esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Simple Unsupervised Knowledge-Free Domain Adaptation for Speaker Recognition
## 4 Experiments
### Main Results
#### 4.3.2 Embedding Visualization  
To demonstrate the impact of different methods on the speaker embedding vectors, we analyze all these methods by visualization. We randomly selected 15 speakers from CNC1.eval and sampled 50 utterances from each of these speakers. The t-SNE toolkit [55] was applied to project the speaker embeddings of these utterances to a two-dimensional space, as illustrated in Figure 2.  
Firstly, despite the pre-trained model experiencing a notable performance decrease in EER and minDCF, the embeddings of distinct speakers remain well separated. This suggests that the pre-trained source-domain model still retains strong discriminative capability even when applied to cross-domain data. Furthermore, none of the adaptation methods, including supervised fine-tuning, demonstrate a significant enhancement in discriminating the agglomerative speakers.  
Secondly, S-LDA and C-LDA essentially denote a full-rank linear transform within the embedding space. Theoretically, they should not enhance speaker discrimination in the speaker embeddings, as evidenced in the t-SNE plots Figure 2e,f. However, they do yield significant performance improvements in terms of EER and minDCF. This implies that by merely rotating and scaling the speaker vectors, it is feasible to effectively counteract the performance decline resulting from domain mismatch. This discovery further reinforces our hypothesis that a distributional distortion in the speaker embedding space can predominantly characterize the impact of domain mismatch.
## 6 Simulation Results and Discussion
This is because the proposed T-based routing topology efficiently uses its minimum transmission range and prevents long-distance data transmission via direct hop. As a result, the proposed TRT conserves significant amount of battery energy as compared to the existing protocols. Moreover, the proposed TRT protocol effectively uses a minimum number of sensor nodes to cover the entire area of sensing and avoids the issue of void. Also, the proposed TRT has a better performance than EDCGRP, MBC and LEACH in terms of average energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay. Figure 10: Control overhead vs. Number of sensor nodes.
# Wide-TSNet: A Novel Hybrid Approach for Bitcoin Price Movement Classification
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
Our findings reveal that Wide-TSNet achieved an impressive accuracy of 0.94 on the Bitcoin dataset. The result significantly outperforms other models, as shown in Table 5. For the sake of uniformity, we selected research studies that utilized the same dataset and evaluation metric. This approach ensures a fair comparison of the performance across various models. However, relying solely on a handful of evaluation metrics limits the models.  
The substantial accuracy gain demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach in capturing intricate patterns with the volatile Bitcoin price data. This allows for deep feature extraction, enabling accurate predictions.  
However, it is essential to recognize that superior accuracy comes at a computational cost. Researchers must carefully weigh this computational demand against the accuracy benefits. In scenarios where computational resources are abundant, Wide-TSNet emerges as a compelling choice.  
The model that employed the Support Vector Machine achieved the second-highest accuracy of 0.90. This is possibly due to the versatility and effectiveness of SVM in high-dimensional spaces. SVM uses kernel functions to transform the data into higher-dimensional spaces. This flexibility allows SVM to capture non-linear relationships in the Bitcoin dataset.  
While our model primarily utilizes Bitcoin prices, it is important to acknowledge that in real-world scenarios, numerous factors influence Bitcoin prices. These factors need to be considered in prediction models. Currently, our model requires high computational resources, and introducing further advanced feature extraction methods would increase complexity, necessitating even higher computational resources.  
Furthermore, the research lacks a thorough understanding of how the model performs outside of a controlled environment. Evaluating its effectiveness in real-world applications is crucial. The model's versatility and robustness have not been thoroughly tested across different economic scenarios, potentially limiting its applicability to specific markets or financial instruments.
## 1 Introduction
This solution is an alternative to the commonly applied positioning based on the GNSS geodetic network, which requires a very expensive receiver to ensure the positioning accuracy at a level of 2-5 cm (\(p\) = 0.95), a control system based on a marine gyrocompass or a satellite gyrocompass, and a professional vessel autopilot.
# Augmented Reality in Cultural Heritage: An Overview of the Last Decade of Applications
## 3 Top Trending Applications of AR in Cultural Heritage
### Education  
As we go through the third decade of the 21 st century, innovations in education are needed more than ever, since many distractions compete to steal students' attention from the educational act. Digital technologies, which young users are attracted heavily to, can be capitalized into transforming the way students learn. VR and AR can play a crucial role, enabling users to learn and repeat experiments with minimal costs as many times as they wish [97]. In addition to the advantages of VR, AR is cheaper and can provide more interactive and cooperative communication ways between students [98]. Wearable AR gear--in particular, Google Glass--is used in [99] in a controlled experiment aimed to assess the effect of the wearables on the user learning experience, set in the context of a museum gallery of British paintings from the 19 th century. An evaluation of the level of enjoyment of the users, their level of understanding and knowledge and the improvement of their skills, and their appreciation of the learning experience completed the controlled experiment [99]. Some drawbacks of using Google Glass were also identified, such as diminished social interaction between the learners using the wearables. AR combined with a dual display and a multi-touch screen was found to help students better relate to the spatial context of historical monuments in [100]. Mobile learning by means of an AR application on a tablet used in real fieldwork learning is compared to traditional eLearning that takes place in a classroom with a regular desktop computer in [101]. The learning context is provided by heritage elements of the city Santiago of Chile. The study found that the mobile learning process significantly enhances the educational outcomes. Historical knowledge gain is the focus of the mobile AR multi-user game application presented in [102], used both in an indoor and in an outdoor setting. Bits of history are discovered in a playful manner by users, engaging them seamlessly in the learning process [103]. Serious games, i.e., \"games with educational purposes\", are a valuable teaching tool in the humanities field, allowing the users to engage and be immersed in the virtual created environment [104].
## 3 FE Modeling of the Runyang Cable-Stayed Bridge
### FE Modeling  
In order to investigate the fatigue behavior of cables of the bridge, a FE model of the RCB is developed using the FE program ANSYS (Version 12.0, ANSYS, Inc.: Drive Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2009) [13], as shown in Figure 6. The towers are modeled using the 3D iso-parametric beam elements (_i.e._, the Beam4 element in ANSYS) having six degrees of freedom (DOFs) at each node. The stayed-cables are modeled using the 3D linear elastic link elements (_i.e._, the Link10 element) with three DOFs for each node. Those link elements are defined to bear tension only. The cable stresses in the equilibrium configuration are input in terms of initial strains. The material properties and real constants (_i.e._, areas of cross-section, moments of inertia, _etc._) are strictly calculated and assigned to the corresponding elements. The box girders are modeled using shell elements (_i.e._, the Shell181 element). To reduce the number of elements, the orthotropic decks and bottom plates of the girder are modeled respectively using a layer of plates without U-ribs, and these plates are assigned with orthotropic material properties. However, the decks near the mid-span are refined, so as to facilitate the application of moving loads at the mid-span. The beam188 elements are used simulating the braced truss diaphragms. The concrete and steel blocks, placed inside the box-girders at two side spans to adjust the configuration of the bridge, are modeled using the Mass21 element. Each end of the girder is coupled with one tower cross-beams, except that the longitudinal displacement is free. During the analysis, the large-deflection effect option is selected.  
Figure 4: Profile of the Runyang Cable-Stayed Bridge (dimensions in meter).  
Figure 5: Cross-sections of cable and strands.
## 2 Materials and Methods
Both assumptions appear to be well-satisfied in the present work. Crystal defects produce a contrast in the integrated intensity map that is similar to that obtained by classical Lang or white beam topography [16]. The FWHM and integrated intensity maps are rather similar in the X-ray low-absorption case. However, the FWHM map provides a quantitative measurement of the distortion associated with a given defect. The peak position map measures the effective misorientation [16] averaged over each of the voxels. In the case of a dislocation, this effective misorientation exhibits a change of sign when passing from one side of the dislocation line to the other. Let us consider, as an example, the case of an isolated screw dislocation perpendicular to the diffracting planes: the variation of peak position \(\Delta\omega\) measured when going from a distance (\(-\)r\({}_{0}\)) from the core of the dislocation to a distance (\(+\)r\({}_{0}\)) is given by \(\Delta\omega=b/\pi\)r\({}_{0}\), \(b\) being the modulus of the Burgers vector of the dislocation. A variation of the peak width associated with the dislocation results from the change of \(\Delta\omega\) within a pixel. This contribution to the FWHM can be written as \(-\)p (\(\delta(\Delta\omega)/\delta\)r), where \(p\) is the pixel size. We use this characteristic variation to identify dislocations in the peak position and FWHM maps [11]. In the present work, we pay close attention to the quantitative dependence of both \(\Delta\omega\) and FWHM when dislocations are not isolated but are parallel and exhibit opposite Burgers vectors.
## 4 Distributed Optimal Dispatching Model and Algorithm of MGs and ESP Based on ADMM
### Convergence Condition and Distributed Optimal Algorithm  
(1) Overall description of the Algorithm  
Distributed optimal scheduling of MGs in coalition considering power loss is further studied in this paper. First, distributed optimal scheduling considering power loss is carried out by MGs taking the minimum sum of purchasing electricity cost and energy storage cost as the objective, which can decide expected exchange power \(x_{n}^{in}\) among MGs in the coalition and expected exchange power \(x_{gridin}\) between MG \(n\) and the main grid. Then, MGs inform about expected exchange power \(x_{n}^{in}\) and \(x_{gridin}\) of ESP. Second, considering the expected exchange power from MGs, ESP decides adjusted expected exchange power \(\mathbf{B}\mathbf{w}\) by minimizing the power loss cost in coalition and recalculates the power loss. If the power loss is different from the previous result, a new power loss will be added to the power balance constraint. Then, we conduct the distributed optimization calculation again until the power loss converges to the optimal solution.  
The bidirectional interaction flowchart between MGs and ESP can be illustrated as Figure 2. The bidirectional interaction between MGs and ESP is achieved taking into account the local objective of each MG and the objective of ESP.  
(2) Convergence condition  
As for distributed optimal calculation at each iteration, we will refer to \(s^{k}\) as the dual residual at iteration \(k\) and \(r^{k}\) as the primal residual at iteration \(k\) according to the principle of ADMM, which can be expressed as follows:  
\[\|r^{k}\|_{2}=\|\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}x_{1}^{in^{k+1}}&\cdots&x_{N}^{ in^{k+1}}&x_{grid1}^{k+1}&\cdots&x_{gridN}^{k+1}\\ \end{array}\right]^{T}+\mathbf{B}\mathbf{w}^{k+1}\|_{2}\leq\varepsilon^{pri} \tag{23}\]\[\|s^{k}\|_{2}=\|\rho\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{w}^{k}-\mathbf{w}^{k-1})\|_{2}\leq\varepsilon^{dual} \tag{24}\]  
where \(\varepsilon^{pri}\) and \(\varepsilon^{dual}\) are the convergence error of the primal residual and dual residual, which take the value of \(1\times 10^{-2}\) and \(1\times 10^{-4}\) in this paper, respectively.  
* Convergence condition of power loss cost  
If the difference of power loss cost between the last iteration and the current iteration is limited to a small positive value, we conclude that the power loss cost converges to the optimal solution. The convergence condition can be described as follows:  
\[\|C_{\mathcal{S}}^{loss^{k+1}}-C_{\mathcal{S}}^{loss^{k}}\|_{2}\leq\varepsilon \tag{25}\]  
where \(\varepsilon\) is the convergence error of the power loss cost.
## 4 Analysis of Data Sources and Evaluation Factor Selection
### Analysis of Evaluation Factor Selection
#### 4.2.2 Slope  
Slope gradient is an important factor in the occurrence of geological hazards such as landslides, which are closely related not only to the thickness of the soil layer, climatic conditions, hydrological conditions, lithological conditions, and many other factors. And it  
Figure 4: Digital elevation map of Tekes County.  
is closely related to the physical and mechanical properties of the slope geotechnical body, which is not only one of the important factors affecting the distribution of slope geohazards, but also an important control index for the occurrence of loess landslide disasters. Slope determines the critical conditions and the degree of unloading development of a slope, thus affecting the internal stress distribution of the slope, as well as controlling the thickness of the accumulation of loose rock and soil bodies on the surface of the slope, the vegetation cover and the surface runoff. Previous studies have shown that most geological risk assessments use slope as one of the important independent variables. As the slope increases, the shear force, including gravity, increases, the range of the stress relief zone near the slope surface expands, the stress concentration at the foot of the slope increases, and the probability of landslides and other geological hazards under its influence also increases [49]. The slope can act as a free surface for the slope to deform, and the slope's magnitude directly influences the sliding force's magnitude, which in turn influences the slope's instability [50]. The natural discontinuity categorization method divides the slope into five categories: 0-15\({}^{\circ}\), 15-30\({}^{\circ}\), 30-45\({}^{\circ}\), 45-60\({}^{\circ}\), and above 60\({}^{\circ}\) (Figure 5). The primary distribution of geological disasters is between approximately 0 and 15\({}^{\circ}\) and between approximately 15 and 30\({}^{\circ}\).
# ARIBC: Online Reporting Based on Identity-Based Cryptography
## 3 Structure of the ARIBC
### Extraction of the Private Keys (SSKs)  
The ARIBC uses the reporter's ID and combines it with the Public Parameters (PP) and the Master (Server) Secret key (KSAK) of the ARIBC to extract the corresponding Private (Secret) Key (SSK), of the reporter. The steps are as follows [47]:  
1. Represent \(ID\) as a string of bits in \(\{0,1\}\).
2. Compute the cryptographic hash \(H_{1}(ID)\); see \(H_{1}\) hash in Section 3.3.4 \"Selection of hash functions\".
3. Compute \(SSK_{ID}=\frac{P_{C_{2}}}{H_{1}(ID)+KSAK}\).
# Review of Radiation-Induced Effects in Polyimide
## 2 GEO-Environment Simulation Facilities  
At GEO, space weather may be represented by a combination of high vacuum, electron (10 keV-2 MeV) and proton (10\({}^{-4}\)-10 MeV) fluxes, solar photons, and thermo-cycling between 120-150 K and 400-420 K [40; 41]. Several irradiation facilities are available worldwide to perform material investigations under radiation conditions that are prevalent in the space environment.  
In some of them multiple radiation sources are combined in one vacuum irradiation chamber e.g., bombardment of materials with electrons and protons having energies up to 100 keV in the complex irradiation facility (CIF) at the DLR-Institute of Space Systems in Bremen, Germany [42], 116.5 nm and 123.6 nm VUV photon and up to 100 keV electron sources at the US Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, USA [43], or 20-100 keV electrons, 30-150 keV protons, 120-1500 nm VUV photons, and 5 eV atomic oxygen sources at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) [44]. Others allow the testing of combined effects in one location but not necessarily in the same chamber, as sets of UV, VUV, proton, and electron sources at the Boeing space and defense systems irradiation facility [45].  
Most of the irradiation facilities utilize only the dominant source of energy deposition, e.g., the SIRENE facility at Toulouse, France uses 20-400 keV electron \"spectrum\" generated by a Van de Graff accelerator (monoenergetic, 100-400 keV) and an electron gun (monoenergetic, 1-35 keV). The monoenergetic electron beams can be attenuated using a set of diffusion windows to simulate the spectrum of electron energies found in the space environment [46]. The electron beam irradiation facility (JAEA) at Takasaki, Japan [47] uses a 1-2 MeV monoenergetic electron beam; the National Centre for Accelerator based Research (NCAR), Bilaspur, India utilizes proton and neutron sources with a wide particle energy range [48], and the Taiwan Daheng Irradiation Plant, Taiwan, Republic of China uses an electron beam for the irradiation of industrial materials [49]. A comprehensive online database of irradiation facilities around the world has been prepared by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) [50].
## 5 Model-in-the-Loop Testing
### Far Rendezvous  
The MC results for Far Rendezvous, presented in Figure 18, show that the fly-around trajectories are contained within the region of the Approach Zone, and that the trajectories never cross the KOZ, which has a radius of 6 m, as expressed in Section 3.2. The trajectories ensure that the servicer maintains a safe distance from the client, in the presence of navigation, actuation, and perturbation errors, without requiring active control interventions, i.e., being passively safe as per the design described in Section 4.3. Moreover, it shows that fly-around trajectories provide comprehensive coverage for inspecting the client.
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
Our work mainly focuses on the architectural design aspects of future 6G networks via the integration of several key enabling technologies. Emphasis is given to the interconnection of these technologies in the considered architectural layers, as well as in certain limitations and drawbacks. Hence, unlike other works in the literature, our goal is to report all recent developments towards a unified 6G framework. In the same context, a high-level architectural approach is presented as well. In particular, the main novel points of our work are listed below:  
1. Integration of various technologies and key factors towards 6G architectural design. In the same context, potential limitations for each case are highlighted.
2. Discussion of the current trends of 6G architectural design based on the presented works. To this end, the most important driving factors are also highlighted, such as AI/ML.
3. Presentation of a high-level approach of the 6G concept that integrates secure data collection, flexible network deployment based on O-RAN specifications, privacy preserving decentralized machine learning, and digital twins and secure service provisioning. To this end, the synergy among well-established 5G network functions (NFs) is highlighted, such as the network data analytics function (NWDAF).
4. Identification of limitations that should also be considered in the design and deployment of 6G networks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Related Work** & **Year** & **Topic** & **Key Contributions** \\ \hline
[28] & 2024 & CRAN & Resource management in CRAN \\  & & & Machine learning in 6G \\ \hline
[29] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} M2M \\ communications in the 6G era \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Security and privacy concerns \\ Integration with edge computing \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[30] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Joint sensing and \\ communication in \\ the 6G era \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Transceiver requirements \\ Antenna design and beamforming \\ for high path loss compensation \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[31] & 2024 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Key enabling \\ technologies for 6G \\ networks \\ Potential of AI/ML \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The role of AI in 6G networks \\ Critical challenges in the \\ deployment of 6G \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[32] & 2024 & \begin{tabular}{c} AI-enabled 6G \\ networks \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Architecture of endogenous \\ networks \\ Applications of AI in \\ intelligence-endogenous 6G \\ \hline Our work & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Current trends in \\ the architectural \\ design of 6G \\ networks \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} State-of-the-art approaches to the \\ architectural design of 6G \\ networks \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Indicative related survey papers on 6G networks.
# Hepatoprotective Effect of Alpinetin on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rat
## 4 Discussion
It has been revealed by earlier investigators that TAA-induced liver cirrhosis also induced inflammatory response initiated active chain immune responses related statement huge quantities of inflammatory cytokines, for example, TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6, to yield the augmented amount of reactive oxygen species [59]. TNF-\(\alpha\), the existence chief pro-inflammatory cytokine formed by macrophages, attracts neutrophils place liver damage [60]. IL-6 is an additional significant pro-inflammatory cytokine revealed to facilitate immune response in addition to acute inflammation. IL-6 stimulates granulocytes besides a granulocyte, successively initiating stress response damaged matter [61, 62], in addition, prevents TNF-\(\alpha\) construction. Previous studies displayed that TAA is capable of increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and also reducing anti-inflammatory cytokines in liver tissue [10]. Outcomes of the present study promise explanations; contact with TAA presented raised TNF-\(\alpha\) besides IL-6, associated with the normal control group [15]. Nevertheless, Alpinetin pre-treatment suppressed the promotion of TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 amounts, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory influence of TAA-induced liver cirrhosis rats [4]. Similar to previous histopathological outcomes, fewer inflammatory responses were detected in Alpinetin-fed rats through liver cirrhosis. As formerly specified, IL-6 excites neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes at the site of inflammation [15]. IL-6 induced the manufacture of the greatest acute phase proteins in inflammatory reactions. Alpinetin uses a hepatoprotective consequence via an anti-inflammatory mechanism. The mechanism of action of Alpinetin might be through free radical hunting and slaking establishment of single oxygen, which defends the liver against oxidative tension and motivates liver healing and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.