esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# My Smartphone tattles: Considering Popularity of Messages in Opportunistic Data Dissemination
## 2 Background and Application Scenarios
### Application Scenarios  
In general, OppNets applications can be characterised by their destination patterns, i.e., destination-oriented or destination-less. We propose a taxonomy, which is presented in Figure 1. Destination-oriented are applications, where the recipient of a message is a well defined person or device, e.g., a person called [PERSON] or a particular sensor node with some ID. This could be a chatting application, social media application, etc. This scenario can be extended also to groups of well-identified people or devices, e.g., messages to all members of a club. These applications can surely be implemented with OppNets and much research has been invested in optimising the data dissemination for them [5].  
However, destination-less applications are by far the larger group of possible scenarios [2; 6]. There, not individual people or devices are targeted, but rather roles or even all network participants. These applications include disaster scenarios as well as smart city announcements such as traffic or weather information, broadcast chatting applications (e.g., Jodel [7]), city events, and sales and marketing applications. These applications have been somewhat neglected by the research community in data dissemination. While they can be well served with flooding mechanisms, this would leave many of their unique properties not leveraged. For example, some messages might experience great popularity (e.g., interesting event in the city and important traffic announcement), while others might get ignored altogether. _Popularity_ of messages emerges over time and through interaction with real people and cannot be substituted by pre-defined priorities or topic ontologies. We further explore what popularity is in Section 4.
# Failure Life Prediction of Hub Bearing in Composite Tooling
## 1 Introduction
It was also shown that the bearing life decreased drastically regardless of the operating conditions when the bearing misalignment was more than 1 mrad. However, this study confirmed the effects of the bearing's operating conditions on fatigue life analytically, and these effects were not validated through bearing tests or any other method. [PERSON] analyzed the influence of the type change of the output shaft bearings of the pitch reducer for wind turbine system on the load distribution over the gear tooth flank and load sharing among the planets [12]. This study confirmed that the gear life in the pitch reducer increased when the combination of the spherical roller bearing (SRB) and cylindrical roller bearing (CRB) was changed to two taper roller bearings (TRBs). [PERSON] has developed a methodology to predict bearing life under a corrosive environment based on accelerated life testing data and the inverse power law. Bearing life tests under various corrosion stress levels were performed and the test result shows that the accelerated life test effectively assess the bearing life based on accelerated environmental testing [13]. [PERSON] presented the durability test methods for wheel bearings. Through studying on the offset between the wheel center line and the position where a force is applied to the tire, the simulating load position on the wheel bearing was calculated. Depending on the influence of inner circle or outer circle rotation on the wheel bearing life, the test method on the bench was determined [14]. From the above two papers, information on the accelerated life test method and test devices for the hub bearing in the working implement could be obtained. Few studies have derived the loads to evaluate the life of the components of working implements, such as bearings, and few studies have conducted experimental verification to check the accuracy of the predicted life. This study was conducted to predict the fatigue life of the hub bearing used in composite working implements. The load acting on the composite working implement was measured through field tests, and the combined loads acting on the hub bearing were derived using the load reconstruction method. Based on the derived loads, the static safety factor, and fatigue life of the bearing, the load acting on the inner and outer raceways of the bearing, contact stress, and truncation were analytically predicted. Besides, the predicted fatigue life of the bearing was verified through a life test.
## 4 Bioactive Metabolites
### Terpenes and Terpenoids  
_Ganoderma_ species are considered a panacea for all kinds of diseases in Chinese traditional medicine. They have been used to treat diseases of the liver, nephritis, hypertension, and hyperlipemia. Most of the known bioactive compounds found in _Ganoderma_ are lanostane and ergostane pentacyclic triterpenes. Ganoteric acids especially have been studied extensively in vitro for their ability to induce cancer cell apoptosis [75]. In the past years, several new lanostane triterpenes have been isolated from _Ganoderma_ species exhibiting hepatotoxicity activities [148], antimalarial [149], and antifibrotic activity [150]. Another interesting group of metabolites is the sesquiterpenoids as tremlane sequiterpenoids isolated from _P. ignarius_ have shown vascular-relaxing activities [151]. Nine alliacane sesquiterpenes isolated from the submerged culture of _Inonotus_ sp. BCC 22,670 exhibited antibacterial activity against _Bacillus cereus_ and antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 [152]. Sesquiterpenes isolated from a mycelial culture of _F. velutipes_ were also found to have antimicrobial activity [153]. Novel terpenoids, erinacines, and corallocines, isolated from mushrooms of the genus _Hericium_, have been shown to induce nerve growth factor [154] and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [155], which makes them promising substances for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease [156].  
Cyathane diterpenoids produced by _Hericium_ spp. exhibited antibacterial and cytotoxic activities [157] and enhanced neurotrophin induction in cell-based bioassays [158].  
Carotenoids or tetraterpenoids are colored pigments ranging from light yellow to orange to deep red and they are produced by plants and microorganisms. They are powerful antioxidants that can scavenge free radicals, and thus can be used in food, as dietary supplements, and as cosmetic additives. Carotenoids have been found in the fruiting bodies of _Cantharellus cibarius_ and _Cordyceps militaris_[126]. The novel carotenoids isolated from _C. militaris_ were named cordyxanthins and are highly water-soluble, unlike the traditional hydrophobic carotenoids, a property that can extend their applications [159].
## 3 The Processing Method for Integrated Radar-Communication Signals
### Windowing in Signal Processing  
The power spectrum of OFDM consists of the superposition of multiple sinc functions, which usually have large out-of-band power and may cause neighbor channel interference. To strike a balance between computational complexity and performance, this paper employs a time-domain shaping function to reduce the out-of-band power of OFDM symbols. Considering the communication information carried by OFDM, where a signal encompasses multiple frequency components and exhibits a complex spectrum, and recognizing that signal processing primarily focuses on frequency points rather than energy magnitude, in this paper, we choose the Hanning window with a wider main flap to reduce the leakage phenomenon. To enhance the mitigation of adjacent channel interference, virtual carriers can be added at both ends of the transmission bandwidth. In this paper, the virtual carrier is combined with the Hanning window in order to play a role in protecting the frequency band.  
The design of the radar waveforms directly affects the PSLR and ISLR. In this paper, linear frequency modulation (chirp) signals are used, resulting in a more concentrated main flap and relatively small side flaps. Compared with some conventional waveforms, the chirp signal can have a narrower main flap, and the resolution of the radar system can be improved by using the pulse compression technique.  
For the received radar signals, windowing and pulse compression are performed in this paper. The rectangular window is the simplest window function, characterized by a wider transition band and higher-amplitude side lobes in the frequency domain. In this paper, the Blackman window is used to adjust the spectral characteristics of the waveform to optimize the PSLR and ISLR. The Blackman window is a weighted window function that has a more complex shape in the time domain than the Hanning window, better suppression of the side lobe, and smaller ripples in the frequency domain. The Blackman window is a second-order, ascending cosine window, and even though its equivalent noise bandwidth is larger than that of the Hanning window, the fluctuations are small and can realize higher-amplitude recognition accuracy. Therefore, we apply the Blackman window to make the chirp signal more concentrated in the frequency domain, thus reducing the spectral leakage.
# A Survey of Electromagnetic Techniques Applied to Cultural Heritage Conservation
## 3 EM Techniques for CH Restoration
### EM Techniques for Consolidation of CH  
Ionizing radiation can be used to strengthen weakened materials by forming a new polymer inside the weakened structure. Artifacts made of porous materials are the most vulnerable, and irradiation is meant to improve their mechanical properties.  
The method consists of vacuum impregnation with liquid resin, followed by a polymerization process called _radiation curing_, obtained through gamma irradiation [37; 64]. The result is a very stable compound.  
The main applications regard not only waterlogged archeological wood, but also dry wood subjected to a particular stress, e.g., flooring.  
The application of ionizing radiation to improve wood mechanical properties performed at the ARC--Nuclear, also called the \"Nucleart\" method, is so efficient that it is used to produce high-quality parquet, even with woods usually not appreciated for this type of application. A total dose of 20-30 kGy is required.  
_Densified parquet_ is used in places subject to high pedestrian traffic, such as museums and airports [14]. In the IAEA document [14], cases of parquet consolidation using gamma radiation are reported in Grenoble (the Old City Hall, which was becoming the Stendhal  
Figure 2: Biofilm growing on a Candoglia marble after chemical and mechanical treatments. The green signal spread across the mineral surface reveals that dead cells were still present after the cleaning treatment [83]. Credit: [PERSON] et al. Distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))) (accessed on 2 January 2025). No changes were made to the figure, but changes were made to the caption.  
Museum) and in Viviers. The Grenoble floor is still in very good condition after four decades, despite the number of visitors to the museum.  
It must be said that, differently from what happens with decontamination, consolidation of porous material changes the mechanical properties of the artifact, as well as the physicochemical ones, and these changes are irreversible. Also, the appearance may change. For all of these reasons, although extremely efficient, this process is performed only when it is the only way to preserve the artifact [90].  
Unlike wood, there is no radiation technology applicable to improve the mechanical resistance of paper and textiles.
# A 1064 nm Dispersive Raman Spectral Imaging System for Food Safety and Quality Evaluation
## 1 Introduction
The dispersed light is reflected to the CCD camera to form continuous spectra. Raman spectra of the sample are collected by point-scan method, accumulating hyperspectral image of the entire surface area of the sample. The system has been used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of ingredients and chemical contaminants in food powders [38; 39; 40; 41; 42]. However, the system fails to measure food samples emitting high fluorescence. Currently available 1064 nm Raman systems use interferometer-based FT-Raman spectroscopy for spectral measurement of high fluorescence emitting samples [32; 43; 44; 45]. The FT-Raman cannot collect hyperspectral Raman image of the large surface area of the sample. Reports on 1064 nm dispersive hyperspectral macro-scale Raman imaging system is lacking in literatures. This study used state-of-art 1064 nm Raman spectrograph to develop a 1064 nm dispersive Raman spectral imaging system for food safety and quality evaluation. The system was used to detect chemical adulteration in turmeric powder. Turmeric has culinary as well as medicinal value. Encapsulated turmeric is used as dietary supplement. Turmeric is reportedly adulterated with metanil yellow for color and appearance [32]. The 1064 nm dispersive Raman spectral imaging system was used to acquire hyperspectral Raman image of turmeric-metanil yellow mixture samples at different concentrations for the detection of metanil yellow contamination in turmeric powder. The system was also used for subsurface identification of turmeric/metanil yellow packed inside different capsule layers. The system can acquire Raman spectral image of large surface area of sample for food inspection application. The system is also capable of SORS measurement for non-destructive detection of subsurface layer material. The primary objectives of this study are to:  
1. develop a 1064 nm dispersive Raman spectral imaging system for food safety and quality evaluation;
2. present the detailed description of the system, hardware components and interface software;demonstrate application example of the 1064 nm dispersive Raman spectral imaging system for detection of metanil yellow contamination in turmeric powder at different concentrations; and,
* demonstrate application for non-destructive subsurface detection and identification of gelatin-encapsulated pure and mixed samples of metanil yellow and turmeric powder by SORS method.
# A Comparative Study of Two Rule-Based Explanation Methods for Diabetic Retinopathy Risk Assessment
## 2 Literature Review
### Methods Based on Measuring the Importance of Features  
There are two main directions for developing explanation methods based on the importance of features, global and local explanation methods. Global methods try to explain the entire model behaviour using surrogate models, whereas local models explain a single prediction. It can be helpful, in some scenarios, to understand the global logic of a model. However, the major issue with such approaches is that, as the explanations are extracted from simpler surrogate models, there is no guarantee that they are faithful to the original model [8; 11; 17].  
Local explanation methods are arguably the fundamental approaches to the construction of post-hoc explanations. LIME [11], already mentioned in the introduction, is a well-known example. It is independent of the type of data and the black box to be explained. Given a black box model \(b\), an instance \(x\), and a decision \(y\) produced by \(b\) on \(x\), LIME constructs a simple linear model that approximates \(b\)'s input-output behaviour to justify why \(b\) predicts \(y\). It generates some neighbours of \(x\) randomly in the feature space centred on \(x\). Such an approach is becoming a conventional method. We can find now LIME implementations in multiple popular packages, including Python, R and SAS.  
The authors of LIME observed that it does not measure its fidelity. As a result, the local behaviour of a notably non-linear model may lead to faulty linear approximations. Hence, they were motivated to work on a new model-agnostic method, Anchors, based on if-then rules [18]. This method highlights the part of the input that is adequate for the classifier to make the prediction, delivering more intuitive and easy-to-understand explanations.  
SHAP [19] is a method that provides an explanation of the prediction of the output of a black box for an instance \(x\) by estimating each feature's contribution to that prediction.  
These contributions are collected by measuring the Shapley values from coalitional game theory. The features act like players in a coalition. Each player can be formed by a single feature or a subset of features. The Shapley values show the payout distribution of the prediction among the features.
# Research on an ID-PCA Early Fault Detection Method for Rolling Bearings
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experimental Data at Case Western Reserve University  
The experiment is simulated by the experimental data of Case Western Reserve University. The experimental platform includes a motor, a torque sensor, a power meter and electronic control equipment. The bearing under test supports the motor shaft. Single point faults were placed on the bearings using EDM technology, with fault diameters of 0.007, 0.014, 0.021, 0.028, and 0.040 inches. In this paper, the fault data of the outer ring and rolling element with a fault diameter of 0.007 inches are used. The fault diameter of the rolling bearing is small and can be used as an early fault for experimental inspection. In this paper, the normal data of rolling bearings are used, and the fault diameter is 0.007 inches. The experiment uses drive end bearing faults 12 kHz data. The experiment uses the outer ring fault data and the inner ring fault data. The experiment has collected a total of 102,400 sampling points, and the data is divided into 200 groups, each containing 512 data. Each group of data can contain the fault characteristics of vibration signals, which will not increase the amount of calculation due to too much data. It also ensures that the data grouping is more sufficient, making the experimental results more accurate and reliable. In the 200 groups date, the first 50 groups are normal data, and the last 150 groups are fault data.
# Persistent Homology Approach for Human Presence Detection from 60 GHz OTFS Transmissions
## 3 Target Detection Approaches  
### Constant False Alarm Rate Detector  
As briefly stated in the introduction, CFAR represents one of the popular methods for target detection in a noisy environment [18]. During the experiments, the implementation of the cell-averaging CFAR detector from the Phased Array System Toolbox of Matlab was used. We will denote this as conventional CFAR, where details of this algorithm can be found in [27].  
Figure 3 illustrates the principle of the two-dimensional CFAR detector. The basic CFAR detector estimates the noise variance \(P_{N}\) as an average of the training cells and the  
Figure 2: Illustration of delay-Doppler grid without (**left**) and with (**right**) grid mismatch. The leakage of one of the reflected components into the adjacent symbols is visible.  
signal variance \(P_{S}\) is taken from the cell under test. The decision about the target presence is made according to the inequality  
\[\frac{P_{S}}{P_{N}}>\alpha, \tag{5}\]  
where \(\alpha\) is the threshold, which can be calculated from the given constant alarm probability \(P_{fa}\) and the number of training cells \(N_{tc}\) as  
\[\alpha=N_{tc}\big{(}P_{fa}^{-1/N_{tc}}-1\big{)}. \tag{6}\]
## 4 Discussion
### Forest Base Cation Budget  
The Ca balance was slightly negative on sites with very poor, sandy, acid soils overlying acid geology, including Sherwood, Rogate and Rannoch. Notably, these sites have been heavily polluted in the past by acid deposition and experienced high cation leaching losses [28; 54].  
The Ca balance was also very low at Llyn Brianne and Grizedale, where in the former case the low exchangeable Ca content in the soil (Table 2) has already resulted in Ca deficiency in the first rotation Sitka spruce forest [55]. This is in line with the findings of [56], who reported that soil base cation stores within acidic stagnopodzol soils under Sitka spruce in Wales were being depleted and likely to run out within 65 years. A depletion rate of 205 kg Ca ha\({}^{-1}\) over a 50-year-old rotation of Sitka spruce was calculated by [57], approximately equivalent to the exchangeable calcium pool to the bottom of the soil profile and 14% of the total soil calcium reserve to the base of the B horizon.  
Of the other two main base cations, K is the next lowest with two sites showing a slightly negative balance (Rogate and Rannoch), followed by Mg, which was slightly negative at Theftord (Table 4, Figure 2). Theftord would have been among the poorest sites for total base cations if Ca weathering had not been enhanced in the subsoil by tree rooting. Rooting by Scots pine in the sandy soils was able to access deeper Ca stores linked to the underlying chalk, thus maintaining a positive Ca and total base cation budget. Other studies have found evidence for such base cation uptake/pumping by roots, although this seems to be strongest for broadleaves due to their higher nutrient demand. In addition, chalk geology is known to support upwards capillary flow of water driven by evaporative flux, as demonstrated at Blackwood in Hampshire, which could sustain Ca supply [58]. Mg and K budgets were low at Theftord, partly due to its inland and easterly location, receiving the lowest deposition of marine base cations. Sea salt deposition plays a significant role in sustaining base cation budgets along western coastal areas of the UK, as evidenced by the positive total base cation budgets at Llyn Brianne and Grizedale, despite the upland, acid soils.  
Considering the robustness of the estimates in terms of measurement uncertainty, the mineral weathering rates are associated with the highest uncertainties due to methodological difficulties [34], especially for clay soils, but leaching and deposition measurements could also be problematic (e.g., in terms of estimating leaching volumes and allowing for canopy interactions), as well as being highly spatially and temporally variable. Thus, great care is required when using such data to inform forest policy and practice, including a need to adopt a precautionary approach until estimates can be improved and checked.
## 3 Entropy Feature-Based LNMS LDPC Decoding Optimization
### Generalized LNMS Decoding Algorithm
_(2) Iterative decoding:_  
First, at the \(l\)-th iteration, for the \(i\)-th LPU, the information of the \(j\)-th VN is updated with the incoming message from the \(i\)-th CN at the \((l-1)\)-th iteration:  
\[VI_{ij}^{(l)}=v_{j}^{(l-1)}-CI_{ij}^{(l-1)}. \tag{5}\]  
Subsequently, the information transmitted from the CN is updated with the incoming messages from its neighbor VNs, where \(\alpha\) is the normalization factor, and it is set to 0.85 in this work. \(M(i)\setminus j\) represents the set of VNs participating in the \(i\)-th CN, except for the \(j\)-th VN itself. \[CI_{ij}^{(l)}=\left(\prod_{k\in M(i)\setminus j}sign(VI_{ik}^{(l)})\right) \times\alpha\times\min_{k\in M(i)\setminus j}|VI_{ik}^{(l)}|. \tag{6}\]  
Figure 2: Illustration of the iterative LNMS LDPC decoding process in the receiver of a flash storage system. Then, the posterior information of all bits can be calculated through  
\[v_{j}^{(l)}=VI_{ij}^{(l)}+CI_{ij}^{(l)}. \tag{7}\]  
_(3) Decision:_  
At the end of each decoding iteration, if \(v_{j}^{(l)}>0\), \(c_{j}^{(l)}=1\), otherwise \(c_{j}^{(l)}=0\). If the code \(\mathbf{c}^{(l)}\) is orthogonal to \(\mathbf{H}\), i.e., \(\mathbf{c}^{(l)}\cdot\mathbf{H}^{\mathbf{T}}=\mathbf{0}\), or \(l\) reaches the maximum iteration, the decoding iteration stops, where \([\cdot]^{\mathsf{T}}\) denotes the transposition operation.