## 4 Conclusions  
This paper describes a technique for updating the finite element model for composite plate structure using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. After the model is updated, the numerical results and experimental results exhibit a high degree of correspondence. The key findings are summed up as follows:  
* PSO demonstrates how it can be used to solve engineering-related issues. It can improve the accuracy of the FE analysis while reducing the calculation process with results that are close to the actual test of the structure. Furthermore, the initial FE model can be updated by selecting and adjusting the uncertain parameters of the structure. On the other hand, this procedure is combined with experimental results; consequently, the FE model is relatively accurate compared with reality(the most significant deviation between simulation and experimental measurements was noticeably reduced from 7.67% to 0.12%). Figure 16: Comparison of error frequency difference before and after model update using PSO. * Regarding the digital twinning creation, a temporary twin should first be created as soon as possible at the early stage of the operational stage. This work can be done by updating the uncertainty parameters of the FE model. Using PSO aids to speed up calculations while maintaining high model correctness. For structures using composites, updating material parameters is essential because the performance of single materials may not be fully utilized in the structure. * Updating the model can be applied to the structural damage assessment problem, localizing some damage when the structure has issues by taking the damaged area's parameters into variables for calculation. Finding these parameters will lead to accurate predictions about the deterioration of the structure, thereby suggesting measures to strengthen and repair or take measures to continue to serve the structure accordingly. * Although good results are obtained, experiments to determine the input (target) parameters of the structure need to be carefully defined. With large structures, field experiments will be a challenge. Uncertainty depends on the experience and opinion of the authors. * Regarding future work of this study, combining different optimization algorithms will be considered to improve the efficiency of model updating. On the other hand, new techniques will be developed to generate the data flow of the FE model, updated against the actual model's real-time data to deal with unexpected events. Conceptualization, J.M., M.Q.T. and Q.T.N. ; methodology, J.M., H.S.S. and Q.T.N. ; software, M.Q.T., S.F. and S.N.D. ; validation, J.M. and S.N.D. ; formal analysis, Q.T.N. ; investigation, S.F., M.Q.T. and S.N.D. ; resources, S.F. ; data curation, S.N.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.Q.T. and S.N.D. ; writing--review and editing, J.M. and S.N.D. ; visualization, S.F. and M.Q.T. ; supervision, J.M., H.S.S. and S.N.D. ; project administration, J.M. and S.N.D. ; funding acquisition, J.M., S.F. and S.N.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was partly financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), under reference UIDB/04029/2020, and under the Associate Laboratory Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems ARISE under reference LA/P/0112/2020. The presented work was performed in context of the Horizon Europe project SARIL which is funded by the European Union under grant agreement ID 101103978. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. [PERSON] was supported by the doctoral grant reference PRT/BD/154268/2022 financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), under the MIT Portugal Program (2022 MPP2030-FCT).