## 1 Introduction  
In the case of environmental pollution problems and the shortage of fossil fuels, hydrogen is considered an ideal renewable energy carrier due to its abundant sources, high energy density, and water being the sole emission [1, 2]. Yet, in the process of practical application, hydrogen production, storage, and transportation are three key points that restrict its development [3, 4]. To this day, with regard to hydrogen production, there have been various methods including the electrolysis of water, photolysis of water, gasification of heavy oil or biomass, and steam reforming of hydrocarbons [5, 6, 7]. The disadvantages of these methods, such as low efficiency and high pollution, seriously restrict the efficiency of hydrogen production and commercial application [8, 9]. In recent years, lightweight metal production of hydrogen, i.e., with magnesium (Mg) and its alloys, via a hydrolysis reaction has attracted great attention due to its safety, low cost, and high efficiency [10; 11]. Currently, numerous studies have focused on the use of titanium-based materials, aluminum-based materials, and magnesium-based materials for hydrogen production through the hydrolysis process. Titanium-based materials, due to their excellent corrosion resistance, chemical stability, and good electrical conductivity, are widely used as electrode materials and catalysts in the process of hydrogen production via hydrolysis [2; 12; 13; 14; 15]. However, the preparation cost of titanium-based materials is relatively high, and they do not possess the low-cost advantage compared to traditional electrolytic water splitting materials for hydrogen production. Additionally, their safety is relatively low, and hydrogen leakage can easily occur during the hydrogen production process via hydrolysis, posing safety hazards [13; 16; 17]. Regarding hydrogen production via hydrolysis using aluminum-based materials, aluminum, as a safe, inexpensive, lightweight metal material with a high specific surface area, and also as an electrochemically active element, can rapidly react with water upon contact during the hydrolysis reaction to release hydrogen [18]. However, during the reaction between aluminum and water, a dense byproduct of Al(OH)\({}_{3}\) forms on the surface of the aluminum-based material [16; 19; 20]. This dense oxide film, encapsulating the material's surface as Al(OH)\({}_{3}\), severely hinders further contact between the fresh internal metal and water for hydrolysis reactions [21; 22]. Consequently, further treatment of this byproduct is required, significantly reducing the efficiency and continuity of hydrogen production via hydrolysis. Magnesium-based materials are widely used in research on hydrogen production via hydrolysis due to their low cost, abundant resources, and high catalytic activity [23; 24; 25]. However, traditional magnesium-based materials for hydrogen production via hydrolysis face similar issues to those encountered with aluminum-based materials [24; 26; 27]. The byproduct Mg(OH)\({}_{2}\) formed during hydrolysis acts as a passivation layer, further hindering the internal metal from undergoing further hydrolysis reactions, thereby leading to a deterioration in hydrolysis performance [13; 28; 29]. To address the aforementioned issues, extensive research has been conducted on ball milling modification, aqueous solution regulation, and the introduction of noble metal catalysts [30]. However, these methods all require cumbersome preparation processes for the reactants, significantly increasing the cost of hydrogen production via hydrolysis. Therefore, there is a need to explore new strategies for hydrogen production via hydrolysis to achieve a low-cost, high-efficiency, high-purity, and high-safety reaction process [31]. [PERSON] et al. studied the laws of hydrogen production by the hydrolysis of nanoscale and microscale aluminum powders within a temperature range of 80-200 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a high-pressure reaction vessel.