# LoRa Communication Using TVWS Frequencies: Range and Data Rate
## 4 Communication Range and Data Rate for TVWS-Based LoRa
### Range and Data Rate Analysis
Figure 5b represents the data rate and communication range characteristics for different \(SF\) and \(BW\) for outdoor urban-big cities scenarios using the LoRaT-PLM model calculated according to (8) and (13). It is observed that the TVWS-based LoRa signal can achieve a maximum range of 4.5 km in urban outdoor--big cities scenario for \(SF\) = 12 and \(BW\) = 62.5 kHz with a data rate of 0.18 kbps, as seen in Figure 5b. The maximum data rate of 46.8 kbps is obtained for \(BW\) = 500 kHz and \(SF\) = 6 with a range of 0.75 km. Thus, the communication range for outdoor--big cities scenario evaluated for urban environments varies from 0.75 km to 4.5 km, with data rates varying from 46.8 to 0.18 kbps, as depicted in Figure 5b. b. Outdoor Urban--Small, Medium Cities Scenario  
Figure 6a represents the data rate and communication range characteristics for different \(SF\) and \(BW\) for urban outdoor--small and medium cities scenarios computed using (6) and (7). It is observed that the TVWS-based LoRa signal can achieve a maximum range of 7.34 km in urban outdoor--small, medium cities scenario for \(SF\) = 12 and \(BW\) = 62.5 kHz with a data rate of 0.18 kbps as seen in Figure 6a. The maximum data rate of 46.8 kbps is obtained for \(BW\) = 500 kHz and \(SF\) = 6 with a range of 0.76 km. c. Outdoor--Rural Scenario  
Figure 7a represents the data rate and communication range characteristics for different \(SF\) and \(BW\) for rural outdoor scenarios analyzed as in (6) and (9). It is observed that the TVWS-based LoRa signal can achieve a maximum range of 39.2 km in urban outdoor--big cities scenario for \(SF=12\) and \(BW=62.5\) kHz with a data rate of 0.18 kbps, as seen in Figure 7a. The maximum data rate of 46.8 kbps is obtained for \(BW=500\) kHz and \(SF=6\) with a range of 6.49 km. Figure 7b represents the data rate and communication range characteristics for different \(SF\) and \(BW\) for rural outdoor scenarios calculated as in (7) and (14). It is observed that the TVWS-based LoRa signal can achieve a maximum range of 26 km in urban outdoor--big cities scenario for \(SF=12\) and \(BW=62.5\) kHz with a data rate of 0.18 kbps, as seen in Figure 7b. The maximum data rate of 46.8 kbps is obtained for \(BW=500\) kHz and \(SF=6\) with a range of 4.3 km. C. Indoor Scenario  
Figure 8 represents the data rate and communication range characteristics for different \(SF\) and \(BW\) for indoor scenarios computed according to (11) and (12). It is observed that the TVWS-based LoRa signal can achieve a maximum communication range of 117.8 m indoors for \(SF=12\) and \(BW=62.5\) kHz with a data rate of 0.18 kbps, as seen in Figure 8. The maximum data rate of 46.8 kbps is obtained for \(BW=500\) kHz and \(SF=6\) with a range of 32.35 m.  
The proposed LoRaT-PLM model for outdoor urban and rural scenarios exhibits higher path loss for all the different ranges compared to the Okumura-Hata model as it considers the impact of the shadowing effect. This higher path-loss estimate can lead to a better margin allocation in the link budget, taking care of all the possible losses. The link budget can then be a tool to estimate the transmit power requirement more effectively. This can lead to better interference avoidance, more successful transmissions, and hence better energy efficiency.