# A Comprehensive Survey on Enabling Techniques in Secure and Resilient Smart Grids
## 1 Introduction  
The demand for smart grid technology has significantly increased over the past decade due to a convergence of the global market and government trends. In 2023, the global smart grid market reached USD 63 billion, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.2% expected until 2032 [1]. Microgrids serve as an illustrative example of the benefits and challenges within the broader context of smart grid development. Microgrids can significantly benefit the global demands for clean energy generation and diversity of power sources, relying on key enabling techniques, such as a robust physical infrastructure, cyber security measures, resilient control systems, and robust power networks. A microgrid is a localised energy system that can operate independently of the larger power grid. It consists of distributed energy resources, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems, which are interconnected and managed through a central control system. Microgrids can also be connected to the larger power grid and operate in parallel with it. Microgrids show great potential to combat climate change in several ways: (1) reducing greenhouse gas emissions: microgrids can incorporate renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to generate electricity with little to no greenhouse gas emissions. This reduces the reliance on fossil fuels and helps to combat climate change. (2) Improving energy efficiency: microgrids can also improve energy efficiency by using energy storage systems to store excess energy and dispatch it when needed. This reduces the need for energy generation during periods of peak demand and can reduce the overall energy consumption. (3) Providing resilience: microgrids can also provide resilience during extreme weather events or other emergencies that disrupt the larger power grid. By operating independently of the grid, microgrids can continue to provide electricity to critical infrastructure, such as hospitals and emergency services, when the grid goes down. (4) Empowering local communities: microgridscan be owned and operated by local communities or organisations, providing them greater control over their energy supply and reducing the reliance on centralised power systems. This can also provide economic benefits by creating local jobs and reducing energy costs. However, to implement microgrids, the following challenges need to be addressed: (1) cost: the upfront cost of designing, building, and operating a microgrid can be high, particularly for larger systems. This cost may be prohibitive for some communities or facilities. (2) Regulation: microgrids operate differently from traditional power grids and may not fit into the existing regulatory frameworks. This can create uncertainty and additional costs for microgrid developers. (3) Integration: microgrids must be integrated with the existing infrastructure, including the larger power grid and local distribution networks. This can be a complex process and may require significant planning and coordination. (4) Maintenance: microgrids require regular maintenance to ensure that they operate reliably and efficiently. This can be a challenge, particularly for remote or isolated microgrids. (5) Scalability: some microgrids may be too small to generate enough electricity to meet the needs of a larger community or facility. This can limit their scalability and may require the construction of multiple microgrids to meet the demand. (6) Cyber security: microgrids are vulnerable to cyber attacks, which could disrupt or disable the system. Ensuring the cyber security of a microgrid can be challenging and may require significant resources. This work focuses on the cyber-physical security and resilience of smart grids by addressing the above challenges, specifically, focusing on the cyber attack detection/mitigation and resilient control systems in microgrids. Microgrids are a smart monolithic system including power generation, power transmission, and power distribution [2].