## 2 Literature Review  
Through the literature review analyzing 26 previous global studies on BIM implementation, this study has identified 47 hindrances, as shown in Table 1. It should be noted that in the Singapore context, the BCA drives the whole value chain to optimize building designs for off-site manufacture (OSM) which are encouraged in full BIM implementation [11], and intends to develop a BIM guide for Design for Manufacturing and Assembly [12]. Prefabricators can use the precision of geometric data contained in building information models to aid the manufacturing process and assembly of building components on site. Thus, in this study, hindrances related to the integration of BIM and OSM were also identified. Faced with these 47 hindrances, project teams may not implement BIM openly and collaboratively. [PERSON] [12] reported that only 20% of building projects in Singapore had implemented BIM with a relatively high collaboration level. Thus, the local construction industry has been facing many issues: owners cannot see beyond initial cost; designers tend to over-emphasize the BIM e-submissions and lack time to perform design coordination; main contractors can rarely use the designers' models because in most cases such models were not developed in the same way the contractors intend to build the buildings; subcontractors, especially those small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), lack investment for hardware, software, and training; and facility managers are rarely involved upfront and lack BIM uses [12]. Consequently, the contractors may need to re-build the models, taking much time, which in turn hinders the collaboration with the designers.  
However, instead of studying all the 47 hindrances holistically, each of the 26 previous studies tended to only explore part of the hindrances. More importantly, little is known about how the hindrances may influence BIM implementation in the Singapore context. For example, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] identified the hindrances to BIM implementation at high maturity levels for the contractors in the United Kingdom, but failed to investigate the factors for other roles in the construction value chain. [PERSON] et al. [37] identified the factors hindering BIM diffusion in the Malaysian construction industry with respects to culture, people, technology, and government's recognition, but rarely studied BIM work processes and the key role of the local government regarding its active participation to specify BIM use and its financial support such as defraying a proportion of training and consultancy costs. [PERSON] et al. [9] explored the hindrances affecting the Taiwan construction industry to be ready to adopt BIM, but was limited to the architectural firms. Although [PERSON] [38] investigated some hindrances to move towards the new work processes in Singapore, its main focus was on the architectural discipline and the identification of driving factors rather than the hindrances. This present study would fill this gap by identifying the critical hindrances that significantly influenced BIM implementation in Singapore and analyzing the influence mechanisms among these hindrances, extending the relevant literature.