## 3 Some Key Issues on the Use of SLNs and NLCs as Oral Nanovehicles for Nutraceuticals or Bioactives
### Poorly Soluble Bioactive Compounds
#### 4.2.1 Curcuminoids (and Curcumin in Particular)
 } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Formulation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Processing Technique** *  } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Mode of Drug**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**EEDL** * **} & & & & & \\  & & **and Emilersionsions** * [FOOTNOTE:]Footnote *: footnotemark: [ENDFOOTNOTE] & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{curcunin} & \multirow{3}{*}{SLNs} & Competi  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Curcunimionids**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Type of Lipid**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Formulation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mode of Drug**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**EPDL *} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Main Results**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**References**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Nanoparticles*} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ingredients (Lipids and Emulsions)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Processing Technique *} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Incorporation *} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**EPDL *} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Main Results**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**References**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{curvinn} & \multirow{3}{*}{SLNs} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Covered scenarios,} & Hot shear & \multirow{3}{*}{disolution} & \multirow{3}{*}{100\%; 10\%} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The equal bioavailability of encapsulated} & \\  & & &criptive speed curves & & homogenization + & & curcumin in the SLNs was significantly improved by the coating with chitosan. & \\  & & &adic; Newen 80 & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{curvinn} & \multirow{3}{*}{SLNs, NLCs} & Compe  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Curcunininoids**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Type of Lipid**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Formulation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Properties**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Mode of Drug**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**EPDL *} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Main Results**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\  & **Navigorides** * & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**curcunin**} & \multirow{2}{*}{SLNs} & \multirow{2}{*}{Compiled 888 ATG} & \multirow{2}{*}{Modified} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Disolution**} & \multirow{2}{*}{100\%, 1.8\%} & The curcumin in the SLNs exhibited & & higher antimicrobial defect against \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**curcunin**} & \multirow{  
The encapsulation performance of curcumin in SLNs or NLCs is generally determined by its initial solubility in the melted lipid, biocompatibility between the molecule and the lipid matrix (in the solid state), curcumin crystallization, and expulsion from crystallized lipids. In general, NLCs exhibit better encapsulation performance (e.g., higher EE or DL) as delivery nanowuchelics for curcumin than SLNs (Table 2). For example, when curcumin was directly added to the melted lipid, NLCs with cetyl palmitate and oleic acid as the solid and liquid lipids, fabricated by a combined hot shear homogenization and ultrasonication, using Tween 80 as the emulsifier, had higher EE of curcumin than SLNs (94% vs. 82%; [134]). Similarly, high EE values (\(>\)90%) have been reported for curcumin or turmier powder-loaded NLCs using MCT as the liquid lipid [52; 125; 126]. In contrast, SLNs used as nanovhelics for curcumin exhibited a wide range of EE values, from 40% to 100% [39; 127; 128; 129; 129; 133]. SLNs composed of a sole solid lipid usually exhibited lower EE values than those composed of heterogenous lipids, possibly due to the easier occurrence of lipid crystallization. For NLCs, the liquid-to-solid lipid ratio is another parameter affecting the encapsulation performance of the system as nanovhelics for curcumin. In curcuminoid-loaded NLCs using MCT as the liquid lipid, [PERSON] et al. [40] showed that both the EE and DL of curcuminoid in the NLCs progressively increased as the liquid-to-solid lipid ratio increased from 0 to 30%. However, when the ratio was further increased up to 45%, no changes in EE and DL were observed.