## 4 Materials and Methods  
### Plant Material and Experimental Design  
The field trials were carried out in Qingpu Agriculture Base (31.2\({}^{\circ}\) N, 121.1\({}^{\circ}\) E), Shanghai, China, from 2019 to 2023. Based on a pilot trial (September 2019 to April 2020; Supplementary Figure S1), this field trial was continued in the following growing season (September 2020 to April 2021), and the temperature and precipitation information is shown in Supplementary Figure S6. Additionally, the trials on increasing field production under conventional conditions (with nutrient fertilization) achieved by H\({}_{2}\)-based irrigation were further validated from 2021 to 2023 (Supplementary Figure S5).  
Strawberries (_Fragaria \(\times\) ananassa_ 'Benihoppe') were provided by the farm where the base was located and were planted in a greenhouse (80 m long \(\times\) 6 m wide) on 5 September 2020, in two rows per ridge with a 40 cm row spacing and a 25 cm plant spacing. Therewere a total of four treatments, one treatment per greenhouse: (1) irrigation of surface water without fertilizer application (SW); (2) irrigation of HNW without fertilizer application (HNW); (3) irrigation of surface water with fertilizer application (SW + F); (4) irrigation of HNW with fertilizer application (HNW + F). Among these, there were three replicates of 9 m\({}^{2}\) plot per treatment, and all soils in 12 plots were fully mixed and refilled from a 1.5 m depth in all plots. Accordingly, the initial nutrient properties of soils were at the same level (Supplementary Figure S4), having soil available nitrogen (SAN), soil available phosphorus (SAP), soil available potassium (SAK), and soil organic matter (SOM) contents of 155.0 \(\pm\) 2.3 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 151.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 160.6 \(\pm\) 1.6 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), and 22.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 g kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively.  
As previously reported [25], each greenhouse received the same independent management for water and pesticides that followed typical local agricultural practices. The base fertilizer consisted of 15,625 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) organic fertilizer (Luyuan Organic Fertilizer, Shanghai Yuanjian Organic Fertilizer Factory, Shanghai, China), 312.5 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) composite fertilizer (KALI NPK + Mg, 13-7-25, Shenzhen K + S Group Trading Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China), and 62.5 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) composite Bacillus (Polysea, Yuncheng Bei Hai Chemical Co., Ltd., Yuncheng, China), all of which were applied in two green houses before planting. After 40 days of cultivation, an additional 416.7 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) of composite fertilizer was applied in two greenhouses.  
The HNW (\(\sim\)300 nm nanobubbles, \(\sim\)1.0 mg H\({}_{2}\) L\({}^{-1}\), and \(\sim\)12 h residence time of H\({}_{2}\)) was obtained by a H\({}_{2}\) nanobubble generator from Air Liquide (China) R&D Co., Ltd. [25]. Immediately, the fresh HNW was pumped into the greenhouse (10 t h\({}^{-1}\) of flow rate). In this trial, 20 t per greenhouse of HNW was irrigated every day for the first four days after planting, and 10, 5, and 30 t per greenhouse of HNW were irrigated on the fifth, sixth, and 40 th day, respectively, according to the growth of plants and the previous experimental experience. Meanwhile, the strawberries in another two greenhouses were irrigated with SW (with or without nutrient fertilization), and were set as corresponding controls.