# Improving the Resilience of High-Speed Rail Systems from a Configuration Perspective
## 3 Research Method
### Data Analysis Tools  
Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 25 was used to conduct multiple regression analysis, aiming at checking the multicollinearity among driving variables and the linear relationship between driving variables and HSR system resilience improvement. Several parameters should be interpreted in the process of using this analysis tool. First, the correlation coefficient value is reflected between \(-1\) and \(+1\). If the value is 0, it shows that there is no relation between the two groups. If the value is closer to 1 or \(-1\), it shows that they are strongly positively or negatively related, respectively [70]. Second, R\({}^{2}\) is usually referred to as measure of goodness of fit. The closer the value of R\({}^{2}\) to 1, the better the regression line fits the observation [71]. Third, the standardized slope coefficient represents the degree to which the independent variable affects the dependent variable [72]. Fourth, variance inflation factor (VIF) measures the multicollinearity severity in a multiple linear regression model. If the value is bigger than five, multicollinearity may occur in estimating the beta coefficients [73]. FsQCA version 2.5 was used to identify the potential configurations of driving variables from a holistic perspective. Compared with multi regression analysis, fsQCA focuses on causal recipes, which hold the same result may originate from distinct combinations \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Items/Indicators** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Independent variables} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{OS} & We will separate the execution and supervision departments. \\  & The organization structure can keep information smoothly delivery. \\  & We will implement organizational changes and process update, aiming to adapt the \\  & environment changes. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{OE} & Team members trust each other and have a sense of cooperation and teamwork ability. \\  & Key team members have a certain degree of redundancy. \\  & We will allow team members to make decision in emergencies. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SO} & We will establish the high-speed rail emergency command and rescue management system. \\  & We will develop real-time operation and maintenance management system. \\  & We will develop the health files of each HSR line. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DW} & We will establish early warning management system \\  & We will improve the system automation degree. \\  & We will set up dynamic detection and monitoring system. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{PA} & The decision-making department has the ability to respond quickly. \\  & The executive department has emergency response capabilities. \\  & The dispatch system is established and sound. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{FR} & We will have fast restoration speed. \\  & We will set up targeted restoration proposal. \\  & We will have strong execution. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{AT} & We will establish HSR accident case database and conduct data mining. \\  & We will learn lessons by the way of summarizing major accidents and typical accidents. \\  & We will improve HSR system based on previous accidents. \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Dependent variable} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{HSR resilience improvement} & High resilience can improve HSR system’s safety, reliability and punctuality \\  & High resilience can reduce the effect of disturbance \\  & High resilience can contribute HSR system to recovery normal function after damaged \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._of causal conditions [74]. To obtain a fuzzy set score, the first step for using fsQCA was variables calibration. The threshold for full membership of the condition (fuzzy score of 0.95), full non-membership (fuzzy score 0.05), and the crossover point (fuzzy score 0.5) were adopted in this study. After variable calibration, the necessary conditions were examined. If a variable's consistency was bigger than 0.9, it was regarded as a necessary condition [75].