## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cd Exposure Schemes
#### 3.2.3 Cd Exposure of Dams during Pregnancy-Lactation Period
While the Cd transfer/accumulation studies show that \({}^{109}\)Cd in pups at birth was less than 1% of the total \({}^{109}\)Cd transferred, percentage tripled during lactation being the 94% sequestered in the gastrointestinal tract of suckling pups [62]. Thus, is confirmed that Cd exposure during lactation is more important than prenatal exposure for pups [35]. Since biochemical parameter evaluated were different, it is difficult to compare and discuss the results obtained. However, it is important to highlight that low Cd-doses (1.2 and 0.5 mg/kg) generated important alterations such as liver injury and changes in insulin secretion. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Strain (\(n\))** & **Collection Time** & **Results** & **Year Author** \\
**Eposure Period** & **Organ Analyzed** & & **1979** \\
**Litter (\(n\)), Lactation Days** & & & \\ \hline Albino rats (\(n=12\)) & & & \\
100 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/L, d.w. & & & \\ GD 0 to PND 21 & & & \\
100 mg/L at DBM, GDs, and PNDs) ** & & & \\ PNDs) ** & & & \\
28 DBM to PND 21 & & & \\ (\(n=10\)), 21 & & & \\ \hline  & PD and PND 21 & Decrease in acetylcholinesterase luciferase activity. & [PERSON] et al. [14] \\ Wistar rats (\(n=6\)) & & & \\
50 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/L, d.w. & & & \\ GD 0 to PND 21 & & & \\
0 (\(n=6\)), 21 & & & \\ Wistar rats (\(n=64\)) & & & \\
50 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/L, d.w. & & & \\
28 DBM to PND 21 & & & \\
21, CF & & \\
22, CF & & \\
23, CF & & & \\
24, CF & & \\
25, CF & & \\
26, CF & & \\
27, CF & & \\
28 DBM to PND 21 & & & \\
29, CF & & \\
20, CF  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{108.4 pt} p{108.4 pt} p{108.4 pt} p{108.4 pt}} \hline \hline
**Strain (\(n\))** & & & \\
**Dose/Concentration, Admin Route Exposure Period** & **Collection Time Organ Analyzed** & **Results** & **Year Author** \\
**Litter (\(n\)), Lactation Days** & & & \\ \hline Sprague-Dawley rats (\(n=8\)) & & & 2003 \\
50 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/kg diet, f.i. & PND 21 & Cocaine sensitization was attenuated in rats perinatally exposed to Cd. & Smith and Nation \\
30 DBM to PND 15 (\(n=10\)), 21 & Blood, kidney, liver, and brain & [51] \\ Sprague-Dawley rats (—) & & The synapses and neurites in the hippocampus were destroyed by high & 2019 \\
50 and 10 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/L, d.w. (5 and 1 mg Cd/kg bw) * & PND 21, 35, and 56 Brain & Cd exposure. Cognitive behavior deficit lasting from childhood to adulthood. & [PERSON] et al. [29] \\ GD 0 to PND 21 (—), 21 & & & \\ Sprague-Dawley rats (—) & & Developmental Cd exposure attenuated the development/expression of & 2002 \\
50 and 25 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/kg diet, f.i. & PND 1 and 21 Blood (\(n=10\)), 21 & morphine sensitization. Suppressive effect of an antagonist of the dopamine & [PERSON] et al. [53] \\ Wistar rats (\(n=8\)) & & & \\
30 mg CdCl\({}_{2}\)/L, d.w. (2.2 mg Cd/kg bw) ** & PND 21 & heart morphology. In aortic rings (PND 60) reduced endothelium-dependent reactivity and increased HO-1 (greater in females than males). VCAM-1 was lower in adult females than males & [PERSON] et al. [36] \\ GD 0 to PND 21 (\(n=10\)), 21 & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  &