# Predictors of Efficiency in Throwing Disciplines: Insights from 35 Elite Coaches
## 4 Discussion  
This research aimed to ascertain athletic trainers' perspectives regarding the outcomes of individual strength tests and their utility for assessing explosive power and maximal strength, which are considered optimal indicators of success in the javelin, discus, shot put, and hammer throwing disciplines. Our findings on coaches' perspectives regarding explosive power and maximal strength in throwing disciplines are consistent with previous research. Numerous studies on the relationship between motor skills and performance in throwing disciplines have confirmed the predominant influence of absolute explosive and maximal strength [11; 12; 13]. This relationship stems from the specific dynamics of throwing, where achieving the greatest possible results necessitates producing maximal energy in the shortest possible time. Thus, in the present study, the questionnaire focused on the ability to assess the thrower's condition based on these characteristics. The most significant differences were observed in the bench press, back squat, and throw from the knees, where shot putters exhibited markedly superior results compared with other throwers. This finding corroborates previous research on the relationship between motor skills and shot put performance, confirming the predominant influence of strength [12]. This relationship arises from the shot put's specific kinematic and dynamic parameters, where it is crucial to generate maximal energy within a brief interval. Regarding tests of explosive power, such as the standing long jump, standing triple jump, and 20 m sprint, javelin throwers demonstrate superior performance compared to other throwers. This observation is consistent with prior research indicating that explosive power, which is influenced by the mechanism regulating excitation intensity, is critical for competitive success in javelin throwing [15]. A secondary objective of this research was to determine differences between sexes among the individual athletic throwing disciplines. Significant differences were observed in strength variables between sexes, as previously documented [23; 24]. Owing to their greater muscle mass and strength, men achieved significantly higher values in all strength tests. Variables of explosive power are fundamental to success in athletic throwing disciplines, while muscle mass and strength, particularly pronounced in shot putters and hammer throwers, are vital prerequisites for generating maximal force [11]. This relationship also arises from the dynamics of competitive throwing, where achieving top results necessitates the production of maximum energy within the shortest possible time interval [25]. The extremely high correlation between performance in athletic throws and absolute explosive power, as assessed by weightlifting tests, is attributed to the significant dependence of both areas on the morphological characteristics of the athletes. The lack of significant differences in women regarding the interaction between the discus and hammer throw disciplines can be attributed to the unique morphological characteristics of individual athletes and the specific demands of these sports. In female shot putters, increased lean mass directly influences the outcomes of absolute explosive power tests [26]. Conversely, speed, coordination, and precision are more critical for javelin throwers because of the need for rapid and accurate muscle tone adjustment and movement amplitude. Additionally, javelin throwers must achieve specific launch angles and maintain the angle of the javelin's longitudinal axis to optimize their results. Previous research has shown that javelin performance depends on the coordinated action of the whole body [26; 27; 28]. The lower extremities generate the greatest amount of force, whereas the upper extremities ensure control and precision of the throw. This synergy between the lower and upper body is essential for optimal energy transfer through the kinetic chain, providing the maximum speed of the javelin during the throw [28; 29].