## 6 Conclusions  
The surface velocity of glaciers, as a key indicator of glacial dynamics, not only reflects climatic changes, but also aids in predicting certain glacial hazards. This study utilized Sentinel-1 constellation SAR imagery to monitor the surface velocity of glaciers in the Svalbard archipelago and analyzed the influencing factors using meteorological and elevation data. The main findings are summarized as follows:  
1. A comparative experiment was conducted to address the noise issues inherent in conventional intensity-based offset tracking techniques. The analysis showed that larger correlation windows and shorter temporal baselines mitigate noise, with larger windows providing better noise suppression and smaller root mean square errors in stable regions. However, excessively large windows can affect the precision of glacier computation. As the temporal baseline increases, overall noise levels also rise. By statistically analyzing noise characteristics, we established a noise suppression process using median filtering and adaptive window two-dimensional data weighted interpolation, which effectively reduced noise in subsequent offset calculations, yielding more accurate results.
2. Using Sentinel-1 data, a time-series model was constructed to integrate offsets from 118 SAR images collected at adjacent times, resulting in cumulative displacement data and surface velocities for the Monacobreen glacier from 2018 to 2021. This glacier showed significant cumulative displacement acceleration from autumn 2018 to summer 2020, with high surface velocities extending upstream from the glacier terminus. The maximum cumulative displacement at key points reached 3608 m. Surface velocities remained high from June 2018 to June 2019, at approximately 4.5 m/day, peaking at 5 m/day in June 2019.  
Figure 9: Schematic of the wedge pattern of glacier flow.  
3. This study focused on the correlation between glacier surface velocity and temperature, precipitation, and topography, given the glacier's pronounced seasonal movement characteristics. Glacier velocity is influenced by mass balance, physical state, and hydraulic characteristics. Temperature affects ice deformation and viscosity while accelerating meltwater production, altering glacier velocity. Precipitation, combined with meltwater, exacerbates hydraulic impacts, while snowfall alters surface velocity by changing mass balance. Topographic factors significantly affect the spatial distribution of glacier velocity, with a notable negative correlation between velocity and elevation along the profiles.  
Due to distinct physical characteristics during glacier surges compared to normal periods, such as increased surface velocity, changes in glacier thickness, calving at termini, the position of the ice margin, basal shear stress, and viscosity, surface velocity alone is insufficient to fully analyze surge characteristics. Future studies should integrate multisource remote sensing and in situ data using diverse technological methods and platforms, such as tomographic SAR for ice thickness measurement, to provide more reasonable estimates of glacial physical and dynamic parameters.  
Conceptualization, H.Y., S.Z. and Z.W.; methodology, H.Y., S.Z. and A.Y.; software H.Y. and S.Z.; validation, H.Y. and S.Z.; formal analysis, H.Y., S.Z. and Z.S.; writing--original draft preparation, H.Y. and A.Y.; writing--review and editing, H.Y., S.Z., Z.S. and Z.W.; supervision, H.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2021 YFE0116800.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in this article, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.