esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Dynamic Network Resource Autonomy Management and Task Scheduling Method
## 3 Dynamic Resource Management Architecture and Task Scheduling Method
### Dynamic Graph Construction Based on Local Satellite Networks  
We implement the architecture through a series of functional designs, which can effectively coordinate the relationship between the transmission rates of satellites, navigation satellites, and communication links between satellites and make it easy to collect the status of satellite network resources and the operational status of each satellite. Our proposed framework can reflect the realistic satellite system more realistically. It can consider the impact of the limitation of communication broadband between satellites on the total time consumption. By calculating the total time consumption, we can determine what needs to be optimized to improve the efficiency and performance of the system, which is something we need to improve in the future.  
In controlling the enslaved person, as shown in Figure 5, the master can transmit commands and information, such as data and execution links. The enslaved person, through direct communication between satellites or with the assistance of ground stations, will then receive commands from the master and execute them; the master will also ensure the proper execution of the enslaved person by periodically monitoring the status of the enslaved person. Suppose there are other problems, such as anomalies in one enslaved person. In that case, the master will coordinate the entire system to ensure If one of the enslaved people has abnormalities or other problems, the master will coordinate the whole system to ensure the proper operation of the satellite. The master can also assign tasks to enslaved people based on their capabilities and status by evaluating their qualifications, including their processing and task execution capabilities. The enslaved person receives and executes the tasks assigned by the master. In addition, the master star completes the satellite scheduling based on the state of the slave star under the strategy of the dynamic scheduling algorithm.  
Figure 5: Master-slave relationship diagram.  
The master star can control the cluster head to maintain the normal state of the whole cluster. The master star can send control commands to the cluster head periodically to update the cluster state information, use the link to monitor the cluster's operational state, and adjust the position and speed of the slave star through the cluster head.  
As shown in Figure 6, the cluster head can control the cluster members through command and data links. For example, it can send control commands to the members, etc. The cluster head and members also communicate and collaborate through specific protocols. The cluster head is responsible for organizing and managing the cluster members, assigning tasks, and coordinating resources. Cluster members are responsible for receiving and executing tasks and reporting the progress of jobs to the cluster head. The interaction between cluster heads and cluster members is the key to collaborating to accomplish the satellite scheduling tasks together.
## 3 Results
### Effects of CWP on Concrete Durability Properties
#### 3.3.1 Water Absorption, Moisture Resistance and Permeability
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Author(s)** & **Key Findings on Durability Properties of CWP Concrete** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [75] & Concrete with 10\% CWP replacement shows the best durability in NaCl solution, with minimal mass loss. However, 30\% CWP results in higher mass loss, indicating reduced durability at higher replacements. \\ [PERSON] et al. [77] & Waste nano ceramic pozzolan and nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) at 4\% reduce water absorption by refining pore structure, enhancing durability through improved water resistance. \\ [PERSON] et al. [67] & Concrete with 30\% CWP and 2\% sodium silicate demonstrates resilience under acidic conditions, particularly in HCl and H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), with improved durability in aggressive environments. \\ [PERSON] et al. [44] & At 20\% CWP replacement, concrete shows improved thermal insulation, reduced thermal conductivity by 11.2%, and no spalling cracks under fine exposure, enhancing durability in high-temperature environments. \\ [PERSON] et al. [82] & CWP replacement (10-40\%) in concrete reduces chloride ion penetration and enhances resistance to chloride-induced corrosion across different concrete strengths (25 MPa, 50 MPa, 75 MPa) due to a denser microstructure and refined pore system. \\ [PERSON] et al. [83] & Sorbitity tests show that concrete with up to 30\% CWP replacement exhibits lower sorptivity and better durability than conventional concrete, suggesting that CWP is a favourable alternative for enhancing concrete durability. \\ [PERSON] et al. [68] & CWP addition (up to 30\%) reduces permeable pores in concrete cured for 90 days; however, beyond 30\% replacement, permeable pores increase, often due to dilution effects, which impacts durability negatively at high replacement levels. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Overview of the durability properties of CWP concrete.
# Swing Analysis and Control Research of the Space Tethered Combination in the Maneuver Process
## 4 Experimental Study  
The ground experiment system included two orthogonal linear guideways, two servo motors, a two-dimensional angle measuring mechanism, a flexible tether, a movable slider simulating the towing point and a weight simulating the target, as shown in Figure 8a. The movable slider could move on the \(XY\)-plane, which was driven by the two servo motors, as shown in Figure 8b. The weight was connected to the movable slider by a thin tether. The two swing angles were measured by the two-dimensional angle measuring mechanism. In the experiment, the starting position of the slider was close to the positive center of the \(XY\)-plane, which ensured that the movable distance of the slider in the direction of the two axes was not less than 0.4 m.  
Figure 8: Ground verification experiment of the anti-swing control. (**a**) Swing control ground experimental system; (**b**) Simplified Model.  
Figure 7: Simulation results with VSC. (**a**) Acceleration of the towing point; (**b**) Velocity of the towing point; (**c**) Displacement of the towing point; (**d**) In-plane and out-of-plane swing angle of the target.  
The dynamical equation of the weight in the experimental system is obtained as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\ddot{\theta}=\frac{-a_{y}\cos\theta+g\sin\theta+2\dot{ \theta}\phi\sin\varphi-2\dot{l}\dot{\theta}\cos\varphi}{l\cos\varphi}\\ \ddot{\varphi}=\frac{a_{x}\sin\theta\sin\varphi-a_{y}\cos\varphi+g\sin\varphi \cos\theta-l\dot{\theta}^{2}\cos\varphi\sin\varphi-2\dot{\varphi}\dot{l}}{l}\\ \ddot{l}=-\frac{F_{T}}{m}-a_{x}\cos\varphi\sin\theta-a_{y}\sin\varphi-g\cos \varphi\cos\theta+l\dot{\theta}^{2}\cos^{2}\varphi+l\dot{\varphi}^{2}\end{array}\right. \tag{25}\]  
It can be seen that Equations (25) and (1) have the same form. Hence, according to the dynamic similarity, the effectiveness of the control strategy can be verified by this ground experiment system. The anti-swing experiment was conducted with the feedback linearization controller. The experiment results are shown in Figure 9. The effectiveness of the triple closed-loop control strategy based on the feedback linearization control was verified. Because the input of the feedback linearization controller was independent in the \(X\) and \(Y\) direction, it can be known that the control strategy is effective for the swing motion caused by any initial swing angles.  
As analysed in Section 3.2, the dynamical equation can be approximated as a second-order specification system. Furthermore, based on approximate linearization control, the triple closed-loop control strategy can be used to stabilize the swing angles, velocity and displacement. The experimental results are shown in Figure 10. The in-plane and out-of-plane swing angles are stabilized in about \(2^{\circ}\), and the velocity and displacement of the slider can be tracked steady.  
Figure 9: Experiment results with the feedback linearization control. (**a**) Response of velocity; (**b**) Response of displacement; (**c**) Response of swing angles.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physical and Mechanical Analysis  
Bulk density of the foam glass-ceramics for 1, 3, 6 wt % and 9 wt % ES were 1.215, 0.326, 0.421 and 0.822 g/cm\({}^{3}\) respectively. The trend for the bulk density was similar to the compressive strength value. Figure 3 indicates the trend of bulk density-porosity of foam glass-ceramics at different content of ES. Porosity is calculated with the constant value of \(\rho_{\text{powder}}=2.5\) g/cm\({}^{3}\). The porosity was indirectly proportional to the bulk density. Figure 2 shows the minimum density was achieved from 3 wt % ES with 87% of porosity. Meanwhile, the maximum density was 1.215 g/cm\({}^{3}\) from 1 wt % ES with the lowest porosity of 51.4%. The value is in the range of commercial foam glass, which is 0.1-1.2 g/cm\({}^{3}\)[15]. Linear expansion of a sample is the changing of size and dimension of the sample thus higher of linear expansion percentage contributes to the reducing volume of the sample. The linear expansion curve as shown in Figure 4, shows that the linear expansion value have an insignificant difference between 1 wt % and 9 wt % ES. The maximum linear expansion from 3 wt % ES with the value was 77.33% meanwhile the minimum linear expansion was 59.62% from 9 wt % ES. Therefore, decreasing in a volume of foam glass-ceramics would give to the high density. The difference value of density caused by the difference content of ES. The higher content of ES would have an increasing amount of crystallite hence give increasing the viscosity of the system [14].  
Figure 2: Weight loss of calcium carbonate as a function of temperature.  
The compressive strength of foam glass-ceramics was determined by stress-strain curve analysis as shown in Figure 5. From the stress-strain curve, the ultimate strength point was determined beyond before the cracking of the samples [16; 17]. The curve for 3 wt % of ES was slightly invisible because of the minimum value of the strength of 0.04 MPa. The maximum compressive strength from 9 wt % ES which was 0.81 MPa. Figure 6 shows the relation of porosity-compressive strength respective to the different content of the foaming agent. From the graph, the compressive strength was decreased drastically from 1 wt % to 3 wt % ES and increase slightly as adding more ES content to the 6 wt % and 9 wt %. The lowest strength from 3 wt % ES which was 0.04 MPa with the highest porosity. This is indicating that low in strength caused by high in porosity attributed to the expansion of the samples. Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in compressive strength between 1 wt % and 3 wt % ES. There may be an insufficient amount of CO\({}_{2}\) gas generated in from 1 wt % ES. In fact, the high content of SiO\({}_{2}\) can cause a lack of liquid phase thus no expansion [18].  
Figure 4: Linear expansion curve at different content of ES.  
Figure 3: Bulk density-porosity relative to the content of eggshell (ES).
## 3 Experiments and Discussions
### CCA Suppression Ratio in Experiment  
In the experiment, the suppression ratio was obtained by changing applied voltages (0 to 100 V), thereby changing the travel length (0 to 60 \(\upmu\)m) of the PZT. In order to observe the maximum suppression ratio, a frosted glass was placed in the sample. As shown in Figure 11, the CCA suppression ratio of FIP method is around 46.5 dB and the CCA suppression ratio of FVP method is 51.2 dB. The suppression ratio of FVP method is approximately 4.7 dB higher than that of FIP method. We noticed that the maximum suppression ratio with the FVP method could amplify the CCA suppression ratio of SD-OCT by a factor of 1.7 (20 \(\times\) log10 (1.7) = 4.7). In addition, in order to verify experimentally the effect of light source bandwidth on CCA suppression, we reduced pixels in the spectral acquisition to calculate the CCA suppressions for different bandwidths of light sources. As shown in Table 1, when the light source bandwidth is 55 nm, the CCA suppression ratio of FVP method is approximately 1.1 dB higher than that of FIP method. The value is 2.4 dB, 3.7 dB, 4.6 dB, and 4.7 dB when the bandwidth is 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, and 75 nm (It is noted here that the bandwidth of our light source is only 75 nm and therefore we cannot go further to 100 nm at this moment). We found that the wider the bandwidth, the bigger the polychromatic error of the FIP method. As discussed earlier, the shortcoming of the FIP method is the effects of polychromatic error.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Description of Gas Analysers
#### 2.1.2 Rosemount  
The Rosemount CT5100 is a multi-gas analyser that is based on LAS. Gas concentrations are determined directly based on the Beer-Lambert law, where the attenuation of the laser beam after transmitting through a gas sample is described as a function of gas concentration, laser path length and absorption coefficient at the given wavelength. In Rosemount a quantum-cascade laser (QCL) module is used to emit narrowband light tuned at a desired wavelength for measuring NH\({}_{3}\). By design measurements are taken under 240 mbar and 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C. According to the calibration report provided by the manufacturer, the interferences from three vol% water vapour, 1000 ppm\({}_{\text{v}}\) methane and 15 ppm\({}_{\text{v}}\) nitrova oxide were negligible (NH\({}_{3}\) reading contribution <0.03 ppm\({}_{\text{v}}\)).  
The test Rosemount analyser only offered the basic functionality for concentration measurement and automated temperature regulation in the measurement chamber. Prior to field deployment, the device was assembled with additional accessories. A stainless needle valve was mounted at the inlet of the analyser unit that was connected through a stainless tube coated with SilcoNert(r)2000 (SilcoTek GmbH, Bad Homburg vor der Hohe, Germany). The driving force of air stream was provided by a vacuum pump attached to the outlet of the Rosemount. The pressure in the measurement cell during operation was manually adjusted to 240 mbar via the needle valve. The default analyser outputs were 4-20 mA current, corresponding to 0-55 ppm\({}_{\text{v}}\) NH\({}_{3}\), updated at 1 Hz. The measured gas concentrations were also displayed on a digital readout, but no interface was provided to enable logging. The analogue outputs were read and logged with an Industruino IND.I/O microcontroller unit (ES Gear Ltd., Hong Kong, China) every 5 s.
## 3 GPS SDR Design for CRPA Using General-Purpose Parallel Processors
### GPU-Based Parallel Correlator
#### 3.2.2 Data Copy and Synthesis for Beamforming
This parallelism is realized by multiplying appropriate weights to the inphase and quadrature samples by each thread while the data is copied from global memory to shared memory. Since the memory copy operation is already performed in parallel by massive number of threads, the data synthesis can be also performed in parallel by adding simple multiplications and additions in each thread during the copy operation.
# A Remote Sensing Image Target Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv8
###### Abstract  
Aiming at the characteristics of remote sensing images such as a complex background, a large number of small targets, and various target scales, this paper presents a remote sensing image target detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv8. First, in order to extract more information about small targets in images, we add an extra detection layer for small targets in the backbone network; second, we propose a Czf-E structure based on the Efficient Multi-Scale Attention Module (EMA) to enhance the network's ability to detect targets of different sizes; and lastly, Wise-IoU is used to replace the CIoU loss function in the original algorithm to improve the robustness of the model. Using our improved algorithm for the detection of multiple target categories in the DOTAv1.0 dataset, the [EMAIL_ADDRESS] value is 82.7%, which is 1.3% higher than that of the original YOLOv8 algorithm. It is proven that the algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively improve target detection accuracy in remote sensing images.  
remote sensing image; target detection; YOLOv8; EMA; Wise-IoU +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
0000-0001-9399-2233][PERSON]  
1 Graduate School, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.W.); zhouxiuuan18@mails:ucas.ac.cn (X.Z.); [PERSON]L_ADDRESS] (X.X.)
# A Review of Deep Learning Based Methods for Acoustic Scene Classification
## 5 Network Architectures  
ASC algorithms mostly use CNN based network architectures since they usually provide a summarizing classification of longer acoustic scene excerpts. In contrast, AED algorithms commonly use convolutional recurrent neural networks (CRNN) as they focus on a precise detection of sound events [4]. This architecture combines convolutional neural networks (CNN) as the front-end for representation learning and a recurrent layer for temporal modeling. State-of-the-art ASC algorithms almost exclusively use CNN architectures. Hence, the main focus is on CNN based ASC methods in Section 5.1. Other methods using feedforward neural networks (FNN) and CRNN are briefly discussed in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3, respectively. Network architectures and the corresponding hyper-parameters are usually optimized manually. As an exception, [PERSON] et al. automated this process and compared various architectures, which were automatically generated using a genetic algorithm [53].
# A V2V Identity Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme Based on Identity-Based Cryptograph
## 2 C-V2X Security Risk and Security Technology Overview  
### C-V2X Security Risk  
With the popularization and application of C-V2X technology, the vehicle has gradually changed from a traditional transportation means to mobile equipment. Vehicle networking means it will be detected by the network anytime and anywhere and will face many network security problems. The C-V2X technology integrates communication, transportation, and automobile technologies, faces security risks, such as eavesdropping, tampering, forgery, denial of service (DoS), and so on. The C-V2X equipment integrates navigation, information entertainment, vehicle control, auxiliary driving, and other functions, which can easily become the target of hacker attacks, resulting in information leakage, an out-of-control vehicle, and other security problems. The C-V2X equipment interface is vulnerable to deception, intrusion, access control, and other attacks. The vehicle functions are designed after ISO26262 (Road Vehicles--Functional Safety), and the safety of the vehicle components has been basically validated. Thus, this paper focuses on the security of C-V2X communication.  
The C-V2X system have many kinds of data with different data sources, face security risks, such as illegal access, illegal tampering, and user privacy disclosure in the process of data generation, transmission, storage, use, discarding, or destruction. The vehicle driving is related to traffic safety, personal safety, social stability, and national security. There are many pieces of equipment in the C-V2X system. The security risk in one vehicle may spread to other vehicles or even to the whole system. Therefore, whether the security problem is solved or not determines the C-V2X technology comprehensive promotion and large-scale commercial application. The security technology of the C-V2X must be developed synchronously with the C-V2X communication technology.
## 3 Equivalent Model for Brake Frame
### Behavior of Brake Frame and Verification of Three-Dimensional Model  
In order to comprehensively analyze the behavior of the steel ring and to verify the numerical results using experimental results, the displacement in the range between phase 2 and 4 was considered while excluding the effect of the resistance of U-clips from the relationship between the tensile force and the displacement of the brake frame. The comparison of the 3-D numerical modeling results, related to the relationship between tensile force and displacement, with the experimental results and the behavior of steel ring during different phases are shown in Figures 7 and 8. The numerical analysis results match satisfactorily with the experimental results. The 3-D numerical simulations show that the steel ring could withstand a tensile force of 13.6 kN due to primary elastic buckling at a recorded displacement of 479.2 mm. Further, the displacement in the brake frame continued to increase during the phase of plastic collapse and a tensile force of 6.6 kN was recorded at the displacement value of 687.2 mm due to local buckling on the left shoulder. Furthermore, a tensile force of 10 kN was recorded at the displacement value of 980 mm due to local buckling on the right shoulder. A difference was observed between the tensile force values obtained from the experimental and numerical results in the displacement range of 600 mm and 700 mm. The observed difference was due to the fact that the elastic buckling on both the shoulders of steel ring was observed to be occurring together during the quasi-static load tests, as compared to the numerical simulations, in which it happened alternatively. Due to the secondary elastic buckling, a tensile force of 30 kN was recorded at the displacement value of 1057.7 mm and the behavior of the steel ring was observed to be similar to phase 3 behavior (deformation shape) shown in Figure 8. A tensile force of 54.3 kN was recorded at the displacement value of 1105.7 mm due to the tensile failure of the steel ring, which was observed to be matching with the experimental results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Property** & **Steel Ring** & **Wire Rope** \\ \hline Young’s modulus (GPa) & 210 & 150 \\ Yielding stress (MPa) & 775 & 1000.2 \\ Density (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & 7850 & 8730 \\ Thickness (mm) & 4 & - \\ Cross-sectional area (mm\({}^{2}\)) & - & 116.62 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Properties of 3-D FE model.  
In this study, the brake frame is devised to absorb the impact load on wire rope through buckling and fracture of steel ring as well as by ensuring the additional plastic deformation. When the 3-D FE model was used, it was observed that the tensile force could vary (difference in the numerical and experimental results) in some sections according to order of steel ring buckling; however, when the analysis range up to the fracture point was considered in the model, the accurate behavior of steel ring, as well as the energy absorption rate, could be estimated.