# Cell Response to Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Filamentous Fungi
## 6 Low Temperature-Induced Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Fungi
The oxidative burst of ROS formed under cold exposure causes significant injury in aerobic fungal cells. However, only a few studies have reported on the damage caused by cold stress to the main biological molecules of fungi, especially those found in Antarctica. It is well-known that cold stress leads to the process of lipid peroxidation in fungi and thus alters the fluidity of lipid-containing membranes and disrupts membrane-bound processes [3]. [PERSON] et al. [173] reported the accumulation of the reserve carbohydrates, i.e., glycogen and trehalose. The experimental findings indicate that low temperatures result in an increase in unsaturated lipid content [168]. Specifically, a psychotrophic isolate of _Geomyces pannorum_ cultivated at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C exhibited a modified lipid profile in comparison to the same isolate grown at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Unsaturated fatty acids are very sensitive to oxidative degradation [174]. For example, the grey mold fungus _Botrytis cinerea_ demonstrated oxidative lipid damage under low-temperature growth [175]. A similar response to suboptimal growth temperatures has been documented for the strains _Humicola marvini_, _Geomyces pannorum_, and _Mortierella elongata_, isolated from Signy Island, Antarctica [168]. Short-term temperature downshift from 25 to 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde-hyde (MDA) level (a marker for lipid peroxidation degree) in Antarctic strain _P. griseofuluum_ P29 [171,176]. Modification in lipid composition has been reported as a component of the survival strategy employed by cold-adapted fungi. In psychrophilic yeasts, such as species from the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Strain**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sources**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Response**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**References**} \\ \hline _P. griseofuluum_ P29 & Terra Nova Bay & ROS generation & [164] \\ _P. chrysogenum_ P27 & Terra Nova Bay & ROS generation & [164] \\ _A. glaucus_ & _Livingston island_ & ROS generation & [163] \\ _Penicillium_ sp. 161 & Livingston island & ROS generation & [163] \\ \hline _Rhodosporidium_ & & & \\ _kratachviloae_ & Cold-adapted yeast & ROS generation & [166] \\ _P. waksmanii_ m12 & Terra Nova Bay & ROS generation & [165] \\ _P. olsonii_ p14 & Casey Station & ROS generation & [165] \\ _A. funtigatus_ I-9 & Livingston island & Accumulation in trehalose & [167] \\ \hline _Geomyces pannorum_ & Signy Island & Changes in lipid composition & [168] \\ \hline _Metschnikowia bicuspidata_ & King George Island & Changes in lipid profile & [169] \\ \hline _Mrakia blollopis_ & King George Island & Changes in lipid composition & [169] \\ \hline _P. olsonii_ p14 & Casey Station & Increase in carbonylated proteins & [52,87,170] \\ _P. waksmanii_ m12 & Terra Nova Bay & Increase in carbonylated proteins & [52,87,170] \\ _A. glaucus_ & Livingston island & Increase in carbonylated proteins & [163] \\ _Penicillium_ sp. 161 & Livingston island & Increase in carbonylated proteins & [163] \\ \hline _A. funtigatus_ I-9 & Livingston island & Increase in carbonylated proteins, lipid peroxidation & [167] \\ \hline _P. griseofuluum_ & Terra Nova Bay & Increase in carbonylated proteins, lipid peroxidation & [40,171] \\ \hline _Cryomyces antarcticus_ & Not specified Antarctic site & Changes in DNA & [172] \\ \hline _Wickerhamomyces anomulus_ & King George Island & Changes in lipid profile & [169] \\ \hline _Goffeauzyma gastrica_ & King George Island & Changes in lipid profile & [169] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Biomarkers of Cold-Induced Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Fungi. genera _Candida_, _Leucosporidium_, and _Torulopsis_, the fatty acids present exhibit a lower degree of saturation compared to those found in mesophilic yeasts. Furthermore, a reduction in incubation temperature serves to further enhance this unsaturation [177; 178].