esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
### Contribution  
To summarize, the contribution of this research is the deep analysis of an integrated model that took into account the main functions of production planning, quality control, and maintenance, where unreliable subcontracting strategies were available to support demand satisfaction. The proposed model defined appropriate countermeasures by considering the level of inventory, the evolution of defectives, and the dynamics of failures and repairs, and a continuous-time stochastic process was used to model the underlying dynamics of the production system. This research aimed to extend previous results of the conventional system presented in [PERSON] et al. [13] and mainly in the studies of [PERSON] et al. [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28], which investigated the effective coordination of production and subcontracting policies in the case of progressive quality decline. The mathematical complexity and the stochastic behavior of the proposed production system imposed several challenges, which were overcome with the use of a methodology based on several techniques, such as a semi-Markov process, stochastic optimal control, and simulation-based optimization. In our view, this research has three major contributions that make a distinction concerning the existing literature:  
1. The influence of quality decline on the production, subcontracting, and maintenance control rule in a dynamic and stochastic context, which remain important issues in the field of manufacturing systems, was studied.
2. Several production and maintenance models were developed by considering subcontracting in the context of deterioration, but they were limited to the case where subcontracting was always reliable. The key observation about the present model was that we aimed to extend such an assumption to study the impact of unreliable subcontracting.
3. We proposed a novel stochastic optimal control model that is characterized by the use of the history of the deterioration process, leading to a semi-Markov model that effectively coordinated production and unreliable subcontracting.  
The proposed model was extensively examined with a performance analysis of a numerical example and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. The economic advantage of the proposed integrated model was highlighted in a comparative study. The next sections present the assumptions, the problem description, the control, and the simulation model used to reach the objectives proposed by the three contributions.  
The rest of this paper is structured as follows: The assumptions; the problem description; and the definitions of the production, subcontracting, and maintenance policies are presented in Section 2. The resolution approach is detailed in Section 3. The simulation model used in the optimization phase is introduced and validated in Section 4. A numerical case study is presented in Section 5. An extensive sensitivity analysis and a comparative study are discussed in Section 6. An indifference curve that was used to analyze the trade off between internal production and subcontracting is also presented in Section 6. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 7.
## 1 Introduction
[19], who detected phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, isorhamnetin 3-rhammosylglucose, isorhamnetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside-7-rhammoside, and Isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside in sea buckthorn extract, found that these compounds exhibited an affinity for bacterial cell walls, leading to perturbations in membrane integrity and subsequent efflux of intracellular constituents. Extracts produced from sea buckthorn can be used as natural additives for packaging materials to increase their functionality. To date, sea buckthorn extracts have been tested for use in the modification of polymers, such as chitosan [20; 21], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [22], starch [23], and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [24]. The use of sea buckthorn extracts in PBS has yet to be studied, but it is suspected that it may not only impart antioxidant activity, but may also improve the antimicrobial properties of the materials, which are particularly important for packaging foods sensitive to oxidation and microbial contamination. Key aspects, such as the dispersion of bioactive compounds, their stability in a polymer matrix, and their effect on film properties remain the subject of intensive research. Understanding these interactions is crucial for designing materials that effectively combine sustainability with improved food-preservation capabilities. The differences resulting from the use of supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) and chloroform as solvents for the extraction of active compounds from sea buckthorn are mainly due to their different physicochemical properties, which affect the selectivity and composition of the extracts obtained. Supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) extraction is an ideal process for isolating lipophilic bioactive compounds, like carotenoids, tocopherols, and unsaturated fatty acids. Thanks to controlled temperature and pressure, CO\({}_{2}\) allows pure extracts with high biological activity to be obtained without the risk of the thermal degradation of valuable components [25]. Alternatively, chloroform, as an organic solvent, makes it possible to extract compounds of more diverse composition. In the context of applications in PBS film modification, CO\({}_{2}\) extracts provide compounds with strong antioxidant properties, while chloroform extracts can introduce additional functional groups, potentially affecting interactions with the polymer matrix. The choice of extraction method should therefore take into account the intended application and properties of the target material. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of sea buckthorn extracts on the physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties of PBS films in the context of their potential use as food packaging. Key characteristics of the films, such as their mechanical properties, as well as their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, were considered in this study. These results provide new data on the use of natural plant extracts in biodegradable materials, highlighting their potential to create more sustainable and functional solutions for the food industry.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of NTP on Sublethal Injury  
Sublethal injury (SI) is a consequence of exposure to a chemical or physical process that damages but does not kill microorganism cells [40]. Bacteria death can be induced by the effect of one or more sublethal treatments on a microorganism. Sublethal injury implies that cell membrane permeability or functional cell components of microorganisms are damaged. The degree of damage can be estimated by the difference in plate counts between non-selective and selective media as a proportion or percentage of the entire population [23]. Plasma interactions with bacteria are quite complex, the dose-dependent effects range from lethal to sublethal [34].  
Figures 3 and 4 show the percentage of sublethal injury as a function of the NTP exposure time for _S. typhimurium_ and _S. aureus_, respectively. The maximum value and time to reach a maximum peak of sublethal injury varied with medium state, pH, and osmolarity.  
Figure 3: Changes in sublethal injury (%) of _S. typhimurium_ during DBD-NTP treatment. Cells were inactivated on glass and gelatin surfaces (**a**) and in liquid suspensions of NaCl (**b**), PBS (**c**), and BSA (**d**).  
The maximum value of SI of _S. aureus_ was consistently higher than that of _S. typhimurium_ during the whole treatment period, both on solid surfaces (glass and gelatin) and in liquid (NaCl and PBS solution) media. This maximum illustrates the phenomenon of injury accumulation finally culminating into cell death [41], and coincides to the start of a new phase in the inactivation kinetics. For example, when _S. typhimurium_ was treated in 2.0% NaCl solution, SI increased rapidly with exposure time and reached the maximum value 45.35% at 40 s. Then it decreased progressively. However, in 0.9% NaCl, SI value increased along with the exposure time and reached the maximum value >70% at 80 s (Figure 3b). When _S. typhimurium_ was treated in 1 % BSA phosphate buffered solution, sublethal damage increased with increasing exposure time and reached the maximum value 90.74% after 140 s. However, in 12% BSA, it increased to only approximate 55% after 140s' treatment (Figure 3d). SI values for _S. typhimurium_ on gelatin plates were consistently higher than those on glass slides regardless of exposure time (Figure 3a). However, there was no difference in SI values between pH 6.0 and 7.3 bacterial suspensions in the first 60 s. After 60 s, SI values in pH 7.3 medium was higher than those in pH 6.0 medium (Figure 3c). Similar results were also noticed with _S. aureus_ (Figure 4). [PERSON] et al. [11] found that a maximum SI value was usually detected at optimal conditions or moderately stressing environmental conditions. However, our results indicate that in DBD-NTP treatment, maximum SI values for individual bacteria species could be affected by various factors.
# Leveraging IPv6 and ICMPv6 for Delay-Tolerant Networking in Deep Space
## 2 Comparative Study of BPv7 and IPv6 Functionalities
### Feature Analysis
#### 2.3.6 Time to Live  
IPv6 uses a hop limit field to prevent indefinite packet circulation, decrementing the value at each hop. BPv7 instead implements a lifetime expiration mechanism or Time-To-Leave (TTL) for bundles, which is more suited to the long delays in DTN environments. Adapting IPv6 for DTNs might involve modifying the interpretation of the hop limit, extending IPv6 with a TTL feature, or relying on other mechanisms to remove no longer useful packets from the network.
# Research Progress Regarding the Precision of Dosing and Distribution Devices for Fertilizers
## 3 Problems  
There are numerous key issues in the current research on the precise fertilizer dosing and distribution by fertilizer dischargers, which need to be addressed thoroughly to enhance the accuracy, stability, and applicability of the fertilizer discharge system. The existing problems are outlined as follows:  
Figure 37: Schematic diagram of the partial structure of the fertilizer distributor. Note: \(\alpha\) is the inclination angle of the fertilizer discharge port. 1. distributor inlet; 2. distributor housing; 3. fertilizer discharge port.  
Figure 38: Structural diagram of the air distribution device. Note: 1. deflector; 2. air inlet; 3. deflector opening angle; 4. exhaust port.  
First, when measuring the physical and mechanical properties of particles, idealized algorithms are often utilized, resulting in certain errors in the obtained results. To ensure more accurate measurement outcomes, a deeper exploration of precise measurement methods is required, which may involve improving algorithms and using more advanced measurement equipment to enhance the accuracy and reliability of measurements.  
Secondly, when establishing a mechanical model of fertilizer particles, mechanical and kinematic analyses typically focus solely on individual particles, with the movement among particle groups often ignored and not thoroughly explored. In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the fertilizer discharge performance, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the movement between particle groups to enhance the simulation accuracy of the actual situation.  
Thirdly, in simulation, field, and other trials, only a single or few indicators are commonly selected to evaluate the fertilizer discharge performance. To ensure a more comprehensive assessment of the performance of fertilizer discharges, additional evaluation indicators should be considered, taking into account external factors such as working conditions and terrain. This approach will aid in optimizing the design of fertilizer discharges and provide more sufficient data support.  
Fourthly, the majority of fertilizer discharges employ flexible materials in the construction of fertilizer delivery devices, such as spiral blades or grooved wheels, to minimize particle breakage and reduce torque fluctuations. However, due to limitations in manufacturing materials and processes, further research is required on flexible fertilizer discharges. The exploration of new flexible materials or improved processes may be necessary to enhance their stability and longevity.  
Finally, in view of the situation that there are many varieties of fertilizers with different physical properties, it is necessary to conduct adaptability research on more varieties of fertilizers. The design of fertilizer discharges should account for the characteristics of different fertilizers to ensure wider applicability in practical applications. This may require more extensive testing and data collection to optimize the design of fertilizer discharges.
# Fault Diagnosis of Vehicle Gerboxes Based on Adaptive Wavelet Threshold and LT-PCA-NGO-SVM
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions
### Conclusions  
To address the issue of low accuracy in classifying noisy fault signals, this article proposes a new adaptive wavelet denoising function and logarithmic principal component analysis method to effectively optimize and enhance the accuracy of the SVM algorithm in detecting noisy fault signals. The proposed algorithm, compared with methods solely focused on fault classification, is innovative and yields the following conclusions:  
1. A new wavelet threshold function is adopted, reducing signal noise by optimizing parameters through a simulated annealing algorithm. The fault characteristics of the signal after noise reduction are clearer than those before noise reduction and other noise reduction methods, providing a better foundation for subsequent signal processing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **Classification Accuracy (\%)** \\ \hline SVM & 85 \\ NGO-SVM & 96.65 \\ MFO-SVM & 89.2 \\ PSO-SVM & 91.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Classification accuracy of different optimization algorithms.  
2. In comparison with existing fault feature vector extraction methods, this article combines PCA and data compression to mitigate the abnormal influence caused by outliers in the feature vector. The combined algorithm, as opposed to traditional dimensionality reduction algorithms, delivers accurate feature data for data classification.  
Through a series of experiments, the selected algorithm proves superior to traditional methods in denoising, dimensionality reduction, and recognition classification, achieving an average classification accuracy of 96.65%. The system may be influenced by factors such as input speed fluctuations, shaft alignment, and gear clearance, potentially causing interference with gear meshing and resulting in errors between the failure frequency and the theoretical value. This aspect is not explored in depth in this paper, and future studies will conduct a thorough analysis of the multifactorial signals affecting vibration to deepen our understanding further.  
Conceptualization, Q.Z.; Data curation, Q.Z. and C.S.; Funding acquisition, Q.Z.; Investigation, C.S.; Methodology, C.S.; Project administration, Q.Z.; Software, C.S.; Super-vision, Y.Y.; Writing--original draft, C.S.; Writing--review and editing, Q.Z. and C.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Project (Funding number: GY-Z21004) and Fujian University of Technology Project (Funding number: GY-Z20170).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 5 Experimental Results
### Quantitative Results
#### 5.3.3 Performance of DA System and Model Forecasting  
Four assimilation control experiments were conducted: NO without rescaling; CON with a constant rescaling factor; CUTE-ST updates the entire construction of the **B**-matrix at the end of each iteration; DRL-AST has spatially and temporally varying adaptive rescaling  
Figure 4: Experimental results of sensitivity to (**a**) time variation and (**b**) the number of rescaling factors. Solid red dots represent optimal results, and solid yellow dots represent suboptimal results. Figure 5: Returns gained during the training phase for experiments (daily variation and 20 blocks). Each data point is the mean return of the last 35 episodes. factors, as described in Section 4.
# Enhanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation Using Low-Rank Adaptation
## 2 Related Work
### Computational Efficiency and Latency Challenges in RAG Systems  
RAG has emerged as a powerful paradigm to enhance the factuality and relevance of large language models by incorporating external knowledge sources during inference. However, traditional RAG systems suffer from significant computational inefficiencies due to the long input sequences created by concatenating multiple retrieved documents. This not only increases the training latency but also introduces position bias and token inefficiency, especially in long-context generation tasks [16].  
Recent studies have highlighted these limitations and proposed architectural innovations to address them. For example, speculative RAG [17] introduces a modular two-stage framework, in which a lightweight specialist model drafts multiple candidate answers in parallel from diverse document subsets. These drafts are then verified by a larger generalist model in a single pass, effectively reducing the token length per input while maintaining or improving the answer accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach reduces latency by up to 50.83% on datasets such as PubHealth, without sacrificing answer quality.  
Our work builds upon these insights by incorporating an MMR-based re-ranking mechanism prior to document encoding. Unlike computationally intensive re-rankers such as cross-encoders or multi-stage retrieval models, MMR offers explicit control over the relevance-diversity trade-off with minimal overhead. As such, it serves as a highly scalable and explainable component within RAG pipelines, especially suitable for road traffic legal and regulatory domains where latency and interpretability are critical.
# Compact Ultra-Wideband Series-Feed Microstrip Antenna Arrays for IoT Communications
###### Abstract  
Modern communication systems require high bandwidth to meet the needs of the huge number of sensors and the growing amount of data consumed, and an exponential growth is expected in the future with the integration of internet of things networks. Spectrum regions in the millimeter waves have aroused new interests, mainly because of the contiguous bands available to meet these needs. In return, and to combat the high losses of propagation in these frequencies, higher gain antennas are needed. This paper describes the use of a logarithmic architecture in the design of microstrip antenna arrays, creating structures with high gain and ultra-wide bandwidth. Three different solutions are presented with five, seven, and nine elements, reaching about 25%, 30%, and 44% of bandwidth, achieving ultra-wideband behavior, efficient and with a compact structure operating at frequencies in around 28 GHz.  
ultra-wideband; microstrip antennas; antenna arrays; IoT +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
## 2 Current Technology
### New Frontiers in Sports Technology  
Based on the advice presented in the examined articles, the best approach for future application studies is to start the project planning process by identifying the needs of the patient in relation to the progress of technologies, rather than starting with the technologies to be implemented in the medical field [26]. Following this recommendation, the focus of this review is on the segment of patients identified as \"professional sportsmen\" and their needs in relation to telemedicine and nutrition. One of the first elements analyzed by systems applied to sports is the athlete's energy consumption related to training sessions. Among the hypothesized models, the most suitable is the one based on IoT technology, often integrated with cloud computing [27]. This model involves mobile/wearable devices [28] and provides a new vision of the athlete's performance, compatible with the user-centered design philosophy. Personalized and balanced nutrition is also essential for multiple functions related to training and recovery [29], based on the patient and their daily activities. Combining the evidence published in the sports nutrition sector, personalized and controlled nutrition is necessary to optimize the recovery of connective tissues [30], improve performance [31; 32], and balance carbohydrate and protein intake for endurance-type sports [33]. However, the efforts of professionals alone may not be enough to achieve such a level of personalization in sports nutrition [34; 35]. In sports such as swimming and skiing, other needs for analysis and improvement of the athlete's skills have been identified. For example, at high levels of sporting competition, the difference between the winner and the loser is very subtle, and motion capture technology and analysis through artificial intelligence are required to predict sports efficiency in swimming [36]. Skiing also benefits from audio-visual support during the training phase, allowing the athlete to have a tangible reference for their movements and reduce the incidence of injuries [37].
## 4 Mixed-Flow Load-Balanced Scheduling (MFLBS)
### Dynamic Routing Network
#### 4.1.1 Initial Path Selection  
Data centers have different requirements for stream transmission services. We adopt the highest weight first served (HWFS) strategy to assign the corresponding priority \(p^{f_{k}}\) to the newly arrived stream \(f_{k}\) in the network, and then, the switch will execute the tasks in descending order according to the priority of the flow in the queue. We use [PERSON]'s algorithm to determine the best initial path of \(f_{k}\) according to the current network utilization state to make full use of the free bandwidth in the network and achieve the purpose of load balancing. It is worth noting that the priority of each stream is not fixed and can be modified according to the deadline, service requirements, network state, etc., but the priority determined in the current time slot is used for routing selection.