## 3 Results and Discussion
### Climatic Conditions and Mobility
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample’s Code**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sex**} & \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\) (\%) & \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\) (\%) & \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\) (\%) & \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\)(\%) & \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\)(\%) & \\  & & **(v-PDB)** & **(v-SMOW)** & **(v-SMOW)** & **(v-SMOW)** & **(v-SMOW)** & **(v-SMOW)** & **abs(\(\Delta_{\rm{en-ap}}\)) (\%)** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**EIA Agras**} \\ \hline T4b & female & \(-9\) & \(21.6\) & \(-10.9\) & - & \\ \hline T6b & male & \(-8.5\) & \(22.1\) & \(-10.4\) & - & \\ \hline T33 Ba & unknown & \(-7.8\) & \(22.9\) & \(-9.6\) & - & \\ \hline T50b & female & \(-8.1\) & \(22.6\) & \(-9.9\) & - & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Roman Edessa**} \\ \hline E/T23 & male & \(-5.8\) & \(24.9\) & \(-7.5\) & \(-9.5\) & \(2.0\) \\ \hline E/T9 & male & \(-7.7\) & \(23.0\) & \(-9.5\) & \(-9.1\) & \(0.4\) \\ \hline E/T27B & male & \(-9.8\) & \(20.8\) & \(-11.7\) & \(-7.6\) & \(4.1\) \\ \hline E/T16 & male & \(-8.5\) & \(22.1\) & \(-10.4\) & - & - \\ \hline E/T4B & female & \(-9.9\) & \(20.7\) & \(-11.8\) & \(-10.5\) & \(1.3\) \\ \hline E/T29 & female & \(-10.2\) & \(20.4\) & \(-12.1\) & \(-10.6\) & \(1.5\) \\ \hline E/T20 BN & female & \(-9.5\) & \(21.1\) & \(-11.4\) & \(-9.8\) & \(1.6\) \\ \hline E/T40B & female & \(-7.5\) & \(23.2\) & \(-9.3\) & \(-11.0\) & \(1.7\) \\ \hline E/T35 & female & \(-8.1\) & \(22.6\) & \(-9.9\) & \(-10.7\) & \(0.8\) \\ \hline E/T25 & female & \(-10\) & \(20.6\) & \(-11.9\) & \(-8.8\) & \(3.1\) \\ \hline E/T36 BN & female & \(-7.9\) & \(22.8\) & \(-9.7\) & \(-8.7\) & \(1.0\) \\ \hline E/T32 & female & \(-6.5\) & \(24.2\) & \(-8.2\) & \(-10.5\) & \(2.3\) \\ \hline E/T24 & female & \(-10.1\) & \(20.5\) & \(-12.0\) & - & - \\ \hline E/T10 & female & \(-7.4\) & \(23.3\) & \(-9.2\) & - & - \\ \hline E/T17 RNA & female & \(-9.5\) & \(21.1\) & \(-11.4\) & - & - \\ \hline E/T4A & female & \(-10\) & \(20.6\) & \(-11.9\) & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Equation (\(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\),V-SMOW = 1.03091 \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\),J-POB + 30.91) from [7]. 2 Equation (\(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\)(\%) = 1.020\(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\),O\({}_{\rm{ep}}\)) = \(-32.941\) from [19]. 3 Published in [19].  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Isotopic values of \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{ap}}\), the calculated ingested \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\)(\%) of apatite data from the archaeological sites of Agras and Edessa, the published results of \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\)(\%) of enamel for Edessa, and the difference between enamel’s \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\) and apatite’s \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm{w}}\). Agras individuals is \(-\)8.4% (s.d. 0.5%), while the maximum difference between Agras human samples is 1.28%. This value range (1-2%) is what would be expected for a population living in the same region (Agras) and consuming similar foods and drinking water [87; 88]. Eight samples from Roman Edessa were identified as outliers. Specifically, individuals E/T23 and E/T32 had enriched oxygen isotope ratios (\(-\)6.5% to \(-\)5.8%), while individuals E/T4B, E/T4A, E/T24, E/T25, E/T27B and E/T29 had depleted oxygen isotopic values (\(-\)10.2% to \(-\)9.8%) in comparison to the other individuals. When these individuals were excluded, the majority of the samples from Edessa and Agras area had \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\text{ap}}\) isotopic values between \(-\)7.4% and \(-\)9.5%. The maximum difference between Edessa's samples (excluding E/T23, E/T27b E/T32, E/T4b, E/T14A, E/T24, E/T25 and E/T29) was 2.18% for both males and females, suggesting no significant sex differences for Edessa's individuals. Two (E/T23 and E/T32) and six (E/T4B, E/T4A, E/T24, E/T25, E/T27B and E/T29) individuals presented oxygen isotopic differences of 0.78% and 0.48%, respectively, suggesting that, due to the similarity of values, they either originated from the same geographic region or from different locations with similar climatic conditions.