## 1 Introduction  
The integration of big data and blockchain technology is set to revolutionize decentralized decision-making across various industries. As the digital landscape continues to expand, the sheer volume and complexity of the data generated necessitate robust and innovative solutions to manage, analyze, and secure this information [1]. Blockchain technology, with its immutable ledger and decentralized nature, provides a secure and transparent framework for data storage and management. When integrated with big data analytics, it enables real-time processing and analysis of vast datasets, facilitating informed and efficient decision-making processes. Blockchain technology was initially introduced in the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis to address discrepancies in financial information and restore trust between the financial industry and its clients [2]. The emergence of Bitcoin, the first virtual currency based on blockchain technology, demonstrated the potential of this technology beyond the realm of cryptocurrencies. Today, blockchain applications extend across various sectors, including healthcare, supply chain management, finance, and public administration, offering solutions for secure and transparent transactions, digital identity verification, and decentralized governance [3]. Big data, characterized by the five V's--volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value--refers to the massive amounts of data generated from various sources, including social media, IoT devices, and transactional systems [4]. The ability to process and analyze big data in real time is critical for deriving actionable insights and supporting decision-making processes. However, the challenges associated with big data, such as data security, privacy, and integration, necessitate advanced technologies to ensure its effective utilization. Integrating big data with blockchain technology addresses these challenges by providing a secure, transparent, and decentralized framework for data management. Blockchain's decentralized nature eliminates the need for intermediaries, reducing the risk of data breaches and ensuring data integrity [5]. The immutable ledger ensures that once data are recorded, they cannot be altered or tampered with, providing a reliable foundation for decision-making. The combination of these technologies enhances data transparency and traceability, allowing organizations to track data provenance and ensure its authenticity. This capability is particularly valuable in industries such as supply chain management, where tracking the origin and journey of products is essential [6]. Additionally, the integration supports real-time data processing and decision-making, enabling organizations to respond swiftly to emerging trends and threats. Today, industries are increasingly adopting these integrated technologies to transform their operations. In healthcare, blockchain ensures the integrity of patient records, while big data analytics enables personalized treatment plans [7]. In supply chain management, blockchain's traceability combined with real-time analytics optimizes logistics and reduces costs. Financial services benefit from enhanced security and fraud detection through blockchain's immutable ledger and big data's predictive analytics. As these examples illustrate, the convergence of big data and blockchain is not just a theoretical concept but a practical reality that is reshaping industries and driving innovation [8]. Despite the promising potential of integrating big data and blockchain technology, several challenges and potential issues need to be addressed. Scalability, data privacy, interoperability, regulatory compliance, cost, resource allocation, and governance are critical areas that require careful consideration and innovative solutions [9]. By addressing these challenges, organizations can create robust, efficient, and secure decentralized decision-making systems that leverage the strengths of both big data and blockchain technology.