esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Angular Coefficient Analysis  
A quantification of cell invasiveness often associated with scratch wound healing assays is the computation of the angular coefficient, which is the slope of the linear relation between average wound area and time. This simple calculation measures the closing rate of the scratch and thus summarizes in a single number the information of interest.  
In the analysis here reported, the ability of the different methods of evaluating this parameter is explored, and particularly, the reliability of the measure as a function of the time course's length and the number of time points is studied.  
Indeed, the structure of the time course, which is highly dependent on the experimental conditions, can affect the result of the angular coefficient calculation, and thus, a desirable characteristic for an analysis method is the ability of reliably estimating this parameter, independently of the number of available time points.  
Figure 5 reports, for each method, the distribution of the ratio between the invasiveness of the TGF-\(\beta\)1-treated cells and that of the control population. These angular coefficients were calculated considering each one of the 57 possible combinations of the available time points and can thus be considered as a good benchmark for the reliability of the considered methods. Indeed, the invasiveness was evaluated with a number of time points ranging from 2-6, and the total time course duration was varied between 4 and 48 h.  
The application of the ImageJ macro was determined to be the least reliable method due to its intrinsically higher variability and significant number of outliers. TScratch, the manual analysis and the ground truth were associated with a generally accurate estimation, despite the presence of a few outliers. As a consequence, with these methods, care must be taken when designing the experiments, as the chosen time course might alter the result.  
Figure 5: Distribution of the differential invasiveness of TGF-\(\beta\)1-treated cells and the control population computed using each one of the 57 different combinations of the acquired time points using all the considered methods. Among them, AIM is the one associated with the lowest variability of this parameter.  
On the other hand, AIM was characterized by a remarkable capacity of reliably estimating the angular coefficient independently of the time course. In this case, only two outliers were recorded, both very close to the narrow main distribution. This result is likely to be connected with the filtering effect of local operations, which assigns to each pixel the result of an operation on its neighborhood. The relation between wound area and time will thus be more linear and less dependent on factors such as cell density and the regularity of the cell front. This, in turn, will lead to a stable and reliable estimation of the angular coefficient.
## 3 Results
### Temporal Evolution of Polarimetric Observables
#### 3.1.4 Rvi  
The radar vegetation index (RVI) showed the evolution of the vegetation cover in the study area during the whole growing season, as shown in Figure 8 (The values of three main crops (corn, soybean, and winter wheat) are shown in the supplementary Table S4). The RVI value of most crops first showed a trend of gradual rise and then began to decline in August, indicating that with the growth of crops, the randomness of crops increases, and the structure of vegetation becomes more and more complex. The RVI of all crops reached a peak in August and September. Among the main crops (corn, soybean, and winter wheat), the RVI of soybean increased sharply with crop growth (from May to July), reaching the peak of RVI in July, and maintaining a relatively stable RVI value (about 0.6) from mid-July to September when leaves were flourishing, then RVI decreased due to the falling-off of leaves at senescence and harvest. The RVI of corn peaked in August and then decreased with senescence and harvest. Due to the unique sowing time, the RVI value of winter wheat was relatively high in late June. The variation trend of tobacco and forage was similar, butthe fluctuation of RVI of tobacco was slightly larger than that of forage. The change of RVI in watermelon was the most obvious among all crops, especially during the mature period (September to October), when leaves withered and RVI showed a sharp decline.
# Rapid-DEM: Rapid Topographic Updates through Satellite Change Detection and UAS Data Fusion
## 4 Discussion  
Rapid-DEM represents a novel framework to identify and contextualize potential topographic change in rapidly developing regions, prioritizing sites to update DEMs with fused UAS data. The case study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approach, however, additional improvements in change detection and the priority queue can increase the efficiency and accuracy of the framework.  
Figure 16: Micro basins derived from the (**A**) USGS NED DEM and (**B**) fused DEM indicate that the development generally preserved the existing basins.  
Figure 15: Spatial patterns of surface water flow depths computed using the USGS NED DEM (**A**), UAS DEM (**B**) and the fused DEM (**C**). The fusion ensured smooth flow between the USGS NED DEM and the area mapped by UAS.
###### Abstract  
This study proposes an integrated, machine learning-based multi-objective optimization framework to evaluate and optimize the utilization of steel slag in road base layers, simultaneously addressing economic costs and environmental impacts. A comprehensive dataset of 482 scenarios was engineered based on literature-informed parameters, encompassing transport distance, processing energy intensity, initial moisture content, gradation adjustments, and regional electricity emission factors. Four advanced tree-based ensemble regression algorithms--Random Forest Regressor (RFR), Extremely Randomized Trees (ERTs), Gradient Boosted Regressor (GBR), and Extreme Gradient Boosting Regressor (XGBR)--were rigorously evaluated. Among these, GBR demonstrated superior predictive performance (R\({}^{2}\) > 0.95, RMSE < 7.5), effectively capturing complex nonlinear interactions inherent in slag processing and logistics operations. Feature importance analysis via SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) provided interpretative insights, highlighting transport distance and energy intensity as dominant factors affecting unit cost, while moisture content and grid emission factor predominantly influenced CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Subsequently, the Gradient Boosted Regressor model was integrated into a Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) framework to explore optimal trade-offs between cost and emissions. The resulting Pareto front revealed a diverse solution space, with significant nonlinear trade-offs between economic efficiency and environmental performance, clearly identifying strategic inflection points. To facilitate actionable decision-making, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was applied, identifying an optimal balanced solution characterized by a transport distance of 47 km, energy intensity of 1.21 kWh/ton, moisture content of 6.2%, moderate gradation adjustment, and a grid CO\({}_{2}\) factor of 0.47 kg CO\({}_{2}\)/kWh. This scenario offered a substantial reduction (45%) in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions relative to cost-minimized solutions, with a moderate increase (33%) in total cost, presenting a realistic and balanced pathway for sustainable infrastructure practices. Overall, this study introduces a robust, scalable, and interpretable optimization framework, providing valuable methodological advancements for sustainable decision making in infrastructure planning and circular economy initiatives.  
multi-objective optimization; steel slag; cost-emission optimization; tree-based ensemble learning; NSGA-II 2020 IEEE/RSG International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IEEE), Vol., pp. 1-10, 2018-2018, 2020.
## 1 Introduction
### Problem and Objectives  
As already seen, there are some techniques to mitigate current interactions in modular three-phase rectifiers with boost converter and PFC, some of which stand out better than others. The problem is that these techniques to mitigate current interactions have some characteristics that may be undesirable, such as the increase in volume, weight, saturation, and constructive complexity.  
To solve these problems (volume, weight, saturation, and constructive complexity), it is proposed to introduce DMCF in each boost converter (between the inductor and the switching transistor) of the modular three-phase rectifier, to filter the current interactions. In the same way, isolate the supply circuit with the control circuit as much as possible using the interface circuit, but without losing simultaneous operation.  
The general objective of this work is to propose a modular three-phase rectifier (three modules) with boost converters and power factor correction capable of mitigating current interactions through the DMCF. To achieve the general objective, it is essential to outline the specific objectives. Thus, the specific objectives to be achieved are as follows:  
* Demonstrate that the DMCF is capable of mitigating the current interaction that appears in three-phase modular rectifiers (three modules) with boost converters and power factor correction;
* Show that the interface circuit is able to isolate the power circuit with the control circuit in order to avoid current interactions;
* Enable other researchers to replicate the proposed circuit by simulation and prove its functionality or develop improvements.
## 3 Simulation Results
### Single Noise Simulations  
The inner part of the circle with a radius equal to \(R_{mic}\) - \(0.1\) m was assumed as the ROI, and feedback FxLMS ANC simulations were performed on the noise source, which had a single frequency component (ranging from \(20\) to \(200\) Hz in \(15\)-Hz increments). Figure 7 shows the average noise reduction and variance within the ROI after adaptive filter convergence. The comparison of Figures 5 and 7 reveals that the relative noise reduction and variance according to the change of \(R_{mic}\) and \(R_{s}\) yield similar outcomes. At some specific frequency, such as \(35\) or \(110\) Hz, there was a large gap in value of the wave field  
Figure 6: Block diagram of adaptive feedback FxLMS.  
reproduction error. However, because the variance was nearly the same, the noise reduction uniformity for space and wave field reproduction result were the same.
## 4 Discussion
### Plant Growth Performance  
Leaves fresh weight of the rocket plants that received additional Fe during their cultivation outweigh the plants of the other two treatments; however, the differences between this group and Fe + K group were not statistically significant. Control plants showed inferior growth in terms of fresh weight of the aerial parts, but also in the produced biomass per unit area, which is the measure of the system productivity. Nutrient amendments have been reported to enhance the productivity of the aquaponic systems, which are inherently deficient in Fe and K [33]. Nevertheless, it is important to examine and target the minimal possible perturbations of the system, hence the minimal inputs that sustain the productivity without compromising the sustainability of aquaponics. It was proved in our experimental setup that the addition of only Fe is adequate to succeed in optimum growth. K addition seems to be not indispensable for rocket growth. Considering the fact that K seems to accumulate to the gills, and maybe this accumulation can have long-term effects on fish health, we would suggest that in aquaponics systems with rocket cultivation, no extra K addition is needed.  
There are a few articles working with a rocket in aquaponics, but their experimental questions are far from the target of the present study. Indeed, the educational use of aquaponics system [69] and life cycle assessment modeling [70] necessitated the use of rocket plants in mixture with many other crops; thus, the results could not be compared with ours. [PERSON] et al. [71] examined rocket growth under two different system water volumes, and their results indicated poor growth performance reaching 8-15 times lower leaves fresh weight compared to ours, mainly due to extremely high souring density of seedlings. Finally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [72] concluded that rocket does not adapt to aquaponic culture as well as other herbs, because they found increased plant growth in the hydroponics system. Our results do not corroborate these findings since the growth of rocket across all treatments in the present study showed 2-3 times higher values compared with both hydroponics and aquaponics as reported in the experiment of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [72].
# A Context-Aware Edge-Based VANET Communication Scheme for ITS +
## 3 Propose Scheme
### Last Two-Hop Route Optimization with Reinforcement Learning
#### 3.5.1 \(Q\)-Learning Model  
We define the \(Q\)-Learning algorithm as follows (Table 2). The entire network is the environment. Each packet \(P(o,r)\), indexed by its originator node \(o\) and the reference node \(r\) (the destination node or an edge node) is an agent. A node selects the next hop that it should forward a packet to. Hence the possible set of actions allowed at the node is the set of one-hop neighbors. Every node maintains a \(Q\)-Table which consists of \(Q\)-value [\(Q(r,x)\)] whose value ranges from 0 to 1, where \(x\) is the next hop to the reference node.
# An Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Adversarial Perturbation +
## 4 Experiments and Discussion
### Performance on Different Audio Categories  
We also evaluated the performance of AAW on different audio categories. We first applied the AAW algorithm to different categories of audio. The quantity of audio tracks in each category is shown in Table 3. Statistically, we measured the SWR and the watermark BDR under the eight attacks for the different categories. The experimental results are shown in Figures 10-12.  
From Figure 10, it can be seen that the imperceptibility (SWR) of both AAW-CN and AAW-CL varies slightly among categories of audio, but the difference is not significant. This is because the \(\mathcal{L}_{a}\) (shown in Equation (14)) contains audio information, so the tiny perturbations are tailored to each audio track. Hence, the imperceptibility does not change significantly depending on the audio category.  
The curves corresponding to the eight attacks in Figures 11 and 12 show almost no fluctuations, indicating that the audio category also does not affect the robustness of both AAW-CN and AAW-CL. Therefore, it can be argued that the AAW algorithm is not sensitive to audio categories. The quantity of tracks in the categories'spoken', 'blues' and 'easy listening' is very small. Although it appears in the figure that their experimental results differ significantly from the other categories, this does not contradict the conclusions.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mechanical Testing with Video Extensometer and Optical Measuring Device  
The material testing was performed using the INSTRON 68 TM-10 universal testing machine and the INSTRON AVE2 video extensometer. The measurement is controlled and evaluated by the Bluehill software, which already has standardized measurement methods defined. The ISO 527-2 method was used for this measurement. For the gripping of the ISO 527-2 Type 1A tensile specimen, wedge action tensile grips were used. The testing speed was chosen as 50 mm/min from the ISO 527-2 standard, and the tests lasted until the complete failure of the specimen [34]. The same testing rate was used for all measurements to avoid inconsistencies. The complete testing setup can be seen in Figure 4. After breaking all the specimens, the results were evaluated based on the ISO 527-2 standard and based on what is required for the finite element simulations [34].  
For the material model validation, the specimens seen in Figure 3 were used. In this case, the elastic behavior of the material was tested, so the load was maximized at a value that is about 25% less than the measured yield strength. The maximum force was then calculated, and another safety factor was added because, along the radius of the more  
Figure 4: Testing setup for tensile testing.  
Figure 3: Manufactured specimens for the material model validation.  
complex geometries, stress concentration will occur, which could result in the material exceeding the maximum load. Thus, the maximum load of the specimen, in the end, was defined as 400 N; the moment of reaching this force value marks the end of the test.  
Laboratory measurements for the material model validation were performed using the same material testing machine and the GOM Aramis AdjusTable 12M full-field optical measurement system. The Aramis system uses two cameras to create high-definition images in 3D. It is required to paint a stochastic pattern on the specimen's investigated surface. Two different paints were used, the first layer was a removable matte white coat, and the second layer was just simple black acrylic paint. The movement of the speckles compared to the reference image was evaluated as various measurements with the GOM Correlate Professional software [36].  
The measurement method was set up in a way that after the gripping of the specimen, one picture was created by the camera, then the material testing machine applied the 400 N load, with a 50 mm/min testing rate. At the point of reaching the maximum load, a second picture was created by the Aramis. Figure 5 shows the measurement setup.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study, building upon previous research on performance measurement methods for BIM projects both domestically and internationally, developed a performance measurement survey template for the construction phase of railway construction projects based on quantifiable performance measurement factors (BIM deliverables, duration, quality assessment, labor costs, BIM human capital, and BIM investment factors). The quantitative measurement involved twenty-one questions categorized into seven groups with sixteen aspects, while the qualitative measurement comprised fifteen questions across four groups with eight aspects. By comparing and analyzing the construction input costs, labor costs, and duration with or without the participation of professional BIM consulting companies, this study determined the final economic benefits.  
The findings indicated that, during the construction phase of railway projects, construction companies experienced a cost benefit of 197.6% when engaging professional BIM consulting services. However, the extent of the ultimate cost benefit hinged on various factors, including project complexity, workload, construction review, and the expertise of BIM technical personnel. Furthermore, the involvement of BIM consulting firms resulted in a reduction in work time, leading to time savings. Analysis of on-site inspection reports revealed that BIM work primarily focused on additional detailed modeling, consuming nearly half of the total work time. Other prominent aspects included construction cost management, process management, and further detailed modeling. In terms of BIM software usage, Revit emerged as the predominant application on both construction sites, likely attributed to its significant role in additional detailed modeling. The precision in quantity calculation and intricate modeling facilitated by BIM contributed to enhanced work efficiency. Moreover, this study identified tunnels as the primary location where BIM effectively addressed issues, possibly due to the intricate nature of tunnel construction.  
Methodology, H.-Y.K.; Data curation, M.-H.S.; Writing--original draft, J.-F.L.; Writing--review and editing, J.-F.L.; Project administration, H.-Y.K.; Funding acquisition, M.-H.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport in South Korea (Grant number: 22 RBM-C158185-03). The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Hybrid PAPR Reduction Method Based on SLM and Multi-Data Block PTS for FBMC/OQAM Systems
## 2 Fbmc/OQAM System
### PAPR for FBMC/OQAM  
In a conventional OFDM system, the length of an OFDM symbol is \(T\). Therefore, there is no overlap between adjacent symbol blocks, and a definition of PAPR is proposed for each individual OFDM symbol. The definition of PAPR is modified according to the overlapped signal structure. \(s(t)\) is divided into \(M+\beta\) intervals, each of which is equal to \(T\) (the last one is \(T/2\)). Accordingly, the PAPR of each interval is given as:  
\[PAPR(dB)=10\log_{10}\frac{\max_{iT\leq t\leq(i+1)T}\lvert s(t)\rvert^{2}}{E \left[\lvert s(t)\rvert^{2}\right]} \tag{3}\]  
where \(i=0,1,\ldots,M+\beta-1\), and \(E\left[\lvert s(t)\rvert^{2}\right]\) is the \(s(t)\) expectation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption of BPA onto MRGO@ZIF7-MIP
#### 3.2.4 Competitive Adsorption, Reuse, and Analysis of Environmental Water Samples  
17\(\beta\)-E\({}_{2}\), phenol and progesterone (P4), which are structurally similar to BPA, were selected as interferents to evaluate the selective recognition of BPA by MRGO@ZIF7-MIP. As shown in Figure 8, the removal efficiency of BPA, 17\(\beta\)-E\({}_{2}\), phenol, and progesterone (P4) can reach 85.92%, 35.14%, 29.82%, and 19.10%, respectively, after being treated with MRGO@ZIF7-MIP. The molecularly imprinted polymer structure has \"imprinting pores\" that match the size and shape of the template molecule. The active site in the \"imprinted pore\" is able to bind specifically to the target molecule, resulting in MRGO@ZIF7-MIP exhibiting excellent selectivity for BPA. However, the MRGO@ZIF7-NIP has no selectivity; its effect on the removal efficiency of BPA, 17\(\beta\)-E\({}_{2}\), phenol and progesterone (P4) is similar (25.14%, 19.04%, 16.14%, 10.32%, respectively). The results of the selectivity study indicate that molecularly imprinted nanofilms do have highly sensitive recognition of template molecules.  
In addition, we performed 5 cycles of adsorption experiments on BPA using MRGO@ZIF7-MIP to evaluate its stability and reusability. The adsorption results of repeated uses in  
Figure 7: Adsorption isotherms of MRGO@ZIF7-MIP, MRGO-MIP, and MRGO@ZIF7-NIP for BPA. Other conditions: 10 mg sorbent, 10 mL sample solution of 0.08 mmol L\({}^{-1}\) BPA, temperature 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
MRGO@ZIF7-MIP are shown in Figure 9. The MRGO@ZIF7-MIP can be reused after extraction with an acetic acid/methanol (1/9, \(v/v\)) mixture, and no obvious decrease in the adsorption capacity was observed. The adsorption capacity of MRGO@ZIF7-MIP for BPA slightly decreased during 5 cycles of adsorption, which might be related to the loss of memory cavity during regeneration. The study showed that MRGO@ZIF7-MIP has good stability and can be reused.  
Tap water, lake water and sea river containing 0.08 mmol L\({}^{-1}\) BPA were selected as \"simulated\" wastewater to investigate the adsorption selection performance of MRGO@ZIF7-MIP in the real water environment. As seen in Figure 10, the MRGO@ZIF7-MIP can produce good recovery, and the removal efficiencies of BPA are 72.07%, 57.84% and 51.26%, respectively. The results show that the imprinted polymer present on the surface of MRGO@ZIF7-MIP has good specific molecular recognition ability for BPA and can be effectively applied to remove phenolic endocrine disruptors from the actual aqueous environment.  
Figure 8: Removal efficiency of interfering molecules. Other conditions: 10 mg sorbent, 10 mL sample solution, shaking time 1 h, temperature 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 9: Stability and repeatability of the MRGO@ZIF7-MIP. Other conditions: 10 mg sorbent, 10 mL sample solution of 0.08 mmol L\({}^{-1}\) BPA, temperature 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.