# A Novel Cloud Approach for Connected Vehicles
## 2 Related Works
### Information-Centric Networking  
In 1999, a new paradigm appeared, information-centric networking, which rethinks the classic IP network architecture, host oriented, to focus on the data itself (TRIAD project [30]). This new paradigm is adapted to the Internet of Things and mobility, two features of vehicular networks. Some articles already introduce the ICN concept for the vehicular network, such as [31; 32], but none of them take into account neither the nature of the link of communication between the vehicles or between the road infrastructures and the vehicles, neither the ETSI standards currently used for the deployment of C-ITSs in Europe. Furthermore, there is consensus on the method to use for the security aspects. The first principle of ICN is the naming of the data (named data objects--NDO). The naming is the foundation of the ICN exchanges, it ensures the identification of data (like the way of identifying a server with its IP), the routing of interest, and possibly the verification of the integrity of the data [33]. Each approach differs in how the naming is used and the naming method. Still, two methods can be highlighted: hierarchical (such as for URL) and flat (not readable for the human, it can carry the data needed to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the message). Exchanges are done according to a request/reply model, which is denoted by interest/data in ICN. The client/consumer submits the name of the data to the network and the network replies with the data when they have been found. The are two phases of routing, the one used to route the interest and the one used to return the data to the client. The routing of the interests can be done in different ways: every node of the network broadcasts the interest until the data are found or by using a name resolution system (such as DNS) or by making a smart routing based on the data name. The data reply is sent by using the path of the interest or can use a better road if it is possible. Another principle is in-network caching, which is done during the process of the data return. Devices that are able to do it, store the data, and this allows to provide the data faster for the next interests, instead of routing the interest again. Then, In-network caching allows to reduce the number of exchanges on the whole network [34; 35] and to better handle the mobility of the nodes. The naming permits storing data on several devices without considering each copy as unique data. Furthermore, for the security aspects, it is not necessary to trust the server anymore because the data are secured itself. Finally, Ref. [33] presents and compares four main approaches. The first one is DONA (data-oriented network architecture), which consists of routing an interest based on the name and replying on the same or a different route. The second one is CCN (content-centric networking), which routes the interest in a hierarchical way and sends back the data on the same path. The third one is PSIRP (publish-subscribe internet routing paradigm), based on a \"rendez-vous\" (RENE) principle [36]: when a node publishes data, it checks the \"rendez-vous\" server to know which node is subscribed and provides the data to each client using the routes given by the server. Then, the last one is NetInf [37] (network of information), based on a name resolution system. All these principles are generic; there exist many ways to implement them as it is shown in these projects. Furthermore, we think that the nature of the communication link and the exchanged data nature cannot be ignored to design an efficient ICN method [38]. Further explanation of these principles is given in [39], and the authors bring additional information about the fundamental aspects of the ICN architecture. One of these aspects concerns resilience to mobility. Current networks have been designed to satisfy communication between two static points. The appearance of wireless and mobile networks leads to a change in the nature of the connections. These ones become fleeting, even opportunistic.