esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 The Design of the EKF Algorithm
### Sensitivity Analysis of Hydrodynamic Coefficients Based on the Indirect Method  
Sensitivity analysis is essential because it helps identify which parameters have the greatest impact on the results, thus providing important insights for optimization and decision-making. The sensitivity of the hydrodynamic coefficients to each motion state variable is defined as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}S^{\sharp}=[\max(|\vec{\psi}^{\prime}(t)-\psi^{\prime} (t)|)]/SUM\\ S^{r}=[\max(|\vec{\eta}^{\prime}(t)-r^{\prime}(t)|)]/SUM\\ SUM=\left([\max(|\vec{\psi}^{\prime}(t)-\psi^{\prime}(t)|)]+[\max(|\vec{\eta }^{\prime}(t)-r^{\prime}(t)|)]\right)\end{array}\right. \tag{22}\]  
This method applies a specific percentage perturbation to a particular hydrodynamic coefficient and then performs a maneuvering motion numerical simulation. The change in motion state variables from the simulation results is used as the basis for calculating the sensitivity value. In this paper, a 1.1 times perturbation is applied to six parameters to observe their sensitivity, and the \(S^{\sharp}\) data are as follows (Table 7):  
From Table 7, it can be seen that after increasing the six parameters identified by \(1.1\) times under three operating conditions, the effect of changing parameter \(K\) on the sensitivity parameters \(S^{\sharp}\) is the greatest, followed by \(\alpha\) and \(\sigma_{r}\), while \(T_{1},T_{2},T_{3}\) have a smaller sensitivity on the model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Case 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Case 2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Case 3**} \\
**Values** & \(\mathbf{\psi_{e}}\) & \(\mathbf{r_{e}}\) & \(\mathbf{\psi_{e}}\) & \(\mathbf{r_{e}}\) & \(\mathbf{\psi_{e}}\) & \(\mathbf{r_{e}}\) \\ \hline EKF & 11 & 262 & 0 & 62 & 134 & 26 \\ RLS & 479 & 307 & 125 & 75 & 173 & 59 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The number of values outside the confidence interval.
## 4 Results
### Comparison with Other Models
#### 4.3.2 Comparison with OLS, ANN, and I Models  
In order to further verify the applicability and accuracy of the landslide susceptibility assessment using the GWR model, we choose the ordinary least squares (OLS) model [40], artificial neural network (ANN) model [32], and information (I) model [49] as compared models, which are commonly used for the susceptibility assessment. The slope units and grid units are adopted as the sampling units of the three models respectively.  
The ROC curve and success rate curve of eight models are shown in Figures 8 and 9. It can be seen from the figures that for the same unit type, the AUC values of ROC curve and success rate curve of GWR models are both higher than those of ANN, I, and OLS models. It shows that the GWR model performs better, and further implies the importance of spatial non-stationarity in landslide data sets. As to the results by the same model via different unit types, the AUC values of ROC curve and success rate curve of the models with slope unit are all higher than those of the models with grid unit. It indicates that adopting slope unit as mapping unit can express the landslide characteristics better than the traditional grid unit, highlighting that slope unit is more suitable for landslide assessment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Predicted Groups (Model)**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **Stable** & **Unstable** \\ \hline Actual groups & Stable & 13,449 (78.20\%) & 3750 (21.80\%) \\ (inventory) & Unstable & 61 (20.96\%) & 230 (79.04\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Sample evaluation contingency table of G-GWR model.  
Figure 7: Validation of S-GWR and G-GWR models. (**a**) ROC curve; (**b**) success rate curve.
## 7 Open Issues and Opportunities for Future Research
### Heterogeneity and Scalability of Management Functions  
A large number of highly diverse management services are expected to be provided by various management functions for meeting the wide spectrum of service requirements in future networks. Therefore, scalable and flexible lifecycle management for the wide variety of management functions/services in the future network management architecture becomes an important topic for further study. Some important aspects of this topic include registration, discovery, selection, composition, deployment, invocation, scaling, and migration of management services.  
The integration fabric in the ZSM architecture plays a crucial role in addressing most of the aspects listed above, but the current ZSM standard still lacks the specific mechanism needed for facilitating integration fabric implementation. A possible direction for future research to address this challenge is to exploit some technologies developed in (micro)service-oriented systems, for example the service communication proxy in the 5G SBA and the Kubernetes orchestrator in data centers. However, some special requirements for management services must be considered. Such requirements include declarative specification of intention for management service composition, capability and attribute exposure of management functions, and cooperation between the management service orchestrator (e.g., MLFO) and other MANO functions within the same network architecture.
# On-Orbit Experimental Result of a Non-Deployable 430-MHz-Band Antenna Using a 1U CubeSat Structure
## 5 Testing on the Ground  
The Loop Hentenna onboard the BIRDS-4 satellite was functionally tested before launch. This chapter describes the measurement of the reflection coefficient, the adjustment of the matching circuit and the measurement of the radiation pattern.
# Resource Allocation in Downlink VLC-NOMA Systems for Factory Automation Scenario
## 3 Proposed Resource Allocation Schemes  
In this section, to improve the reliability of the downlink NOMA system with VLC, DBPA for power allocation and PBUP for user-pairing are described.
# Multiple Kernel Stein Spatial Patterns for the Multiclass Discrimination of Motor Imagery Tasks
## 2 Methods  
### EEG Decomposition  
Let a set of \(N\) labeled multichannel EEG time series (trials), acquired from a single subject \(\mathcal{X}{=}\big{\{}\mathbf{x}_{n}(t)\in\mathbb{R}^{C},y_{n}\in\mathcal{L} \big{\}}_{n=1}^{N}\), where \(C\) stands for the number of channels, \(t\in[1,T]\) indexes the time instants, and \(y_{n}\) labels the \(n\)-th time series \(\mathbf{x}_{n}(t)\). \(\mathcal{L}\) defines the set of possible classes, usually related to mental states.  
To take advantage of the spectral content of the EEG signals, each trial is band-passed through a set of \(B\) filters, achieving the filter-banked time series representation of EEG data described in Equation (1):  
\[\mathcal{X}_{B}{=}\Big{\{}\mathbf{x}_{nb}(t)=[x_{nc}(t)*h_{b}(t)]_{c=1}^{C},b\in[1,B]\Big{\}}_{n=1}^{N} \tag{1}\]  
where \(x_{nc}(t)\in\mathbb{R}\) stands for the \(c\)-th channel from the \(n\)-th trial, \(h_{b}(t)\in\mathbb{R}\) corresponds to the impulse response of the \(b\)-th linear phase FIR filter, and \(*\) denotes the convolution operator. Afterwards, a band-wise spatial filtering linearly mixes the input channels into components at each time instant resulting in a new set of band-filtered time series as follows:  
\[\mathcal{X}_{W}{=}\Big{\{}\mathbf{z}_{nb}(t)=\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\top}\mathbf{x}_{nb}(t):b\in [1,B]\Big{\}}_{n=1}^{N} \tag{2}\]  
with \(\mathbf{W}_{b}\in\mathbb{R}^{C\times Q}\) as the linearly mixing matrix of spatial filters for the band \(b\), and \(\mathbf{z}_{nb}(t)\in\mathbb{R}^{Q}\) stands for the spatially-filtered trial with \(Q\) components.
## 3 Illustrative Example
### Adaptive State Estimation
#### 3.3.3 Kalman-Bucy Filter-Kalman Filter in Continuous Time  
In both Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2, the error dynamics for the proposed adaptive state estimator are presented in two variations: without and with the feedback filter. This section depicts the error dynamics without implementing the adaptive estimator; the fixed gain value \((K)\) in the estimator remains unchanged compared to Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2. As illustrated in Figure 9a,b, the lack of adaptation in the reference model results in significantly larger internal and external estimation errors compared to those observed when the adaptive control scheme is applied.
###### Abstract  
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent widely used for various types of cancer; however, its accumulation causes myotoxicity and muscle atrophy. Endurance exercise (EXE) has emerged as a vaccine against DOX-induced myotoxicity. However, potential molecular mechanisms of EXE-mediated myocyte protection for the unfavorable muscle phenotype remain unelucidated. In addition, most studies have identified the short-term effects of DOX and EXE interventions, but studies on the prolonged EXE effects used as adjuvant therapy for chronic DOX treatment are lacking. Twelve-week-old adult male C57 BL/6J mice were assigned to four groups: sedentary treated with saline (SED-SAL, \(n=10\)), endurance exercise treated saline (EXE-SAL, \(n=10\)), sedentary treated with doxorubicin (SED-DOX, \(n=10\)), and endurance exercise treated with doxorubicin (EXE-DOX, \(n=10\)). Mice were intraperitoneally injected with DOX (5 mg/kg) or saline five times biweekly for eight weeks, while a treadmill running exercise was performed. Body composition was assessed and then soleus muscle tissues were excised for histological and biochemical assays. Our data showed that DOX aggravated body composition, absolute soleus muscle mass, and distinct pathological features; also, TOP2B upregulation was linked to DOX-induced myotoxicity. We also demonstrated that EXE-DOX promoted mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g., citrate synthase). However, no alterations in satellite cell activation and myogenesis factors in response to DOX and EXE interventions were observed. Instead, SED-DOX promoted catabolic signaling cascades (AKT-FOXO3\(\alpha\)-MuRF-1 axis), whereas EXE-DOX reversed its catabolic phenomenon. Moreover, EXE-DOX stimulated basal autophagy. We showed that the EXE-mediated catabolic paradigm shift is likely to rescue impaired muscle integrity. Thus, our study suggests that EXE can be recommended as an adjuvant therapy to ameliorate DOX-induced myotoxicity.  
doxorubicin; chemotherapy; myotoxicity; endurance exercise; skeletal muscle; proteolytic system; autophagy; body composition; topoisomerase II \(\beta\); AKT-FOXO3\(\alpha\)-MuRF-1
# Enhancing Railway Network Safety by Reproducing Wheel-Rail Electrical Contact on a Laboratory Scale
## 3 Results
### Evolution of the Contact Resistance at Constant Current over a Long Period  
The objective of this test was to observe the evolution of the contact resistance over time under static conditions while applying a constant current. To this end, we chose the maximum value of 1 A imposed during previous tests, the force applied to the contact always being 400 N.  
To approximate a moderate rust condition, the oxide thickness on the rail was adjusted to around 20\(\upmu\)m with a standard deviation of 5.9\(\upmu\)m. Figure 15 shows the evolution of the contact resistance for a total current injection time of 80 min. The experimental approach consisted of four distinct phases:  
* Phase 1: 1 A applied for 10 min. The current injection and the measurements were interrupted for a few minutes to see if the contact would return to its initial electrical state.
* Phase 2: 1 A applied for 40 min.
* Phase 3: 10 mA applied for 10 min.
* Phase 4: 1 A applied for 20 min.  
During phase 1, a significant initial increase then decrease in resistance was observed, followed by a gradual decrease. After the interruption of the current, the resistance in phase 2 continued to decrease progressively starting from a contact resistance value close to the one reached at the end of phase 1. The third phase showed a slight increase in the contact resistance with an almost constant value. Finally, in phase 4, a gradual decrease in resistance was observed, reaching the same value as at the end of the second phase.  
Considered jointly with the results presented in Section 3.2.2, the sudden drop in contact resistance at the beginning of the first phase may be interpreted as an irreversible change in the surface condition of the contact zone caused by mechanical and thermal effects. We assume that the start of phase 1 mainly reflects the melting of the peak asperities. Once flattened, the mechanical and thermal effects are spread over a wider and wider surface, which slows down the process. Thus, the progressive decrease of the contact resistance during the end of phase 1 and phases 2 and 4 could be explained by a slow continuation of the flattening of surface asperities, associated with an increase in oxide conductivity due to the rise in temperature (induced by the current). During phase 3, the current was decreased, resulting in a reduced heating effect. Therefore, the observed resistance increase could be interpreted as the presence of a semiconducting oxide layer at the interface.
# Design of SBS-Modified Bitumen Stabilizer Powder Based on the Vulcanization Mechanism
## 4 Analysis of Test Results of the Basic Component of the Stabilizer
### Basic Component Analysis of the Stabilizer
#### 4.1.4 The BHT Content of Basic Components  
According to the test design above, SBS was prepared. The content of BHT was different in each Component No. There was no gelation phenomenon observed in Component Nos. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, and the 48-h segregation softening point test and Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) were carried out. The results are shown in Figure 7 and Table 4.  
As can be seen from Figure 7, with the increase of BHT content, the 48-h segregation softening point difference of modified bitumen was almost unchanged, which shows that BHT has little effect on the thermal storage stability of bitumen. However, BHT being an antioxidant, its ability of oxidation  
Figure 6: The 48-h segregation softening point difference with different ZnO content.  
Figure 7: The 48-h segregation softening point difference with different BHT content.  
resistance may be useful to bitumen. Table 4 shows the anti-aging performance of SBS-modified bitumen with different BTH content.  
Table 4 shows that with the increase of BHT content, the loss on heating of SBS-modified bitumen after the rolling thin film oven test gradually decreased, the percent of residual penetration increased and the residual ductility at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C slightly increased. However, the performance improvement effect was no longer obvious after the content of BHT was greater than 20%. BHT can provide H to the free radical of SBS-modified bitumen. The resistance to oxidation of SBS-modified bitumen will be increased in this way. This can also be explained by means of Chemical Reactions 1 and 2 [25] below.  
\[\text{AH}+\text{R}\cdot\rightarrow\text{A}+\text{RH} \tag{1}\]  
In this reaction AH is the antioxidant, R: the free radical, A: the antioxidant free radicals and RH the polymer molecules  
It can also be explained by means of Chemical Reaction 2 below.  
\[\text{AH}+\text{ROO}\cdot\rightarrow\text{A}\cdot+\text{ROOH} \tag{2}\]  
In this reaction AH is the antioxidant, ROO: the free radical peroxidation, A: the antioxidant free radicals and ROOH the hydroperoxide.  
Considering the test phenomenon, test results and economic factors, it was determined that \(\text{d}=20\).  
From this, we can determine that the basic components of the stabilizer powder were S:TMTD:ZnO:BHT = 60:16:4:20.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phytoremediation of Cd and Zn by Taracum officinal
#### 3.1.2 Effect of Relative Humidity on the Adsorption of Cd and Zn  
The concentrations of heavy metals in the shoots or roots of _Taraxacum officinal_ in all of the pots under a relative humidity of 50% are shown in Figure S1a for Cd and Figure S1b for Zn, while the TFs are shown in Figure S2. When comparing the 50% and 70% relative humidity conditions, the uptake of Cd and the TF of Cd was generally higher under the 50% relative humidity conditions. It has been reported that transpiration speed in a plant becomes faster when humidity decreases [39]. Then, the movement of water from the root to shoot may be activated, and the translocation of Cd is promoted. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the concentration of Cd in the shoot is larger than that in the root under the relative humidity of both 50% and 70%. [PERSON] et al. [40] reported that Cd is accumulated more in the roots than in the shoots. Therefore, it was considered that the translocation of Cd from the roots to shoots was promoted by adding EDDS in our experiment. However, a significant difference was not observed between the relative humidity of 50% and that of 70% in the case of the TF of Zn. This may be also related to the complete translocation between the two heavy metals. Considering the above-mentioned situation, it may be difficult to translocate both Cd and Zn simultaneously by _Taraxacum officinal_, even if EDDS is added. Moreover, it has been suggested that humidity can be one of the important factors impacting the adsorption of metals by phytoremediation.
## 4 Experiment and Result Analysis
### Subjects and Dataset
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline  & **Features** & **Former Smoker (\%)** & **Current Smoker (\%)** \\ \hline Gender & & \\ Male & 856 (23.2) & 2447 (66.3) \\ Female & 95 (2.6) & 294 (8.0) \\ \hline Age (year) & & \\ Less than 35 & 129 (3.5) & 786 (21.3) \\
36–45 & 223 (6.0) & 795 (21.5) \\
46–55 & 217 (5.9) & 608 (16.5) \\ More than 56 & 382 (10.3) & 552 (15.0) \\ \hline Body mass index & & \\ Lower weight (13.0–19.0) & 169 (4.6) & 643 (17.4) \\ Normal weight (20.0–25.0) & 483 (13.1) & 1296 (35.1) \\ Over or severe obese weight & & \\ (26.0–40.0) & 299 (8.1) & 802 (21.7) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Basic characteristics of the subjects for smoking status. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Features** & **Former Smoker (\%)** & **Current Smoker (\%)** \\ \hline Household income & & \\ Low & 120 (3.3) & 299 (8.1) \\ Low-middle & 222 (6.0) & 703 (19.0) \\ Middle-high & 288 (7.8) & 881 (23.9) \\ High & 321 (8.7) & 858 (23.2) \\ \hline Residence area & & \\ Urban & 869 (23.5) & 2237 (60.6) \\ Rural & 82 (2.2) & 504 (13.7) \\ \hline Education & & \\ Below to elementary school & & \\ graduate & 161 (4.4) & 312 (8.5) \\ Middle school graduate & 113 (3.1) & 300 (8.1) \\ High school graduate & 337 (9.1) & 1092 (29.6) \\ College graduate or higher & 340 (9.2) & 1037 (38.1) \\ \hline Employment condition & & \\ Full time & 1162 (31.5) & 1444 (39.1) \\ Part time & 500 (13.5) & 442 (12.0) \\ Others & 55 (1.5) & 89 (2.4) \\ \hline Occupation & & \\ Managers, experts or related & 192 (5.2) & 520 (14.1) \\ workers & 135 (3.7) & 412 (11.2) \\ Office workers & 146 (4.0) & 523 (14.2) \\ Agriculture, foreser or fisher & 136 (3.7) & 233 (6.3) \\ Function, device or machine & 217 (5.9) & 662 (17.9) \\ assembly worker; farmers & 112 (3.0) & 279 (7.6) \\ Labor workers & 13 (0.4) & 112 (3.0) \\ Housewife, students or other & 13 (0.4) & \\ \hline Marital status & & \\ Married & 854 (23.1) & 2245 (60.8) \\ Single and others & 97 (2.6) & 496 (13.4) \\ \hline Subjective health status & & \\ Very good & 58 (1.6) & 120 (3.3) \\ Good & 327 (8.9) & 903 (24.5) \\ Normal & 443 (12.0) & 1313 (35.6) \\ Bad & 110 (3.0) & 384 (10.4) \\ Very bad & 13 (3.0) & 21 (0.6) \\ \hline Exercise & & \\ Yes & 24 (0.7) & 494 (13.4) \\ No & 927 (25.1) & 2247 (60.9) \\ \hline Frequency of alcohol consumption in recent 1 year & & \\ Not drink at all in the last year & 118 (3.2) & 200 (5.4) \\ Less than once a month & 105 (2.8) & 287 (7.8) \\ About once a month & 93 (2.5) & 200 (5.4) \\
2–4 times a month & 270 (7.3) & 825 (22.3) \\ About 2–3 times a week & 231 (6.3) & 829 (22.5) \\
4 or more times a week & 134 (3.6) & 400 (10.8) \\ \hline Hypertension & & \\ Yes & 464 (12.6) & 844 (22.9) \\ No & 487 (13.2) & 1897 (51.4) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(Cont.\)
## 2 Anatomy of Articular Cartilage
### Collagens
The properties of the collagen network vary considerably from one AC zone to another. The organisation of collagen fibrils itself is also differentiated by zone, which was first described by [PERSON] [109]. In native tissue, the highest collagen concentration is found in the superficial zone, gradually decreasing further away from the articular surface, resulting in a non-uniform distribution [101]. In the superficial zone, the fibrils are oriented parallel to the articular surface. The middle zone is characterised by larger fibres that form interlaced arches. In contrast, the largest fibrils are located in the deep zone and are perpendicularly oriented to the articular surface. The transition from hyaline cartilage to subchondoral bone is contained in the calcified layer. The zonal variation is influenced by the distribution of forces that the cartilage experiences in vivo, which affects the anisotropic arrangement in the native tissue [110; 111]. The size of the fibrils, therefore, varies depending on the location. Smaller diameters are noticeable near the surface, in the superficial zone, the fibril diameter is about 30-35 nm, while in the deep zone, it is 40-80 nm [112]. As collagen is mainly responsible for the tensile properties of AC, the collagen content should be taken into account when assessing the tensile properties of tissues, as well as the zonal variation in the orientation of collagen fibres. Within each of the zones mentioned above, there are different types of matrices, which include the territorial matrix, interterritorial matrix and pericellular matrix. The territorial matrix is located furthest from the chondrocytes and is characterised by less ordered collagen fibrils. The interterritorial matrix, located closer to the chondrocytes, is characterised by more oriented fibres with larger diameters. Closest to the chondrocytes is the pericellular matrix, whose function is to buffer the mechanical forces acting on the chondrocytes [113; 114; 115; 48]. In summary, the collagen network of AC is mainly composed of collagen II, IX, and XI fibrils. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic cross-linking connect the fibrils, with the exception of collagen IX cross-linking. The cross-linking process can affect collagen retention, AC biomechanics, and collagen susceptibility to proteases. Collagen molecules associate laterally or linearly as the tissue matures, resulting in the formation of fibrils and fibres. Collagen has been shown to be characterised by variability in AC (number of fibres and their orientation) depending on the zone.