## 2 Related Work  
Advancements in WSNs have significantly contributed to various applications, including health monitoring for elderly populations. These systems have evolved through several historical phases, from relying on human senses to incorporating sophisticated remote sensors and wearable technologies [5]. Early diagnostic methods were heavily dependent on human observation, which limited the precision and scope of medical assessments. The invention of tools like the stethoscope and the microscope marked the beginning of the \"enhanced human senses\" era, allowing healthcare providers to gain deeper insights into patients' conditions [6]. Figure 1: Summary of research on wireless sensor networks for monitoring sleep quality and vital signs in the elderly [4]. In recent years, the development and implementation of WSNs have become integral to modern medical diagnostics, particularly for continuous health monitoring. These networks comprise spatially distributed sensors that collect and transmit data regarding various environmental and physiological parameters, such as temperature, noise levels, and vital signs [7]. This innovation is especially pertinent for the elderly, who often face challenges related to mobility and access to healthcare services. Studies have demonstrated that integrating WSNs into home settings can lead to significant improvements in monitoring sleep quality and vital signs, thus enhancing the overall health and safety of older adults. Recent research has expanded on these findings by exploring the application of WSNs in detecting and managing chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. For example, wearable WSN devices capable of continuous glucose monitoring have shown promise in providing non-invasive, real-time data, which is crucial for timely medical interventions and effective disease management [8]. Furthermore, advancements in WSN technology have facilitated the development of sophisticated fall detection systems, which utilize a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes to monitor and alert caregivers about falls in real time, significantly reducing the risk of severe injuries among the elderly [9]. A critical review of the current literature reveals a growing interest in non-invasive monitoring technologies that leverage WSNs. These technologies offer a promising solution for managing chronic health conditions and improving the quality of life for elderly individuals. Research has highlighted the effectiveness of WSNs in detecting and analyzing sleep patterns, which are crucial for diagnosing sleep disorders and related health issues. For instance, studies have shown that nearly 50% of older adults suffer from poor sleep quality, and a significant portion experience daytime sleepiness and insomnia. By utilizing WSNs, researchers aim to gather comprehensive data on sleep environments and physiological responses, providing valuable insights for developing personalized healthcare interventions. Recent advancements have also extended the application of WSNs to cardiovascular monitoring. For example, wearable sensors integrated into WSNs can continuously track heart rate variability (HRV) and other cardiovascular indicators, offering critical data for the early detection of heart-related anomalies and enhancing proactive healthcare measures [10]. The application of wireless sensor networks in healthcare has demonstrated remarkable versatility, seamlessly integrating various aspects of patient monitoring and care. For instance, WSNs have been effectively utilized in fall detection systems, where data from accelerometers and gyroscopes are leveraged to provide real-time alerts, thereby reducing the risk of injury among elderly populations. This capability not only enhances immediate response times but also contributes to long-term health assessments and preventive strategies [11].