# Application of Reflectance Indices for Remote Sensing of Plants and Revealing Actions of Stressors
## 3 Main Reflectance Indices
### Vegetation Indices
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Reflectance Index** & **Formula** & **References** \\ \hline Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation & \(ARVI=\frac{R_{500}-RB}{R_{500}+RB}\) & [71] \\ Index (ARVI) & \(ARVI=\frac{R_{500}-RB}{R_{500}+RB}\) & [72] \\ \hline Greenness Index (G) & \(G=\frac{R_{500}}{R_{500}}\) & [73] \\ \hline Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI) & \(TVI=0.5[120(R_{750}-R_{550})-200(R_{670}-R_{550})]\) & [73] \\ \hline Modified Triangular Vegetation Index & \(MTVI1=1.2[1.2(R_{800}-R_{550})-2.5(R_{670}-R_{550})]\) & [59] \\ \hline Modified Triangular Vegetation Index & \(MTVI2=\frac{1.5[1.2(R_{800}-R_{550})-2.5(R_{620}-R_{550})]}{\sqrt{((2R_{800}+ 1)^{2}-(6R_{800}-5\sqrt{R_{50}}))-0.5}}\) & [59] \\ \hline Transformed Triangular Vegetation & \(TTVI=\) & [74] \\ Index (TTVI) & \(0.5[(783-740)(R_{865}-R_{740})-(865-740)(R_{783}-R_{740})]\) & [74] \\ \hline Water indices & & \\ \hline Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) & \(NDWI=\frac{R_{800}-R_{1200}}{R_{800}+R_{1200}}\) & [75] \\ \hline Normalized Multi-band Drought & \(NMDI=\frac{R_{800}-(R_{1800}-R_{1200})}{R_{800}+(R_{1800}-R_{2500})}\) & [76] \\ Index (NMDI) & \(NDII=\frac{R_{800}-R_{1400}}{R_{800}+R_{1400}}\) & [77] \\ \hline Moisture Stress Index (MSI) & \(MSI=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [78] \\ \hline Water index & \(WI=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [79] \\ \hline Broadband normalized indices RI(500–600, 700–800) and RI(600–700, 700–800) & \(RI(500-600,700-800)=\frac{R_{8000}-R_{800}-R_{2000}-R_{2000}}{R_{8000}-R_{2000} +R_{2000}-R_{2000}}\) & [80] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Pigment indices} \\ \hline Gitelson and Merzlyak Indices 1 and 2 & \(GM1=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{500}}\) & [81] \\ (GM1, GM2) & \(GM2=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [82] \\ \hline Leaf Chlorophyll Index (LCI) & \(LCI=\frac{R_{800}-R_{700}}{R_{800}+R_{700}}\) & [83] \\ \hline Carter Indices 1 and 2 (Ctr1 and Ctr2) & \(Ctr1=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [83] \\  & \(Ctr2=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [84] \\ \hline Zarco-Tejada \& Miller Index (ZMI) & \(ZMI=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{700}+R_{800}}\) & [85] \\ \hline Lichtenthaler Indices 1 and 2 (LiC1 and Lic2) & \(\begin{matrix}Lie1=\frac{R_{800}-R_{800}}{R_{800}+R_{800}}\\ Lie2=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\end{matrix}\) & [85] \\ \hline Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll & \(NPCI=\frac{R_{800}-R_{800}}{R_{800}+R_{800}}\) & [6] \\ Index (NPCI) & \(NPCI=\frac{R_{800}-R_{800}}{R_{800}+R_{800}}\) & [6] \\ \hline Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in & \(MCARI=[(R_{700}-R_{670})-0.2(R_{700}-R_{550})]\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [59,86] \\ Reflectance Indices (MCARI and MCARI1) & \(MCARI1=1.2[2.5(R_{790}-R_{670})-1.3(R_{790}-R_{550})]\) & [87] \\ \hline Transformed CAR Index (TCARI) & \(TCARI=3\Big{[}(R_{700}-R_{670})-0.2(R_{700}-R_{550})\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\Big{]}\) & [88] \\ \hline Chappelle index & \(\frac{R_{800}}{R_{700}}\) & [89] \\ \hline Datt index & \(\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}R_{800}}\) & [90] \\ \hline Index proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2003) & \(\frac{R_{700}-R_{800}}{R_{800}+R_{800}}-1\) & [90] \\ \hline Simple Ratio Pigment Index (SRPI) & \(SRPI=\frac{R_{800}}{R_{800}}\) & [91] \\ \hline Normalized difference pigment index (NDPI) & \(NDPI=\frac{R_{800}-R_{800}}{R_{800}+R_{800}}\) & [91] \\ \hline Structure Intensive Pigment Index (SIPI) & \(SIPI=\frac{R_{800}-R_{800}}{R_{800}+R_{800}}\) & [91] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Classical VIs are the simple ratio (SR), difference vegetation index (DVI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The SR is calculated as a ratio of reflectance at the NIR spectral region to the reflectance at the red region [58]. The DVI is calculated as the difference between reflectance at the NIR spectral region and at the red region [61]. However, these two indices can change in a wide range; these changes make the scaling and comparative analysis of different plants difficult. This problem can be solved by using the NDVI, which changes in the range from \(-1\) to \(+1\)[59; 74; 98]. The NDVI is the most known and widely used reflectance index, which was developed by [PERSON] et al. [58].