## 4 End to End Security Analysis on the Proposed IIoT Security Architecture
### Device Layer
#### 4.1.3 Media Access Control (MAC) and Internet Protocol (IP) Address  
Media access control address (MAC), also known as physical address, hardware address, ethernet hardware address (EHA) and adapter address, is a unique identifier of the physical or virtual network node. These include network interface cards, firmware devices, hardware and software devices. The MAC address naming scheme is managed by IEEE. Recently, it follows three naming spaces standards, includes MAC-48 (e.g., Ethernet, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 wireless network, IEEE 802.5 token ring and ATM), EUI-48 (intended to replace MAC-48 and used for IEEE 802-based network applications) and EUI-64 (e.g., IPv6, Zigbee, 6 LoWPAN and IEEE 802.15.4) [75]. Generally, MAC address consists of a 24-bit organization unique identifier (OUI) assigned by the IEEE registration authority and a 24-bit to 40-bit extension identifier assigned by the OUIs' manufacturer. Meanwhile, the Internet protocol (IP) address is a unique identifier that relies on Internet Protocol for network access and communication. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a 32-bit identifier that is widely deployed today. However, with the emergence of IIoT and the dramatic growth of network-enabled devices, the IPv6 address is used to solve the root problem of IPv4 address exhaustion instead of using trivial solutions such as network address translation (NAT), virtual or private network addresses. IPv6 is a 128-bit identifier \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Security** & & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{**Dimensions**} & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Confidentiality and Privacy} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Illlegal information disclosure risk, spoofing attack, eavesdropping and sniffing on the communication} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Utilization of the entity transfer protocol (eTIP) encryption standard the rule in the exchange of messages [70–27] & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Lightweight encryption algorithm and communication protocol for constrained resources of IIoT [70–27] & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Integrity} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Risk of tampering the uocode tags and stored information} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Enforce the uocode tags security, which includes a function to detect missing or lost data, anti-physical duplication/forgery, tamper-resistant, secure communication with unknown node & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Implement stronger and standardized cryptographic functions in the tiniest and heterogeneous “things”. \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Authentication} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Authentication} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Availability} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Security analysis on ubiquitous code (ucode) and its architecture.