# Sex Recognition through ECG Signals aiming toward Smartphone Authentication
## 5 Results
#### Toward ECG Sex Recognition for Smartphone Authentication?  
The previous sections have depicted our architecture proposal and results, getting a significant classification score for ECG sex recognition, and consolidating the ECG soft-biometric sex attribute extraction. Nonetheless, there is a valid inquiry, can the ECG acquisition be exploitable and deployable to the market? The short answer is: Yes. Different companies have developed different products oriented at portable ECG analytics. All of them use Lead-I configuration and offer comfortable signal acquisition suitable to their final application. However, none of them focus on sex recognition but facilitate identification, driving risks, and health monitoring. We will make a brief of our selected products offered by AliveCor, CardioID, and NYMI (Figure 12).  
In the case of heart monitoring, KardiaMobile from AliveCor generated a comfortable attachable smartphone device that helps to detect six different types of arrhythmias. Further, the functionality can be expanded with the app KardiaCare for cloud services such as periodic cardiologist revision, and secure storage, among others. This device has FDA approval, has been applied for user verification [51], and in 2020 received investments of USD 65 million from tier-1 companies, such as Qualcomm, among others [52].  
CardioID, which is in the heart monitoring trade, has a deep research background and partners such as CEiiA and the multinational Bosh. Their heartbeat traceability is applied in the transportation business, embedding the leads in the truck wheel with the intention of tracking driver identity, drowsiness or fatigue detection, and cardiac pathologies [53]. In this way, upon some heart abnormality, an alert is enabled, being all linked with their central platforms. CardioID belongs to the project VALU3S (Verification and Validation of Automated Systems' Safety and Security) sponsored by the European Union with partners  
Figure 11: Combined leads vs. single lead: Score comparison.  
from 10 countries, Portugal, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey. Importantly, the CardioID acquisition technique can be applied to any other object and context, including a smartphone.  
NYMI is part of the Innomimids consortium; they are a startup from the University of Toronto and have developed a fully integrated workspace wearable that includes 100+ well-ranked companies such as Microsoft and Honeywell, among others [54]. NYMI is a band that validates a user into an organization for accessing control. This band has on-body detection supported by two biometrics measures: heartbeat and fingerprint. The validation works as a user identifier for company places, object manipulation, and computer session login through NFC. Depending on the user ACL, the company authorizes specific triggered options that are enabled under user presence, for example, machine ignition option or distance measuring through their Bluetooth radio.  
Progressively, the comfort variable has been decreasing in complexity. AliveCor, CardioID, and NYMI are spearheading examples of innovative ways for capturing the ECG signals in their products. It would prepare the market for future implementations to evaluate the ECG sex classification algorithm implementation on their related devices as a soft-biometric input feature for medical decisions or user authentication.  
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**CMD** & **Lead** & **B1** & **B2** & **B3** &