## 3 Satellites and the Space Law Framework
### Rights of All Humankind  
The central instrument of the current UN space law framework is the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,2 also known and hereinafter referred to as the Outer Space Treaty. Article I of the Outer Space Treaty sets the tone for which humankind's interaction with Outer Space was envisaged; \"[t]he exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind\" (1967 Outer Space Treaty, art I). As noted by [PERSON], with no specific legal definition provided for the 'province of all mankind', this categorisation of Outer Space \"remains an elusive concept, open to many interpretations\" ([PERSON], 2018, p. 4). Footnote 2: Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (adopted 27 January 1967, entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205 (Outer Space Treaty). However, it is noted that it remains a distinct concept from that of the 'common heritage of mankind' which is designated to the Moon and any of its resources specifically in Article 11 of the 1969 Agreement Governing the Activities on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,3 hereinafter the Moon Agreement. While no parameters have been set for what constitutes the province of all mankind, it is understood that the 'common heritage of mankind' is \"conceived as an expansion of the province of all mankind within international space law\" ([PERSON], 2018, p. 7). Footnote 3: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (concluded 5 December 1979, entered into force 11 July 1984) UNTS vol. 1363, p. 3 (1979 Moon Agreement) art 11. Nevertheless, the imprecise nature of the classification of Outer Space as the 'province of all mankind' does not serve to negate the fact that this classification was enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty to highlight an inclusive approach to activities in Outer Space that envisaged benefits for all humankind. Furthermore, [PERSON] highlights that \"[t]he 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles relied on strong principles of equity, fairness, and common interest\" ([PERSON], 2000, p. 161), which preceded the introduction of the Outer Space Treaty. Reference is made in the Declaration to the \"common interest of all mankind\",4 as well as \"due regard for the corresponding interests of other States\" (1963 Declaration of Legal Principles., art 6), with many of these concepts of interacting with Outer Space while respecting the benefits and interests of others being made legally binding in the Outer Space Treaty. Footnote 4: United Nations General Assembly, ‘Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space’ (13 December 1963) RES 1962 (NVIII) (1963 Declaration of Legal Principles) preamble, preamble. It is notable that the Artemis Accords, the principles of which outline the aims of the United States and other States that agree to the Accords in the planned mission to return to the Moon, are illustrative of a move away from the viewing of Outer Space as part of the 'global commons' (Vazhapully 2020), which the United States have expressly made clear. For example, Section 10 of the Artemis Accords (NASA 2020, sect. 10) deals with the prospect of space resource extraction but does not make reference to the establishment of a specific regime that would divide those resources equitably among those states most in need, as was envisaged under the aforementioned 'common heritage of mankind' approach in the 1979 Moon Agreement. Nevertheless, the Accords do make frequent references to benefitting humankind.