## 5 Cutting Tool Characterization Results  
After machining 40 workpieces, the morphology wear was revised with an optic microscope. The results of the microscopy analysis were categorized based on the cutting tool material and the aging time of the workpiece. The Figures 6-8 were labeled to identify the insert type and age of the workpiece. The acronyms SCGN and CNMG refer to the ceramic and coated carbide insert, respectively, and the symbol five or 12 at the end of the acronym represents the age strengthening of the cast iron, and the letter F or R represents the flank wear or rake face. The research tested four inserts, and two of the cutting tools were ceramic, which is on the top side of Figure 6, and flank wear displays the contrast between machining materials with five or 12 days since they left the foundry. The notch wear and crater were the representative damage in the tool that machined the materials within five days of aging. In contrast, the cutting tool used to machinery with the material with 12 days of aging has a normal flank wear and material adhesion. Furthermore, the performance of the cover carbide tool is at the bottom in Figure 6. The chipping and adhesion material was on the flank wear and rake face, considering the insert that machined the material with five days of age straightening. As a result of the machining of the material 12 days after the casting process, normal flank wear with adhesion combined with plastic deformation was observed. In Figure 7, an isometric view of the cutting tools is presented. Figure 7-SCGN5F shows that the tool has deep grooves on the flank due to the abrasion mechanism; a similar result of the wear type was observed in previous research for ceramic and PCBN cutting tools [35]. In comparison with this work, SCGN5F exhibits a severe abrasion that could be a consequence of the cutting speed of the tool and the aging time of the workpiece. The cutting speed is the same for SCGN5F and SCGN12F. Therefore, the wear type is associated only with the piece of GCI according to the aging time [12]. Consequently, for the machining of a workpiece of five days of aging time, the SCGN5 exhibited a flank wear of major abrasion compared with SCGN12F. Nevertheless, the ceramic cutting tool is more resistant to abrasion than the carbide coated insert [19]; the workpiece becomes more abrasive in relation to the aging time, which causes the hard particles to appear in the material. The hard particles can be detached of the workpiece when the tools move along the contact zone, causing abrasion in the cutting direction. The most desirable tool failure is a flank wear uniform and smooth, as shown in the Figure 7-SCGN12F. This type of wear results from abrasion and exhibits a predictable behavior that changes progressively with time. In addition, the machining of the GCI piece of 12 days of aging time improved. Unlike SCGN5F, the worn flank of the SCGN12F does not show a serious crater in the corner and its flank wear is \(\sim\)0.150 mm, which is  
Figure 5: EDS Map of GCI. approximately three times more minor than the flank wear of SCGN5F, which represents a value permissible for ceramic cutting tools. Figure 6: Tool wear analyzed by optical microscope. Figure 7: SEM micrograph of cutting tool flank wear. The morphology of the rake face and flank of the coated carbide tools is shown in the Figure 7 (CNMG5F and CNMG12F). The CNMG insert consists of a coating of a double layer (Al2O3 and TiCN) that wears progressively (see Figure 6-CNMG5R) due to the high cutting speed and the characteristics of the GCI, which is more abrasive and adhesive at five days of aging. In contrast to ceramic tools, serious adhesive wear (BUE formation) on the rake face and a minor amount of material adhered on the flank of the CNMG5F were observed. The morphology of the tools examined for the optic microscope and SEM indicate that the main wear mechanism in the flank and rake face of the SCGNSF and SCGN12F inserts is abrasive wear.