## 4 Discussion
For this reason, anything that lowers ferric ions will eventually be advantageous. From this study, all the plant polysaccharides showed significantly lower absorbances for ferric-reducing power compared to the positive control; however, the absorbances of Snct-P, Grkgo-P, and ML-P increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the remaining crude polysaccharides, which is an indication that these plant polysaccharides have certain ferric-reducing powers and that the maximum capacity can be attained at higher concentrations. At higher concentrations, these crude polysaccharides can significantly prevent the formation of hydroxyl radicals through the reduction of ferric ions [25], thereby contributing to the suppression of oxidative damage. The ability of polysaccharides to reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions is directly related to their ability to participate in electron transfer processes through the lone pair electrons within specific functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups in their structures. These functional groups are able to donate electrons to ferric ions, reducing them to form ferrous ions. Also, polysaccharides, which contain specific monosaccharides with reducing properties, can also participate in the reduction of ferric ions to ferrous ions [60; 61] Cupric-Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) is used to measure the capacity of a compound to reduce cupric ions (Cu\({}^{2+}\)) to (Cu\({}^{+}\)) cuprous ions, thereby contributing to the redox balance of the cell [62; 63]. All the plant polysaccharides showed significantly lower absorbances in the Cupric-Reducing Antioxidant Capacity assay compared to the Vit C; however, their absorbances increased with the concentration. Vit C showed a maximum absorbance in this assay at 1 mg, after which the absorbance began to reduce. This might be an indication of a diminished concentration of cupric ions in the reaction medium. The antiproliferative capacities of the extracted plant crude polysaccharides against MCF-7 human adenocarcinoma cells, an invasive breast ductal carcinoma cell line regularly utilized in breast cancer research [64; 65], were assessed. Antiproliferative activities of polysaccharides from various plants have been documented [66; 67]; however, the antiproliferative screening studies for the majority of the plants investigated by us are limited. Polysaccharides from _Ginkgo biloba_ and _Taraxacum officinal_ were published to prevent the proliferation of breast and liver cancer cells, respectively [68; 69]. However, in this study, there was no observed antiproliferative effect from the polysaccharides obtained from both plants. Various factors may be responsible for these unexpected results. Firstly, MCF-7 cell lines were used for this study, while in the reported studies, 4T1 and HepG2 cell lines were used [68; 69]. Aside from this factor, the source of the plants may also be responsible for the difference in the effects obtained from these plant crude polysaccharides. Different parts of the _Moringa_ species plants, especially the seeds, have been reported to show antiproliferative effects in many cancer cells [17; 70; 71], but the antiproliferative effects of extracted polysaccharides have not been documented. This study demonstrated that _Moringa__deifera_ seed crude polysaccharides extracted through ethanol precipitation at 50% and 80% concentrations and room temperature were able to inhibit the growth of MCF-7 cells. The most significant antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells was exhibited by MSP-RT, with an IC\({}_{50}\) of 0.061 mg/mL in this study. In this study, the MCF-7 cells treated with MSP-RT also exhibited lower cell counts and a lower percentage of confluency when they were compared to the control. This decrease may be an indication of cell proliferation inhibition, induced cell death, or decreased adhesion [72]. The results of % confluency and the cell count are consistent with the trend of percentage cell viability.