## 2 Jordan's Electricity Sector  
Figure 3 shows the overall architecture of the Jordanian electricity sector, which is mainly composed of three layers: generation, transmission, distribution, and consumers [40]. NEPCO, operated by the government, manages acts as the GO of the power grid under a single buyer model as well as the transmission sector operator. The long-term strategy of the power grid is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), whereas the Energy and Mineral Regulatory Commission (EMRC) is responsible for establishing regulations and licensing on all levels of the power grid from generation to distribution as well as setting laws and tariffs in the electricity sector [40,41]. Generation is mainly composed of thermal power plants with the respective nominal generating power shown in Figure 3. Generation capacities can be slightly higher or lower depending on hot or cold seasons. Generation can be classified into: Government-owned/partially owned power plants, independent power suppliers (IPPs), and the Egyptian interconnection. The government holds 100% of the shares of the Samra Electricity Power Company (SEPCO), being the largest energy producer, while having only 40% of the shares of the Central Electricity Generation Company (CEGCO), being the second-largest energy producer. Distribution compromising the bulk energy supply is composed of three private distribution companies: Jordan Electric Power Company (JEPCO), Irbid District Electricity Company (IDECO, Jordan north area), and Electricity Distribution Company (EDCO), that are distribute energy to  
consumers in the central, northern and southern parts of Jordan respectively [40]. Besides, two categories of large energy consumers (principal consumers), PC\({}_{1}\) and PC\({}_{2}\), are a part of the bulk energy supply. The consumption load types and percentages are calculated according to the 2019 NEPCO report, without taking into account the PC1 and PC2, where domestic and governmental consumers reach up to 49.1% of the main energy consumption, where 6% of it accounts for the governmental buildings and 1.5% for others [8]. The renewable energy capacity only includes the transmission level suppliers, not the distribution and consumer level generation. Jordan is interconnected with Egypt with a total capacity of 550 MW, utilizing a 400 kV submarine cable, where up to 250 MW can be used according to energy availability and other factors, while the rest are reserved for operational purposes [42]. Table 2 shows the details of each respective power supplier by 2019 [40]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Power Plants**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Unit**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Available**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fuel Type**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Average Cost**} \\ \cline{3-8} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & **Capacity** & **P** & **S** & **T** & **(JOD */MW)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CEGCO} & **ATPS** & 5* ST & 130* 5 MW & NG & HFO & - & \\  & **RISMA** & 2* GT & 58 MW & NG & LFO & - & 203.46 \\  & **Rehab** & CC & 297 MW & NG & LFO & - & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{SEPCO} & **Samra I** & CC & 270 MW & NG & LFO & - & \\  & **Samra II** & CC & 270 MW & NG & LFO & - & \\  & **Samra III** & CC & 400 MW & NG & LFO & - & 61.06 \\  & **Samra IV** & CC & 220 MW & NG & LFO & - & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{IPP} & **IPP1** & CC & 400 MW & NG & LFO & - & 59.85 \\  & **IPP2** & CC & 373 MW & NG & LFO & 64.89 \\  & **IPP3** & DE & 573 MW & NG & HFO & LFO & 231.04 \\  & **IPP4** & DE & 241 MW & NG & HFO & LFO & 121.17 \\  & **IPP5** & CC & 485 MW & NG & LFO & - & 60.09 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Egypt \\ PV \\ WIND \\ \end{tabular} } & - & 550 MW & - & - & - & 52.79 \\  & **-** & 640.5 MW & - & - & - & 72.79 \\ \cline{1-1}  & **-** & 369.6 MW & - & - & - & 79.94 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{*}\)Jordanian dinar.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Jordanian power plants—2019. Figure 3: Jordan’s electrical sector—2019.