## 1 Introduction  
The production of fuels, fine chemicals, and polymer precursors from biomass can decrease the current dependence on non-renewable energy sources [1, 2, 3]. Furan derivative compounds are frequently used as raw materials for new products to replace the oil-based chemicals and create a new set of biomass-based economies for the production of high-value chemical compounds [1, 4, 5]. 5-Hydroymethylfurfural (HMF) is a furan derivative compound and it is one of the products from biomass, glucose, and fructose conversion reactions. In recent years, HMF has been considered as the potential renewable chemical platform to produce liquid fuels, intermediates of polymers, pharmaceutical products, fine chemicals, and other organic derivatives [1, 4, 6]. Despite many multifunctional applications of HMF, HMF is still not yet produced on an industrial scale due to its high production cost [7, 8, 6]. HMF production can be achieved by the dehydration reaction of carbohydrate derivatives such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, or cellulose in water, by adding an acidic catalyst [9]. In general, HMF is typically produced from glucose with low yields, attributed to the stable pyranoside ring structure of glucose [6, 10]. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, considered as the preferred raw material to produce HMF [10, 11]. However, glucose conversion to HMF, levulinic acid (LA), and formic acid (FA) is more complicated than fructose as substrates [6, 12]. Current technologies use an additional isomerization step of glucose to fructose because dehydration of fructose to HMF occurs with better selectivity and higher rates [11; 13]. The use of solid catalysts (hydrotalcite, zeolites, and different metal oxides), enzymes, or an aqueous base is renowned in the isomerization step of monosaccharide dehydration [2; 6; 8; 13; 14]. However, the high processing cost and the relatively low HMF yields (approximately 20.0-70.0%) are some of the disadvantages in those processes [2; 6; 8; 13; 14]. The reviewed literature results showed that HMF production from biomass, glucose, and fructose in an organic solvent as media and metal catalysts still needs more development. The previous studies showed that the glucose conversion to HMF in \(N\),\(N\)-dimethylacetamide with a chromium salt catalyst yielded approximately 50.0% HMF at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 h [15; 16; 17]. Corn and pine sawdust conversion to HMF in \(N\),\(N\)-dimethylacetamide in the presence of a LiCl catalyst at 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h produced approximately 15.0-40.0% HMF [18]. In 2015, a study reported that the glucose transformation into HMF in DME, DMA, DMSO, or \(n\)-butyl alcohol as solvents and CrCl\({}_{3}\) as a catalyst at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with 10-90 min reaction times, was adept at producing HMF, with the yields ranging from 10.0 to 40.0% [19]. However, the use of a metal salt catalyst for glucose conversion has some disadvantages, such as a high cost, potential toxicity, and the environmental concerns of chromium metal for significant commercial application [18; 20; 21]. There are many disadvantages of using organic solvents as media for glucose conversion. These include high flammability, low vapor pressure, high toxicity, and high cost of operation [19]. Furthermore, the yield of HMF is relatively low when using organic solvents as media and it is also challenging to regenerate and recycle organic solvents [12; 19; 22]. The difficulties in the separation of HMF from other side products due to low solubility in the aqueous phase also lead to a decrease in HMF yield [6; 23; 24]. Therefore, several new technologies are required to improve the glucose dehydration and separation processes, for example, the use of ionic liquid (IL)-based processes or combining IL and membrane separation technology [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. IL is an organic or inorganic salt with a low melting point (under 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C), high thermal stability, chemical stability, low vapor pressure, and environmentally friendly as a solvent and catalyst [30; 31; 32; 33].