esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results  
### Evaluation of the AGB Upscaling Model from Ground Observations to a 1 km Spatial Resolution  
To upscale the AGB from ground observations to a 1 km spatial resolution using the GBRT, RF, and ERT models, the ground measurements collected at the 75 training sites were used to train the models. Figure 3a-c presents the scatter plots for the AGB observations and training results using the three models. GBRT yields the best training performance with the highest R\({}^{2}\) (0.95) and the lowest RMSE (39.3 g C m\({}^{-2}\)) of the AGB training results against ground observations among the three models, followed by RF with an R\({}^{2}\) of 0.87 and RMSE of 63.4 g C m\({}^{-2}\). The descending training performance order of the three models is GBRT, RF, and ERT.  
To evaluate the three AGB upscaling models, the corresponding MODIS-derived AGB estimations with a 1 km spatial resolution were directly compared with AGB ground observations. Figure 3d-f shows the scatter plots for the AGB observations and estimations using the GBRT model and the other two models at the other 50 validation sites. The results show that the GBRT model yields the best validation performance with the highest R  
Figure 3: Scatter plots for AGB ground observations and estimations from (**a**) GBRT, (**b**) RF, (**c**) ERT using training set and (**d**) GBRT, (**e**) RF, (**f**) ERT using validation set.  
(0.76), lowest RMSE (88.8 g C m\({}^{-2}\)) and lowest bias (\(-\)1.6 g C m\({}^{-2}\)) of the AGB estimations against ground observations among the three upscaling models. The accuracy of the RF model is lower than that of GBRT but higher than that of ERT, with an R\({}^{2}\) of 0.62, an RMSE of 112.0 g C m\({}^{-2}\), and a bias of \(-\)5.0 g C m\({}^{-2}\). The ERT model yields the lowest R\({}^{2}\) (0.62), the highest RMSE (114.3 g C m\({}^{-2}\)), and the highest bias (\(-\)6.0 g C m\({}^{-2}\)). The results indicate that the GBRT model performs best for estimating grassland AGB at a 1 km spatial resolution. Therefore, we selected the GBRT model to upscale AGB from ground observations to a 1 km spatial resolution. Then, we used the GBRT model driven by the MODIS NDVI product, elevation, Ta, P, and Rs with a 1 km spatial resolution to generate AGB datasets during 2009-2013.
## 3 Oscillation Analysis of FSC-VSPSU  
The above-mentioned SISO impedance measurement and oscillation analysis methods are employed to investigate the oscillation in the grid-connected FSC-VSPSU. Subsequently, the principles of parameter influence are elucidated in this section as follows. Section 3.1 discusses the influence rules of the DC voltage and the current loops of the grid-side converter; Section 3.2 addresses the rules of the rotational speed and the current loops of the machine-side converter; Section 3.3 explores the parameter rules related to the excitation system and the turbine governor; and Section 3.4 analyzes the influence rules of the equivalent impedance parameters of the grid network.
## 3 Results
### Validation of FDR Measurements
#### 3.1.3 Validation of Standard Functions
Results show that TC reduces the MPE (bias) significantly for both model types, but has a small to insignificant impact on the precision error, except for WIJ. For the WIJ plot, overall accuracy as indicated by RMSPE and index of agreement improved significantly, but for the other plots the improvement was negligible. Hence, temperature correction for the standard functions may help in reducing prediction bias. When evaluating the overall RMSPE of standard models with temperature correction, only the predicted \(\theta_{\rm v}\) of the M48 layers in RAV was not exceeding the allowable error of 0.03 m\({}^{3}\) m\({}^{-3}\), so for only 2 out of 60 layers water content was predicted accurately.
# Adaptive Cruise Control in Electric Vehicles with Field-Oriented Control
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presents the concept of an adaptive cruise control system in the case of an electric vehicle, with an indirect field-oriented control using an induction machine. The system proposed was modeled and simulated in a MATLAB Simulink environment; then, a low-scale laboratory system was implemented, using a dSPACE platform. The adaptive cruise control scenario test was performed in the simulated system and, also, in the experimental setup, considering an electric vehicle system. If the driver set a constant driving speed using adaptive cruise control, the induction machine was controlled with field-oriented control to keep the vehicle running at the desired speed, regardless of the torque load of the motor. Additionally, when a leading car was detected in front of the host vehicle, the adaptive cruise control block generated a negative acceleration to reduce the velocity, and a safe distance was kept between the vehicles.  
The following are proved by this study:  
* The interaction between an adaptive cruise control system and indirect field-oriented control of the electric motor is presented, as well as how a good relationship between the two control strategies can improve the efficiency of electric vehicles.
* In the case of an adaptive cruise control scenario, a field-oriented control system for an induction machine proved good performance.
* A dSPACE platform was successfully used to develop a digital field-oriented control and a prototype electric traction system.
* The results obtained from the simulated system and from the experimental system prove the correct operation of the proposed implemented system.  
Future work on this topic will be the implementation of an adaptive cruise control system based on artificial intelligence. The capabilities of artificial intelligence systems and special sensors in an advanced adaptive cruise control system can be implemented with many features to make driving easier, safer, and more economical.  
Finally, this paper illustrates the operation of an adaptive cruise control in relation with an induction machine controlled in an indirect field-oriented manner considering an electric vehicle system concept.  
Conceptualization, D.M.P. and A.-M.P.; software, A.-M.P.; validation, A.-M.P. and D.M.P.; investigation, A.-M.P. and D.M.P.; writing--original draft preparation, A.-M.P.; writing--review and editing, A.-M.P.; supervision, D.M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
This paper was supported by the project \"Entrepreneurial competences and excellence research in doctoral and postdoctoral programs-ANTREDOC\", a project co-funded by the European Social Fund.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Implementation
### Fast Convolution  
Fast convolution employs the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to calculate the DFT, working on blocks of \(N\) input samples, with \(N\) generally a highly composite number (such as a power-of-two). Two algorithms are more commonly used in frequency domain implementations:  
* Overlap-add algorithm (OLA): \(N\) samples of each input are collected padded with zeros to make a \(2N\) block to which the transforms are applied and their product taken. The output is obtained by taking the inverse FFT of the convolution spectra every \(N\) samples. Since this is a \(2N\) block of samples, we will need to overlap each output block by \(N\) samples (the convolution size is actually \(2N-1\) samples, but we expect the last sample of the block to be zero). In a streaming process, this can be achieved by saving the last \(N\) samples of the previous output and mixing these with the first \(N\) samples from the current one. In this case, we will save the final \(N\) samples of the current output as we produce the final overlapped mix. This process is demonstrated in Figure 9.
* Overlap-save algorithm (OLS): \(2N\) samples are collected from one of the inputs, and \(N\) samples are collected from the other, padded to the filter length. The signals are aligned in such a way that the second half of the first input block corresponds to the start of the second. The products of their spectra is taken and then converted back to the time-domain. The first \(N\) samples of this block are discarded, and the second half is output. In a streaming implementation, each iteration will have saved the second half of the last input block (\(N\) samples) to use as the first block of the next input to the DFT. A flowchart for this algorithm is shown in Figure 10.  Since this algorithm depends on the circular property of the DFT, which cannot be guaranteed with a fully time-varying impulse response, it cannot be used in a practical implementation of the TVFIR described by Equations (24)-(26), This is because the OLS algorithm expects that the impulse response data will not vary over the duration of the convolution, which is not the case if both signals are continuously varying. Even in the more restricted scheme of stepwise replacement of impulse responses, the OLS algorithm does not appear to be applicable. With overlapping input blocks, we can no longer assume that the coefficients of the old and new filter are convolved with separate segments of the input signal.  
Figure 9: Fast overlap-add convolution, in this case using two arbitrary time-varying signals.  
As we noted before, although for longer filter lengths this is the fastest method, we will introduce a latency between input and output that might be objectionable in real-time processing. To mitigate this, the practical solution is to partition the filter size in shorter blocks and apply the process to these, as discussed in the next section.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a proposed system for UAV systems for THz communication with different channel-fading types is depicted for the first time. Moreover, a THz channel optimization algorithm is presented with the goal of reducing transmission power by enhancing the uplink and downlink transmission trajectories between the UAV and users. An optimization problem is formulated that searches between the UAV and users while meeting the communication requirements of each user. To solve this problem, an iterative algorithm is proposed that divides the original optimization problem into three sub-problems: the location of the UAV, the power of the users, and the bandwidth of each user in optimizing the three variables. A comprehensive analysis is provided by considering different fading channels. It is observed that the BER and outage probability are relatively high in the low-average SNR, but the BER and outage probability decrease considerably as the average SNR increases. This is observed across all average SNRs and, particularly, in Nakagami-m, where the achieved BER and outage probability are significantly low. Nakagami-m has the best performance compared with other fading channels, that is, Rician, Rayleigh, log-normal, and Weibull. Since they are part of a complete framework that will be helpful in future designs and deployments of new wireless systems, this confirms the value of these additional analytic representations.  
Future studies will include further research to gain a clear understanding of the full potential of THz communication schemes for future communication systems in more demanding channel environments. Furthermore, cooperative UAV systems will be discussed, and a study will be provided on how many UAVs are optimal in THz communication to reduce the BER within the scope of co-channel interference models.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
Figure 9: Average BER versus number of UAVs.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a tunable patch array based on high-order is proposed at the frequency of 300 GHz, achieving active controllable beam steering, focusing and generation of orbital angular momentum vortex beams. It has been demonstrated that the patch array can achieve wide beam scanning angle by controlling the phase of array elements with tunable phase shifters. Meanwhile, beam focusing on the specified position can also be realized by phase modulation of array elements based on the focusing theory. In addition, we also designed a patch array to generate vortex beams with multiple topological charges by high-order modes. The performances show that the patch antenna array we designed has a good application prospect.  
beam steering; focusing; patch array; vortex beam Article
## 1 Introduction
General FIR filtering allows the acceleration of filters by separable filtering [13; 14], image subsampling [15], and kernel subsampling [16]. Separable filters reduce the computational order from \(O(r^{2})\) to \(O(r)\), where \(r\) denotes the kernel radius. Separable filter requires the filtering kernel to be separable. Image subsampling and kernel subsampling are approximated acceleration. Image subsampling is faster than kernel subsampling; however, the accuracy of image subsampling is lower than that of kernel subsampling. For specific filters, such as Gaussian filters [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24], bilateral filters [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32], box filters [12; 33], and non-local means filters [32], various acceleration algorithms exist. In parameter-adaptive filters and other complex filters, however, there is no sophisticated way for acceleration. In such filters, there is no choice but to apply separable filtering, image subsampling, and kernel subsampling, with/without SIMD vectorization and MIMD parallelization. Separable filtering requires the filtering kernel to be separable, and such filters are not usually separable. Furthermore, image subsampling has low accuracy. Therefore, kernel subsampling with code optimization is the only solution. However, discontinuous access occurs in kernel subsampling; hence, the efficiency of vectorized programming greatly decreases. Therefore, we summarize the vectorized patterns of programming for sub-sampled filtering to verify the effective programming. Moreover, we propose an effective preprocessing of data structure transformation and vectorized filtering with the data structure for this case. Note that the transformation becomes overhead; thus, we focus on the situation that can ignore the pre-processing time. The situation is interactive filtering, such as photo editing. Once the data structure is transformed, then we can filter an image to seek optimal parameters without preprocessing, because the filtering image already has been converted. In this paper, we contribute the following: We summarize a taxonomy of vectorized programming of FIR image filtering as vectorization patterns. We propose a new vectorizing pattern. Moreover, the proposed pattern is oriented to kernel subsampling. These patterns with kernel subsampling accelerate FIR filters, which do not have sophisticated algorithms. Moreover, the proposed pattern is practical for interactive filters. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews general FIR filters. Section 3 systematizes vectorized programming for FIR image filters as vectorization patterns. Section 4 proposes a new vectorization pattern for FIR filtering. Section 5 introduces target algorithms of filtering for vectorization. Section 6 shows experimental results. Finally, Section 7 concludes this paper.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Experimental Conditions and Simulation Analysis  
The experimental data acquisition met the following standards:  
1. The test adopted the front wheel steering control method, and we set the control steering angles (steering sensor detection) to \(0^{\circ}\), \(-10^{\circ}\), and \(+10^{\circ}\).
2. For data collection, the serial port of the airborne ECU unit was used to directly output the front wheel steering angle, driving speed \(v\), and body attitude parameters, where the driving speed \(v\) was taken as the average of the speeds of the two rear wheels. The body attitude parameters included the machinery's three-axis angular velocity \((\omega_{x},\omega_{y},\omega_{z})\), the three-axis acceleration \((a_{x},\,a_{y},\,a_{z})\), and the geomagnetic relative heading angle.
3. A differential BeiDou positioning system was used to detect and calibrate the driving track, speed, and heading angle. Through coordinate conversion, absolute \(x\) and \(y\) coordinates and a course angle \(\delta^{\prime}\) based on the position of the starting point were obtained. The velocity data were converted by coordinate values to obtain the calibration velocity, and trajectory curve information was obtained using Formula (6).
4. Taking the starting point and the end point of the test trajectory data as the reference, combined with the sampling time, the Formula (8) was applied to obtain the actual steering angle value.  
To simulate the actual running conditions of the paddy field management machine, two test environments--cement ground and a subsiding paddy field--were selected (see Figure 5).
###### Abstract  
Chile is an important producer of copper, and it has serious soil contamination problems, mainly related to mining activities. A typical example is the Aconcagua River basin, which has been the scene of large-scale mining operations throughout history, making it critical to analyze due to the high concentrations of heavy metals in its soils. The objectives of this study are (1) to assess the level of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn contamination in the surface soil ecosystem based on different environmental indexes and (2) to determine the health risks of adults and children located in watersheds of the Aconcagua and Casablanca Rivers. A database of the Aconcagua River and Casablanca River basins is used to achieve the objectives. From the Aconcagua River basin, 20 topsoil samples from agricultural sectors without mining activity and 127 topsoil samples from sectors with mining activity were selected. On the other hand, thirty-five topsoil samples of the Casablanca River basin, without mining activity, were analyzed. The evaluation of soil contamination was done using environmental indexes. Finally, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks to humans were calculated using the USEPA model. The mean concentration of chemical elements in the Aconcagua River basin for samples without mining presence was As 10.55 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), Cu 85.75 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), Pb 26.65 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), and Zn 139.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\). The correlations show that the elements As, Cu, Pb, and Zn come from anthropogenic sources, which are also enhanced by the geogenic origin of Cu and Zn. The spatial distribution of the analyzed elements shows a spatial pattern that extends across industrial areas and emission sources, with higher concentrations of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn identified near mining areas of the Aconcagua River basin. The upper limit of the geogenic values determined by the MAD (median absolute deviation) method for the Aconcagua River basin without mining presence was 14.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for As, 94 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for Cu, 37.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for Pb, and 194 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for Zn. Finally, the geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, integrated contamination index, and potential ecological risk registered exceptionally high contamination in some soil samples, especially in areas with mining influence. It is essential to highlight that there are non-carcinogenic risks related to As, Cu, and Pb, a hazard quotient (HQ) higher than 1, and acceptable carcinogenic risks between 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) and 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) to As and Pb in children and adults in the Aconcagua River basin.  
_Article_
# Age- and Sex-Adjusted Reference Intervals in Tear Cytokine Levels in Healthy Subjects
###### Abstract  
Alternations in tear cytokine levels have been associated with various ocular disorders as compared to those in healthy subjects. However, age and sex are not always considered in these comparisons. In this study we aimed to establish age and sex reference intervals (RIs) for tear cytokine levels in healthy people. Tear samples were taken from 75 males and 82 females, aged 18-88 years, and tear cytokine levels were determined. Age- and sex-adjusted RIs for epidermal growth factor (EGF), fractalkine, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (RA), IL-7, IL-8, interferon inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tear cytokine levels in a healthy sample were established using generalized additive for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) models. RIs were tested in two external samples: a validation sample of 40 individuals with normal results at four Dry Eye Disease (DED) clinical diagnostic tests (OSDI, T-BUT, corneal staining and Schirmer test); and a utility sample of 13 severe DED cases. IL-1 RA, IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1 levels showed a positive association with age, while EGF was negatively correlated. IL-7 concentration increased up to 40 years and again after 70 years, observing a quasi-linear decrease between them. For VEGF, higher levels were observed in the middle-aged range. Regarding sex-influence, fractalkine tear levels were higher in men, whereas those of IL-7, IL-8, and IP-10 were higher in women. Using the estimated age- and sex-adjusted RIs, more than 92% of the validation sample was correctly classified, and 100% of the severe DED patients in the utility sample had concentrations outside the RIs in at least two of the cytokines evaluated.  
reference intervals; tear cytokines; age- and sex-influence; GAMLSS models; dry eye disease; biomarkers +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci.  
Acticle Age- and Sex-Adjusted Reference Intervals in Tear Cytokine Levels in Healthy Subjects  
[PERSON]  
1 IOBA (Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology), University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (IE); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.G.-V); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.M.H.)  
2 Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain 2  
3 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-47011 Valladolid, Spain 3  
4 Ophthalmology Service, University Clinic Hospital, E-47003 Valladolid, Spain 4  
5 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +34-983186369 6  
Present address: Immunology and Ocular Surface Unit, Hospital la Zarzuela, E-28023 Madrid, Spain.