# Architectural Trends in Collaborative Computing: Approaches in the Internet of Everything Era
## 2 Theoretical Background
### The 3C Collaboration Model  
According to [PERSON] et al. [21], the intersection of information technology and collaboration among individuals, particularly in distributed environments, is comprehensively explored in computer-supported cooperative work. Furthermore, the work provides a profound understanding of how technology can promote effective collaboration and cooperation in settings where participants are physically separated. [PERSON] [38] addresses the importance of collaboration in the professional environment and how leaders can optimize it to achieve significant results. This research explores several essential aspects of effective collaboration, providing valuable insights into how leaders can avoid common pitfalls related to collaboration and how to create effective unity within teams. By adopting well-founded collaboration strategies, leaders can attain substantial and positive outcomes in their application, highlighting collaboration as a critical factor for collective success. Following the 3C Collaboration Model proposed by [PERSON] et al. [20], presented in Figure 2, collaboration represents the seamless integration of communication, coordination, and cooperation. In this manner, we have crafted a representation for our study, considering the aspects presented by [PERSON] et al. [20] and [PERSON] [38], recognizing that effective communication is the cornerstone. Collaboration is the essence of effective interaction among team members. It is crucial to synergistically bring together skills, knowledge, and efforts to achieve common objectives. Collaboration is facilitated by technology and can drive collective success in distributed environments. In this regard, we emphasize the three types of collaboration addressed by these authors:  
**Communication** is considered the cornerstone of collaborative work and essential in human interactions. Information technology can enhance the exchange of information, ideas, and feedback among team members, facilitating the effective transmission of messages. From asynchronous communication to real-time virtual meetings, there are various ways in which digital tools can facilitate effective communication in distributed collaborative environments. This direct communication is crucial in face-to-face and virtual meetings to ensure mutual understanding and foster solid relationships. Furthermore, seeking clarity in communication is a guiding principle that minimizes misunderstandings and strengthens the effectiveness of collaboration, encouraging active participation and constant interaction to promote teamwork. **Coordination** is essential in efficiently organizing and managing activities and resources to achieve collective goals. Effective collaboration requires clearly defining roles and responsibilities, ensuring each team member understands their place in the project's context. Coordinated decision-making guides task execution with a primary focus on efficiency. Strategies and tools can optimize team coordination, from assigning responsibilities to tracking progress. Furthermore, process optimization is crucial to efficiently coordinating complex activities. Building a robust collaborative network becomes the foundation that supports all these coordination initiatives, allowing access to the right resources and knowledge at the right time to promote team success. **Cooperation** requires joint efforts and shared objectives. Establishing common goals and promoting effective cooperation is essential in this context, bringing together people with diverse skills and knowledge to tackle more complex and challenging outcomes. At the core of this model, openness is the starting point for cooperation, fostering an environment where active participation is encouraged and valued. Within this environment, each person's efforts converge towards shared goals, and responsibility is distributed equitably. Open communication and a willingness to embrace ideas from all team members drive cooperation.