## 8 Conclusions
Differences of up to 50% in the measured UCS (dry and wet) and ITS (dry and wet)) were measured using different emulsifying agents as the only component variable. It is recommended that this aspect be addressed in practice by engineers through the introduction of end-product specifications. The introduction of end-product specifications will put the onus (and risk) on the contractor and his supplier to ensure that quality products are used meeting the minimum engineering specifications. The understanding of the basic elementary chemistry of the applicable, proven nanotechnology used will ensure that risks are minimised. The testing of the basic bitumen stabilising agent and the influence of the nano-particle (the emulsifying agent or surfactant) on the engineering properties was performed with the specific objective to demonstrate the need for engineers to realise the importance of quality control during the manufacturing, ensuring that material compatible materials are utilised, with chemical properties that will guarantee that macro projects can successfully be implemented using new disruptive nanotechnologies by adhering to basic scientific principles. The main objectives of the modification of an emulsifying stabilising agent are to:  
* Ensure that a high strength chemical bond is established between the stabilising agent and the naturally available granular materials;
* Achieve a high level of hydrophobicity of each particle within the granular materials layer through a 3-dimensional consolidation of the nano-silane, covering the total of surface area of each particle, and
* Protect each particle within the granular material against the effect of water and neutralise the presence of any secondary minerals (e.g., clay) within the granular material by ensuring that a material compatible nano-silane (modified where necessary with a HCT nano-particle), is utilised based on the scientifically measured mineralogy of the granular material. A material-compatible organofunctional nano-silane with an applicable HCT (when needed), is introduced into the stabilising agent that will ensure that the required chemical bonds are activated during the stabilising process. The quantity of the modifier to be added is a function of the surface area to be covered. It follows that the fine fractions (the percentage passing the 0.075 mm sieve size and the percentage of clay (less than 0.002 mm fraction) is of importance in the adjustment of the nano-silane percentages to be added to achieve the objectives successfully. It follows that the modification of the stabilising agent to optimally achieve the required engineering properties is not conducive to a \"one solution fits all\" product approach. It is shown that materials of a very poor quality (unthinkable using traditional pavement engineering approaches to material utilisation) can be treated and stabilised to obtain the required engineering properties meeting engineering specifications in terms of compressive strengths, tensile strengths and durability in pavement layers, depending on the design traffic loading. This is possible with the application of scientific knowledge and applying high-quality nano-scale products, i.e., emulsifying agents (surfactants), material-compatible nano-silane products with the required chemical compositions together with material-compatible HCT modifications when applicable. These disruptive nanotechnologies have been proven in laboratories, through Accelerated Pavement Tests (APT) [8; 9] and in practice on several roads in southern Africa [13]. [PERSON], under the directive of the Head of Department of Civil Engineering, [PERSON], has been leading the research into the provision of affordable road infrastructure at the faculty of Engineering, University of Pretoria. [PERSON] recognized the potential of nanotechnology solutions in the field of pavement engineering more than a decade ago.