## 4 Result and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis with Other Methods
The graph illustrates that the proposed approach leads to a decrease in routing costs. Figure 20: End-to-end delay (ms) of the proposed and existing methods by varying nodes. Figure 23 shows the routing overhead (%) of proposed and existing methods by varying nodes. For 20 nodes, the proposed method's routing overhead is 5%, compared to the routing overheads of the existing SRABC, HEDAR, and SETORD methods, which are not considered in the literature. Figure 21: Packet-delivery ratio (%) of the proposed and existing methods by varying nodes. Figure 22: Routing overhead (%) of the proposed methods by varying nodes. are 8.7, 9, and 10%, respectively. For 40 nodes, the proposed method achieves a routing overhead of 14.6%, compared to existing methods' routing overheads, which are 19, 27, and 22%, respectively. For 60 nodes, the proposed method achieves a routing overhead of 26%, compared to existing methods' routing overheads, which are 29, 32, and 37%, respectively. For 80 nodes, the proposed method achieves a routing overhead of 30.4%, compared to existing methods' routing overheads, which are 35, 47, and 48%, respec-tively. For 100 nodes, the proposed method achieves a routing overhead of 41.7%, compared to existing methods' routing overheads, which are 45, 60, and 69%, respec-tively. So, the proposed method may permit routing to certain networks, and it in-creases security. For Node 100, the existing SRABC method node is 45, which the pro-posed method improves to 3.3. For Node 100, the existing HEDAR method node is 60, which the proposed method improves to 18.3. For Node 100, the existing SETORD method node is 69, which the proposed method improves to 27.3. Figure 24 shows the throughput (packets) of the proposed and existing methods by varying time. At a time of 2 s, the throughput of the proposed method is 6100, whereas the throughputs of the existing SRABC, OLSR, AODV, DSR, and DSDV meth-ods are 2100, 5719,1750, 1500, and 3141, respectively. At a time of 4 s, the proposed method's throughput is 6710, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 3700, 6193, 3100, 3000, and 3560, respectively. At a time of 6 s, the proposed method's throughput is 7400, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 4600, 6415, 4150, 4100, and 4233, respectively. At a time of 8 s, the proposed method's throughput is 8100, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 5950, 6891, 5150, 5050, and 4436, respectively. At a time of 10 s, the proposed method's throughput is 9100, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 8500, 7637, 6700, 6250, and 4656, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method offers higher throughput, offering an effective trans-mission rate. Table 5 shows an analysis of throughput (packets) time. Figure 23: Routing overhead (%) of the proposed and existing methods by varying nodes. Figure 25 shows the throughput (Kb/s) of the proposed and existing methods by varying nodes. For 20 nodes, the throughput of the proposed method is 930, whereas the throughput of the existing SRABC, HEDAR, and SETORD methods are 680, 500, and 400, respectively. For 40 nodes, the proposed method's throughput is 1230, where-as the existing methods' throughputs are 980, 850, and 700, respectively. For 60 nodes, the proposed method's throughput is 1640, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 1300, 1150, and 950, respectively. For 80 nodes, the proposed method's throughput is 2210, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 1900, 1700, and 1550, respec-tively. For 100 nodes, the proposed method's throughput is 2900, whereas the existing methods' throughputs are 2600, 1980, and 1750, respectively. Thus, the proposed method improves throughput compared to the preceding methods. Table 6 shows the analyzing nodes of the proposed and existing methods. For Node 100, the existing SRABC method node is 2600, which the proposed method improves to 300. For Node 100, the existing HEDAR method node is 1980, which the proposed method improves to 920. For Node 100, the existing SETORD method node is 99.1, which the proposed method improves to 0.7.