# Local Government Cybersecurity Landscape: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework
## 5 Findings and Discussion
### The Framework: Key Components and Limitations in the Existing Literature  
5.2.1. Types and Techniques of Cyber-Attacks  
Internet security is primarily breached by cyber-attacks including spyware, adware, keyloggers, and ransomware [14; 76; 81]. These types of cyber-attacks can grant attackers unauthorized control over the online activities of local governments, compromising users' privacy and data integrity and disrupting system functionality. Malvertizing, phishing, DoS, and DDoS attacks can compromise network security [9; 84; 62], while SQL injection and XSStarget local governments' websites and web-based applications [62; 76]. Network security faces threats including IP spoofing, ARP spoofing, and DNS spoofing. Ransomware, which encrypts access to vital data, spyware, and keyloggers, which collect sensitive information, have a severe impact on data security [11; 14; 36]. Trojans and rootkits facilitate unauthorized access to data, while phishing techniques target data theft [12; 56]. Zero-day exploits, repudiation, and tampering pose risks to data accuracy and trustworthiness [51; 67; 74]. Cloud storage security entails safeguarding data and services stored in the cloud against threats, including ransomware, Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), and the dangers posed by malicious and negligent insiders [78; 79].  
While the existing literature provides insightful discussions on many types and techniques of cyber-attacks, it notably overlooks emerging threats, which could be vital for local governments. Emerging threats in Internet security include deepfake technology and AI-powered social engineering attacks, which can lead to misinformation or the manipulation of public opinion [92; 93]. In web security, newer threats such as API attacks [94] and crypto-jacking that target web-based applications are often overlooked [95; 96]. Network security faces evolving risks, such as Zero-Trust Network Architecture violations and IoT-based attacks, which can lead to widespread disruptions or data breaches [12]. For data security, quantum computing attacks and advanced ransomware tactics targeting backups and disaster recovery strategies are very critical [97; 98].  
Endpoint security, especially in the context of smart cities, must contend with the proliferation of IoT devices, including threats from unsecured devices and sophisticated mobile malware targeting government officials' devices [99]. The incorporation of AI and machine learning into applications creates new opportunities for AI-driven threats in applications frequently utilized by local governments [16]. Cloud security in local governments, especially in smart cities, faces unique challenges, such as increased risks in shared and multi-tenant cloud environments and threats targeting cloud-based IoT platforms and big data analytics [100; 101]. The ever-evolving digital landscape, marked by advanced technologies and interconnected systems, introduces new vulnerabilities and attack surfaces [9; 13; 37]. Local governments must stay abreast of current threats and proactively anticipate future challenges to effectively protect their cyber ecosystems.