## 3 Methods Used in the Extraction of Functional Ingredients from Jackfruit
### Emerging Technologies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline
**Parts** & **Technique** & **Extraction Conditions** & **Functional Ingredients and Yields** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Pulp & Ultrasound-assisted extraction & 1.00 g of sample finely crushed with 5-10 mL of ethanol water (80–20; \(\
u\)/\(\psi\)), ultrasonicated (15 min at & Phenolic acids & [20] \\  & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and centrifuged (15 min at 7500 rpm). & Raw pulp & & \\  & & Galile acid: 9.70 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g & & \\  & & Perulic acid: 8.0 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g & & \\  & & Tamic acid: 4.87 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g & & \\  & & Ripe pulp & & \\  & & Gallic acid: 19.31 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g & & \\  & & Perulic acid: 2.66 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline Seed & Ultrasound-assisted extraction & 7.00 g of sample in 20 mL of solvent (ethanol) and mix. Ultrasound equipment with a probe is used & Total phenolic content & [20] \\  & & for 4 min at 70\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) power (maximum power-500 W) and a frequency of 20 kHz. & 0.841 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g & \\  & & Microwave-assisted extraction & Immune 1.00 g of the powdered sample in 100 mL of ethanol using an ETHOS-Milestone extractor, & & \\  & & 5 min extraction time, 450 mV microwave power, and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C of extraction temperature & & \\  & & & 7.00 g of sample is placed into a column (27.5 min length \(\times\) 10 mm diameter and internal volume of & Total phenolic content: & \\  & & CO\({}_{2}\) & 10 cm\({}^{3}\)) to form the bed of fixed particles. Conditions temperature of 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, pressure of 12 MPa, CO\({}_{2}\) & 0.937 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\) & \\ \hline Peel & Radio frequency-assisted extraction & Radio frequency time of 61.50 min, the ratio of length to solid 20.63 mL/g, and pH 2.61. & Pettin yield: 29.40\% & [19] \\  & Ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction & Ultrasound time: 29 min, microwave time: 10 min, power 50 of W, 86 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and solid to liquid ratio of & Pettin yield: 21.50\% & [34] \\  & & 1:48 g/mL. & 1:48 g/mL. & \\  & Ultrasound-assisted extraction & Liquid-solid ratio of 151 mL/g, pH of 1.60, sonication time of 24 min, and temperature of 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. & Pettin yield: 14.50\% & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Emerging technologies of assisted extraction of functional ingredients from jackfruit parts. For the extraction of bioactive compounds from the seeds, [PERSON] et al. [20] used UAE (4 min, 70% power, and 20 kHz) and supercritical fluids extraction (SFE) with CO\({}_{2}\) (50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 12 MPa, 4.0 mL min\({}^{-1}\) CO\({}_{2}\), and 150 min). In this study, the authors compared the performance of MAC, SOX, UAE, and SFE methods and concluded that the lowest yields corresponded to SFE at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C/20 MPa/3 mL min\({}^{-1}\), obtaining 0.341 \(\pm\) 0.008 mg GAE/g [20]. However, changing the processing conditions (50 \({}^{\circ}\)C/12 MPa/4 mL min\({}^{-1}\)) resulted in the third-highest value in the study, 0.937 \(\pm\) 0.004 mg GAE/g. All the extraction methods used in this study had better yields when using ethanol as a solvent; additionally, ethanol extracts had better antioxidant capacity [20]. More recently, [PERSON] et al. [41] used microwaves-assisted extraction (MAE) in jackfruit seeds (5 min of irradiation, 450 W, and 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and concluded that MAE produces high-quality extracts with a remarkable impact on properties like texture, phenolic exudation, and lower degradation of thermolabile compounds. Jackfruit peel is considered an important source of pectin, thus some studies reported in the literature have focused on its extraction using emerging technologies.