# Indoor Microclimate Analysis of the San Panfilo Church in Tornimparte, Italy
## 4 Conclusions  
The microclimate inside the church of San Panfilo in Tornimparte has been monitored in a measurement campaign that lasted 15 months from February 2021 to April 2022. The analysis was performed with intensive measurements on four days during the year and with continuous measurements at twelve sites inside the church and two sites outside during the whole period. Temperature and relative humidity were measured, whereas sensible humidity, dew point temperature and dew point spread were computed. During the whole monitoring campaign, the church was routinely used by the people of Tornimparte for Sunday services and occasionally for funerals and weddings, so the environmental conditions were influenced by the presence of people, whereas the heating system did not modify them as it was turned off. The intensive measurement data show horizontal homogeneity in temperature, relative and specific humidity, with one exception in summer, when more moisture is revealed near the main door on the left, likely due to moisture infiltrations in the wall. In the presbytery, the air is well mixed, and the wall temperature is lower near the roof and higher on the southern side in correspondence with the adjacent rector. The continuous data analysis provides evidence that direct solar radiation through windows on surfaces increases air temperature and decreases air relative humidity. The surfaces in the presbytery that are exposed to solar radiation through the central and lateral windows may increase their temperature; in particular, on the glass showcase on the presbytery, the temperature variation is about 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C in about one hour. Temperature variations inside the showcase (not measured), as a consequence of the greenhouse effect, are expected to be greater. The authors suggest to consider the eventuality of moving the glass showcase containing the silver processional crucifix to a protected position from direct solar radiation. In the church, there is no danger of condensation as the dew point spread is always greater than 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C; below the external portico, condensation conditions are more likely, although they have never occurred throughout the year. Church walls, as a consequence of their thermal capacity, reduce the variability in temperature, relative humidity and specific humidity. The measured values are close to the recommended ones by the UNI 10828 standard [3] for frescoes. Thick and massive walls reduce daily temperature fluctuations and introduce a delay time of about three days. The comparison between average monthly indoor and outdoor temperatures shows that air inside the church is warmer than outside in the months from August to April, while it is characterized by lower temperatures in the months of May, June and July. This behavior is typical of ancient buildings with thick walls and has been identified in massive historical churches [8]. The application of the EN 15757 standard [4] allows to supply to the restorers the range of historical variability of relative humidity that should be respected during the restoration project. Conceptualization, S.F., D.B., A.G., L.L., C.P. and A.R. ; methodology, S.F., D.B. and A.G.; software, S.F. ; formal analysis, S.F. ; investigation, S.F., D.B., A.G. and C.P. ; data curation, S.F., D.B. and C.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.F. ; writing--review and editing, S.F., D.B., A.G., L.L., C.P. and A.R. ; visualization, S.F. ; project administration, A.R. ; funding acquisition, A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was performed in the framework of the Project Tornimparte--\"Archeometric investigation of the pictorial cycle of [PERSON] in Tornimparte (AQ, Italy)\" sponsored in 2021 by the Italian Association of Archeometry AIAR (www.associazioneaiaar.com). Not applicable. The data that support the findings of this study are not public; however, they are available for scientific purpose from the corresponding author.