting data mistakes, framing packets, and data flow management on the physical layer. These are all important elements of any efficient MAC protocol. Energy efficiency is always considered by the MAC protocols, which is crucial for the life and efficient functioning of UWSNs [10; 11]. New MAC arrangements that rely on their media outreach strategies are being explored to highlight the problems inherited as a physical property, which should be considered in developing the MAC protocol [12; 13; 14]. A number of research groups have examined the UWSNs challenges such as, limited bandwidth, propagation delay, doppler propagation and high-rise transmission loss [15; 16; 17]. The aforementioned challenges must be considered when designing any protocol for efficient energy consumption in UWSNs [18]. Energy efficiency in UWSNs refers to the measures for reducing energy consumption by using minimum given resources to deliver a specific level of functionality, which benefits the user by lowering the cost of smooth functioning. UWSNs are made up of small, self-contained identical nodes called sensors Rx nodes, that collect data on a variety of physical and environmental characteristics such as temperature, sound, and wait movement in diverse areas [19]. If the given task requires it, it will further analyze the data before sending it to Tx anchor nodes for acknowledgement. From where the data will be transferred to base stations.