# Yield and Quality of Essential Oils in Hemp Varieties in Different Environments
## Materials and Methods
### Environments, Trial Description and Characters Analyzed  
The trial was conducted at S. Osvaldo, UD (N 46\({}^{\circ}\)04\({}^{\prime}\)00\({}^{\prime\prime}\), E 13\({}^{\circ}\)23\({}^{\prime}\)00\({}^{\prime\prime}\), 109 m a.s.l.) in 2016, Aviano, PN (N 46\({}^{\circ}\)03\({}^{\prime}\)31\({}^{\prime\prime}\), E 12\({}^{\circ}\)38\({}^{\prime}\)31\({}^{\prime\prime}\), 157 m a.s.l. ), Campoformido, UD (N 46\({}^{\circ}\)01\({}^{\prime}\)13\({}^{\prime\prime}\), E 13\({}^{\circ}\)08\({}^{\prime}\)41\({}^{\prime\prime}\), 79 m a.s.l.) and Maiano, UD (N 46\({}^{\circ}\)12\({}^{\prime}\)46\({}^{\prime\prime}\), E 13\({}^{\circ}\)03\({}^{\prime}\)40\({}^{\prime\prime}\), 160 m a.s.l.) in 2017. The main soil characteristics at the experimental sites are reported in Table 1.  
Sowing was done by a plot seeder (Wintersteiger AG, Ried im Inknreis, Austria), in rows with 0.15 m interrow spacing, using 28 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) of seed corresponding to about 130 viable seeds per m\({}^{2}\), at an average sowing depth of 3 cm in all enviroments. In order to avoid severe water stress effects on crops, the trials at S. Osvaldo and Aviano, which had a very shallow cultivation soil (about 50 cm), were conducted with irrigation (sprinkler irrigation; Table 2). The main agronomic techniques adopted are reported in Table 2, while the main climatic traits during crop season in comparison with a multi-year period for each location are reported in Figure 1. In each location, the trial was sown in a randomized block with three replications, where the factor of variation was the variety, as fixed effect, in experimental units of approximately 35 m\({}^{2}\). An area of about 22 m\({}^{2}\) for each unit, discarding the border rows, was utilized to harvest the inflorescences at the phenological stage corresponding to full flowering of female flowers (50% of the bracts formed), encoded as phase 2302 by [PERSON] et al. [33]. The fresh inflorescences were obtained after manually cutting the upper part of the plant stem at the insertion level of the first basal flowers of the inflorescence. A representative sample of each inflorescence was weighed before and after being dried in a forced ventilation oven for 3 hours at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C to determine the dry matter percentage. The inflorescences, immediately after harvest, were placed in plastic bags in a cooler, transported to the laboratory, weighed and stored in the dark at a temperature of \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C until further utilization and analyses. The main characters analyzed were dry \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **S. Osvaldo 2016** & **Campoformido 2017** & **Aviano 2017** & **Maiano 2017** \\ \hline Sand (\(>\) 0.05 \(<\) 2 mm) (\%) & 43 & 26 & 29 & 43 \\ Loam (\(>\) 0.002 \(<\) 0.05 mm) & 40 & 59 & 53 & 50 \\ (\%) & & & & \\ Clay (\(<\) 0.002 mm) (\%) & 17 & 15 & 18 & 7 \\ pH (KCl 1.2.5) & 7.35 & 6.4 & 7.1 & 7.2 \\ Total calcareous (\%) & 5.5 & 1 & 37 & 56 \\ Active calcium carbonate & 0.2 & n/a & 1.6 & 1.4 \\ (\%) & 1.8 & 2.2 & 5.8 & 4.5 \\ Organic matter (\%) & 1.85 & 1.9 & 3.7 & 2.8 \\ Total nitrogen (g kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 10 & 6.8 & 9.2 & 9.4 \\ Phosphorus available & 34 & 47 & 26 & 30 \\ Potassium exchange & & & & \\ (ppm) & 164 & 135 & 195 & 98 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main soil characteristics (0–0.5 m layer).