# Life Cycle Analysis Challenges through Building Rating Schemes within the European Framework
## 3 Results
### Mapping Procedure  
Table 6 shows the results from the detailed quantitative study of the LCA-related indicators. A degree of compliance of the BRS with the steps of Level(s) reporting at the three levels is presented as a percentage. The colour code in the table below helps to visualise data: 100% green, 80-99% yellow, 50-79% orange, and 0-49% red. As can be seen, the BRS are not as fit as expected, nor do they follow homogeneous trends. The results were shown to the BRS managers, and some upcoming improvements are presented in Section 2.4.  
The mapping procedure was carried out regarding new construction rating schemes. This has led to a slight confusion with the \"at-occupation stage\" aspects of Level(s). This is because BRS predominantly address the \"at-design\" and \"post-completion\" stages. Moreover, some GBCs (e.g., DGNB) operate separate \"Building in Use\" BRS which cover the \"at-occupation stage\" aspects of Level(s), which were not part of this research. Finally, a methodological question arose as to whether the compliance would be consistent for the three levels. Additionally, NF-HQE required a slightly different aggregation method.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Economic} & \begin{tabular}{l} Vested interests in the RE market and Urban developments. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \begin{tabular}{l} Sunk investments from the 2008 crises, worsened by the current post-COVID-19 \\ crises, being swallowed by investment funds. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \"Sustainability is expensive and does not pay-off\". \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Social} & \begin{tabular}{l} Blind beliefs such as the ever-growing RE surplus and sustainable assets becoming \\ even more profitable. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \begin{tabular}{l} Although climate awareness is raising socially demanding adapted buildings and \\ cities, “climate change does not affect us”, and weather events are “normal”. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \begin{tabular}{l} The “austerity” policies of the 2008–2019 period, and the more homely lifestyle \\ forced by the lockdown, were necessary to remain competitive and safe. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Political} & \begin{tabular}{l} Activism in climate, health, and housing rights remains unheard by politicians. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \begin{tabular}{l} Local administrations and manufacturers pioneering sustainability practices do it \\ for global marketing or greenwashing, and without local citizenship support. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \begin{tabular}{l} The Green New Deal—does it come to renew the deal with the multi-nationals or to \\ shake the regime foundations? \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Sectorial} & \
\begin{tabular}{l} The EU construction industry is strong, both inside and internationally (although \\ lacking one million skilled workers). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3}  &
\begin{tabular}{l} The occurrence of Level(s) as a side entry (from the circular economy corner) into the \\ sector raises suspicion from BRS and manufacturers—does it support their interests? \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Path dependencies in the socio-technological transition of the building sector.  
The results show that the adoption of LCC is not yet mature, except for DGNB. Indicators 1.1 and 1.2 behave very similarly, which is positive for the consistency of LCA. However, work is to be performed for VERDE, HPI, and NF HQE. Furthermore, Level(s) must provide instructions for level three of the GWP indicator. It should be noted that the second entry level for LCA indicators rates better than the first (conceptual design). This could mean that other sustainability approaches might be more useful at early design stages than LCA, and LCA could make more sense once the project is fully designed, rather than as it is being projected. More meaningful insights appear when the gaps are seen in the whole picture of the Level(s) indicators.