## 5 Results
### Exploratory Analysis of Qualitative Data
There were significantly more positive comments about the concept of interaction in Groups 2 and 3 compared to Group 1. Many participants stated that this piece of data journalism was highly interactive and provided opportunities for manipulation, active choice, and improved user experience; interacting with the graphs brings visual enjoyment and is more intuitive and vivid. The increased interaction also positively impacts the functional and emotional aspects. Many participants indicated that this interactive way of exploring information made the data more intuitive, more precise, easy to locate, and easier to remember. Others indicated that interactivity made the data source more reliable and trustworthy. Previous studies have mentioned that (interactive) visualizations are becoming more and more important in news reporting, which is also a promising strategy to foster message credibility [64; 65; 66]. In terms of emotional attributes, participants indicated that the higher level of interactivity was more engaging and interesting to them than static infographics. The negative comments focused on the rhythm of the narrative and the richness of the information and media, with participants noting that long paragraphs of text tend to generate fatigue and tedium, causing them to lose interest and want to skip. Many participants expressed the desire to add more interactivity, such as increasing the number of layers of hyperlinks to provide more detailed information, as well as adding images, video, and audio to enhance the richness of the medium. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Data Journalism Experiment**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Positive Emerging Concepts**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Negative Emerging Concepts**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Aesthetics: “visually appealing”; “eye-catching”; “nice layout”; “special”; “Colorful”; “Strong aesthetic and design sense”**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Emotion: “Have fun”; “Engaging”; “Want to get involved”; “Contextualization”; “Criosity”; “Create empathy and familiarity”**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Emotion: “Less engagement and fun”; “There is pressure to read”**} \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Functionality: “Novel subject matter”**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Functionality: “The way the data are organized makes it easier to focus on certain information and ignore others”**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Functionality: “The way the data are organized makes it easier to focus on certain information and ignore others”**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Functionality: “Inteactivity is weak”; “Adding interactive points and images would be more user-friendly”**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Functionality: “Too much text and concentration”**} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Summary of the qualitative analysis (based on open-ended questions). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**T1 (\(n=25\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**T1 (\(n=25\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**T1 (\(n=25\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_p Value_} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Mean** & **Sd** & **Mean** & **Sd** & **Mean** & **Sd** & \\ \hline Perceived Interactivity & 4.56 & 1.12 & 4.96 & 0.79 & 5.32 & 0.96 & 0.025 * \\ Enjoyment & 4.44 & 1.13 & 4.57 & 0.84 & 4.79 & 1.11 & 0.494 \\ Engagement & 4.84 & 1.40 & 4.96 & 0.88 & 5.15 & 0.86 & 0.591 \\ Attitude & 4.67 & 1.47 & 5.21 & 0.86 & 5.52 & 0.99 & 0.032 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Means and standard deviations for the three teams. Overall, the comments were generally consistent across experimental groups in terms of aesthetics and functionality, with participants reporting that the data news was visually appealing, attractive, colorful, intuitively clear, and easy to access. However, in the second and third groups, the perceived interactivity by users increased significantly. Participants felt more in control of the map visualization due to the interactivity.