## 4 Discussion
A study of high-throughput 165 rRNA gene pyrosequencing of fresh leachate samples revealed a dominance of Mollicutes, particularly _Acloleplasma_, a genus associated with plant pathogenicity. Over time, the storage declined the Mollicutes and enriched plant-beneficial taxa, including members of the Rhizoles and the genus _Pseudomonas_. These results underscore the importance of a maturation or storage phase to mitigate potential phytopathogenic risks and enhance the presence of beneficial microbial consortia [37]; also, the leachate should be characterized in terms of its phytotoxic and phytopathogenic composition to prevent adverse effects. The decrease in pH observed during vermicomposting is primarily attributed to the breakdown of organic matter, the accumulation of nitrate (NO3\({}^{-}\)) ions and humic substances, the release of CO2 and ammonium (NH4+), and the formation of organic acids. High ammonium concentrations can be toxic to plants and soil microbes, especially under saline conditions. Fermentation could produce toxic anaerobic byproducts, like organic acids or methane, which can harm root systems and beneficial microbes. Also, a dominance of opportunistic or non-beneficial microbes could disrupt soil microbiota or fail to support plant stress tolerance [38]. Ammonia has been found to inhibit plant growth when it is the dominant N source [39]. It is known that incompletely stabilized leachate may contain ammonium or volatile organic acids. These substances inhibit root function and nutrient absorption, reducing foliar and stem growth. On the other hand, leachate with unbalanced nutrient profiles could impair structural development and increase the risk of environmental issues [40]. Likewise, biochar in soils with low organic matter content and high aeration, for example, arid environments, can sometimes have limited benefits. In these systems, limited water availability may suppress the positive effects commonly attributed to biochar, particularly its capacity to enhance nutrient uptake [16]. Nonetheless, in our experiment, biochar application was associated with improvements in microbial activity and plant growth, despite saline conditions. Also, the soil organic carbon was higher after its application, which gives us the perspective of a residual effect and the potential for carbon sequestration. Long-term studies are needed to see the residual effect of carbon input on the soil, mesophilic aerobes, bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The rice husk biochar supplied potassium and enhanced soil physical properties, which helped decrease sodium levels in the salt-affected soil. Previous research suggested that this led to a consistently lower exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and a higher K\({}^{+}\)/Na\({}^{+}\) ratio, and as a result, biochar significantly increased total aboveground biomass [41]. Using rice husk biochar as a soil amendment can improve both soil quality and agricultural productivity, while also offering substantial potential for climate change mitigation. Its incorporation into soil enhances organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available potassium, and total nitrogen. It promotes soil aggregation, which increases porosity and water retention while reducing bulk density and resistance to root penetration [42]. Transforming rice residues into biochar promotes sustainable agriculture. Rice husk biochar offers several distinct benefits over other types of biochar, including strong adsorption capacity, enhanced nutrient retention, and a high silica content. The elevated silica levels contribute to improved nutrient holding, increased plant turgor, and strengthened structural support [43]. The observed increase in bacterial abundance under biochar treatment aligns with previous reports indicating that bacteria respond rapidly to environments enriched with labile carbon sources.