## 1 Introduction
These areas, which require light pollution control, are categorized into different light management zones, considering the varying lighting needs. This approach ensures that outdoor lighting is not uniformly restricted in all areas [17]. By optimizing power consumption, luminaire efficiency, and reducing upward light, effective street lighting with minimal environmental impact can be achieved [14]. According to the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), street lighting serves three key functions: ensuring safe movement for all road users, enhancing pedestrian visibility and security, and improving environmental aesthetics day and night [34]. Guidelines offer quantitative recommendations on luminance, spectral power distribution, and spatial light distribution, alongside energy and environmental criteria [33]. However, lighting efficiency cannot be fully quantified due to varying human perceptions, influenced by urban and architectural contexts [11; 28]. [PERSON]'s study [33] shows that despite meeting CIE standards, user dissatisfaction indicates a need for designs aligned with public expectations. By optimizing power consumption, luminaire efficiency and reducing upward-directed light, effective street lighting can be achieved with minimal environmental impact [14]. According to the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), street lighting fulfils three important functions: ensuring safe traffic for all road users, improving the visibility and safety of pedestrians, and improving environmental aesthetics day and night [34]. Guidelines provide quantitative recommendations on luminance, spectral power distribution and spatial light distribution as well as energy and environmental criteria [33]. However, lighting efficiency cannot be fully quantified because human perception varies and is influenced by the urban and architectural context [11; 28]. The study by [PERSON] [33] shows that, despite compliance with CIE standards, user dissatisfaction indicates the need for design based on public expectations. This article examines users' cognitive and emotional perceptions of the nocturnal environment and how these perceptions influence rational lighting decisions. As [PERSON] notes, the design of lighting systems is of greater importance than simply selecting luminairesbased on cost and energy efficiency [14]. Perception is influenced by variables such as gender, age, experience, culture, and spatial context [11]. Psychological, sociological, and aesthetic factors are crucial. Reduced night-time lighting can improve privacy, facilitate observation of the night sky, and reduce energy costs and light pollution, all of which contribute to sustainable urban development. In terms of energy efficiency, illuminance is a quantifiable parameter. However, sustainable lighting must also take into account user perception, which varies depending on the spatial context, including the urban and architectural environment. Lighting should be used exactly where it is needed and effective. An optimal balance between lighting needs, aesthetics, and intensity is crucial, as the same luminaire can create different visual effects depending on the spatial conditions. Focusing on a user-centered approach to physical environmental experience, the following questions are addressed:  
Is urban lighting necessary for users, and if so, where is it necessary? To what extent is it necessary to light public areas? How can we incorporate the human dimension into the artificial night lighting of public open spaces? Does the lighting arrangement of a particular place or object meet the expectations of the public? Based on the research questions raised, a hypothesis emerges that has far-reaching implications for the comprehensive management of open space lighting, but at the same time is relatively simple methodologically and quickly leads to results of great significance. The null hypothesis here is:  
**Hypothesis 1 (H1).