# An Anomaly Detection Ensemble for Protection Systems in Distribution Networks
## 4 Case Study  
This paper conducts a simulation example based on the relay protection system of a 10 kV distribution network located in a certain province in the central part of the country, aiming at the detection of operational disturbances and abnormal conditions. The 10 kV distribution network is shown in Figure 4 below. The following are the relevant parameters of this relay protection device. (1) Electrical parameters  
The alternating current parameters is shown in Table 1 below. The alternating voltage parameters is shown in Table 2 below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Phase Sequence** & & & **ABC** & \\ \hline Rated frequency & & & 50 Hz & \\ application & & protect & & measure \\ Rated current (In) & 1 A & 5 A & 1 A & 5 A \\ linearity range & 0.05 In–30 In & 0.05 In–30 In & 0.05 In–2 In & 0.05 In\(\sim\)2 In \\ Continuous overload capacity & 3 In & 3 In & 2 In & 2 In \\
10 s overload capacity & 30 In & 30 In & 10 In & 10 In \\
1 s overload capacity & 100 In & 100 In & 30 In & 30 In \\ Dynamic-stable current (half-wave value) & 250 In & 250 In & 75 In & 75 In \\ Power consumption at rated current (@In) & \textless{}0.15 VA/phase & \textless{}0.25 VA/phase & \textless{}0.2 VA/phase & \textless{}0.4 VA/phase \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Electrical parameters: alternating current. Figure 4: The 10 kV distribution network schematic diagram. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Phase Sequence** & **ABC** \\ \hline Rated frequency & 50 Hz \\ Rated voltage (phase, Un) & 100–130 V \\ linearity range & 1–130 V \\ Continuous overload capacity & 130 V \\
10 s overload capacity & 200 V \\
1 s overload capacity & 250 V \\ Power consumption at the rated voltage & \textless{}0.1 VA/phase \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Electrical parameters: alternating voltage. The different current main parameters is shown in Table 3 below. The alternating current power supply parameters is shown in Table 4 below. The on-off input parameters is shown in Table 5 below. The switch output parameters is shown in Table 6 below. The parameters of the environmental conditions is shown in Table 7 below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Output Junction Classification** & **Trip, Signal** \\ \hline Output form & Passive contact point \\ Maximum operating voltage & 380 Vc 250 Vdc \\ Open contact pressure resistance & 1000 V RMS, 1 Minutes \\ Continuous flow carrying capacity & 5 A@380 Vac 5 A@250 Vdc \\ Impact over current ability & 6A@3s \\
15 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] s 30 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] s \\ Actuation time & \textless{}8 ms \\ Return time & \textless{}5 ms \\ Arc-breaking capability (L/R = 40 ms) & 0.65 A@48 Vdc 0.30 A@110 Vdc 0.15 A@220 Vdc \\ Electrical life & 10,000 times \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Electrical parameters: switch output. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Adopt the Standard** & **GB/T 8367-1987 (did IEC 60255-11:2008) [40]** \\ \hline rated voltage & 110 Vdc, 220 Vdc \\ input range & 80\%\(\sim\)120\% of the rated voltage \\ ripple wave & and 15\% of the rated voltage \\ quiescent dissipation & \textless{}15 W (conventional station), \textless{}20 W (digital station) \\ power consumption during action & \textless{}20 W (conventional station), \textless{}25 W (digital station) \\ DC power supply polarity back-connection & The device works normally \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Electrical parameters: direct current main. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline rated voltage & 110/220 Vac \\ \hline input range & 80\%-120\% of the rated voltage \\ \hline quiescent dissipation & \textless{}15 W (conventional station), \textless{}20 W (digital station) \\ \hline power consumption during action & \textless{}20 W (conventional station), \textless{}25 W (digital station) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Electrical parameters: alternating current power supply.