## 3 The Design and Development of the RIACT Process
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Design Inputs**} & & \\ \cline{3-10} \multirow{2}{*}{**RIACT Process Element**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROSA**} \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Scope, context, and criteria} & x & x & x & & & & & x & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Identification} & x & x & x & x & & x & x & x & x \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Analysis} & x & & & x & & & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Evaluation} & x & x & x & & x & & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Treatment} & x & x & x & x & x & x & & \\ Monitoring and reviewing risks & x & & & & & & x & \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Communicating and consulting} & x & & & & & & & \\ Recording and Reporting & x & & & & & & x & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Correspondence of design inputs with the elements of the RIACT process. proach to risk management. This methodical process is very important for understanding and enhancing the resilience of urban areas against natural and human-made hazards. It involves a thorough process of selecting scope, context, and criteria, followed by the identification, analysis, and evaluation of risks [88]. The RIACT process proposes a comprehensive approach to enhancing urban resilience. It involves narrowing down the scope, context, and criteria; identifying potential risks and vulnerabilities; analysing hazards and their potential impact; selecting appropriate indicators for evaluation; prioritizing initiatives for treating, monitoring, and reviewing risks; communicating and consulting with relevant stakeholders; and recording and reporting progress. This process enables cities to allocate resources efficiently, prioritize efforts to enhance resilience, and build the capacity to withstand potential disruptions. The sources used to prove the concept of the RIACT process are international frameworks and guidelines such as ISO 31000, ISO 37123:2019, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the City Resilience Index (CRI) [27], the Resilience Action Planning Guide for Cities and Regions, and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Sendai Framework's emphasis on understanding disaster risk, strengthening disaster risk governance, and investing in disaster risk reduction aligns with the risk identification, analysis, and evaluation stages of the RIACT process [84]. It contributes by encouraging the assessment of disaster exposure, vulnerability, and hazard characteristics of urban areas, thereby guiding the development of strategies tailored towards mitigating these risks. ISO 31000 complements this by offering a structured approach to managing risks, which is very important for the systematic implementation of resilience-enhancing measures [89]. It provides the RIACT process with a set of best practices for risk management, including the establishment of a risk management policy, ensuring the process is integrated into all levels of urban planning, and promoting a culture of continual improvement. Together, these frameworks aid city planners and decision makers in not only formulating comprehensive resilience plans but also in instilling a proactive culture of preparedness and adaptability within urban communities. This combined approach ensures that the RIACT process is both strategic and actionable, leading to sustainable and resilient urban development.