# Performance Evaluation of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures Modified by Fuel-Resistant Admixture
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we employed FRM to prepare FRMA with the aim of enhancing the resistance of asphalt mixture to oil erosion. A comprehensive series of tests on the properties of asphalt and asphalt mixture were conducted to assess the feasibility of utilizing FRM in the preparation of FRMA. The conclusions are as follows:  
* FRM has a significant impact on the high and low temperature performance of asphalt. With increased FRM concentration, the penetration, ductility, and phase angle of the asphalt decrease, while the softening point, complex modulus, and rutting factor increase. Adding FRM improves the high-temperature performance of asphalt but has some negative effects on low-temperature performance. Low concentrations of FRM can effectively enhance the low-temperature creep resistance of asphalt. * The results of the mixture tests indicate that FRMA significantly enhances the performance of asphalt mixtures, effectively improving mass loss due to the oil erosion, scattering loss, Marshall stability, low-temperature IDT strength, and high-temperature shear strength of the specimens. * Based on the evaluation results of oil erosion, FRM effectively reduces the mass loss due to oil erosion in asphalt mixtures and mitigates the impact of oil erosion on road performance. Specifically, low concentrations of FRM have the highest effectiveness in reducing the sensitivity of road performance to oil erosion. * The impact of FRM concentration on the road performance of both asphalt and asphalt mixtures is substantial, and the influence on different performance aspects varies. Following the principle of achieving optimal comprehensive performance, it is recommended that the optimal dosage of FRM should be \(\leq\)3%, resulting in favorable rheological performance and oil erosion resistance for FRMA. An excess of FRM may potentially result in a degradation of rheological performance and an oversaturation of the modifier in the asphalt. This study utilized various proportions of FRM in 70# asphalt binder and SMA-13 aggregate gradation to ascertain the optimal FRM proportion in the asphalt mixture. The research findings provide crucial insights into the application of FRMA in road engineering. Nonetheless, a more in-depth analysis of the modification mechanism for oil erosion resistance in FRMA and a correlation analysis between the micro-level properties of FRMA and the macro-level properties of FRMA were lacking. Subsequent studies will focus on further evaluating how to improve the oil erosion resistance mechanism of FRM, as well as its impact on the fatigue performance of both asphalt and asphalt mixtures. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline FRM content & 1\% & 3\% & 5\% & 7\% \\ \hline Cost of FRM & & & & \\ (Rmb) & 297 & 874 & 1429 & 1963 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Cost of FRM per ton of FRMA. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.Z. ; methodology, S.Z. and H.Z. ; validation, M.T. ; formal analysis, W.L., X.D. and M.T. ; investigation, W.L. and X.D. ; resources, S.Z. ; data curation, X.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, W.L. and M.T. ; writing--review and editing, H.Z., W.L. and X.D. ; visualization, X.D. ; supervision, S.Z. and H.Z. ; project administration, S.Z. and H.Z. ; funding acquisition, S.Z. and M.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by Science and Technology Innovation Demonstration Project of the Transportation Department of Yunnan Province (Science and Technology Education Section of Transport Department of Yunnan Province [2019] No. 14). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to commercial privacy.