## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, the energy storage sector figures as a fundamental technology facing the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization. Thereby, over the years, energy storage systems (ESSs) technology has been widely developed to ensure the renewable energy resources sustainability and to balance the gap between energy demand and supply [1]. Throughout history, along with the increase in human population, the global consumption of energy continues to increase, as shown clearly observed in Figure 1. Energy consumption is observed to increase faster than population size [2]. Yet, it is noteworthy to highlight the industrialization and welfare level as the main factors responsible for the tremendous increase in energy consumption. Inevitably, it is crucial to implement ESS into energy systems not only to limit the intermittency of renewable energies but also to facilitate the flexibility of energy systems while increasing their efficiency. Generally, the use of ESSs is aimed at matching the energy demand and supply. As illustrated in Table 1, there are different ESSs approaches that can be used in various engineering applications [3]. Among several ES methods, TES appears as one of the emerging technologies that can bridge the intermittency gap in renewables such as solar energy [4], energy saving and the promotion of environmental respect (_greener world_). TES systems consist of a thermal energy storage medium (_heat and/or cold_) kept for a defined period to use it when and where it is needed [4; 5]. The applications of these systems (TES) are in the building sector (_air conditioning, thermal comfort, domestic hot water_, etc.) and industrial sector(chemical industry, food industry, etc.) [6]. It is worthy to emphasize that the estimated annual energy savings potential in the European Union (EU) is 7.5% thanks to the implementation of these technologies [7].In terms of environmental savings, the annual potential CO\({}_{2}\) emissions were reduced by about 5.5% in the EU [7]. Later, 90% of the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions mitigation is expected by 2050 (according to the international renewable energy agency (IRENA)) through the application of these systems (Figure 2) [8]. Since then, these systems have \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Energy Storage Methods** & & \\ \hline Thermal & Mechanical & Electromechanical & Electrical & Chemical \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sensible thermal} & \multirow{2}{*}{Pumped hydro} & Electrochemical & \multirow{2}{*}{Capacitors} & \multirow{2}{*}{Hydrogen storage} \\  & & capacitors & & \\ \hline Latent thermal & Compressed air & Batteries & Super capacitors & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Thermochemical} & \multirow{2}{*}{Flywheel} & \multirow{2}{*}{Fuel cells} & Super conducting & \multirow{2}{*}{Synthetic natural gas} \\  & & magnetic ES (SCMES) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Energy storage (ES) methods, reprinted/adapted with permissionfrom Ref. [3], 2022, Springer Nature [3]. Figure 1: Energy use (W) vs. population size in the world and in selected countries [2]. received particular attention through an economic and environmental analysis in several sectors (Figure 2). According to [PERSON] et al. [9], more than 14,000 publications have been achieved over the last decade, showing that scientific research is increasingly productive in the TES field. However, the choice of an appropriate TES system depends on various factors, basically depending on the targeted field of application, technical conditions (_volume, temperature span_, etc. ), storage time and economic aspect (marketing and cost-effectiveness) [10]. Considering the characteristics of the storage period, there are two concepts of TES systems called short-term storage systems and long-term storage systems. The first concept is a storage cycle of a few hours known as diurnal heat storage [11], while the second is known as storage seasonal heat [12].