## 3 Applications and Limits of ATPs in Water and Wastewater Treatment
### Applications of ATPs in Water and Wastewater Treatment
It is conventionally agreed that CEC compounds' complete destruction (i.e., mineralization) should be required to eliminate any possible residual risk; however, this could require treatment processes more advanced than those currently available, even in facilities of last-generation design. The application of ARPs was initially tested for the removal of bromate (a DBP considered a possible human carcinogen [68, 69]), and in recent laboratory studies, it showed its potential towards the degradation of chlorinated organic compounds like vinyl chloride, mono-chloroacetic acid, and 1,2-DCA [39]. Due to the fact that ARPs have received attention as a water treatment process only recently, little is known about the effect of the matrix composition on the specific degradation processes taking place. Table 7 summarizes the reported experimental ARPs applications in water treatment. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Contaminant** & **Type of Process** & **Remarks/Results** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_Chlorinated compounds_} \\ \hline
2.4–Dichorophenol 1,2—Dichorotheane & UV + sulfite & \(>\) 70\% removal 1,2—Dichorotheane & UV + sulfite & 90\% removal in 20 min at pH = 8.2–11, in 130 min at pH = 7.0 \\ Vinyl chloride  Monochloroacetic acid & UV + sulfite & 100\% degradation with 120 mg/L sulfite in 15 min 100\% degradation in 3 min \\ Trichoroethylene & Sulfite-mediated UV irradiation & 97.6\% removal in 3 h \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_Perfluorinated Compounds_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PFOA} & UV + potassium iodide (KI) & 93.6\% removal in 6 h \\  & UV + sulfite & \(<\)10\% removal in 20 h \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_Pharmaceutical compounds_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Atenolol} & \multirow{2}{*}{UV/SO\({}_{3}\)2–} & approx. 70\% reduction in 15 min. Little toxicity reduction \\  & & reduction \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Application of ARPs for removal of different types of compounds. Adapted from [33, 35, 38, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Contaminant** & **Type of Process** & **Remarks/Results** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{_Other pollutants_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Oxalic acid} & Photocatalysis (visible+TiO\({}_{2}\)-based catalysis) & 92\% removed (89\% TOC removal) \\ \hline PFOS+PFAS & Sonolysis & 28\% PFOS and 63\% PFAS removed after 60 min \\ \hline Polypropylene & Sonolysis with p-xylene as solvent & \(>\)60\% degraded \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Arsenite (As(III))} & Photocatalysis (UV + TiO\({}_{2}\)) & Complete removal by oxidation to As(V) followed by adsorption \\ \cline{2-3}  & Sonolysis & Complete oxidation after 30 min sonication \\ \hline Colliphages & Photocatalysis & 99.75–99.94\% removal rate \\ \hline Olive mill wastewater & Fenton process (Fe\({}^{0}\)+H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) & Complete color removal and 50\% decrease of phenolic compounds after 3 h \\ \hline Industrial Wastewater & Sono-Fenton & 70\% TOC removal after 150 min \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: _Cont._Although, as mentioned, few full-scale applications of AORPs were reported to date, many lab-scale or pilot studies on the application of this class of processes are found in the literature, as summarized in Table 8.  
Although, as mentioned, few full-scale applications of AORPs were reported to date, many lab-scale or pilot studies on the application of this class of processes are found in the literature, as summarized in Table 8.