esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Use of the Internet of Things in the Distribution Logistics of Consumables
## 3 Results
### Consumable Dispensing System before the Introduction of IoT  
Before the introduction of the vending machine with IoT technologies, the system of issuing consumables took place in the SkyBlue company using a time-consuming method of issuing from the central warehouse. Based on the data provided (consumables used), SkyBlue registered a total of 193 items consumed in 2022 with a total value of EUR 296k. However, we found that only 7% of the items made up 76% of the total value of the material consumed. In this phase of the research, we focus on the items with the highest turnover for the year 2022. The remaining 93% of the items can be the subject of research in the next scientific work. The mentioned 7% of items can be seen in Table 1.  
Figure 4: The methodology for introducing a new solution for issuing consumables. In Table 1, in addition to the name of the items, we can also see the prices for the items, the amount consumed for the year 2022, and the total value that the company paid for the individual items. For a higher reporting value of the data, we also requested the consumption of items for the months January to June in 2023. Subsequently, we calculated the monthly average and the average monthly value that the company invests in consumables in the company. The monthly consumed amount and the value of the consumed amount served as basic KPIs for the use of other research methods [35]. Using the observation method, we created a process map that precedes or defines the issue of consumables. The individual steps of the process are shown in Figure 5. The process begins with a request from the employee, who writes out a paper request for the allocation of consumables, which must be registered in the ERP (enterprise resource planning) system after approval by the superior. According to the availability in the warehouse, the employee receives confirmation with the information that he can pick up the item in the central warehouse, which is located 142 m from the production hall. If the item is not available at the central warehouse, the ordering process is started with the supplier. The unavailability of products at the central warehouse is fundamental, as it can lead to a complete stoppage of production or prevents the employee from entering the workplace, as the employer was unable to provide him with personal protective equipment (hereinafter referred to as PPE). Availability is therefore seen by the company as key. Despite this, the company recorded 74 cases where the employee did not receive the required consumables and therefore could not be allowed to work. An important KPI in this process is the determination of the time taken by an employee to issue consumables. The calculation of this KPI was carried out using the method of time studies on a sample of 200 employees. Table 2 shows the results, and describes the maximum, minimum, and average times. From the initial analysis, we found extreme values; therefore, we additionally supplemented the calculation of the median, which was used in further calculations and analyzes.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Soil TC on Reflectance  
As we expected, soil layers with higher TC values, tend to have lower reflectance. However, in Andisol samples (Figure 4A), for 5-20 and 20-40 cm depths, the spectral curves intersected at wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. By contrast, the maximum spectral separation was observed near 650 nm. In the Ultisol samples (Figure 4B), the curves of the depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm intersected between 700 and 800 nm. We attribute this curve intersection to the little difference in soil TC between the first two depths in Ultisol soil (Figure 5). We also calculated the correlation coefficient (\(r\)) between every spectral curve and soil TC. In accordance with [19], we found the most negative correlation between TC and spectral wavelengths near the 500-600 nm range (Figure 6).  
By comparing soil reflectance with TC, our results showed the influence of absorption features of soil carbon on reflectance. This is in agreement with previous works published by [19; 34]. However, the correlation coefficient between spectral bands and TC in the region of 500-700 nm (\(r\approx-0.5\)), were poorer than those reported by others [19; 34] (\(r=-0.8\) or better). One possible explanation of this is the spectral distortion due to natural source of light used for scanning the samples (outdoor scanning) and low bulk density of the studied soils (\(\leq 1\) g\(\cdot\) cm\({}^{-3}\)) [27] which promote more dispersion of light [45]. This distortion was probably not successfully corrected by the Savitzky-Golay filter. Despite this, near 450 nm (Figure 4), the absorption features of distinct iron oxides can be observed [34]. For the Ultisol samples, this absorption was lightly observed in the curve. The spectral separability was not clear when the curves were plotted individually, for some samples with higher soil TC the reflectance along the spectra was not necessarily lower than for samples with lower TC. However, our results showed that averaging the reflectance by depth, the influence of soil TC was evident.  
Figure 4: The average of soil reflectance of the three soil depths. (**A**) The spectral separability between depths can be observed from 450 nm; (**B**) for the depths of 0–5 and 5–20 cm the spectral separability was not exhibited, and the curves intersected between 650 and 750 nm.  
Figure 5: Total carbon (TC) in the Andisol and Ultisol soil orders. The gray area represents the difference in soil TC of the two depths.
## 4 Description and Numerical Analysis of Failure Characteristics of Test Block
### Test Block Breaking and Numerical Analysis under Different Hole Spacing  
As shown in Figure 12, the failure patterns of test blocks with different borehole spacing are also different. The failure modes of the test blocks with borehole spacing of 1 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm (as Figure 12a-c) are as follows: (1) Penetration failure. The specific performance that there are cracks between the two boreholes. Due to the small distance between the two pressure relief holes, the interaction ability is strong, and the extended cracks are easy to intersect. The failure modes of the test block with a spacing of 4 cm and 5 cm (Figure 12d,e) are as follows: (2) Independent failure, which is manifested as no cracks between the two boreholes. This is because the distance between the two pressure relief holes is large, the interaction ability is weak, and the formed crack propagation is not easy to intersect. Under uniaxial compression, it is similar to the force of two separate holes, and the failure form is similar to the failure of a separate hole (in line with the conclusion of reference [23]). With the decrease in drilling spacing, the crack spacing above the hole decreases gradually. According to Figure 13, when the drilling spacing is 1 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm, the plastic zone around the two boreholes is connected; when the borehole spacing is 4 cm and 5 cm, the plastic zones around the two boreholes are independent of each other, which conforms to the failure mode of the indoor test block. Due to the length of the paper, the stress of the simulated borehole spacing and its monitoring diagram are not displayed. The simulation results show that as the borehole spacing decreases, the stress above the  
Figure 10: Plastic zone map of different drilling depths.  
Figure 11: Vertical stress at different drilling depths. (**a**) 3 cm; (**b**) 6 cm; (**c**) 9 cm; (**d**) 12 cm; and (**e**) 15 cm.  
borehole is smaller; that is, the pressure relief effect is more obvious. However, when the borehole spacing is reduced to 1 cm, the stress increases, which is consistent with the indoor test results. This shows that there is a critical value of borehole spacing, not the smaller the spacing, the better the pressure relief effect.  
Based on the above, there is no linear relationship between the parameters of the three different boreholes and the pressure relief effect (consistent with the conclusion of [7]). Moreover, too-large borehole diameter, borehole depth, and borehole spacing will cause problems such as construction difficulties, high cost, and the destruction of the surrounding rock stability. Grasping the best borehole diameter can improve pressure relief efficiency.
## 2 Computational Methodology  
The computational methodology of the governing equations, numerical solver, plasma actuator model, and computational domain are presented in this section. CALC-LES was used to compute the three-dimensional governing fluid flow equations, known as the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). The DBD plasma actuator model was numerically implemented in the NSE as source terms based on the linearized Shyy model.
## 1 Introduction
Specifically, in this paper, the main contributions are extensions of our conference work [13], and they are summarized as follows:  
1. We propose a model based on variational autoencoders and genetic algorithms (VAEGA) that is designed to effectively identify high-dimensional outliers and to provide accurate interpretations of the subspaces where these outliers are located. 2. We utilize a VAE to effectively compress the high-dimensional data into a hidden space. After that, the hidden vectors are decoded based on the probability distribution of the hidden space, and the reconstruction errors are calculated. We integrate the low-dimensional hidden space distribution and the reconstruction errors as anomalous scores to promptly detect the outliers in the high-dimensional data. 3. We apply the GA layer using an improved subspace search heuristic algorithm in the model to search for the abnormal subspaces of high-dimensional outliers. In addition, providing an intuitive and informative interpretation, we utilized the abnormal subspaces to provide insight into the context within which the outliers are found, which can shed light on the reasons for the anomaly, as they represent the features under which the outliers are identified. 4. We also give an intuitive and informative interpretation through the abnormal subspaces, allowing us to give insight into the context within which outliers are located. This gives insight into the reasons for the anomaly, as these are the characteristics under which outliers are identified. 5. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method using five datasets. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model is highly effective and accurate in detecting anomalous subspace outliers. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we quickly review the related work. In Section 3, we present, in detail, a novel high-dimensional outlier detection model, VAEGA, that is based on a variational autoencoder and genetic algorithm. Sections 4 and 5 evaluate the performance of the proposed model through comprehensive experiments and discuss the results. In Section 6, we conclude this paper and highlight some possible future work directions.
# A Novel Fast Parallel Batch Scheduling Algorithm for Solving the Independent Job Problem
###### Abstract  
With the rapid economic development, manufacturing enterprises are increasingly using an efficient workshop production scheduling system in an attempt to enhance their competitive position. The classical workshop production scheduling problem is far from the actual production situation, so it is difficult to apply it to production practice. In recent years, the research on machine scheduling has become a hot topic in the fields of manufacturing systems. This paper considers the batch processing machine (BPM) scheduling problem for scheduling independent jobs with arbitrary sizes. A novel fast parallel batch scheduling algorithm is put forward to minimize the makespan in this paper. Each of the machines with different capacities can only handle jobs with sizes less than the capacity of the machine. Multiple jobs can be processed as a batch simultaneously on one machine only if their total size does not exceed the machine capacity. The processing time of a batch is determined by the longest of all the jobs processed in the batch. A novel and fast 4.5-approximation algorithm is developed for the above scheduling problem. For the special case of all the jobs having the same processing times, a simple and fast 2-approximation algorithm is achieved. The experimental results show that fast algorithms further improve the competitive ratio. Compared to the optimal solutions generated by CPLEX, fast algorithms are capable of generating a feasible solution within a very short time. Fast algorithms have less computational costs.  
independent job sizes; fast scheduling algorithm; machine capacities; makespan; parallel batch machines +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2020, 10, 460; doi:10.3390/app10020460
# Vibration-Based Fingerprint Algorithm for Structural Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades
## 5 Discussion  
In this study, we propose an algorithm for analysing distributed vibration measurements on wind turbine blades. By extracting so-called vibration-based fingerprints, dominant vibrations could be extracted from linear-scale spectrograms for subsequent analysis. The functioning of the algorithm was demonstrated by using the rotation frequency of the turbine as a reference variable; however, the algorithm can be applied to almost any environmental or operational condition.  
Fingerprints were analysed across multiple positions on the blades by mounting wireless sensors on two wind turbines. For the first turbine, two sensors at the blade tip showed matching fingerprints with higher noise levels for the sensor mounted at larger radial distance. The results demonstrate that the vibration-based fingerprint algorithm successfully identifies eigenfrequencies, narrowband noise and vibrations strongly varying with the rotation frequency. In addition, the algorithm considers inhomogeneous changes so that partly overlapping vibrations can be extracted, e.g., eigenfrequencies and narrow-band vibrations with low and high operational variability, respectively.  
For the second turbine, fingerprints were extracted at seven positions along the blade and showed different characteristics for sensors mounted at: (i) different radial positions; and (ii) different sides of the blade. However, those results can only be treated as indications since detection results were impaired by low averaging due to a small dataset and high noise levels due to transmission errors.  
Hence, the following challenges in vibration-based monitoring can be summarised: First, data loss and (semi-)systematic transmission errors in wireless sensors decrease detection accuracy and, consequently, need to be avoided. For example, the detection of eigenfrequencies with small amplitudes may be impaired by increased noise levels. Second, sufficient measurements need to be collected during varying operational conditions to optimally separate reference variables, e.g., rotation frequency and temperature. Finally, algorithm parameters may need to be adjusted across turbine types for best performance but need to be fixed for turbines of the same type to enable comparability. Hence, it is planned to continue the measurement campaign on the second test turbine and evaluate fingerprints on larger datasets and with reference to further reference measurements, e.g., the blade temperature.
# Towards a Collection of Security and Privacy Patterns
## 4 Privacy Patterns
### Unobservability  
Unobservability \"ensures that a user may use a resource or service without others, especially third parties, being able to observe that the resource or service is being used\" (ISO/IEC 15408-2008 [29]). [PERSON] et al. [58] provide a definition that also shows the relationship (reliance) of unobservability to the co-existence of two other \"weaker\" properties defined above, undetectability and anonymity: \"Unobservability of an item of interest (IOI) means undetectability of the IOI against all subjects uninvolved in it and anonymity of the subject(s) involved in the IOI even against the other subject(s) involved in that IOI.\"  
A formal definition of unobservability is as follows (originally defined in [65], adapted in [66]):  
An event E is unobservable for an attacker A, if for each observation B that A can make, the probability of E given B is greater zero and less one:  
\[0<P(E\mid B)<1\]  
A stricter requirement, which prevents that the value \(P(E\mid B)\) is too close to either 1 or 0, could be:  
\[0<<P(E\mid B)<<1\]  
If, for each possible observation B that A can make, the probability of an event E is equal to the probability of E given B, that is \(P(E)=P(E\mid B)\), then E is called perfectly unobservable.  
As such, unobservability can be considered the strongest property of the ones previously defined and requires the provision of these underlying properties in order to be achieved. The unobservability process pattern is depicted in Figure 25, whereby the fact that unobservability implies the existence of anonymity or pseudonymity and undetectability is visualized. Here, it should be clarified that even though the terms of anonymity and pseudonymity are used interchangeably in the figure, as highlighted in [49], the pseudonymity in this context is only acceptable if a certain degree of unlinkability can be provided (e.g., through the use of transaction pseudonyms that offer a high degree of unlinkability).  
Figure 24: Conceptual overview of Identity Protector separating identity and pseudo domains [66].
# An Audio Copy-Move Forgery Localization Model by CNN-Based Spectral Analysis
## 3 Experiments
### Binary Classification of Audio Copy-Move Forgery
Compared to the CNN method [17], the MPIF-Res2 Net not only inherits the advantages of ResNet, such as reducing parameter count and alleviating gradient vanishing, but also enhances the receptive field through MPIF. This allows for better utilization of the spectral information in the audio to determine whether it has undergone copy-move forgery.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Implementation of the Aslr1599 Mutant Allows Identification of Key Z-ISO Residues  
Residues H150, C263, H266, and D294 have previously been implicated as being functionally important in the maize Z-ISO enzyme [5; 6]. These residues appear to be highly conserved in Z-ISO homologs (see Figure 2) and we generated point mutants in the equivalent positions in the _Synechocystis_ enzyme (H29, C142, H145 and D173) to see if they could complement the \(\Delta\)slr1599 mutant phenotype, as was the case with the _in trans_ expression of the WT slr1599 gene discussed above.  
As with previous observations of the maize enzyme [5], the _Synechocystis_ H29A and H145A substitutions appear to have decreased Z-ISO activity, observed as a large reduction in \(\beta\)-carotene accumulation and the presence of 9,15,9\({}^{\prime}\)-tri-_cis-_\(\zeta\)-carotene under LAHG conditions (Figure 5). Conversely, the C142S variant produced \(\beta\)-carotene but also accumulated some 9,15,9\({}^{\prime}\)-tri-_cis-_\(\zeta\)-carotene (Figure 5), again consistent with the equivalent C263A variant of the maize enzyme [5; 6]. [PERSON] previously reported that D294 was essential for the activity of maize Z-ISO [6]; the equivalent D173A mutant of the _Synechocystis_ enzyme produced \(\beta\)-carotene but also accumulated a significant amount of a _cis-_\(\zeta\)-carotene species, suggesting some perturbation of function.  
These data demonstrate the utility of the \(\Delta\)slr1599 mutant as a background strain for studying variants of Z-ISO, such as point mutants of the native or heterologous enzymes, or for testing the activity of candidate Z-ISOs from other organisms, in vivo. The functional implications of the results obtained with the H29A, C142S, H145A, and D173A variants of Slr1599 are discussed in relation to the modelled structures of Z-ISO in Section 3.6 below.  
Figure 5: Complementation of the \(\Delta\)slr1599 mutant enables the identification of functionally important residues. (**A**) Analysis of the activity of the indicated Slr1599 variants produced in the \(\Delta\)slr1599 background. Strains were grown under LAHG conditions and carotenoids were extracted and separated by RP-HPLC, and detected by absorbance at 400- and 450 nm. Dotted lines and numbers correspond to the spectra in panel (**B**). (**B**) Absorbance spectra of the carotenoid peaks in panel (**A**). Peak 1 = 9,15,9\({}^{\prime}\)-tri-_cis-_\(\zeta\)-carotene and peak 2 = \(\beta\)-carotene.
## 3 An Automated Framework for DSM  
An integrated online, real-time, and automated monitoring framework is established with four major components, namely data acquisition, hybrid model monitoring, outliers warning, and visualization, as shown in Figure 1.
# Application of Biochar for the Restoration of Metal(loid)s Contaminated Soils
## 4 Discussion  
### Effect of Biochar on Soil Properties and Metal(oid)s Concentration  
#### 4.1.1 Soil Physico-Chemical Properties  
Positive effects of the addition of biochar on the chemical characteristics of the contaminated soil were observed. The amendment addition raised the pH of the polluted soil depending on amendment dosage, with an increase by almost two units in the 8% treatment (Figure 3). Moreover, the addition of biochar slightly reduced the EC values in RA4B and RA8B with respect to RA. Previous studies have already shown the ability of biochar to modify soil characteristics when used as an amendment to restore contaminated soil [6,40]. Similar to our study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] observed a strong increase in pH after adding biochar to contaminated soil samples. However, the soil response was not univocal. Considering that biochar properties vary considerably with feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, the results obtained will depend on the type of biochar and especially on the characteristics of the soil amended [11]. Thus, the greatest increase in pH was observed when alkaline biochar is added to a very acid soil [42]. Adding an alkaline biochar (pH between 7 and 9) to acidic soils results in a decrease in the mobility of cationic metal(loid)s due to reduced competition between the ions for cation exchange sites on the biochar surface [25]. However, it is possible that soil pH and soil solution pH may not always respond in the same way to biochar amendments [42]. The addition of biochar to neutral or alkaline soils may not result in a significant decrease in metal mobility [6], indicating that reduced values of this parameter are a consequence of biochar effect on acidic soils and not necessarily to biochar _per se_ as an immobilizing agent.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Solar Irradiation  
Figure 10 displays the thermal and electrical evolution of the two tested hybrid panels with the variation of the incident solar irradiation. The chart shows that the increase in electrical efficiency of the PVT panels takes place as a consequence of a reduction in solar radiation. In this sensibility analysis, the electrical efficiency of conventional PVT panels varies from 68.9% to 12.1% for incident irradiation in the range 200-1400 W/m\({}^{2}\). The efficiency of the TEG modules and thermal efficiency of the panels keep the opposite trend as PV cells efficiency. With more solar radiation, an increase in thermal production is observed. In the mentioned figure, it is not possible to appreciate the difference between electrical efficiency of the conventional PVT panel and the hybrid panel with integrated TEGs. This is because, on average, this difference has a value of 0.02%.  
Despite the work with low solar radiation providing good electrical efficiency values in both studied panels, it must take into account that electrical generation will have a low value.  
Figure 10: Thermal and electrical efficiency of the studied hybrid panels with the solar radiation variation.  
Figure 9: Thermal and electrical efficiency of the studied hybrid panels with the mass flow variation.