## 3 Results
### Antibacterial Assays
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Peak** & **Area\%** & **Compound Name** & **CAS\#** & **MW** & **MF** \\ \hline
1 & 1.23 & \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 80-56-8 & 136.23 & C10H16 \\
2 & 0.25 & \(\beta\)-Phellandrene & 555-10-2 & 136.23 & C10H16 \\
3 & 0.45 & \(\beta\)-Myrcene & 123-35-3 & 136.23 & C10H16 \\
4 & 13.92 & D-Limonene & 5989-27-5 & 136.23 & C10H16 \\
5 & 0.39 & gamma-Terpinene & 99-85-4 & 136.23 & C10H16 \\
6 & 10.32 & Fenchone & 1195-79-5 & 152.23 & C10H16O \\
7 & 0.26 & Camphor & 76-22-2 & 152.23 & C10H16O \\
8 & 0.18 & cis-Carveol & 1197-6-4 & 152.23 & C10H16O \\
9 & 0.39 & Fenchyl acetate & 13851-11-1 & 196.29 & C12H20O2 \\
10 & 0.71 & Cumin aldehyde & 122-03-2 & 148.20 & C10H12O \\
11 & 1.22 & Anisaldehyde & 123-11-5 & 136.15 & C8H8O2 \\
12 & 2.00 & Anethole & 104-46-1 & 148.20 & C10H12O \\
13 & 67.16 & Estragole & 140-67-0 & 148.20 & C10H12O \\
14 & 0.22 & Apiol & 523-80-8 & 222.24 & C12H14O4 \\
15 & 0.64 & Palmitic acid, methyl ester & 112-39-0 & 270.45 & C17H34O2 \\
16 & 0.27 & Eladic acid, methyl ester & 1937-62-8 & 296.5 & C19H36O2 \\
17 & 0.30 & Methyl stearate & 112-61-8 & 298.5 & C19H38O2 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Area\%: Compound percentage; CAS\#: Registry number; MW: Molecular weight (g/mol); MF: Molecular formula.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Results of GC-MS analysis of the _CEO_. The inhibition zones of _CEO_ were increased as the oil concentration was increased. Thus, the difference between various concentrations was statistically significant (\(p<0.001\)). The comparison between the mean inhibition zones of _CEO_ at 2.5% and 10% concentrations and the mean inhibition zones of CHX showed significant antibacterial activity of CHX with wider inhibition zones against _P. gingivalis_ and _P. intermedia_ (\(p<0.05\)). However, _CEO_ at 20% was more potent than CHX and produced more expansive inhibition zones on both clinical strains (\(p<0.05\)). Generally, _CEO_ at all concentrations and CHX were more potent on _P. intermedia_, producing wider inhibition zones than on _P. gingivalis_. Regarding the antibacterial activity of _FEO_, the clinical strains were sensitive to the EO at 5% (50 uL/mL), 10% (100 uL/mL), and 20% (200 uL/mL) concentrations and produced mean inhibition zones ranging from 7.6 \(\pm\) 0.39 mm to 10.7 \(\pm\) 0.4 mm for _P. gingivalis_ and from 8.5 \(\pm\) 0.55 mm to 10.85 \(\pm\) 0.4 mm for _P. intermedia_. Comparing the mean inhibition zones produced by CHX with _FEO_, the test revealed statistically significant antibacterial activity of CHX against both clinical strains (\(p<0.05\)). Furthermore, CHX was more effective than _FEO_ at all concentrations against _P. gingivalis_ and _P. intermedia_, as presented in Figure 3A,B. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**EO \%**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Inhibition Zones (mm) (_P. gingivalis_)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Inhibition Zones (mm) (_P. intermedia_)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **EO** & **CHX 0.12\%** & **_p-Value_ & **EO** & **CHX 0.12\%** & **_p-Value_ \\ \hline _CEO_ 2.5\% & 6.5 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 14.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.0001 & 10.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 15.05 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 0.001 \\ _CEO_ 5\% & 11.5 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 14.1 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 0.0001 & 12.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 15.1 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.023 \\ _CEO_ 10\% & 16.8 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 14.05 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 0.014 & 18.55 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 15 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 0.0001 \\ _FEO_ 5\% & 7.6 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 14.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 0.001 & 8.5 \(\pm\) 0.55 & 15.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 0.004 \\ _FEO_ 10\% & 8.9 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 14.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 0.001 & 9.4 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 15.25 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 0.004 \\ _FEO_ 20\% & 10.7 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 14.45 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 0.01 & 10.85 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 15.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Inhibition zones of CEO and FEO at different concentrations on clinical strains used in the study. Figure 2: Inhibition zones of different concentrations of CEO (10%, 5%, and 2.5%) on clinical strains (**A**) _P. gingivalis_ and (**B**) _P. intermedia_. 0.12% CHX: Chlorohexidine 0.12% as a positive control.