esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Opportunistic Multi-Technology Cooperative Scheme and UAV Relaying for Network Disaster Recovery
## 7 Open Challenges and Future Directions
### Devices Heterogeneity  
Our approach is robust to a set of devices featuring different amount of remaining energy. We experimentally verified our assumptions on the possibility to rank communication technologies based on their ranges and costs [28] for a homogeneous set of devices. Nevertheless, as it has been highlighted by a recent study [22], the signal reception quality of a given signal greatly depends of the hardware used and of different settings. Yet, our assumption may not be verified in all cases. But, as it only uses connectivity information between devices to form cliques and so is robust to imperfect propagation ranges and unilateral links. Not verifying this assumption would result in non-optimal energy consumption. So, more investigation should be performed to quantify the impact of this heterogeneity in devices and propagation ranges. In addition, our goal is to rely opportunistically on all available devices that could support the data collection at the rescue center. Therefore, it could include other pieces of infrastructures such as base stations that are still active and powered but disconnected to the core network. They could still act as strong relays since benefiting from an infinite energy reserve. In our scheme, such strong access points will naturally be representative of a clique for all other nodes but our scheme does not leverage its potential longer range and more likely connectivity with several cliques.
# Development of a Magnetorheological Damper with Self-Powered Ability for Washing Machines
## 1 Introduction
Another drawback of the semiactive vibration control systems is that the  
Figure 1: Force transmissibility of washing machines using different vibration control systems. vibration energy is wasted on wearing and heating rather than recovering it to power the dampers. Inspired by those issues, there has been a great deal of research efforts in exploring the area of energy harvesting for MR dampers. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed a smart passive control system consisting of an MR damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) device. Then, [PERSON] et al. [15] and [PERSON] et al. [16] studied the realization of this system by experimental works. However, in this smart passive system, the energy-harvesting part is designed apart from the MR damper, so the whole size of the system would be increased and may not be available for small installation spaces such as those in washing machines. Consequently, this paper aims at the investigation of a self-powered MR damper for the suspension system of washing machines. The self-powered MR damper integrates MR damping part and energy-harvesting part into a single device in order to enable the MR damper to reuse the wasted mechanical energy from vibration for self-power, and also, it can be well installed in washing machines. Configuration of the damping part is similar to that in previous research [11; 12]. The energy-harvesting part is based on electromagnetic induction featuring permanent magnets and arrays of coils. With the energy-harvesting part added to the MR damper, the greater the vibration of the damper shaft is, the higher the power is generated, and the damping level is automatically commanded. As a result, the proposed control system can smartly adapt to external excitations by itself without any sensors and controllers, which can improve complexity and cost of the suspension system. After the configuration of the self-powered MR damper is proposed, an optimization procedure is conducted for both the damping part and the energy harvesting part of the damper. From the optimal solutions, a prototype of the proposed damper is designed and manufactured. The performance of each part and the whole damper are then investigated by both simulation and experiment.
###### Abstract  
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the oxyhumolite supplementation in the feed of cows on the profile and the nutritional indices of fatty acids (FA) in milk and cheese. To the diet of 30 cows, a 100 g/per cow/per day humic-mineral supplement with 65% humic acids was included. Milk was sampled three times: control (0 day, before the dietary modification) and on days 30 and 60 after the introduction of the supplement. For chemical analyses, samples from each cow and for cheese manufacture samples of bulk milk were taken. Fat content in the milk and the cheese, and partial sums of fatty acids profile, nutritional fatty acid ratios and indices were determined. The indicated changes in milk fat quality are difficult to unequivocally assess from a dietary point of view. Negative changes were found in the increase in the proportion of hypercholesterolemia acids (HSFA), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indices, and a decrease in the hypocholesterolic/hypercholesterolic (h/H) ratio, the proportion of desired (DFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) FA over time of supplementation. Positive changes were also found: the increase in polyunsaturated (PUFA), branched-chain (BCFA), short- and medium-chain (SCSFA) and long-chain (LCSFA) FA percentages, and also content was reported. The cheese (30 and 60 d) showed an increase in the content (mg/100 g) of SFA (including SCFA and LCSFA), OCFA (odd-chain FA), BCFA, MUFA, and DFA. Adverse changes were observed with an increase in PUFA n6, the n6/n3 ratio, and HSFA and TI. No significant differences were found for the AI index. The preliminary results obtained are promising, although further research is needed.  
mike; dairy products; oxyhumolite supplementation; humic acids; fatty acid content; fatty acid profile +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 1 Introduction  
In the last two decades, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) became one of the most attractive surface treatment methods of advanced ceramic coating formation on metallic compounds [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. This technological approach is usually applied in so-called valve metals as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium to obtain surface advanced properties such as high electrical insulation, corrosion and wear resistance, and excellent performance [6; 7; 8]. The combination of the obtained properties leads to their wide applications in medical, oil and gas, automotive, and aerospace industries.  
The basic principle of the PEO technology is a high-voltage application between the specimen subjected to the treatment and the electrode, while the micro-arc discharge migration points appear on the its surface. These discharge points provide an additional impact to the thermal and plasmo-chemical effect, which causes the ceramic coating formation with a high adhesion to the metallic base [9; 10; 11].  
The majority of research works describe the PEO process at frequencies of 50 Hz in different aqueous solutions [12]. Some of them show the process of in situ doping such as cerium or phosphate [13], tungsten [14], or even nanoplatelets [15]. Other works describe nanoformation on the coating surface, which affects its final properties [16; 17]. The main disadvantages of the PEO treatment in aqueous solutions are a relatively low coating rate, a formation of a thick high porosity layer, a necessity of electrolyte cooling, and the presence of some undesirable compounds in the coating originating from the solution [18]. These issues can be solved by performing PEO treatment in an alternative electrolyte, such as molten salt.  
In the current work, a ceramic coating formation achieved by PEO treatment in nitrate molten salt of the eutectic composition was investigated. The obtained morphology, chemical and phase composition, and performance are herein discussed. Moreover, different stages of the treatment and their comparison to the process in aqueous solution are also discussed.
# Quantum Authentication Evolution: Novel Approaches for Securing Quantum Key Distribution
## 5 QKD Authentication Model Setup and Details
### Different Key Rates  
In the final phase of our study, we explore how the designated key rate influences authentication costs during the continuous basis sifting process. Generating the sifted key poses the challenge of timing and frequency of authentication, with unique features for each post-quantum algorithm. Our strategy involves identifying the optimal period for  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Maximum Corrected Bits**} \\ \hline
**Security Bits** & **0** & **1** & **2** & **3** \\ \hline
128 & \(\approx\)0.005 s (1 h) & \(\approx\)0.022 s (129 h) & \(\approx\)0.95 s (8257 h) & \(\approx\)40 s (691,000 h) \\
192 & \(\approx\)0.006 s (1 h) & \(\approx\)0.036 s (193 h) & \(\approx\)3.5 s (18,529 h) & \(\approx\)188 s (2,341,089 h) \\
256 & \(\approx\)0.007 s (1 h) & \(\approx\)8 s (32,897 h) & \(\approx\)8 s (32,897 h) & \(\approx\)581 s (5,559,937 h) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The maximum time in seconds, denoted in parentheses alongside the number of hashes performed, across three distinct security levels—128, 192, and 256—for varying maximum numbers of corrected bits. This analysis provides insights into the computational efficiency and resource requirements associated with different levels of error correction within the specified security contexts.  
each algorithm to minimize signature execution time within this continuous timeframe. To offer practical insights, we provide a detailed table outlining the recommended minimum signature times for each algorithm. This thorough guide empowers users to find the minimum waiting time between signatures, tailored to the specific demands of a given key rate. This approach enhances the understanding of the relationship between key rate dynamics and authentication efficiency, aiding informed decision-making in QKD setups.
# Single-Handed Gesture Recognition with RGB Camera for Drone Motion Control
## 4 Experiments and Results  
### Motion-Based Gesture Recognition  
As detailed in Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2, the motion-based gestures for yaw and pitch movements are determined by interpretable rules. Consequently, we can anticipate consistent performance, given that the distance from the camera and the rotation angle are determined using landmark coordinates obtained from a standardized hand model. To evaluate the effectiveness of these gestures, we conducted experiments with four participants, each performing pitch- and yaw-related gestures, as illustrated in Figure 6, each 25 times. Consequently, as depicted in Figure 7, the average classification accuracy is shown to be 100%. This is because utilizing less noisy landmarks in the palm of the hand makes gesture recognition more reliable.  
Since the recognition of motion-based gestures relies on heuristic rules, the recognition time is primarily determined by the speed of landmark detection. The MediaPipe hand tracker operates in real time, with an average inference time of approximately 17.12 milliseconds (ms) on a Google Pixel 6 device [29]. This allows landmarks to be provided immediately, as soon as a hand is detected, enabling instantaneous classification. As a result, the overall average recognition time per gesture is minimal, making the system suitable for effective real-time application without noticeable latency.  
Figure 5: Overview of the MLP architecture for the classification of the 21-keypoint sequence. The network comprises three dense blocks, one FC layer, and a softmax activation function. The input to the network consists of preprocessed, normalized relative keypoints; see Section 3.1.
# Synthetic Fog Generation Using High-Performance Dehazing Networks for Surveillance Applications
## 4 Experiments and Results Analysis
### Experimental Procedure  
#### 4.1.1 O-HAZY Dataset  
The O-HAZY dataset [12], a benchmark for outdoor dehazing, comprises 45 pairs of real hazy and corresponding haze-free images captured in diverse outdoor scenes. Each pair consists of a foggy image and its ground-truth clear counterpart, making it ideal for training and evaluating both fog generation and removal models. The images vary in fog density, scene complexity, and lighting conditions, providing a robust testbed for our experiments. For training, we split the dataset into 36 pairs (80%) for training and 9 pairs (20%) for evaluation, ensuring a balanced representation of foggy conditions. The training set is augmented with synthetic foggy images generated by our proposed method and baseline techniques to enhance model robustness.
## 4 Simulation Results and Discussions  
This study adopts 10-fold cross-validation to evaluate results. The data was divided into 10 portions. Nine portions of data were retrieved as training data and the other one was used for testing data. To verify its performance, the proposed algorithm was used with the RF and SVM approaches, and the simulation results were compared. The SVM is a learning system that uses a hypothesis space of linear function in a high-dimensional feature space. The RF is an ensemble learning method for classification that constructs multiple decision trees at training time, and outputs the class that depends on the majority of the classes. The SA parameters were set to the number of generations \(I_{gen}\) = 5000, the initial temperature \(T_{0}\) = 100, the final temperature \(T_{f}\) = 0.01, and the cooling rate \(\lambda\) = 0.95 [42]. The search range of the DT parameter named \(M\) was changed from 2 to 100 and that of \(CF\) was changed from 0.01 to 0.5.
# Security Performance Analysis of Full-Duplex UAV Assisted Relay System Based on SWIPT Technology
## 3 Performance Analysis
### Connection Probability  
For a full-duplex UAV-assisted relay system, the message in the legal channel undergoes two stages of transmission: \(A\Rightarrow U\Rightarrow B\). \(R_{t}^{*}\) is the instantaneous information transmission rate when the condition is satisfied: The entire communication system is in a connected state when the channel capacity is \(C_{M}>R_{t}^{*}\). If \(C_{M}\leq R_{t}^{*}\), the system is in a disconnected state. Therefore, the connection probability (PC) is defined as \(P_{c}\triangleq P_{r}\{C_{M}>R_{t}\}\). Assuming that \(\delta_{t}\triangleq 2^{2R_{t}}-1\) under the constraint of the threshold \(R_{t}\), the following theorem is obtained:  
**Theorem 1**: _Throughout the link transmission of \(A\Rightarrow U\Rightarrow B\), the UAV relay node U adopts the relaying method of Amplify-and-Forward, at this time, the connection probability closure expression of the legal channel is:_  
\[\begin{array}{l}P_{e}\triangleq{\it Pr}\{C_{M}>R_{t}\}=2(1+K_{ub})\cdot{\it exp }[-K_{au}-K_{ub}-A(1+K_{au})]\cdot\\ \sum\limits_{d=0}^{D}\sum\limits_{u=0}^{d}\sum\limits_{s=0}^{u}\sum\limits_{r=0 }^{R}\frac{\Gamma(D+d)^{D-2d}\Gamma(R+r)R^{1-2r}K_{au}^{d}(1+K_{au})^{R}K_{au} ^{r}(1+K_{ub})^{r}}{\Gamma(D-d+1)\Gamma(d+1)\cdot\Gamma^{2}(r+1)\Gamma(R-r+1) \Gamma(u-s+1)\Gamma(s+1)}\\ A^{s}.B^{u-s}.K_{s+r-u+1}(2\sqrt{B(1+K_{au})(1+K_{ub})})\cdot\binom{(1+K_{au})B}{ 1+K_{ub}}\end{array} \tag{16}\]  
_where, \(A=\frac{(1-\beta)P_{s}S_{u}+N_{0}(1-\beta+\xi)\delta_{t}}{(1-\beta)P_{s}L_{ uu}}\),\(B=\frac{[P_{s}S_{s}(1-\beta)+N_{0}(1-\beta)]\delta_{t}}{\eta\beta(1-\beta)P_{s}L_{ uu}L_{ub}}\), \(D\) and \(R\) are integers used to control the precision,\(\Gamma(\cdot)\)is the gamma function._  
With the proposed system transmission protocol and the calculated SINR, after a series of complex calculations, we can derive a closed expression for the connectivity probability, as shown in Equation (16).  
**Proof of Theorem 1**: The process is detailed in Appendix A. \(\square\)
# Call Model and Test-Verification Methods for PS-LTE Core Equipment
## 2 Call Model and Test Result for Core Equipment
### Discussion  
Since the disaster safety communication network is established by the telecommunication service providers and operated by the government agency, it is essential to conduct tests in accordance with the requirements from the initial construction stage. The performance test for core equipment of the disaster safety communication network has been required to define a new call model including the existing LTE service and MCPTT service. The MCPTT system capacity is 480,000 BHRA and 820,000 BHCA based on 400,000 subscribers, and the MME capacity is 3200 CPS and 44,300 TPS for 400,000 simultaneous subscribers. After testing the call model presented in Section 2 in a system with the same hardware/software version as the equipment built, it has been confirmed that the performance test was satisfactory. Therefore, the proposed call model can be used as a reference model for the  
Figure 4: Test results of SAE-GW.  
performance tests of core equipment that must be considered when establishing a disaster safety communication network.  
This paper proposed the call model and test methods in commercial PS-LTE, which have contributed to the world's fastest commercialization and stable operation of a disaster safety communication network able to be utilized.
## 4 Validation in German Rail Transport
### Methodological Principles and Application
Regulatory, organizational, and contractual aspects represent a greater hurdle than the necessary technology for the implementation, since the TCMS data could simply be provided via an interface without reprogramming. However, since modifications are to be made and the data have commercial value, data acquisition must be carried out in dialog with the manufacturers (see Figure 6). For the DT to serve its goal of operational optimization of DB's ICE train operations and maintenance, the DT solution must provide understandable and comprehensive data about the ICE asset as well as its environment through collection, storage, and provision. Hereby, the performance of analysis and linking data enables the provision of information that the ICE asset does not initially possess. To realize the DT, it is recommended to use a DT framework, an IoT platform, IoT analytics and systems that serve data processing, persistence, and provision. In addition, the use of modern and future-oriented system landscapes is recommended, as well as the integration of subsystems for the collection of environmental data of the ICE asset. It can also be useful to reuse DTs that already existed in the environment of the ICE asset or even for the asset itself. The inclusion of other DTs can be useful in some use cases and should be included in the design phase of the implementation strategy. However, it is recommended that for the success of the implementation for the ICE asset, it should primarily be limited to the exact use case. Hereby, it must be noted that a complete mapping of state data of the environment of the ICE asset is not realistic, and the generation of an operational added value is the top priority. The collection of all available data is also not recommended since it is often the case that data are collected, and it is assumed that it will already find the solution. Accordingly, it is important to identify the necessary data based on the defined solution. Finally, it is important to note that a central building block for the implementation of DT is the availability of expert knowledge and technical expertise. Particularly regarding the intelligent and standardized interfaces mentioned, the exchange with experts from industry is essential, as the interfaces require intensive specialist knowledge on the one hand and the desired establishment of standards cannot take place in isolation within a company on the other hand, as the claim and added value of DTs is the cross-organizational exchange in perspective (see Figures 2 and 6).
## 3 Experimental Results  
### Experimental Phenomena and Failure Modes  
For specimens HGW-1 and HGW-2, vertical cracks first appeared at the upper east side with 3600 kN loading and 5400 kN loading, respectively. With the increase in the load step, more vertical cracks appeared, and previous cracks became wider, with a maximum width of 3 mm and 1 mm, respectively. For specimen HGW-1, the concrete collapsed suddenly at the upper east side and upper north side, when the ultimate load had been reached, and the steel plate was bent at the upper 400 mm height, exposing the horizontal distribution reinforcement. For specimen HGW-2, apparent damage phenomena did not appear at the ultimate load, and the concrete at the eastern side cracked after having been twice loaded with displacement controlling. In contrast to specimen HGW-1, the structural integrity of specimen HGW-2 behaved better, and the brittle performance improved greatly.  
For specimen HGW-3, shear slip lines of 45 degrees appeared at the crossing of the steel plate and vertical separators, of the upper 800 mm height. With the increase of the load step, the number of shear slip lines became higher, and they also became denser. The local buckling of the steel plate appeared and wrinkled at 19,800 kN loading, and the local buckling gradually increased until its maximum thickness reached 8 mm at the ultimate load, at which point the weld lines at the top of the steel plate were torn. The region of local buckling between the vertical separators developed after loading ten lots of the displacement controlling, and the maximum bulging drum reached 85 mm. The test specimen maintained a bearing capacity, of about 50% of the ultimate load, and showcased a good ductility performance. Figure 5 shows the failure modes of each specimen.  
Figure 5: Failure modes. (**a**) HGW-1; (**b**) HGW-2; (**c**) HGW-3.
# An Improved Low-Density Parity-Check Decoder and Its Field-Programmable Fate Array Implementation
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper introduces a transfer correction factor-based normalized Min-Sum algorithm as an improvement on the traditional NMS algorithm, aiming to reduce computational overhead without compromising performance. The proposed algorithm modifies the correction factor \(\alpha\) used in the traditional NMS decoding algorithm for check node information to a new correction factor \(\beta\) for channel information.  
The principle is based on quantization, and the MATLAB simulation platform confirmed that the two algorithms perform almost identically at \(\beta=1/\alpha\). However, under different code lengths, rates, and other conditions, the optimal correction factor, \(\alpha\), varies for the NMS algorithm. In cases where the best \(\alpha\) value requires too many shifts and additions but \(\beta=1/\alpha\) requires only a few, it can be converted into the improved decoding algorithm, thereby achieving the goal of reducing computational overhead without compromising performance.  
Based on the IEEE 802.16e standard, an FPGA decoder for an LDPC code with a code rate of \(1/2\) and a length of 672 was designed using the Vivado software simulation platform. This design validated the feasibility of the algorithm and confirmed the reduction in logic resource consumption through resource utilization reports.  
The improved decoding algorithm offers a broader range of applications at lower code rates. Taking the 3 GPP standards for 5G LDPC encoding as an example, which includes two base matrices, BG1 and BG2, BG1 is designed for information bits ranging from 500 to 8448, with code rates from one-third to eight-ninths, while BG2 is tailored for information bits ranging from 40 to 2560, with code rates from one-fifth to two-thirds. The enhanced decoding algorithm is particularly advantageous for the latter, which is used in scenarios requiring the transmission of text and images at low code rates and short lengths, where there is a greater demand for minimal logic resource usage, such as in digital watermarking and route planning applications.  
Writing--original draft preparation, H.-Y.W.; supervision, Z.-X.W.; methodology, S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 13: Comparison of logic resource utilization between NMS decoder and improved TNMS decoder.