## 2 Mechanical and Durability Properties of Asphalt Concrete and Concrete  
### 2.1 Influence of Mix Parameters on Pavement Performance  
The results from recent research have indicated that the structural and functional performances of AP and ICBP can be affected by many factors. The following aspects can be mentioned: surface type and geometrical configurations, e.g., cross-sectional design, aggregate characteristics, and environmental conditions, e.g., rainfall and HIE [3; 40; 41; 42; 43]. Then, this section emphasized some parameters, e.g., aggregate packing and mixing temperature, on the AC and CPB properties for AP and ICBP, respectively. Pioneering studies investigating the beneficial effects of aggregate packing on CPB and AC properties have been abundant in the literature [44; 45; 46; 47]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] analyzed the influences of graded particles on concrete strength, and an optimum grading curve of aggregates was proposed that showed the highest packing density. [PERSON] [45] proposed a method for designing dense AC based on aggregate grading. Then, [PERSON] et al. [46] studied the use of cement on gap-graded cold AC, which improved on its mechanical properties compared to the conventional hot mix, within a one-day curing period. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [47] linked bulk specific gravity procedures (dry, saturated surface dry, paraffin, vacuum-sealed, and dimensions) to the AC performance. This approach showed the anticipated variations in the AC properties, such as workability, stiffness, and fatigue resistance, throughout a mix-design, considering the different bulk specific gravity results. Concerning mixing temperature, [PERSON] et al. [48] described experiments with RAP and mixes produced at different temperatures. The microscopic observations showed that agglomerations of materials were present on the largest aggregate surface when the RAP components were blended. These agglomerations, called clusters, were composed of small particles of RAP's aggregate and binder, which manifested in the mixes having worse mechanical and durability properties. Furthermore, it was found by [PERSON] et al. [49] that there was a direct relationship between mixing temperature, clustering, RAP quantity in the mixtures, and particle size. It is also necessary to note the differences between warm and hot AC. Warm AC constituents are typically mixed at temperatures varying from 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while hot AC is produced at between 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C [50]. This temperature reduction is possible due to additives such as organic waves and chemical surfactants [51]. Finally, the effects on the mechanical performances of warm and hot AC by incorporating RCAs are presented in Table 1, which show satisfactory results for marshal stability [52]. On the contrary, using RCAs in AC led to a weak resistance to water result. Table 2 lists studies on the influence of the mix parameters on the properties of AC and CPB. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Materials**} & **Marshall** & **Rutting** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Stiffness**} & **Fatigue** & **Resistance** & **Resistance** & **to Water** \\  & **Stability** & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Warm AC with RCAs 1  & \(\mathbb{P}\)4  & \(\mathbb{P}\)6  \\  & **Resistance** & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Mechanical performances of AC with recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) (adapted from [52]). [PERSON] et al. [42] showed that the packing density was the critical factor that influences the CPB's properties, regardless of the aggregate type, which allows a better understanding of the characteristics of the concrete's components. For an advanced packing optimization, the aggregates were classified into six classes (A, B, C, D, E, and F) according to their size ranges (A: 5-10 mm, B: 2.36-5 mm, C: 1.18-2.36 mm, D: 0.6-1.18 mm, E: 0.3-0.6 mm, and F: 0-0.3 mm). The materials were sequentially introduced into the mix, from the coarsest to the finest.