## 4 Discussion
### Personal NDRAs  
In the study by [PERSON] et al. [36], it was found that AV owners are more likely to be young, male, and early adopters of technology, primarily using their cars for personal travel. Unsurprisingly, the demand for media consumption and online activities in AVs is high, with 37% of users engaging in these activities. Popular NDRAs include smartphone features such as texting, calling, web browsing, reading, and using social media [24; 37; 38]. Consequently, users of automated cars prefer to freely use their smartphones during travel [39; 40; 41; 42]. This meta-analysis also found that social media usage increased as the level of automation rose, from 35% in L3 to 61% in L5. Additionally, some users expressed a desire to watch movies on an onboard device, similar to in-flight entertainment systems in airplanes [43], which could be a potential focus for future car interior designs. This preference for \"passive entertainment\" was also found to be higher in L4 and L5 compared to L3. Laptop use is also a popular need for working on the go. This meta-analysis found that the demand for laptop use grew from 12% in L3 to 49% in L5 cars. Productivity, such as working during daily commutes, was preferred by participants [10; 44; 45]. Working and writing emails require visual and manual resources, as well as a high cognitive load, making high-level AVs an ideal solution for these tasks [46]. Users are even willing to pay more if AVs enable them to enhance their productivity [47]. Many users still consider it important to monitor their vehicle. This study found that the percentage of participants needing to monitor their car's driving activity decreases as the level of automation increases, dropping from 64% in L3 to 23% in L5. This trend aligns with existing literature [48], though individual human characteristics remain the most influential factor. Rest and relaxation are important activities that should be accommodated in AVs. This need is as prevalent as media use, with both activities occurring in 37% of cases. Resting, which involves being idle while gazing outside the car, is sought by many users [31; 34; 39; 40; 44; 49; 50; 51]. This might be partly due to the strong need to monitor driving tasks to enhance situational awareness, as automated driving is a new experience for users [52], particularly for those driving alone [35] and for older drivers [53]. However, it is important to note the influence of L4 (High Automation) and L5 (Full Automation). While the steering wheel is present (L4), more than 80% of users select looking outside as a rest and relaxation activity, and this number drops to 26% in L5. Part of the reason is that while \"Looking at scenery\", users can still maintain situational awareness, while users develop trust at L5 and choose sleeping to make travel more efficient. The percentage of users who prefer sleeping increased from 24% in L3 to 31% in L4 and to 47% in L5, reflecting a growing trend with advancing automation levels. In higher levels of automated driving, users are increasingly expected to fully engage in secondary activities. [PERSON] et al. [11] found that the frequency of sleeping, a NDRA that completely eliminates situational awareness, increases with higher levels of automation. In lower levels of automation, sleeping is considered dangerous. This finding aligns with [PERSON] et al. [43], who observed that sleeping is more common in L4 compared to L3. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [33] found that users were willing to pay 50% more for a fully automated car that allows for deep sleep. Eating or drinking in an AV was selected by 31% of participants in this meta-analysis, which is higher than the percentage for working and varies with travel duration. For longer trips that include mealtimes, the need for eating and drinking in a car becomes more significant compared to short daily commutes.