# Mechanistic Insights into Fish Spoilage and Integrated Preservation Technologies
## 4 Conclusions  
The integration of preservation technologies presents both opportunities and challenges in addressing the multi-factorial mechanisms of fish spoilage. While single-method approaches exhibit inherent limitations--such as incomplete enzymatic inhibition in low-temperature preservation or gas ratio dependency in modified atmosphere packaging--synergistic combinations demonstrate amplified efficacy. For instance, coupling ultra-cooling (\(-\)2.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C) with high-pressure treatment (300 MPa) extends salmon shelf life by 100% compared to standalone methods, attributable to complementary mechanisms of enzymatic denaturation and microbial suppression. However, such integration introduces technical complexities, including ice-crystal-induced non-uniformity during pressure application, necessitating optimized protocols for cooling rates and treatment sequences. Similarly, pulsed electric field (PEF) technology, though promising for microbial inactivation, faces scalability barriers due to uneven electric field distribution in solid matrices. Innovations like dual-frequency pulses (10 kHz/1 MHz) enhance penetration depth by 37%; yet, prohibitive equipment costs (5\(\times\) traditional freezing systems) underscore the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Species** & **MAP Conditions** & **Additional Technique(s)** & \begin{tabular}{l} **Shelf-Life** \\ **Extension** \\ \end{tabular}  & **References** \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{l} Atlantic cod (_G. morhua_) \\ Cod loins \\ Turbot (_S. maximus_) \\ Nile tilapia (_O. niloticus_) \\ Salmon (_S. salar_) \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{l} 63\% \(\mathrm{O_{2}}/37\%\) \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) \\ 60\% \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}/40\%\) \(\mathrm{N_{2}}\) \\ 60\% \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}/40\%\) \(\mathrm{N_{2}}\) \\ 80\% \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}/20\%\) \(\mathrm{N_{2}}\) \\ 50\% \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}/50\%\) \(\mathrm{N_{2}}\) \\ \end{tabular}  &
\begin{tabular}{l} 4–14 days \\ Super-chilling at -1.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Super-chilling at -1.  
need for cost-effective engineering solutions. These findings highlight the imperative to balance synergistic gains with operational feasibility in multi-technology frameworks. The industrialization of emerging technologies is further complicated by economic and environmental trade-offs. Nanoemulsions, despite their enhanced antimicrobial activity, encounter nanoparticle agglomeration during mass production, which microfluidic mixing partially mitigates by controlling particle size (50-100 nm). However, energy-intensive processes limit accessibility for small-scale producers. Concurrently, environmental sustainability concerns arise: high-pressure processing generates 2.3\(\times\) higher carbon emissions than conventional freezing, while biodegradable chitosan/nano-ZnO coatings, despite reducing emissions by 18%, pose unresolved risks of nanoparticle leaching. This duality necessitates a dual-axis evaluation system prioritizing both technological efficacy and ecological impact. Meanwhile, microbial community regulation via probiotics like Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 offers a green alternative, achieving 85% colonization rates and 40% TVB-N reduction in cod. Yet, strain specificity and consumer skepticism toward \"live preservation\" demand rigorous metagenomic screening and sensory validation, emphasizing the need for tailored biological solutions. Advancements in intelligent monitoring systems are reshaping preservation paradigms. Blockchain-integrated RFID sensors enable real-time freshness tracking via ATP degradation detection, reducing supply chain losses from 12% to 5%. However, sensor data variability (\(\pm\)20% threshold discrepancies) underscores the urgency for standardized international protocols. Future efforts must focus on integrating smart technologies with multi-omics insights--elucidating enzyme-lipid-micro interactions--to design precision preservation agents.