# Fairness and Trust in Virtual Environments: The Effects of Reputation
## 5 Results
### Manipulation Check  
We operationalized fairness as the difference between offers and requests and we asked whether introducing an evaluation of the Observer, as a proxy for reputation, could affect participants' behaviors. The answer is yes, and this happened both in the resource exchange part of the game,  
\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Study 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Study 2**} \\ \hline  & **Female** & **Male** & **Female** & **Male** \\ \hline  & **Average (s.d.)** & **Average (s.d)** & **Average (s.d)** & **Average (s.d)** \\ \hline Amount offered & 4.02 (2.0) & 4.83 (2.1) & 5.12 (2.2) & 5.12 (2.2) \\ Amount requested & 6.26 (4.1) & 6.80 (3.9) & 4.77 (1.7) & 5.68 (3.6) \\ Diff. offered-requested & \(-2.3\) (8.60) & \(-1.86\) (9.11) & \(-0.04\) (5.09) & \(-0.58\) (7.56) \\ Suggestion (\(-1\), 0, \(+1\)) & 0.19 (0.84) & 0.00 (0.88) & 0.23 (0.88) & \(-0.15\) (0.90) \\ Suggestion required (0, 1) & 0.41 (0.49) & 0.53 (0.40) & 0.58 (0.49) & 0.64 (0.48) \\ Acceptance (\(-1\), 0, \(+1\)) & 0.15 (0.94) & 0.02 (0.94) & 0.03 (0.98) & \(-0.27\) (0.92) \\ Suggestion coherence (\(-1\), \(+1\)) & 0.19 (0.71) & 0.23 (0.85) & 0.27 (0.86) & 0.27 (0.86) \\ Score & 10.45 (8.39) & 10.5 (3.62) & 11.52 (7.16) & 13.52 (8.80) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Variables related to the activation of the reputation system (Rep. On)**} \\ \hline Final reputation & \(-1.06\) (2.55) & \(-0.56\) (2.53) & 2.54 (6.49) & 1.86 (6.10) \\ Dislike/Like (\(-1\), 0, \(+1\)) & \(10.7\%/10.5\%\) & \(15.7\%/12.2\%\) & \(9.7\%/16.2\%\) & \(18.5\%/22.2\%\) \\ Mean Like received & 2.05 (1.0) & 2.17 (1.3) & 3.59 (1.8) & 4.59 (2.9) \\ Mean Dislike received & 2.29 (1.4) & 2.27 (1.4) & 2.11 (1.2) & 3.62 (2.1) \\ Suggestion request coherence & 46.5\% (\(+\)) & 41.5\% (\(+\)) & 46.8\% (\(+\)) & 57.7\% (\(+\)) \\ Acceptance coherence & 44.4\% (\(+\)) & 42.9\% (\(+\)) & 54.7\% (\(+\)) & 49.2\% (\(+\)) \\ Feedback coherence & 10.9\% (\(+\)) & 13.4\% (\(+\)) & 15.1\% (\(+\)) & 22.2\% (\(+\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}   
* **Amount offered:** Quantity of the resource offered; **Amount requested:** Quantity of the resource requested; **Diff. offered-requested:** diference between the amount offered and requested in return by the Donors; **Suggestion:** to refuse (\(-1\)), no suggestion provided (0), to accept (1); **Suggestion required:** the Receiver did not request the Observer’s suggestion (0), the Receiver benefited of the Observer’s advice (1); **Acceptance:** The Receiver accepted the deal (1), refused the deal (\(-1\)) or did not take any action within the time limit (0); **Suggestion coherence:** The Observer provided a “good” suggestion (1) (i.e., suggested to accept a deal when the variable “_Diff. offered-requested_” is major or equal to 0, and to refuse a deal when “_Diff. offered-requested_” is smaller than 0), or a “bad” suggestion (\(-1\)); **Score:** The quantity of the minimum resource for each player; **Final reputation:** Difference between the number of the positive feedbacks (i.e., like) and the negative ones (i.e., dislikes); **Dislike/Like:** The Receiver rated with a like (1), a dislike (\(-1\)) or did not take any action within the time limit (0); **Mean Like received:** Average of the likes received by the players; **Mean Dislike received:** Average of the likes received by the players; **Suggestion request coherence:** The Receiver requested the suggestion when paired with a good rated Observer (\(+\)); **Acceptance coherence:** The Receiver followed the suggestion received by a good rated Observer (\(+\)); **Feedback coherence:** The Receiver rated positively an Observer who provided a “good” suggestion and negatively an Observer who gave a “bad” advice (\(+\)). * **Final reputation:** Difference between the number of the positive feedbacks (i.e., like) and the negative ones (i.e., dislikes); **Dislike/Like:** The Receiver rated with a like (1), a dislike (\(-1\)) or did not take any action within the time limit (0); **Mean Like received:** Average of the likes received by the players.