esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Influence of Different Temperature on the Resonance Properties of Graphene with Vacancies  
First, a full relaxation should be completed; the system temperature was set to 0.1 K, 50 K, 75 K, 100 K, 200 K, 400 K, 600 K, 800 K, and 1000 K, respectively. When the relaxation was finished, a force of 15.91 nN in stress was loaded. Figure 7 shows the resonance frequencies of two different graphene sheets with vacancy as a function of system temperature.  
As is shown in Figure 9, the resonance frequencies of the two types of graphene structure show a consistent trend with different temperature conditions. Actually, the resonance frequencies of edge defects are 0.5 GHz lower than that of a single vacancy. The curve is fitted, so there is little difference in the graph. We suspect that this phenomenon is due to the small amount of defects. The resonance frequencies had a step-by-step jump increase between 50 K and 75 K. The resonance frequencies jumped to 132.9 GHz at point N in Figure 9. [PERSON] [8] and [PERSON] [33] investigated the effect of temperature on the resonant frequencies of the graphene resonators clamped on two edges. It was found that the change in temperature resulted in an expansion/contraction reaction between the substrate and the graphene beam, leading to an increase in thermal stress. It was also found that the stress in the graphene film  
Figure 8: Absolute displacement of central atom in the normal direction with different external loading: (**a**) Single vacancy defect; (**b**) Edge defects.  
increased the resonant frequency. Furthermore, during the free vibration process, statistical analysis was conducted on the motion state of the central atom A (Figure 10). Both types of graphene structure demonstrated a sinusoidal periodic vibration process. Under different temperatures, the amplitude and the vibration periods of the graphene were different. The amplitudes of the graphene increased with increasing temperature.
## 1 Introduction
### Advantages of CDP Synthesis Technique for PNDs Formation Compared to Others  
The traditional method for PNDs synthesis is emulsion polymerization, in which a low-water-soluble monomer is introduced into water along with a water-soluble initiator and surfactants. In these methods, stepwise polymerization occurs at the interface between two liquid phases, driven by the minimization of interfacial free energy, resulting in predominantly spherical PND shapes. However, the use of solvents poses several additional drawbacks, including limitations on the chemical functionalities achievable with solubilizedor emulsified monomers, the use of often toxic solvents or surfactants, and the need for costly additional purification steps to obtain a pure product (e.g., for nanomedicine). Furthermore, the requirement for purification extends the already time-consuming PNP synthesis protocols, which could take several days.  
However, the CDP synthesis method introduces a novel approach that does not require the use of templates or solvents, similar to the iCVD (initiated chemical vapor deposition) technique. This method utilizes free radical polymerization to synthesize robust polymer nanodomes (PNDs) from vapor-phase reagents. In contrast to traditional methods, CDP does not rely on solvents or templates, thereby expanding the range of available shapes and chemical functionalities for PNDs. Moreover, CDP operates as a solvent-free system, eliminating the need for additional purification steps, enabling the rapid, one-step synthesis of high-purity PNDs, aligning with the principles of the iCVD technique.  
Therefore, CDP technology offers advantages in PNDs synthesis over traditional techniques by being template-free, solvent-free, and reducing synthesis time. However, this technology has not been emphasized as extensively as it deserves.
# Full-Body Motion Capture-Based Virtual Reality Multi-Remote Collaboration System
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Character Scale Synchronization
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test Group** & **Real World Height** & **Virtual Character Average Height** & **Difference Value** \\ \hline subject 1 & 163 & 162.85 & 0.15 \\ \hline subject 2 & 163 & 162.12 & 0.88 \\ \hline subject 3 & 164.3 & 164.07 & 0.23 \\ \hline subject 4 & 164 & 163.11 & 0.89 \\ \hline subject 5 & 167.5 & 16
# The Effect of Cu (II) on Swelling and Shrinkage Characteristics of Sodium Bentonite in Landfills
## 3 Results  
### Free Swell Rate  
Free expansion rate was highly related to mineral composition, colloidal content, and environmental factor, and it can obviously reflect the relationship between swelling ability and hydrophilicity of clay, which in turns impact the performance of the bentonite liner. Therefore, it was one of the most important indexes to evaluate the swelling ability of clay. The relationship between the concentration of CuSO4 solution and the FSR of bentonite was illustrated in Figure 3. In this figure, c represents the concentration of the solution. \(\delta_{1}\)is the free expansion rate.  
As shown in Figure 3, the free swelling rate of bentonite was inversely proportional to the concentration of Cu (II). The presence of Cu will cause dramatic decrease in the free swelling rate. When the increase of concentration of CuSO4 solution increased from 0 g/L to 2.5 g/L, the free swelling rate decreases from 240% to 140%. While the concentration of CuSO4 solution continues to increase, though the FWR still decreases, the relatively low decreasing rate is observed, and the rate is constant. As the clay in the vacuum cylinder was completely dispersed and immersed in solution, the structure of clay can be neglected. So, the reduction of the height of clay in the vacuum cylinder turns into the supernatant. It indicates that the hydrophilicity of bentonite also decreases with the increase of the concentration (Cu). When the hydrophilicity of bentonite was low, the water would permeate freely through the bentonite liner. Therefore, the erosion of copper (II) will cause a great negative impact on the isolating performance of bentonite liner.
## 5 Experimental Results
### Analysis of the Proposed Scheme
#### 5.3.1 Key Character Detection
In addition, as shown in Figure 13, most AP rates are higher than 0.82, except for two key characters, \"\(\mathbb{H}\)\" (Apply) and \"\(\mathbb{S}\)\" (Building). According to Figure 10a4, Figure 11, and Figure 12, the main reason is that the visual quality of the two key characters, \"\(\mathbb{H}\)\" (Apply) and \"\(\mathbb{S}\)\" (Building), is poor, which consequently causes the lower AP rates of the proposed key-character-detection algorithm. Furthermore, the mAP of the proposed scheme is 85.1% for all of the key characters. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme based on RetinaNet can locate and recognize the key characters successfully, even when the quality of input images is not good.
# New Retailing Problem for an Integrated Food Supply Chain in the Baking Industry
## 7 Numerical Example
### Sensitivity Analysis  
To perform data analysis, the relative contributions of these parameters (\(g_{ck}\), \(g_{rr}\), \(F\), \(r\), \(c_{r}\), \(\rho\), \(T_{c}\), \(m\)) were calculated on the values of \(Q^{*}\), \(T^{*}\), \(n^{*}\), \(TP_{B}(Q^{*}\), \(T^{*}\), \(n^{*})\) and \(TPF_{ck}(Q^{*}\), \(T^{*}\), \(n^{*})\). Each parameter was adjusted separately by +50%, +25%, \(-25\%\), or \(-50\%\). Our analytical results are in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Para.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\%**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CASE I**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CASE II**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CASE III**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **(Q\({}^{*}\),T\({}^{*}\),n\({}^{*}\))** & **(TP\({}_{B}\),TPF\({}_{ck}\))** & **(Q\({}^{*}\),T\({}^{*}\),n\({}^{*}\))** & **(TP\({}_{B}\),TPF\({}_{ck}\))** & **(Q\({}^{*}\),T\({}^{*}\),n\({}^{*}\))** & **(TP\({}_{B}\),TPF\({}_{ck}\))** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(g_{ck}\)} & \(-50\%\) & (46.54, 2.61, 34) & (13,005.1, 20, 603.) & (45.89, 2.21, 32) & (10, 955.2, 7439.55) & (48.14, 2.43, 10) & (11,692.5, 2123.1) \\  & \(-25\%\) & (46.42, 2.59, 33) & (13,098.2, 19, 661.3) & (45.86, 22.2, 32) & (10, 945.1, 7223.54) & (48.02, 2.36, 10) & (12,991.3, 2117.9) \\  & 0 & (46.37, 2.40, 32) & (13,108.8, 18, 921.1) & (45.35, 2.29, 32) & (10, 937.5, 6683.78) & (47.86, 2.30, 10) & (13,754.8, 2019.6) \\  & 25\% & (46.32, 2.39, 32) & (14,098.2, 18, 842.2) & (43.83, 2.36, 32) & (10, 627.5, 6791.53) & (42.78, 2.26, 10) & (17,128.4, 2007.1) \\  & 50\% & (46.28, 2.38, 32) & (14,099.3, 18, 432.7) & (43.80, 2.36, 32) & (10, 628.5, 6975.53) & (42.66, 2.21, 10) & (17,195.0, 2001.6) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(g^{r}\)} & \(-50\%\) & (46.44, 2.56, 32) & (14,740.1, 19, 253.6) & (46.49, 2.27, 32) & (17, 035.2, 7043.44) & (48.50, 2.29, 10) & (17,115.6, 1921.5) \\  & \(-25\%\) & (46.41, 2.49, 32) & (14,418.5, 19, 252.7) & (46.16, 2.27, 32) & (13, 830.60, 7025.41) & (48.20, 2.29, 10) & (13,910.8, 1940.4) \\  & 0 & (46.37, 2.40, 32) & (13,108.8, 18, 921.1) & (45.35, 2.29, 32) & (10, 937.5, 6683.78) & (47.86, 2.30, 10) & (13,754.8, 2019.6) \\  & 25\% & (46.33, 2.38, 32) & (9775.1, 1825.0) & (43.53, 2.43, 32) & (421.73, 699.81) & (\(\langle r.r.\rangle\) & (\(c.r.\)) \\  & 50\% & (46.29, 2.31, 32) & (945.01, 18,250.1) & (43.22, 2.44, 32) & (4217.41, 6972.22) & (\(\langle r.r.\rangle\) & (\(r.r.\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(F\)} & \(-50\%\) & (46.37, 2.40, 32) & (14,102.1, 18,921.1) & (45.35, 2.29, 32) & (10,851.1, 6683.78) & (\(\langle r.r.r.\rangle\) & (\(c.r.\)) \\  & \(-25\%\) & (46.37, 2.40, 32) & (13,099.5, 18,921.1) & (45.35, 2.29, 32) & (10,854.5, 6683.78) & (\(\langle r.r.r.\rangle\) & (\(c.r.\)) \\  & 0 & (46.37, 2.40, 32) & (13,108.8, 18,921.1) & (45.35, 2.29, 32) & (10,937.5, 6683.78) & (\(\langle r.r.r.\rangle
# Morphological, Anatomical, and Phytochemical Studies of _[PERSON]_ [PERSON]. [PERSON]
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Pentacyclic Triterpenes
#### 2.2.3 Mineral Composition  
The analysis performed with the ICP-OES technique allowed determination of the profile of macro- and microelements in _C. acaulis_ cyspela. The content of macronutrients (g/kg) was as follows: K \(12.4\pm 0.07\), Mg \(5.20\pm 0.04\), Ca \(3.35\pm 0.03\), P \(12.04\pm 0.11\), and S \(7.82\pm 0.08\). In turn, the following amounts of micronutrients (mg/kg) were detected: Cu \(29.92\pm 0.24\), Mn \(18.19\pm 1.03\), Mo \(8.34\pm 0.08\), Zn \(81.04\pm 0.32\), and Fe \(109.70\pm 2.85\). Co and Cr were not detected. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] assessed the content of metals in seeds of 35 plant species growing on various types of soil. They showedthe following ranges of the content (g/kg) of K, Mg, Ca, P, and S: 8.91-8.95, 2.31-2.53, 7.98-9.86, 4.15-7.71, and 2.44-2.47, respectively. They also showed that the contents of such micronutrients as Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, and Fe were in the range of 11-12, 49-77, 0.12-0.15, 35-43, and 73 mg/kg, respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] reported that _Eleuterococcus senticosus_ fruits contained the following amounts of macro-(g/kg) and micro- (mg/kg) elements: Ca 2.49-6.88, Mg 1.43-2.81, Fe 35-53, Mn 75-364, Zn 19-41, and Cu 3-13. Hence, it can be concluded that _C. acaulis_ cypselae are a rich source of macro- and microelements, as the content of these components is on average two or three times higher than in seeds of other plants.  
Some reports show that _C. acaulis_ is a relatively good accumulator of metals, for example cadmium and silver [36,37]. Therefore, the content of toxic elements in cypselae was assessed. Pb and As were not detected; however, Cd (0.35 \(\pm\) 0.00 mg/kg), Ni (2.51 \(\pm\) 0.025 mg/kg), and Al (3.65 \(\pm\) 0.02 mg/kg) were found. The contents of these metals were relatively low, which can be explained by the protective mechanism of plants preventing accumulation of heavy metals in generative organs [4].
# Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Networks toward 6G: Key Technologies and Open Issues
## 2 Cooperative HSTN
### HSTN Relay Network
#### 2.2.2 Multiple Relay Nodes
Using optimal relay selection, the authors of [85] evaluated the performance of a single-antenna HSTN. By considering the correlated Rician fading between the relay and terrestrial nodes and assuming availability of the channel state information from the satellite-relay and relay-destination links at the satellite for optimal relay selection, an increased outage performance gap with an increase in the number of cooperative relays was found. The authors of [86] evaluated the performance of an HSTN with hardware impairment in the case of multiple relays using a switch-and-stay combining scheme; they proposed a new link-selection scheme in the satellite-terrestrial network. For better utilization of the spectrum, two-way relays were found to enhance system performance. The authors of [87] analyzed the impact of hardware impairments (HIs) on a two-way HSTN considering both AF and DF protocols and an opportunistic relay selection scheme. Two-way terrestrial relays were equipped with multiple antennas. The authors concluded that the level of HI, number of relays, and number of antennas significantly affect system performance. In [88], a multi-relay selection (MRS) scheme was proposed to enhance the performance of a multi-relay DF-based HSTN for which the satellite, relay, and the terrestrial nodes were each subjected to hardware impairment. Extending their work in [71], the authors of [89] established a general framework of uplink satellite terrestrial relay networks by considering both the impact of HI and CCI, in which a single-antenna user communicates with a satellite via multiple terrestrial relays with multi-antenna configurations and a partial relay selection scheme. To gain further insights into the joint impact of HI and CCI, asymptotic OP and throughput expressions were also derived at high SNRs. Similar work was reported in [90] for a multi-relay, multi-user mmWave AF-based HSTN. Based on rain attenuation, a new relay selection scheme was proposed, and closed-form expressions of the OP for both CSI-assisted and fixed-gain relaying were obtained. Aiming to improve HSTN performance, the authors of [91] utilized the AF relay concept as a virtual MIMO. Independent, non-identical, shadowed Rician faded channels for satellite links and Nakagami faded channels for terrestrial links were considered. The system showed improved performance when the LOS link for the satellite-destination or satellite-relay links were less faded, the number of cooperative relays increased, better transmission protocol was used, the number of users decreased in the code division multiple access (CDMA) system, or CDMA orthogonal codes were used.
## 4 Results and Performance Evaluation  
The simulation was performed by considering 100 nodes in the network with the given simulation parameters shown in Table 1. There were numerous energy-efficient clustering techniques using a GA developed in the early stages. The election of the CH plays a vital role in minimizing the maximum intra-cluster distance between itself and its cluster member's energy consumption in the optimization of a network.
# Set-Based Group Search Optimizer for Stochastic Many-Objective Optimal Power Flow
## 2 Modelling of Stochastic Many-Objective Optimal Power Flow Problem
### Objectives
#### 2.2.1 Fuel Cost  
Economic dispatching is a crucial concern in the operation of power systems, as it aims to minimize the fuel cost of generator units while adhering to various constraints. The relationship between the output power of the distributed generator and the total fuel cost can be mathematically expressed as a quadratic function [41].  
\[F_{1}(\mathbf{P}_{\text{G}})=\sum_{i=1}^{N_{\text{G}}}F_{i}=\sum_{i=1}^{N_{\text{G}} }\left(a_{i}\left(P_{\text{G}_{i}}\right)^{2}+b_{i}P_{\text{G}_{i}}+c_{i}\right) \tag{5}\]  
where \(F_{i}\) is the fuel cost of generator, and \(i\), \(a_{i},b_{i}\) and \(c_{i}\) are the corresponding coefficients.
## 1 Introduction
### Establishment of Joint Simulation Model of Three-Support Shafting Based on ADAMS and MATLAB  
The double-disk three-support shafting with Smart Spring was taken as the research object, as shown in Figure 1. The three-support shafting consisted of motor, diaphragm coupling, transmission shaft, rigid disk, elastic support, and Smart Spring pair support. The Smart Spring consisted of basic support, auxiliary support, and a piezoelectric ceramic actuator (PZTA). The simplified principle of Smart Spring support is shown in Figure 2a. The radial stiffness and damping of the basic support are \(k\) and \(c\), and the radial stiffness and damping of the active support are \(k^{\prime}\) and \(c^{\prime}\), \(m^{\prime}\) is the equivalent mass of the PZTA and other components connected with the active support. \(F_{\text{d}}\) is the sliding friction force caused by the control force \(N_{\text{t}}\) between the friction pair of the basic support and the auxiliary support. The lower end of the Smart Spring support was fixed on the foundation, and the upper end bore the support reaction force \(F\)t from the shaft section. The radial displacement of the main support is \(u\) and that of the auxiliary support is \(u^{\prime}\). There was an initial clearance between the main support and the auxiliary support. The structure diagram of Smart Spring is shown in Figure 2b.  
The shaft system was a typical variable cross-section continuous rotor system with disk rotor, shaft sleeve, and coupling. Based on the finite element method, the variable cross-section of the three-support shafting was truncated and discretized. As shown in Figure 3, taking no account of the influence of the coupling on the bending vibration of the shaft system in discrete processing, the three-support shafting was discretized into disk, shaft section, and bearing seat, in turn, while the two sections  
Figure 1: Three-dimensional model of three-support shafting.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Principle sketch and (**b**) structure diagram of Smart Spring.  
ADAMS software focuses on the mechanical dynamics simulation, while MATLAB focuses on the control system simulation. Using the ADAMS and MATLAB joint simulation method, based on the ADAMS/control module, we imported the mechanical system simulation model from ADAMS directly to MATLAB without tedious derivation and the listing of a large number of equations to describe the law of the control system, which greatly simplified the workload of modeling. At the same time, we added the complex control directly to the ADAMS model, which can simulate the whole system at one time, and, even if there are problems, they can be easily solved. The ADAMS virtual prototype model was imported into MATLAB, and the open-loop control joint simulation model of double-disk shafting was obtained, as shown in Figure 6. The joint simulation model consisted of the ADAMS module, input module, and output module. The input module was the control force of the actuator, and the control force was input into ADAMS module. The two output modules were the displacement responses in X direction and Y direction at the middle position of the shafting.
# An Application of an Unequal-Area Facilities Layout Problem with Fixed-Shape Facilities
## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation of Research  
This research was motivated by the investigation of layout options for the machining department within the transmission production area of the Toyota Motor Manufacturing West Virginia (TMMWV) plant in Buffalo (West Virginia, USA). The plant manufactures automobile engines and automatic transmissions for specific Toyota models. TMMWV made modifications to one of its products, which required an investigation of the layout of the machining department within the transmission production area. The layout had a combination of two different types of machines used for machining the older product, called model A and model B machinery. For the production of the newer product, the model A machines will be reused. However, the model B machinery will not be used and will be removed from the layout. Other additional machines used to support production will be removed and replaced. For example, two pieces of equipment used to clean products will be replaced by a single piece of equipment. As a result, this required a re-layout of the machining department which consisted of cells and other pieces of equipment, which are called facilities. Since the facilities are of unequal-area and are rectangular shaped, this problem is defined as the unequal-area facility layout problem (UA-FLP).  
The UA-FLP is the problem of locating rectangular facilities on a rectangular floor space such that facilities do not overlap while optimizing some objective. According to [PERSON] et al. [1], between 20 and 50% of the total operating expenses within manufacturing is attributed to material handling, and it is generally agreed that effective facilities layout planning can reduce these costs by at least 10 to 30%. Therefore, the most commonly used criterion to determine the efficiency of layouts is the minimization of material handling cost. Material handling cost is the sum of the product of the flow of materials,distance, and transportation cost per unit per distance unit between each pair of facilities. Since the transportation cost is difficult to obtain, this paper considers minimizing the total weighted distance (i.e., the sum of the product of the flow of materials and distance between each pair of facilities).  
In the TMMWV plant, the addition and deletion of products as well as the replacement of pieces of equipment caused the existing layout of one of its machining departments to be less efficient with respect to material handling costs. Therefore, the modification of the layout was necessary. Other major factors which may cause the modification of a layout are changes in the product or process design as well as significant changes in the demand of a product. See [PERSON] et al. (2018) for a list of factors which may require a re-layout of a manufacturing facility.