## 2 Methods
### Buildings
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Building Type** & \multirow{2}{*}{**N.* floors**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**N.*”**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wall Area (\({}^{\alpha}\) (m\({}^{2}\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Glazed**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Root Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Floor Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Conditioned**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Average**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Celling High**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**(m)**} \\  & & & & **Wait Area (\({}^{\alpha}\) (m\({}^{2}\))** & & & **Wait Area (\({}^{\alpha}\))** & & & **Wait Area (\({}^{\alpha}\))** & & **Coiling High** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Detached \\ Multifamily \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{6} & \multirow{4}{*}{18} & (N) & 403.0 & 18.1 & \multirow{4}{*}{279.1} & \multirow{4}{*}{279.1} & \multirow{4}{*}{85.3} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.3} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.0} \\  & & & (S) & 403.0 & 16.5 & & & & & \\  & & & (V) & 275.9 & 13.3 & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Attached \\ Multifamily \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{6} & \multirow{4}{*}{13} & (N) & 302.6 & 22.6 & \multirow{4}{*}{214.5} & \multirow{4}{*}{163.8} & \multirow{4}{*}{89.6} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.6} & \multirow{4}{*}{3.3} \\  & & & (S) & - & - & & & & \\  & & & (V) & - & - & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Perimeter Block \\ (Multifamily) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{5} & \multirow{4}{*}{67} & (N) & 556.4 & 23.7 & \multirow{4}{*}{1221.3} & \multirow{4}{*}{1221.3} & \multirow{4}{*}{71.3} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.7} & \multirow{4}{*}{3.5} \\  & & & (S) & 567.4 & 23.6 & & & & & \\  & & & (V) & 556.6 & 23.7 & & & & & \\  & & & (V) & 566.8 & 23.3 & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Detached \\ Single-family \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{2} & \multirow{4}{*}{1} & (N) & 44.8 & 7.0 & \multirow{4}{*}{61.6} & \multirow{4}{*}{47.8} & \multirow{4}{*}{102.3} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.4} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.9} \\  & & & (S) & 45.0 & 8.7 & & & & \\  & & & (V) & 39.8 & 19.5 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Attached \\ Single-family \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{2} & \multirow{4}{*}{1} & (N) & 33.0 & 19.1 & \multirow{4}{*}{53.0} & \multirow{4}{*}{57.0} & \multirow{4}{*}{99.8} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.7} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.2} \\  & & & (S) & 33.0 & & & & & \\  & & & (V) & - & - & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Semi-detached \\ Single-family \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{2} & \multirow{4}{*}{1} & (N) & 3.0 & \multirow{4}{*}{34.3} & \multirow{4}{*}{57.0} & \multirow{4}{*}{99.8} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.7} & \multirow{4}{*}{1.5} \\  & & & (S) & 55.5 & & & & & \\  & & & (V) & 33.0 & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{\alpha}\) The wall area and the glazed surface area are presented by orientation, where (N), (Z), (S), and (V) denote North, East, South, and West, respectively. \({}^{\alpha}\) The glazed surface area is defined as the square meter of glazed surface per square meter of wall surface.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Geometrical characteristics of the studied buildings. The thermal characteristics of the buildings are defined according to two Spanish building regulations, the first and the latest. Spain adopted its first building thermal code in 1979 under the Royal Decree 2429/1979 of 6 July (NBE-CT-79) [38] as a consequence of the 1970s oil crisis [54]. Recently, the Royal Decree 732/2019 of 20 December updated the building code by reinforcing the requirements of the thermal envelope [39]. In both regulations, the thermal envelope was defined according to the climate zone and the building's compactness (calculated as the ratio of the conditioned volume and the exterior surface area), where lower U-values are required for colder climates and less compact buildings. Each building's thermal envelope was defined to fulfil strictly the regulation requirements, i.e., each surface U-value and air permeability defined corresponds to the maximum value allowed by the building code.