## 6 Conclusions  
This bipartite review consists of a bibliometric analysis and a systematic review on the application of IoT in agriculture and environment in West Africa. Agriculture serves as the primary livelihood for numerous individuals, encompassing farmers, agronomists, transporters and more. It holds the potential to augment incomes, enhance food security and positively impact the environment. Nonetheless, our food systems are accountable for various environmental challenges. Although the adoption of IoT in agriculture and environmental management has proven highly efficient on a global scale, its implementation remains underdeveloped in Africa, particularly in West Africa. On the one hand, the bibliometric analysis presents the current landscape of the application of IoT in both agriculture and environment in West Africa. The bibliometric study encompasses 53 studies, obtained from the Web of Science database, of on average 6 years of age, indicating that the topic is newly studied in West African countries. Precisely, there is an increase in published papers from 2014 and an effective growth from 2018, with a peak in 2020. The University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin) has the highest paper production, followed by Obafemi Awolowo University (Nigeria) and Koforidua Technical University (Ghana). The leading countries in West Africa are Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Senegal and Gambia with, respectively, 15.49%, 7.96%, 7.08%, 6.19% and 2.65% paper production. Overall, many collaborations have been observed, mostly with the USA, followed by France, the UK, Luxembourg and Belgium. However, a key limitation lies in a lack of collaborations between West African countries themselves. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis reviews twenty relevant papers. The findings from the literature review indicate that 50% of the documents relate to the environment, 40% are associated with agriculture and 10% to both environment and agriculture. A total of 80% of these papers have been published in the past five years (2018-2023). The latter cover different applications, mainly in air quality or pollution monitoring. There are also applications, about environment, in water level monitoring for flood prevention, monitoring of unwanted gaseous substance emission (Carbon Monoxide) and meteorological parameter (wind speed, air humidity, rainfall, sunshine) monitoring. Regarding IoT applications in agriculture, the works include fishery or fish farming, livestock, farming, automated seed planting, piggery, harvesting and vine spraying soil moisture. They are mainly focused on aquatic ecosystem monitoring, water monitoring (pH, water temperature and dissolved oxygen), field monitoring (soil moisture, pest control) and automatic irrigation systems. Observing instances where networks are absent, relying solely on sensors and manual data collection, the future of IoT deployment for data collection in West Africa holds immense promise. This technological advancement should help to address pertinent challenges in agriculture and the environment within the region. The proposed future directions are directly useful for research and development companies, educators, researchers and NGOs in West Africa. The highlighted directions include monitoring wildlife and livestock using IoT to observe behavior, health and threat responses, aiding biodiversity conservation and mitigating human-animal conflicts through geolocation tracking. Greenhouse farming, leveraging IoT, AI, robotics and data analytics, can also enhance crop productivity with pest protection, efficient water use and continuous production. Precision fishing, employing advanced tools, optimizes both small- and large-scale operations sustainably. As a final note, we would like to point out the limitations of this review and related perspectives. A main shortcoming is that this review considers the extraction of articles from a single database, Web of Science.