## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fermentation Kinetics of Potential Biopreservation Compounds Produced in GPE Broth  
The highest growth inhibition activity for _C. pyralidae_ (0.797 L CSM mL\({}^{-1}\) BCU) was obtained at 150 g L\({}^{-1}\) after 24 h of fermentation, 20 to 28 h for _P. kluyveri_ Y1164 (0.412 L CSM mL\({}^{-1}\) BCU) and 28 h for _P. kluyveri_ Y1125 (0.373 L CSM mL\({}^{-1}\) BCU) (Figure 3). Based on the current observations, the potential of diluted residual GPE as a cheap raw material for the production of possible biopreservation compounds from yeasts was tentatively shown. _C. pyralidae_ Y1117 had the lowest substrate utilization rate (0.333 g L\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\)) compared to _P. kluyveri_ Y1125 and _P. kluyveri_ Y1164 (Table 2). In general, the substrate utilization rate and biomass yield were inversely proportional to the rate of biopreservation compounds formation. In addition, minor differences in specific growth rate for _C. pyralidae_ Y1117 (0.196 h\({}^{-1}\)), _P. kluyveri_ Y1125 (0.202 h\({}^{-1}\)) and _P. kluyveri_ Y1164 (0.190 h\({}^{-1}\)) were observed. The findings in Table 2 are also indicative of a direct relationship between the formation rate of biopreservation compounds and biomass yield. Overall, the substrate utilization model showed that cellular growth and production of biopreservation compounds were directly linked to sugar utilization rates for all the yeasts. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2019) previously established a direct relationship between biopreservation compounds formation and substrate utilization rate. However, in this study, _C. pyralidae_ yielded more biopreservation compounds, while utilizing less substrate, a trait that can be exploited at industrial scale. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Femication Parameters**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Model**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Antimicrobial Compound Producing Yeets**} \\ \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\(C\).pyralidae Y1127**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\(P\).[PERSON] Y1125**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\(P\).[PERSON] Y1164**} \\ \hline Substrate (total sugar) utilization rate (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) & \(r_{s}=\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\) & 0.333 & 1.912 & 1.967 \\ Biomass formation rate (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) & \(r_{s}=\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\) & 4.542 & 5.208 & 3.917 \\ Biomass yield (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) & \(Y_{\text{Yes}}=\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\) & 1.365 & 0.272 & 0.231 \\ Species growth rate (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\)) & \(n=\frac{\text{g}(\text{g}\text{g})}{\text{g}}\) & 0.196 & 0.202 & 0.130 \\ Biopperservation compound formation rate (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) & \(r_{s}=\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\) & 33.209 & 15.547 & 15.547 \\ Biopperservation compound formation based on cell concentration (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) & \(Y_{\text{Yes}}=\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\) & 73.121 & 29.880 & 39.694 \\ Biopperservation compound formation based on substrate (total sugar) utilization (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) & \(Y_{\text{Yes}}=\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\) & 99.840 & 83.130 & 7.985 \\ Total sugar utilization rate (\(\text{g}\text{L}^{-1}\text{g}^{-1}\)) proportional to cellular growth and formation of biopperservation compounds & \(\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}=\frac{1}{\text{g}}\left(\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}} +\frac{\text{g}}{\text{g}}\right)\) & 0.333 & 1.912 & 1.967 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Kinetics of biopperservation compound production by _Candidia pyralidae_ Y1117, _Pichia Juuyeri_ Y1125 and _P.Luyuyeri_ Y1164 using grape pomace extracts broth (total sugar concentration of 150 g L\({}^{-1}\)) as fermentation medium. Figure 3: Biopreservation compound production in a grape pomace extracts medium by _Candidia pyralidae_ Y1117 **(a)**, _Pichia Juuyeri_ Y1125 **(b)** and _P.Luyuyeri_ Y1164 **(c)** in a single stage bioreactor at the total sugar concentration of 150 g L\({}^{-1}\).