esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Contributions of Climate and Human Activities to Water Use Efficiency in China's Drylands
###### Abstract  
In the context of global warming, terrestrial ecosystems have undergone significant variations. China has implemented a variety of ecological engineering methods to enhance carbon stocks. However, understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon and water in drylands under climate change remains limited. Here, our research elucidates carbon and water dynamics in China's drylands over the last two decades, with a focus on understanding spatial-temporal changes and the effects of ecological engineering on the carbon-water cycle. Furthermore, this study investigates the relationships among climate change, water use efficiency (WUE), and its components--Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Evaportranspiration (ET)--identifying key climatic drivers and assessing possible directions for enhancing WUE under changing climate conditions. Our research indicates that both GPP and ET have significantly increased over the past 20 years, with growth rates of 4.96 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\).yr\({}^{-1}\) and 4.26 mm\(\cdot\)yr\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Meanwhile, WUE exhibited a slight declining trend, at a rate of \(-\)0.004 gC-mmH\({}_{2}\)O\(\cdot\)yr\({}^{-1}\). This confirms the positive impact of vegetation restoration efforts. We found that fluctuations in interannual WUE were influenced by human activities and climate change. Precipitation (Prec) was the key climatic factor driving the GPP increase. Both solar radiation (Solra) and Prec were crucial for the interannual variation of WUE. Interestingly, WUE was the main factor affecting GPP development. The decline in WUE in drylands is linked to interannual variability in WUE and increased Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) due to warming. Seasonal variations in how WUE responds to climatic factors were also observed. For instance, fall rainfall increased WUE, while spring rainfall decreased it. Fall WUE was highly sensitive to VPD. Spatially, we found higher WUE in China's eastern and Xinjiang regions and lower in inland areas and the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphologic factors and soil conditions were the main drivers of this spatial variability in WUE. Temperature (Tem), Solra, VPD, and relative humidity (Relah) also played significant roles. Our results show a generalized inverse persistence in WUE variability. This suggests a potential for increased WUE in the eastern regions and a risk of decreased WUE on the Tibetan Plateau. Addressing the threat of vegetation decline in arid regions, particularly within the Tibetan Plateau, is crucial. It is essential to adapt forestry practices to complement the carbon and water cycles in these landscapes.  
drylands; water use efficient (WUE); climate change; gross primary productivity (GPP); ecological recovery +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B
## 5 Asymptotic Analysis
### MRC System  
To obtain some useful insights into the MRC system as \(\overline{\gamma}\rightarrow\infty\), by employing (59) and Equation (A1) in Appendix A, the asymptotic MGF of \(\gamma_{MRC}\) in the i.i.d. case can be yielded as  
\[MGF_{\gamma_{MRC}}(s)\approx\bigg{(}\frac{\alpha\Gamma(n+0.5\alpha\mu)\Gamma( 0.5\alpha\mu)}{2\Gamma(\mu)\Gamma(n)\lambda^{-\mu}}\bigg{)}^{L}s^{-0.5 La\mu}. \tag{62}\]  
Then, with the aid of the methods used in Equation (A3) in Appendix A, the asymptotic PDF of \(\gamma_{MRC}\) in the i.i.d. case can be obtained as  
\[f_{\gamma_{MRC}}(\gamma)\approx\bigg{(}\frac{\alpha\Gamma(n+0.5\alpha\mu) \Gamma(0.5\alpha\mu)}{2\Gamma(\mu)\Gamma(n)\lambda^{-\mu}}\bigg{)}^{L}\frac{ \gamma^{0.5 La\mu-1}}{\Gamma(0.5 La\mu)}. \tag{63}\]  
Thus, by integrating (63) with respect to \(\gamma\) and using (36), the corresponding asymptotic OP of the MRC system, when \(\overline{\gamma}\rightarrow\infty\), can be easily derived as  
\[P_{out}\approx\Bigg{(}\Bigg{(}\frac{2\Gamma(\mu)\Gamma(n)\big{[}\Gamma(1+0.5 La\mu)\big{]}^{1/L}}{\alpha\Gamma(n+0.5\alpha\mu)\Gamma(0.5\alpha\mu)}\Bigg{)}^{2/ \alpha\mu}\frac{(n-1)}{\beta\gamma_{th}}\cdot\overline{\gamma}\Bigg{)}^{-0.5 La\mu}. \tag{64}\]  
Similarly, by using (62), the asymptotic ABEP of DPSK for the MRC system can be obtained as  
\[P_{\varepsilon}(\varepsilon)\approx\Bigg{(}\frac{B(n-1)}{\beta A^{2/La\mu}} \bigg{(}\frac{2\Gamma(\mu)\Gamma(n)}{\alpha\Gamma(n+0.5\alpha\mu)\Gamma(0.5 \alpha\mu)}\bigg{)}^{2/\alpha\mu}\cdot\overline{\gamma}\Bigg{)}^{-0.5 La\mu}. \tag{65}\]  
From the above asymptotic analysis, we can see that the diversity order of the single-link system is \(0.5\alpha\mu\), and that of MRC systems is \(0.5 La\mu\). As expected, the diversity systems can bring more benefits than the single-link system by the increase in the number of diversity branches. All the channel fading parameters show the impacts on the coding gain, while the diversity order depends on only the non-linear and the multipath parameters.  
Likewise, we can also derive the asymptotic expressions of the correlated cases and other modulation schemes and obtain some identical conclusions. In addition, the asymptotic results of the effective capacity can also be obtained at a high average SNR level by substituting (59) and (62) into (57).
## 5 Evaluation
### Multi-Case Evaluation of DSML4 PT
#### 5.2.1 Preparation
It consists of onboard software and server software on the cloud, receiving data from sensors via CAN line and performing necessary system management. Information such as vehicle speed, engine speed, and fuel level is processed and managed in this system. 8. Vehicle Track: This application consists of software that reads data from the GPS module and cloud software for the global location information of the vehicles used in the systems. It is especially useful for managers to track the location of vehicles spread throughout the city.
## 2 Theory, Requirements and Synthesis  
### Dispersion-Induced Power Fading  
With many unbeatable advantages as a transmission medium, SMF, similar to any waveguide (WG) system, is prone to dispersion. Besides WG dispersion, which is also present in other (hollow) WG structures, in optical fibers the material itself is also dispersive (wavelength-dependent refractive index). In a standard telecommunications fiber (e.g., G.652), both terms effectively cancel out at a wavelength of 1310 nm, whereas at an increasingly exploited wavelength of 1550 nm, such a fiber exhibits a non-zero dispersion with a dispersion coefficient of \(D\approx 17\) ps\(/(\mathrm{nm}\cdot\mathrm{km})\). This results in a so-called group velocity dispersion (GVD)--different frequency components experience different delays--causing the effect of pulse broadening and intersymbol interference in digital communications or RF power fading when radio-over-fiber communications are considered. This paper focuses on the latter manifestation of essentially the same phenomenon.  
Power fading can (analytically) be represented by the PP function (of two variables, i.e., fiber length \(L\) and modulation frequency \(f_{\mathrm{RF}}\)), which is basically given as the ratio of the optical powers at the receiving end and that from the transmitting end of the RoF link, as per Equation (13) in [8]  
\[PP_{0}[dB]=10\mathrm{log}_{10}\left[\cos^{2}\left(\pi\frac{\lambda^{2}}{c_{0}} Df_{RF}^{2}L\right)\right], \tag{1}\]  
where \(\lambda\) stands for the laser carrier wavelength and \(c_{0}\) is the speed of light in vacuum. Note that all the wavelengths mentioned in this paper are expressed as the wavelengths in free space. Figure 4 in [17] shows the PP function in a 2D color plot, showing multiple regions (i.e., combinations of \(L\) and \(f_{\mathrm{RF}}\)) with extensive attenuation of the RF signal due to the unfavorable PP value. Clearly, as this arises from two interfering sidebands, eliminating one of the two sidebands overcomes the issue. This can be approached by employing an appropriate optical bandstop filter such as an MRR on a PIC, e.g., [37].
# Modeling of Fuzzy Systems Based on the Competitive Neural Network
## 3 Proposed Method
### Design Process of the Fuzzy Inference Systems
#### 3.2.1 Triangular Membership Functions  
Creating a Triangular MF requires three points denoted as \(a,\ b\), and \(c\), with the restriction that \(a<b<c\), as expressed in Equation (10) and illustrated in Figure 3.  
\[Triangle(x;a,b,c)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\ x\leq a.\\ \frac{x-a}{b-a},\ a\leq x\leq b.\\ \frac{c-x}{c-b},\ b\leq x\leq c.\\ 0,\ c\leq x.\end{array}\right. \tag{10}\]  
In this approach, the MF number is based on the number of clusters. Table 1 details how to calculate the parameters to design a Triangular MF from Triangular \(MF_{1}\) to Triangular \(MF_{n}\). Specifically, the following steps are implemented:  
* To obtain the parameter \(a_{n}\), two standard deviations (STDs) of the \(cluster_{n}\) are calculated from the position of the \(Centroid_{n}\).
* The parameter \(b_{n}\) is the position of the centroid of \(cluster_{n}\).
* To calculate the parameter \(c_{n}\), two STDs of the \(cluster_{n}\) are also added from the position of the \(Centroid_{n}\) in the same cluster.
## 5 Hypothesis: Is the Stringent Response the Key to the Function of L/F-Transferase?  
When considering the inhibition of EF-Tu and overall translation by (p)ppGpp, we hypothesize that the induction of the stringent response may provide L/F-transferase access to increased amounts of available aminoacyl-tRNA substrates which otherwise would be sequestered by the translational machinery. Under conditions of a limiting amino acid, the induction of the stringent response alarmone ppGpp would effectively reduce the rate of translation, trapping EF-Tu in various inactive complexes, and, therefore, allowing the accumulation of free aminoacyl-tRNAs for alternative cellular processes, such as the L/F-transferase. Logically, this would make sense to enable the targeting of protein for degradation by L/F-transferase to alleviate the stress of limited amino acids on the cell. If our hypothesis is correct, it would have significant implications on the biological function of L/F-transferase which in general have been elusive.  
While the stringent response can be initiated by the limitation of any amino acid, even the limitation of leucine may also result in the availability of Leu-tRNA\({}^{\text{Leu}}\) (CAG) by this mechanism. As the Leu-tRNA\({}^{\text{Leu}}\) (CAG) isoacceptor is of intermediate sensitivity to leucine as mentioned above, there will be a reduced but significant amount of this highly abundant tRNA\({}^{\text{Leu}}\) (CAG) isoacceptor remaining in the cell upon leucine limitation that could be accessible for L/F-transferase activity.
# Innovative Stackable Multijet-Printed Templates for Precise Veneer Preparation: A Dental Technique
## 1 Introduction  
Dental aesthetics are a primary concern for many patients. Porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) offer a minimally invasive approach to rehabilitate anterior teeth by enhancing their color and contour, thereby improving both aesthetics and functionality [1, 2, 3]. PLVs have remarkable clinical success when bonded to enamel [4, 5], making precise control of tooth reduction depths essential.  
Conventionally, various veneer preparation methods have been described. The most commonly used techniques have been free-hand or those utilizing silicone guides, both of which require a high degree of clinical experience and skill [6, 7]. However, the free-hand technique can lead to uncontrolled reduction and has been associated with under-preparation, resulting in over-contoured laminated porcelain veneers [8]. Additionally, silicone guides are primarily used to verify the tooth reduction depth after preparation, providing limited guidance during the actual tooth preparation process to achieve an optimal tooth reduction depth [9].  
With advancements in computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, tooth reduction templates can now be designed and 3D printed to guide tooth preparation to a desired depth [10, 11, 12, 13, 14], offering improved accuracy compared to conventional free-hand and silicone guide techniques. However, most previously reported tooth reduction templates, incorporating various designs such as multiple depth-guidingholes, cross-shaped, or window access, primarily assist in creating initial depth grooves on tooth surfaces. The subsequent reduction between these grooves still requires a free-hand technique after template removal. As a result, operator-dependent variations remain a limitation of current computer-assisted veneer preparation methods. This has been highlighted by [PERSON] et al. [15], who compared tooth reduction accuracy using four different guided veneer preparation techniques.  
To address the current limitations in veneer preparation, this article introduces an innovative, stackable tooth reduction template, printed using a Multijet system that guides clinicians through the following four critical stages: incisal reduction, incisal and cervical halves of labial reduction, and cervical margin reduction. Unlike previous designs, these templates feature calibrated bur-guiding channels and handpiece access windows tailored to specific burs, allowing operator-independent control over reduction depths for preserving enamel integrity. By aligning precisely with virtual preparation plans generated through CAD software, this guided veneer preparation technique supports the ongoing transition toward fully digital, patient-specific restorative protocols in modern dentistry.
## 5 Discussion
### Latency  
Inefficient task scheduling complicates operations in IoT environments, leading to prolonged processing times and increased power demands. Research indicates that poor scheduling practices can cause significant delays and energy waste, underscoring the need for advanced scheduling algorithms that consider the specific characteristics and requirements of IoT tasks. By optimising task scheduling, researchers can improve energy efficiency and enhance other critical parameters such as bandwidth utilisation and data rates, leading to more sustainable IoT operations.
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review  
In Ref. [19], a comparative study was presented for following up the maximum power point by two methods: Perturb and Observe (P&O) and incremental conduction. Two programs were issued in the MATLAB-Simulink programming environment, and the results were compared for a photovoltaic system that supplied a resistive consumer by means of a buck-type DC-DC converter. Better results were obtained for various values of the solar radiation intensity and temperature in the case of using the incremental conduction method. Nineteen methods of following the maximum power point taken over from the specialty literature were analyzed in Ref. [20], and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were presented in the shape of a table. The photovoltaic system supplied an AC motor through a DC-DC Boost converter and a three-phase invertor. Another study on the usage of the methods to follow-up the maximum power point (Perturb and Observe and the incremental conductance) for controlling a photovoltaic system with two types of converters, namely a DC-DC buck converter and DC-DC boost converter, were presented in Ref. [21].  
The current trends are based on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to extract a high quantity of power from photovoltaic systems. A study on the use of conventional MPPT methods and intelligent MPPT methods was presented in Ref. [22], where a high efficiency of photovoltaic system usage was obtained in the case of the intelligent MPPT methods such as FLC (fuzzy logic controller), ANN (artificial neural network), and ANFIS (artificial neural-fuzzy inference system) algorithm. The disadvantages of these methods are the complexity of implementation, longer response times, and higher manufacture costs, and the article also mentions that hybrid MPPT methods are more efficient.
# A Research Study on Protocol Stack of Space-Based Optical Backbone Network
## 2 Architecture of the Protocol Stack
However, the difference is that the modules in different nodes do not collaborate with each other. It provides DCN and OAM channels (yellow lightning) to transmit management and control messages. Figure 4: Internal logical relationship of each plane. Figure 3: Functions of three planes.
However, there is a need to identify requirements for a combined SF cybersecurity architecture that addresses threats and challenges stemming from farm vehicles, IoT sensor networks, cooperative business models, scarce cybersecurity resources in SFs, and private network technologies. More trials and comparative research are also needed to verify the feasibility of different wireless networks and network interconnection solutions for SF applications. This study is part of the PRIORITY project that develops and trials communication and digitalization technologies for business- and mission-critical end users. One of our agricultural scenarios--grass cultivation in a dairy farm--consists of four uses cases: (1)the sensor systems in the animal shelter and fields, (2) drones and satellite remote sensing (Airbus Verde [29]) for data collection, (3) artificial intelligence for recognizing fertilizer spreading and foreign objects, and 4) unmanned tractors in which communication plays a significant role. Based on the scenario, a field trial with a private mobile network was built on an educational farm. This farm consisted of several different locations. Hence, the private network consisted of several private network bubbles [30], and elements that can form independent ad hoc private networks. These were used for tests in different environments to guarantee network performance in every location. The study contributes to the scientific community by verifying the feasibility of different private networking and internetworking technologies for emerging smart farm and unmanned tractor applications. We collected and consolidated the requirements for telecommunications networks and cybersecurity. Practical experiences enabled us to define qualitative and quantitative demands related to functionality, performance, interoperability, and cybersecurity, as well as to identify technology gaps for future research. We also explored approaches to customize and optimize applications and networks based on needs in SF. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the requirements for networks and security solutions. Section 3 describes the technology enablers--private networks, remote control software, and security components--that were trialed. The section also highlights the main results and insights gained during the development and trial. Section 4 describes our contributions in light of related research. In Section 5, we discuss the conclusions and recommend potential directions for future research.
# New RED-Type TCP-AQM Algorithms Based on Beta Distribution Drop Functions
## 1 Introduction
The Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm, proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4], works by detecting incipient congestion and notifying the TCP transmission control protocol of the congestion by randomly discarding packets to avoid filling the router. The RED algorithm avoids some of the problems of using the simple Drop Tail [5] (such as blocking, full queues and global synchronization), whose mechanism consists of dropping all incoming packets when the buffer queue is full. In fact, RED has been the most studied AQM to date, and has been the basis for the development of new AQM systems. The reason for this is not only because RED was the first to be developed in the Internet community, but also because of the numerous drawbacks involved in using this algorithm, some of which have not yet been fully resolved. One of the main problems is the difficulty and uncertainty in adjusting its parameters for adequate performance, due to the high sensitivity of the RED parameters to traffic load. Thus, a poor choice of RED parameters can lead to other deficiencies such as forced drops, or link underutilization. Moreover, even if the RED parameters are properly tuned, they are very sensitive to network conditions and can also cause other more complex nonlinear effects such as bifurcation and chaos. In summary, it can happen that a set of parameters works perfectly for a certain network setting but not when those parameters are slightly changed. This is obviously not desirable, as Internet traffic conditions change rapidly. The study of stability and bifurcations of Internet congestion control models involving delay is a central issue that has been intensively studied in recent decades (see [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]). The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the current AQM problem is presented, along with the description of the most recent algorithms that have similar objectives to BetaRED. This section also briefly reviews the AQM schemes with which we will compare the proposed new algorithms. Section 3 is devoted to describing the simulation scenarios and the metrics we will use to perform the comparison between the AQM schemes. In the next two sections, new proposed algorithms are introduced and compared by numerical simulations with ns-3, namely, the main BetaRED algorithm (Section 4), and two new dynamic algorithms ABetaRED and DBetaRED based on the previous one (Section 5). Finally, in Section 6, some final conclusions are presented. For the convenience of the reader, in Table 1 we list symbols of the most important parameters used in this paper.