## 1 Introduction  
Because of its excellent quality, high construction efficiency, low pollution and low noise, the static pile technique has been widely utilized in engineering construction. Static piles, on the other hand, cause compaction effects during building. Due to the incompressibility of the soil around the pile in a short period, a high excess pore water pressure is formed during construction, and the displacement of the soil is transformed from small to large. It induces changes in the mechanical properties of the soil, leading to an action of squeezing [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. In the end, it may result in the displacement of piles, floating piles or even fractured piles, as well as uneven settling of neighboring structures and the cracking of pipelines [8, 9, 10]. As a result, researchers have conducted extensive research on the topic of the soil squeezing effect of static piles from many perspectives. The topic is now being studied through the use of theoretical calculation approaches [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], laboratory and field experiments [3, 4, 18, 19, 20, 21] and numerical calculations [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Among them, three main theories may be used to evaluate the mechanical properties of static piles: the cavity expansion method (CEM) [11, 12, 13, 14], the strain path method (SPM) [5, 7, 16] and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) [17], although each has its own set of limitations. In addition, [PERSON] [19] conducted piling tests under various conditions of centrifugal acceleration and discovered that the displacement of soil increased as piling depth increased. The displacement was lessened when the pile penetrated to eight \(\sim\) ten times the diameter of the pile. The radial displacement of extruding soil reached a peak value when the prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe pile penetrated to five \(\sim\) eight meters, according to [PERSON] et al. [20], then gradually reduced along with the distance in the construction direction. [PERSON] et al. [21] investigated the squeezing effect of PHC pipe piles using a field test and numerical simulation and then calculated the changes in pore pressure surrounding the pipe and the distribution of the displacement of soil during piling. [PERSON] et al. [25] used ABAQUS to study the squeezing effect of PHC pipe piles, including the upheaval of the surface, the displacement of lateral soil and the stress field of soil with changing depths during piling. [PERSON] et al. [26; 27] used ABAQUS to perform the undrained effective stress of an Euler finite element analysis on the penetration of pile boots in clay and investigated the impacts of various material models on penetration resistance and excess pore water pressure. The macroscopic mechanical properties of the soil represent the various strengths and deformation characteristics, and they are the external manifestation of the structural features of the soil. The above research investigates the variation law of stress and displacement of soil, as well as excess pore water pressure surrounding the pile during pile driving, using macro mechanics. However, the macro-mechanical approach fails to account for changes in the microstructure of soil, and the physical interpretations of several parameters are somewhat ambiguous. Previous studies have shown that macro-mechanical characteristics and the performance of the soil squeezing effect are largely reliant on the microstructure of the soil [28; 29; 30; 31], and the strength and deformation behavior of the soil is substantially impacted by its stress state [32; 33; 34]. At present, there is little research on the microstructure of the soil squeezing effect. In engineering, piles squeeze out the surrounding soil during the process of driving, and the pore water pressure dissipates from the higher pore pressure area to the lower pore pressure area, causing the soil around the pile to consolidate. The issue of soil squeezing during static pile driving is also a problem of lateral consolidation compression.