# A Review of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Process Security Risks
## 2 A Complete Paradigm Shift
### Cloud-Based Design  
The advent of the Internet has had a huge impact on how engineering teams collaborate. The traditional \"in-house\" design approach is rapidly being replaced by a new approach where engineers and technical personnel collaborate from all walks of life all around the world. In an era where optimization and efficiency are keywords for all types of businesses, especially for engineering design and manufacturing entities, it is increasingly becoming the norm for businesses to outsourcecertain tasks. Global collaboration between technical teams leads to more innovative solutions to technical problems. Because of the distances that sometimes separate these technical teams, it is often impractical for such teams to regularly meet and share information in person at a particular location. Therefore, new and innovative ways need to be used to share information effectively and to collaborate. Many businesses are migrating to newer business models that make use of global mass collaboration. In other words, certain tasks that require the skills of a specialist in a particular field are rather outsourced to such specialists, instead of hiring an in-house specialist. Online sharing platforms such as GitHub and DropBox offer the ability to easily share information associated with certain tasks [8,9]. In fact, it is becoming the norm for engineers and developers to use such platforms to host and share entire projects with team members from around the world over the Internet. Such a methodology to engineering design offers a number of advantages. For example, a project can be worked on around the clock by design teams that are located in different time zones across the world. A 24-h period in a project's timeframe can essentially undergo three 8-h working days' worth of design effort, essentially tripling the output per time unit available to the project. Figure 3 below illustrates this concept. Although the concept of global collaboration between engineering teams offers distinct advantages over traditional engineering design approaches, a few key issues are also faced that very quickly apply brakes to the momentum of such a paradigm shift. One of the key issues in this regard is the protection of intellectual property. The moment that confidential design information leaves the proverbial borders of a business, additional measures need to be implemented to ensure the security and confidentiality of such information. The repercussions of inadequate security measures leading to a leak of confidential information cannot be overstressed. Should an unsuspecting business fall prey to a seasoned hacker that exploits security weaknesses in an online collaboration platform that is not properly designed around sound security measures, the consequences could be life-threatening. For example, the design of life support medical equipment can be altered in such a way that it would not function correctly or even fail when in use. In fact, outsourcing manufacturing tasks to third parties exposes businesses to similar threats that are well-known in the integrated circuit manufacturing industry. A particular example of such threats is where logic gates are designed that do not entirely conform to specification, owing to obfuscation and lack of complete design details that could contain critically important design information [11]. Figure 3: Global collaboration on a project. Another example is the design of an aircraft propeller blade in which weaknesses can be maliciously introduced into the structural design, leading to possible catastrophic failure during flight, and thus endangering the lives of all the passengers on board the aircraft. This has particularly been a growing concern since 3D printed fuel nozzles newly developed by General Electric (GE) Aviation for use in jet engines received a US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification.