## 4 Discussion
### Confirmation of [PERSON]'s Field Observations  
[PERSON] [2] wrote a seminal paper on the formation of Dungeness foreland and visited the ness in 1929 and 1931. His observations of accretion around the point at Dungeness are recorded in a sketch (Figure 9A). [PERSON] [2] noted that the orientation of the beach with respect to the prevailing south-west waves was critical in determining the rates of longshore drift and beach accretion at the southern end of Dungeness. He noted that 'when the bend was slight it had little effect upon the rate of drift, but as it (Dungeness point) became sharper the drift along the leeward shore was lessened. For the prevalent south-west waves which cause this drift are so weakened in swinging round the bend that in spite of their great obliquity they are unable to drift material northwards from the Ness as rapidly as they bring it along the southern shore. This results in large supplies of shingle accumulating immediately around the point, which in turn is built into ridges overlapping the point by the south-west waves, thus causing the Ness to advance seawards' [2] (p. 3190). [PERSON] termed the projections on the ness'salients,' while recent modelling shows that such features can be formed by high-angle waves [24].  
The same processes and resulting accretion patterns can be seen occurring today using Lidar data collected in 2017 and 2021 (Figure 9B,C). The 2017 survey (Figure 9B) shows two small salients of around 450 m wavelength that are migrating north [24]. By 2021, the northern salient has become reduced, and the southern salient has continued to migrate north (Figure 9C). Topographic survey data from 2010 to 2016 [24] (Figure 3) shows that the salients had formed in 2013-2014 in response to high-angle waves [24]. These were incorrectly described as sand waves by [24] because they are primarily composed of gravel, and we prefer the non-genetic term salient following the precedent set by [2]. It is notable that these features formed during the winter of 2013 when wave modelling by [24] showed a dominance of high-angle waves from the south-west. We suggest that they are formed of sediment eroded from the swash aligned south-west side of Dungeness and deposited at the Ness as the waves refract around the point, creating spits at the apex of the ness that become reverved as the dominant south-west waves are refracted around the ness and then reattached to the shore. The reattachment of spits creates depressions, known locally as pits, that are noted by [4]. The northward movement of shingle continues along the east side of the ness. This is in contrast to [2], who stated that 'the south-westerly and southerly waves are very much reduced in size after swinging round to reach this le  
Figure 9: Salients close to the apex of Dungeness; (**A**) as illustrated by [PERSON] (1932). (**B**) Lidar data from 2017 and (**C**) Lidar data from 2021 showing the recent development of salients and echelon beach ridge formation.  
shore, and can therefore be neglected' [2], p. 21. Between Lydd on Sea and Greatstone, northward longshore drift deceases and converges with westward longshore drift [4,12]. This northward decrease in longshore drift is accompanied by a decrease in the thickness and the width of the shingle beach at Dungeness, as well as a decrease in the number of preserved beach ridges. This northward transport continues in 2020 and 2021.