## 3 Results and Discussion
### Screening of NADES for Phytochemical Recovery Across Diverse Plant Matrices
This outcome is due to the degradation of anthocyanins at elevated pH levels (pH > 7) associated with this NADES, where the mixture has a pH of 9.99. The research showed that choline chloride-urea and choline chloride-glycerol NADES achieved greater values than water or ethanol when assessing chokeberry pomace, despite having high pH levels of 9.08 and a moderate acidity of 5.02, respectively. The effectiveness of solvents for extracting total phenolic content was also evaluated and showed significant variation across different agro-food matrices, including spent coffee grounds (SCGs), hop cones (HCs), rowanberries (RBs), and honeystackle flowers (LJFs), as illustrated in Figure 4. The 80% ethanol and NADES4 were found to be the most effective, though their efficiency varied across different matrices. For SCGs, the highest values were observed with water (20.96 mg/g), 80% EtOH (20.81 mg/g), and NADES1 (20.66 mg/g), while NADES2 (14.81 mg/g) demonstrated the least efficacy. However, all results were not statistically significant from one another. In hop cones, 80% ethanol resulted in the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 32.11 mg/g. NADES4 was moderately effective, providing 27.33 mg/g, while traditional water extraction produced lower yields of 20.43 mg/g. For rowanberries, both 80% ethanol (28.55 mg/g) and NADES4 (25.02 mg/g) were the most effective, with  
Figure 4: The impact of solvents on the total phenolic content (mg of chlorogenic acid/g d.m.) in different plant and agro-food materials. Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of three independent measurements. The values with the same lowercase letters (a–c) for hop cones and the uppercase letters, i.e., A–D for rowanberries or W–Z for _L. japonica_ flowers, respectively, do not differ significantly (\(\alpha\) = 0.05). Abbreviations: SCGs—spent coffee grounds, HCs—hop cones, RBs—rowanberries, and LJF—_L. japonica_ flowers. NADES2 (24.51 mg/g) also showing promise. Water extraction yielded a lower content at 16.14 mg/g, followed by NADES5 (15.97 mg/g) and NADES1 (13.98 mg/g). The most interesting results were achieved for _L. japonica_ flowers. This case show-cased significant solvent-dependent variability, where NADES4 (46.76 mg/g), 80% ethanol (46.53 mg/g), and NADES1 (42.94 mg/g) produced comparable yields. Notably, all NADESs surpassed the yield from conventional water extraction (26.95 mg/g). The choice of a variety of botanically diverse materials--spanning from flowers (_L. japonica_) to root vegetables (like beetroot and carrot) and fruit byproducts (such as chokeberry pomace)--aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of NADES across different phytochemical categories. Despite being taxonomically diverse, these materials are significant natural sources of polyphenols, pigments, and antioxidants. This study assesses the performance of NADESs on polar compounds, including anthocyanins and betalains, as well as non-polar carotenoids found in carrots and sweet potatoes, illustrating their adjustable solvation characteristics. Notably, _L. japonica_ flowers emerged as a priority for optimization due to their high phenolic yield in preliminary screening and industrial relevance as a traditional medicinal plant. This flexibility positions NADESs as adaptable solvent systems for processes involving varied botanical materials, reducing the need for multiple solvents. Future research may enhance NADES formulations for specific uses, yet the results highlight their potential as sustainable, versatile alternatives to traditional VOC-based methods.