## 3 Results
### Biophysical Opportunities for Low ILUC Risk Crops
#### 3.1.5. Potential Yield Increases by 2030  
The yield increase potential for the understudy crops has been estimated based on the meta-data analysis and information published from the projects noted in Table 1.  
Figures 2 and 3 present potential yields increases for the crops based on the following assumptions:  
* Baseline yields are the ones reported in Table 3.
* Crop yield increases due to already foreseen genetic crop improvements in the varieties used is 10% between 2020 and 2030. This calculates an increase of 1% annually and is in line with the EU Agricultural Outlook, which presents the respective yield increases for cereals in Europe (agricultural-outlook-2020-report_en.pdf (europa.eu)).
* The low and high increase rate because of the application of one or multiple sustainable agricultural practices (e.g., intercropping and biochar, etc.) is calculated as an average of 15% and 25%, respectively, between 2020 and 2030 based on the findings from BIO4A and SoilCare projects.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Relevant Biofuels (Sectors)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Agricultural Practices**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Average Baseline Yields (t/ha Seeds for Oil**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Productivity/ability**} \\  & & & & **Crops and t/ha Dry Matter Biomass for** & & **to Use Existing** \\  & & & & & **T Yields in Land with Natural Constraints)** & & **Machinery** & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**F**} & Rapeseed & & & C and B & M & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Ethiopian mustard & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Hydrotreated & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Crambe & vegetable oil & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Camelia \\ diesel, HFA \\ heavy duty \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Sardflower \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Castor \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Willow \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Poplar \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Biomass sorghum & Ethanol, methanol, & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Tall wheat grass & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Miscanthus \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Switchgrass & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Cardoon \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  & Giant reed & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-8}  &
\begin{tabular}{c} Reed canary grass \\ \end{tabular} & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Only crops with expected TRL by 2030 above 7 are further analysed in the section.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Technology biomass crops, relevant advanced biofuel types, agronomic suitability for the European Agro-Ecological Zones-AEZ (A: Atlantic, C&B: Continental and Boreal, M: Mediterranean) and opportunities for low ILUC risk through sustainable agricultural practices [intercropping (I), cover cropping (CC), rotation (R), agroforestry (AF), biochar (B)] and TRL levels for productivity and ability to be grown and harvested by existing machinery [16, 17]. Details about the ranking in the last two columns (Productivity/ Ability to use Existing Machinery and Expected TRL by 2030) can be found in Table 2.  
Figure 2: Estimated yield increases from the sustainable agricultural practices in farming land in the three AEZ. Details in Annex I (Tables A1 and A2).  
At this point it must be noted that the highest yield entries for all crops in Figures 2 and 3 have been already achieved at demonstration and pre-commercial scale.