## 1 Introduction  
Computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) ceramic materials facilitate a fully digital workflow, from impression acquisition to final restoration, offering both clinical reliability and high patient satisfaction [1, 2]. Lithium disilicate ceramics are widely favored as monolithic ceramic systems for anterior and posterior single crowns [3]. Although glass ceramics offer aesthetic benefits, there has been a growing demand for stronger ceramic restorations [4]. The utilization of anatomically contoured zirconia restorations, known as monolithic zirconia, without the need for veneer porcelain, is on the rise in dentistry due to its superior optical and mechanical properties [5, 6, 7]. To overcome the issue of limited translucency in conventional zirconia, a new high-translucency monolithic zirconia has been developed for practical application in clinical use [7]. The final-stage adjustments made on these ceramic restorations using diamond burs are essential for removing occlusal interferences, optimizing the contours of the restorations, and enhancing their aesthetic appearance [8]. These adjustments remove the glaze layer, increasing surface roughness, reducing reflected light, and affecting the restoration's color and gloss while also raising the risk of external staining [9; 10]. Ceramic polishing kits are widely used for smooth-polishing the surfaces of ceramic restorations after adjustment. Studies have explored whether ceramic polishing kits can effectively restore ceramic surfaces to a state similar to the original glazed ceramic surfaces prior to any adjustments [11; 12; 13]. It has been strongly emphasized that maintaining a smooth ceramic surface during clinical use is crucial for preventing the initiation and progression of microcracks and minimizing the wear of opposing teeth [14]. Therefore, applying a surface finishing procedure after grinding is crucial to restore and enhance the surface properties of ceramic restorations [15; 16]. Most recent studies agree that the glazing procedure can produce a sufficiently smooth surface on ceramic restorations [17; 18; 19; 20]. Conversely, the polishing process can yield a surface that closely resembles the properties of a natural tooth [21]. Following adjustments of dental ceramics, the laboratory process for reglazing is a time-consuming process. Moreover, once the restoration has been cemented in the mouth, reglazing is no longer feasible. Consequently, mechanical polishing of the adjusted restoration offers a viable solution to achieve a smooth surface, and it can be conducted both intraorally and extraorally [22]. The search for effective clinical polishing methods after adjusting porcelain restorations is of great importance as it reduces the treatment time and enables cementation to be completed in the same session. Reglazing of the restoration requires multiple visits for the patient, as it is performed by glaze firing in the dental laboratory [23]. Patients' desire for a natural tooth appearance can be attained by achieving the right contour, smoothness, and glossiness [24]. Maintenance of a smooth restoration is essential not only for the health of the tooth and the surrounding periodontal tissues but also for the aesthetic aspect of the restoration [25]. Conversely, rough surfaces create an environment conducive to plaque accumulation and staining, potentially resulting in plaque-induced gingivitis, secondary cavities, and adverse effects on gloss [26; 27]. Surface profilometry is convenient for quantitative assessment of surface roughness [28]. Surface roughness of the restorations is an important factor for bacterial adhesion. It was reported that a further reduction in Ra below a threshold level of 0.2 um had no effect on supra- and subgingival microbiological adhesion or colonization [29]. Gloss is defined as a specific light intensity reflectance on a surface, with the incident angle equal and opposite to the reflectance angle [30].