# Possible Health Effects of Road Dust in Winter: Studies in Poland
## 3 Results
### Other Indices
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ECR** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** \\ \hline As adults & \(1.07\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.26\times 10^{-3}\) & \(3.2\times 10^{-3}\) & \(2.04\times 10^{-4}\) & \(8.57\times 10^{-4}\) & \(3.46\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \hline As children & \(1.21\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.97\times 10^{-2}\) & \(5.14\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.83\times 10^{-3}\) & \(4.42\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.25\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline Ni adults & \(2.75\times 10^{-3}\) & \(4.48\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.17\times 10^{-3}\) & \(8.69\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1\times 10^{-3}\) & \(7.38\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline Ni children & \(7.33\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.19\times 10^{-3}\) & \(3.11\times 10^{-3}\) & \(2.32\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.67\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.97\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline Co adults & \(1.05\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.72\times 10^{-3}\) & \(5.05\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.29\times 10^{-3}\) & \(4.04\times 10^{-3}\) & \(6.05\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline Co children & \(2.81\times 10^{-2}\) & \(9.92\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.35\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.43\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.08\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.61\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline Cr adults & \(1.92\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.99\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.49\times 10^{-1}\) & \(8.95\times 10^{-3}\) & \(4.62\times 10^{-1}\) & \(7.8\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \hline Cr children & \(5.13\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.06\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.99\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.39\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.23\times 10^{0}\) & \(2.08\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \hline Pb adults & \(1.93\times 10^{-5}\) & \(4.38\times 10^{-5}\) & \(4\times 10^{-5}\) & \(5.62\times 10^{-6}\) & \(3.78\times 10^{-5}\) & \(2.04\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline Pb children & \(5.14\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.17\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.09\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.5\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.01\times 10^{-4}\) & \(5.43\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline Cd adults & \(1.95\times 10^{-5}\) & \(4.26\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.14\times 10^{-4}\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-6}\) & \(3.2\times 10^{-5}\) & \(2.28\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline Cd children & \(5.21\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.14\times 10^{-4}\) & \(3.03\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.37\times 10^{-5}\) & \(8.52\times 10^{-5}\) & \(6.09\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Excessive risk of cancer (ECR \(\leq\) 0.0001 in grey) for Upper and Lower Silesia regions. Table 5 shows the results for EF, which is an indicator used to assess the presence and intensity of anthropogenic contaminant deposition on surface soil; in our case, it was used for URD. The highest value on the EF index was obtained for URD from site 6 for As (1908.28). The lowest level of enrichment in URD was noted at site 5 for Co (EF value = 0.12). The enrichment in the Lower Silesia agglomeration for all elements was extremely strong, although it was mostly restricted to site 1, which was probably related to the significant impact of the road and municipal heating. Strong enrichment at site 6 in the area of Upper Silesia was noted for Cu, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd, suggesting the impact of transport, industry, and individual heating. Considering Zn, the level of enrichment was extremely strong at three sites (2, 3, and 5) and very strong at three other sites (1, 4, and 6), suggesting that this element is ubiquitous as an anthropogenic contaminant. The most important sources of Zn came from discharges of smelter wastes, mine tailings, coal, transport emissions, and the use of fertilisers and wood preservatives [40]. Table 6 presents the results obtained for Igeo. According to the calculated values, elements like V, Co, and Mn did not contaminate samples of URD. Extremely high pollution was recorded again only at site 6 for Cd, Zn, and As. Additionally, the index for Zn was also very high at sites 4 and 5 in Upper Silesia. In the case of Lower Silesia, extremely high pollution did not occur. At site 1, the value of Igeo was close to a value of two, which means that URD taken from this area was strongly polluted with Ni. This element's presence can be derived from coal, oil, and gas combustion, and heavy vehicle traffic can also be responsible for the emission of Ni [41].