## 4 Discussion and Conclusions  
Among the devices used today, radars, mobile phones, radio and television transmitters, some medical devices, high voltage lines, microwave ovens and various electrical household appliances create electric and electromagnetic fields. Cell phones, which are rapidly increasing day by day in terms of the number of users and duration of use, emit microwave radiation (MWR) in the form of non-ionization electromagnetic radiation. As a result, concerns have increased regarding the possible dangers of electromagnetic field radiation radiated by cell phones affecting human health [16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] revealed that DNA breaks occur in rat brain cells exposed to radiofrequency waves. [PERSON] et al. [18] found that the increase in serum SOD activity was statistically significant by applying 1.35 kV/m, 1.5 kV/m, 1.8 kV/m vertical and horizontal electric field application for 8 h a day for 3 days, 0.3 kV/m, 1 kV/m. They reported that the increase in SOD activity in the serum of the electric field application was not statistically significant. In our study, the decrease in SOD level was found to be significant in the EF and EF + Juglone groups. In the same study, 1.35 kV/m, 1.5 kV/m, 1.8 kV/m, 0.3 kV/m, 1 kV/m vertical and horizontal electric field application was found in biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, total protein, albumin, GGT, ALT). ALP, LDH, urea, uric acid, glucose, creatine and BUN caused an increase, but this difference was reported to be not statistically significant. In our study, it was determined that there was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters of glucose, ALT, direct bilirubin or BUN between the groups (\(p>0.05\)). It was determined that there was a significant difference between the groups in the biochemical parameters of urea, AST and indirect bilirubin, and this difference was due to the increase in the EF group (\(p<0.05\)). [PERSON] et al. [19] applied an electric field of 50 Hz to the brains of rats and found a change in protein expression related to the cytoskeleton, which contributes to major processes in brain damage. Similarly, in this study, it was determined that the application of a 50 Hz electric field caused damage to neurons and neuroglia cells and edema and caused areas of bleeding. Our immunohistochemical evaluations also support the damage in the EF group in our study. The effects of a 50 Hz extremely low-frequency EF on lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in brain tissue were investigated, and it was reported that there was no difference in lipid peroxidation levels and enzyme activities between groups exposed to electric fields and sham groups [20]. In our study, similar to this study, the changes in MDA and CAT activities were not found to be significant, but the differences between the groups due to the increase in SOD activity in the electric field group were found to be statistically significant. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Group I** & **Group II** & **Group III** & \(p\)** \\  & **(K)** & **(Electric Field)** & **(EF + Juglone)** & \(p\)** \\ \hline MDA & 1.59 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 1.62 \(\pm\) 0.58 & 1.60 \(\pm\) 0.62 & AD \\ \hline CAT & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.27 & AD \\ \hline SOD & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.25 & * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} AD: not statistically significant, * \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Oxidant and antioxidant levels of research groups. It has been reported that electromagnetic field applications from 10 mW, 100 mW and 1000 mW mobile phones for 2 h a day causes severe neurological damage in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal region and basal ganglia [21]. In this study, it was determined that although there were decreases in neurons and glial cells in the EF group, very serious damage did not occur. [PERSON] et al.