## 1 Introduction  
Efficient energy use is crucial for mitigating climate change driven by anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emissions, primarily from fossil fuel consumption [1, 2] and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) [3]. Enhancing energy efficiency has been identified as one of the most cost-effective measures to curb GHG emissions [4]. In this context, Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) have emerged as a prominent technology due to their operational flexibility, compact design, and capacity to harness low-grade thermal energy for electricity generation or mechanical work [2, 5]. Traditional methods for improving ORC performance have focused on optimizing working conditions [6, 7] and selecting appropriate working fluids to maximize thermal and exergetic efficiencies [8, 9]. ORC optimization strategies prioritize increasing the heat source temperature to elevate the vapor pressure of the working fluid, thereby enhancing the mechanical work output [10, 11]. Several studies have investigated the use of fluids such as R134a, R245 fa, and R236 fa for improved thermal conversion. However, these compounds are being phased out, mandated by the Kigali Amendment due to their high global warming potential (GWP) [12, 13, 14]. Furthermore, beyond fluid optimization, innovative designs have integrated thermal energy storage (TES) subsystems into ORCs to enhance heat transfer efficiency, system stability, and continuous power generation even during fluctuations in thermal input [15; 16]. For instance, an ORC pilot plant with a TES chamber has been experimentally analyzed, and it demonstrated enhanced system stability and efficiency under varying thermal loads [17]. These configurations not only improve energy efficiency but also enhance operational flexibility, particularly in applications involving intermittent or low-temperature heat sources. TES units commonly employ intermediate fluids, such as commercial thermal oils, to decouple the ORC from the primary heat source, thereby mitigating exergy destruction and improving control over the heat exchange process [18; 19; 20]. This thermal decoupling enables more resilient system performance under variable heat input conditions, promoting sustainable energy conversion. Integrating indirect heating improves energy efficiency and supports sustainable energy utilization by enhancing renewable energy integration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. [PERSON] et al. [15] modeled the TES and the heater for an ORC system utilizing hydrocarbons as the working fluid and phase change materials as the TES fluid. The results indicate that altering the evaporator temperature significantly affects the TES sizing parameter in ORC systems. [PERSON] et al. [22] analyzed a Carnot battery as an energy recovery system. The Carnot battery comprises three primary subsystems: an ORC, TES, and a heat pump. Ethylene glycol is used as the HTF to charge the TES system. The results suggest that the dual-source charging approach of the Carnot battery enhances efficiency in energy recovery and generation. [PERSON] et al. [23] simulated a solar-driven ORC, analyzing the impact of the cycle's parameters on performance in terms of exergy, energy, and exergy-economic factors. The cited study employed water as the HTF and a parabolic trough collector (PTC) as the heat exchanger. An increase in pinch temperature was found to result in a slight decrease in energy and exergy efficiencies while increasing total irreversibility. [PERSON] et al. [24] examined the performance of a PTC using different HTFs and design parameters under varying geographical and weather conditions. Thermal energy was collected using thermal oil, molten salt, and water, and the system's performance was evaluated as a function of solar radiation inputs. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [25], a polygeneration system was modeled and optimized based on solar and geothermal renewable energies. This system produced electricity, cooling, freshwater, and hydrogen.