esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Comparison and Analysis of Acceleration Response Results
### Comparison of Flat Ground with Adjusted Elastic Modulus
#### 3.2.1 Acceleration-Time History  
Figure 8 shows the acceleration-time history graph of the 1 \(g\) shaking table test and numerical analyses using DEEPSOIL and ABAQUS for the same input motion.  
As can be observed from Figure 8, the acceleration-time history of the model test and numerical analysis is much closer using the adjusted elastic modulus than using the original elastic modulus. As shown in Figure 8, the experiment is very close to the result of DEEPSOIL. Although the acceleration-time history of ABAQUS shifts slightly as the depth decreases, analysis and experimental data are very close for the acceleration trend curve.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Proposed Method
If the two-hops shortest paths of the neighbor node pair (such as \(m\) and \(n\)) do not pass through the target node \(i\), then define \(P_{mn}^{(2)}=\infty\), namely, \(1/P_{mn}^{(2)}=0\). Similarly, if the three-hops shortest paths of the neighbor node pair do not pass through the target node \(i\), the second part of the formula is also 0. Therefore, when any two nodes in the neighborhood are connected, the NBF value of the target node \(i\) is 0. Taking node \(c\) in Figure 1g as an example, we show the calculation process of the algorithm. The number of the shortest paths with two-hops between the node pair \(a\) and \(d\) is 1, so the first part of the NBF algorithm can be calculated as \(\frac{1}{2*P_{ad}^{(2)}}\!=\!\frac{1}{2*1}\!=\!0.5\). For the two-hops neighbor nodes \(e\) and \(b\) of node \(c\), calculate the number of the shortest paths with three-hops between them and nodes \(a\) and \(d\), separately. It is easy to get \(P_{ab}^{(3)}=P_{ed}^{(3)}=2\) and \(P_{ae}^{(3)}=P_{db}^{(3)}=\infty\). As a result, only the node pair \(a\) and \(b\) and the node pair \(d\) and \(c\) contribute to the ranking score of node \(c\). The second part of the NBF algorithm can be calculated as \(\frac{1}{3*P_{db}^{(2)}}\!+\!\frac{1}{3*P_{dl}^{(2)}}\!\!=\!\frac{1}{3*2}\!+ \!\frac{1}{3*2}\!\approx\!0.333\). Therefore, the importance of node c in Figure 1g is expressed as \(NBF(c)=0.5+0.333=0.8333\).
# Design and Implementation of Virtual Security Function Based on Multiple Enclaves
## 5 Implementation
### Performance Optimization
#### 5.3.2 Reduced System Calls  
First of all, to reduce the number of ecalls and ocalls, multiple elements are put into different enclaves according to the function rather than in one single enclave. In this way, the conversion frequency of the enclave can be reduced to some extent.  
In addition, the VNF often needs to determine whether it has been attacked based on the rate of the packet. At this point, we need to get the time through the system call, but if you put these VNFs into the enclave, getting the trusted time becomes a big problem. On the one hand, if we frequently use the ocall call to get the time, even if we ignore the performance overhead, its security cannot be guaranteed. Because the ocall call gives control to the untrusted part, there is no guarantee that the time acquired by the ocall is trustworthy, which loses the meaning of determining whether the system is attacked by the network by calculating the rate. On the other hand, the SGX platform service enclave (PSE) currently provides trusted time services in seconds only for enclaves [30]. However, it is obvious that this granularity is far from meeting the current network needs. There are many alternatives for trusted time, the most common being the time service of the system through shared memory. In addition, ShieldBox [31] proposes a time source from hardware, such as a PTP clock on the NIC. This method can achieve a higher time resolution than the former. However, they all get time from untrusted sources and are therefore vulnerable to malicious tampering. [PERSON] et al. [32] proposed to obtain time from a remote trusted source, but due to the use of a large number of web interfaces, the resolution is still very low (100 milliseconds). Therefore, providing trusted and high-accuracy time for SGX applications remains an open question [33].  
We use the shared timestamp scheme to provide an untrustworthy timestamp for VNFs based on the above considerations. When a packet arrives at the FromDevice element, it uses shared memory to get the timestamp and then write it to the annotation section of the packet. When the VNF needs to use the timestamp, it can read from the packet annotation section. In addition, the ocall is also required to maintain log I/O. In order to improve system performance, we also optimize some code to reduce unimportant log operations.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the performance of multi-constellation kinematic PPP was assessed in terms of the positioning accuracy and convergence time. A kinematic experimental dataset was processed using a self-developed software based on the multi-constellation kinematic PPP model, Kalman filter and stochastic models. Based on the discussions above, we drew the following conclusions:  
1. The availability of multi-constellation kinematic PPP was significantly better than that of GPS-only PPP because more satellites were observable and because the PDOP was better.
2. The accuracy of multi-constellation kinematic PPP was greater than that of GPS-only, GPS/BDS and GPS/GLONASS PPP. The positioning accuracy of GPS/GLONASS PPP was slightly lower than that of GPS/BDS PPP.
3. The convergence performance of GPS/GLONASS/BDS kinematic PPP was the best for all three coordinate components, particularly in the East direction.
4. Multi-constellation kinematic PPP can provide a positioning service with centimetre-level accuracy for dynamic users.  
This work has been partially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41674008), partially sponsored by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2014 ZDPY29), partially sponsored by a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (Grant No. SZBF2011-6-B35). [PERSON] provided the initial idea for this study; [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiment; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the results of the experiment; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Human Cognitive and Motor Abilities in the Aging Workforce: An Information-Based Model
## 3 A Review of Experimental Tests of Motor-Cognitive Abilities from Information Theory Perspective
### Tests on Cognitive Abilities
#### 3.1.3 Paired Associate Learning (from CANTAB)  
Paired Associate Learning (PAL) is a test that allows to evaluate the visual episodic memory. During the test, the screen displays firstly 6 boxes and shows the interior of each box in randomized order to briefly reveal patterns in boxes [53]. The total number of patterns (n) goes from 2 to 6 (some boxes can be empty). After this phase, patterns are showed in the middle of the screen and the subject is asked to identify the right box to which it belongs. The time available to perform the test is 30 s. This test is an indirect measure of decision making, response control, and visual memory. The IPR of the subject can be evaluated as follows:  
\[\text{IPR}_{\text{PAL}}=\frac{\text{n}\times\text{log}_{2}\,\text{n}+\text{m} \times\text{log}_{2}\,6}{30}\left[\frac{\text{bit}}{\text{s}}\right] \tag{4}\]  
where m is the number of patterns (m \(\leq\) n) correctly associated to boxes. The amount of information needed to recognize one pattern is log\({}_{2}\)(n), n \(\times\) log\({}_{2}\)(n) is the total amount of information to be elaborated in order to recognize all the n patterns. The amount of information to be elaborated to identify the box associated with a pattern is log\({}_{2}\)(6) (the subject always chooses between 6 equiprobable alternatives (boxes)), and m*log\({}_{2}\)(6) is the information volume elaborated by the subject in identifying the m patterns in 30 s.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Water Analysis  
The samplings were carried out during periods of low tide in November and December 2020, corresponding to the dry season of the Ecuadoreen coast, and during June 2021, near the end of the rainy season. At each site, the water quality parameters of temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C), conductivity (\(\upmu\)S/cm), salinity (ppt), dissolved oxygen (mg O\({}_{2}\)/L), and pH were recorded with a HQ40d multiparameter sensor (HACH Company, Loveland, CO, USA). Additionally, a 3 L sample of subsurface water was collected with a Van Dorn ABT-VD-04 Bottle (Aquatic Biotechnology, Cadiz, Spain) by filling plastic bottles without the addition of fixing agents and kept in a cooler until transported to the aquaculture reference laboratory of the National Center for Aquaculture and Marine Research (CENAIM ESPOL) within less than 24 h after collection. The content of the following chemical parameters was determined: nitrate NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\), nitrite NO\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\), ammonium NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate PO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{3-}\), total phosphorus, solids in suspension SS, total settleable solids SST and the biochemical oxygen demand in five days BDO\({}_{5}\) expressed in mg/L, while chlorophyll \(a\) was recorded in \(\upmu\)g/L. The measurements were made following protocols described in the texts \"Water Quality and Pond Soil Analysis for Aquaculture\" [59] and \"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater\" [60].  
Figure 1: Study area and principal sectors. Left, Ecological Reserve Mangalares Cayapas Mataje REMACAM inside of this A = Palma Real, B = Tambillo; right, Mangroves Estuary of the Muisne River Wildlife Refuge RVSMMC, C = Muisne and D = Cojmies. The map is adapted from the geographic information on land use and cover of the Ministry of Agriculture of Ecuador, within the official borders of the protected areas of the Ministry of the environment, water and ecological transition of Ecuador.  
Figure 3: (**a**): Natural Drainage or mangrove (MG). (**b**): Modified drainage to Shrimp Farm (SF).  
Figure 2: Location of sampling sites by principal sectors. The map shows the mangrove coverage provided by Global Mangrove Watch within the official borders of protected areas of the Ministry of the environment, water and ecological transition of Ecuador.
## 4 Cryptographic Unit System
### Featurered Blocks
#### 4.3.1 Table LookUp  
The objective of this block in the encryption system is to shuffle the different bits in the packet with the single knowledge of the device and the ones synchronized with it. This shuffle will transfer according to a reversible process \(F\) each \(i\)-th bit to the index \(j\) such that  
\[\begin{cases}j=F(i)\\ \forall\;i_{1}\
eq i_{2}\iff F(i_{1})\
eq F(i_{2})\end{cases} \tag{2}\]  
This shuffle operation will prohibit an eavesdropper from pinpointing the different original bits of the packet to decipher the role of each set of bits in the packets. For example, if an adversary intercepts a packet wirelessly and wants to resend it to the device after changing the ID number within the packet, he/she is unable to know which set of bits in the packet represents the ID tag. This Table LookUp process will enhance the confusion and diffusion characteristics of the full encryption system.
## 1 Introduction  
So-called quasi-orthogonal (QO) design, adopted in coherent space-time codes (STBCs) [1, 2, 3], enjoys some preferable features of full spatial diversity gain as well as simplified maximum-likelihood (ML) detection based on complex or real pair-wise symbols for any type of signal constellation. These QO-STBCs have been developed to be applicable not only to 4G long-term evolution (LTE) [4], but also to a 5G new radio (NR) communication system [5, 6] that is currently commercializing beyond standardization.  
However, for so-called differential space-time modulations (DSTMs) [7, 8] based on the QO design, hereafter referred to as QO-DSTM, the efficient pair-wise ML detection applied in the conventional QO-STBCs is no longer available at a receiver when using general QAM. This is mainly since power-normalization with a constraint of fixed total transmit energy in a transmitter inevitably generates dependencies among all differentially modulated signals on each other. Hence, [7, 8] presents alternative pair-wise, but not ML, detections showing degraded performance compared to the ML decoding. Furthermore, ref. [9] does not exhibit significant performance loss unlike [7, 8], but has a critical disadvantage due to its decoding complexity greatly increasing as the modulation order increases.  
For this reason, in this paper, new complex and real pair-wise detections for the conventional QO-DSTMs [7, 8] with four transmit antennas were proposed for general QAM without additional operation. A key feature in the proposed detections is that when decoding a given complex or real symbols pair, all the other pairs' variant power values contained in an ML metric are simply replaced by or estimated to be their constant mean values. This mean-based estimation effectively cuts off the dependencies between the given differential symbols which pair with all the other pairs, thus enabling the independent joint detection of two complex or real symbols, such as the conventional ones [7, 8], with the resulting performances much closer to ML decoding.
# PEDRO: Privacy-Enhancing Decision suppoRt tOol
## 4 Study 2: Lay Users
### Results  
#### 4.2.1 Adoption Model Stages  
Model stage 1. A majority of participants were familiar with the privacy principle of confidentiality (hardware condition: 67%; software condition: 76%), but only a minority were familiar with the principles of deniability, indistinguishability, and unlinkability (18-35%).  
Model stage 2. A majority (hardware: 79%; software: 75%) considered confidentiality very or extremely important, but, in comparison, for the other principles the figure varied around 50% (38-57%).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline Stage 1 & Have you heard of this privacy threat? \\ Stage 2 & How important is it to you to prevent this kind of privacy threat? \\ Stage 3 & Have you heard of this PET? \\ Stage 4 & To what extent do you think this PET will prevent this kind of privacy threat? \\ Stage 5 & Do you know how to use this PET? \\ Stage 6 & Do you feel empowered (encouraged and supported) to use this PET? \\ Stage 7 & Are you afraid to use this PET? \\  & Do you use this PET? \\  & (If used to but not anymore) Why have you stopped using this PET? \\  & (If no) Why do you not use this PET? \\  & (If yes) Why do you think other people might not use this PET? \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Survey questions to analyse PET adoption barriers. Stages refer to Figure 1.  
Model stage 3. The majority were familiar with the following PETs: encryption (85%), VPN (82%), and webcam cover (67%), but the majority were unfamiliar with wrapping phone (83%), face mask (78%), and anonymous letter (62%). Roughly equal numbers were familiar or unfamiliar with non-tracking search engines (45-47%) or anonymous browsing (46-47%).  
Model stage 4. A majority (58%) found encryption either quite or very effective. Most of the other PETs were found to be either effective or quite or very effective by a majority. However, this was a minority for face masks (32%) and wrapping phones (34%).  
Model stage 5. For all the PETs, only a minority knew how to use them. Compared to other PETs, the number of those with knowledge of how to use a VPN was relatively high (49%), but for encryption the number without this knowledge was relatively high (56%).  
Model stage 6. A majority felt perpowered to use a webcam cover (64%) or a VPN (60%). The feeling of empowerment was equally split for encryption and non-tracking search engine. A majority did not feel empowered to use anonymous browsing (57%), anonymous letter (75%), face mask (82%), or tin foil (83%).  
Model stage 7. Fear to use was relatively low for each PET (1-18%).  
PET use. Current users were the minority for each PET. These were relatively large minorities for webcam cover (28%) and VPN (25%). Next, were encryption (16%), anonymous browsing (14%), and non-tracking search engine (11%). Anonymous letter, face mask, and tin foil were used by 5% or less.
## 4 Simulations  
### Model  
To accurately understand the relationship between various parameters and the ISC effectiveness in practical production, we used the results from the crude oil oxidation experiments as a foundation and combined this with field conditions. We employed the CMG-STARS software, version 2020 to establish an in situ combustion model. In this model, we took into account the oxidation characteristics of the oil samples and incorporated changes in the kinetic parameters for a more in-depth numerical simulation analysis. This approach allowed us to gain a deeper understanding of how these parameters impact the effectiveness of ISC. Figure 11 shows the numerical model grid diagram.  
The model was composed of 2205 effective grids with a size of 21 \(\times\) 21 \(\times\) 5, where the grid size in the I and J directions was 10 m with a permeability of 1200 mD, and the grid size in the K direction was 2 m with a permeability of 600 mD. The reservoir depth was set at 1000 m, the temperature was set at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the pressure was 10 MPa, the reservoir porosity was 20%, the oil saturation rate was 40%, the reservoir crude oil viscosity was 4440 mPa-s, and the reservoir dip angle was set at 0\({}^{\circ}\). The maximum development time for each simulation was set to 20 years. Figure 12 shows the relative permeability curves. Table 7 lists the key parameters of the numerical simulation model.  
Figure 11: The numerical model grid diagram: (**a**) 3D grid diagram; (**b**) well patterns for ISC.  
Figure 12: The relative permeability curves: (**a**) relative permeability of oil–water phase; (**b**) relative permeability of gas–liquid phase.  
We established a four-phase eight-component model using numerical simulation software. The eight components included water, heavy oil, light oil, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and coke. Table 8 lists the numerical simulation of the reaction kinetic parameters. Table 9 lists the parameters of each component in the numerical simulation. The reservoir-scale numerical simulation of in situ combustion revealed significant differences in the grid-scale simulation when using laboratory-scale combustion reaction kinetic parameters. This discrepancy led to the dispersion of the total heat released by the grid, making it challenging to observe temperature effects.  
In this study, we employed reaction kinetic parameters from the Xinjiang H block crude oil combined with kinetic parameters obtained from the TGA experiments. These parameters were adjusted based on grid size, involving iterations and modifications of crucial factors such as the activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and gas-liquid equilibrium constants. This process resulted in refined kinetic parameters for the combustion dynamics of heavy oil in the key reaction equations.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis Using the Response Surface Method  
The effect of the printing parameters, like normal exposure time (A), bottom exposure (B) time and bottom layers (C), on the dimensional deviation (Div) and surface roughness (Ra) as the output responses of a 10 mm printed cube was analyzed using the response surface method (RSM). The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze  
Figure 6: Comparison between the CAD model and the SLA-printed version for the nine cubes.  
Figure 7: Photograph of printed cubes.  
the results to identify the significant process parameters affecting the (Div) and (Ra) as responses, which should always be lower values. Based on the data presented in Table 6, the models were developed using Minitab (v18). A second-order regression model related to inputs and outputs was developed. The degree of reliability of the model was determined based on high values of R-square (R2), adjusted R-square (R2 adj) and predicted R-square (R2 pred) values [35]. Full quadratic models for regressions were achieved to give accuracy and reliability in predicting input-output relationships. The ANOVA was carried out for the responses with at least a 0.05 significance level or 95% confidence interval. Thus, in order to be significant, the parameters must have had a P-value less than or equal to 0.05; the lower the P-value, the more significant the impact [35]. The forward elimination method was used to exclude the nonsignificant terms in the model structure with _p_-values > 0.05 [36]. After eliminating the insignificant elements, the predicted mathematical regression equations for (Div) and (Ra) were obtained:  
\[\text{Div}=0.05646+0.03725\ \text{A}-0.000080\ \text{B}-0.015514\ \text{C}-0.000613\ \text{A}^{*}\text{B}+0.000325\ \text{B}^{*}\text{C} \tag{1}\]  
\[\text{Ra}=18.56-9.70\ \text{A}-0.0243\ \text{B}-0.2399\ \text{C}+1.692\ \text{A}^{*}\text{A} \tag{2}\]  
Tables 7 and 8 show the ANOVA findings of the models (with a 95% confidence level) for (Div) and (Ra), respectively. According to the findings of the analysis, all quadratic regression models were either extremely significant (_p_ = 0) or significant (_0 < \(p\) < 0.05), and were negligible relative to pure error; hence, all the models were capable of reflecting all experimental data with a good degree of reliability, as shown in Tables 9 and 10.
# Simplified Plastic Hinge Model for Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints with Eccentric Beams
## 5 Conclusions  
In the present study, the effect of beam eccentricity on the behavior of eccentric beam-column joints was investigated. A simplified plastic hinge model was proposed using the effective joint width of current design codes, and it was applied to existing test specimens. The principal findings can be summarized as follows:  
1. Current design codes provide the effective joint widths for concentric and eccentric beam-column joints, but the effective joint widths vary widely.
2. In eccentric beam-column joints, the beam eccentricity reduces the effective joint shear area, which results in a decrease in the joint shear strength and more drastic strength degradation after the peak strength.
3. For nonlinear analysis of eccentric beam-column joints, a simplified plastic hinge model was proposed, addressing the beam eccentricity.
4. To verify the simplified plastic hinge model, the predictions with various code-specified effective joint widths were compared to the existing test results. The comparison showed that the simplified plastic hinge model with the effective joint width of NZS 3101-2006 matched best to eccentric beam-column joint specimens (for the deformation capacity, the mean and COV of test-to-prediction ratios were 1.07 and 0.113, respectively). Thus, for safer and more economical design of eccentric beam-column joints, the effective joint width of NZS 3101-2006 is recommended to be used in the simplified plastic hinge model.  
Compared to concentric beam-column joints, previous experimental studies for eccentric beam-column joints are limited. Considering the fact that eccentric beam-column joints are also common in practice, further studies are needed to investigate the effects of beam eccentricity on the behavior of interior and exterior beam-column joints with various design parameters.  
Conceptualization, H.-J.H.; methodology, H.-J.H. and C.-S.K.; formal analysis, H.-J.H.; resources, H.-J.H. and C.-S.K.; writing--original draft preparation, H.-J.H.; writing--review and editing, C.-S.K.; project administration, H.-J.H.; funding acquisition, H.-J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This paper was supported by Konkuk University in 2020.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.