# Enhancing Real-Time Video Streaming Quality via MPT-GRE Multipath Network
## 2 Related Work  
Video streaming has become a hot topic in recent years, with multipath communication technologies emerging as a promising solution to mitigate communication system breakdowns during data transmission. Implementing these technologies in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) protocols has proven effective in enhancing network reliability and performance, particularly for real-time video streaming. [PERSON] et al. [13] presented Jigsaw, a system designed to address the challenges of live 4K video streaming over wireless networks using commodity devices. They proposed a layered video coding technique that adapts efficiently to the variable throughput of wireless links, a GPU-based video coding implementation to optimize processing on commodity devices, and the combined use of Wi-Fi and WiGig networks through delayed video adaptation and intelligent scheduling. The researchers evaluated Jigsaw's performance through real-world experiments and emulation, demonstrating improved video quality with increased SSIM. [PERSON] et al. [10] examined the performance of the MPT-GRE in the UDP multipath communication environment in response to network failures, specifically evaluating its resilience in maintaining video stream transmission during interruptions. Their analysis assessed the system's effectiveness in reducing the adverse effects of both scheduled and unexpected breakdowns, with Wi-Fi 3G vertical handovers used during various failure scenarios. Results indicated that video transmission using TCP flow was largely uninterrupted during scheduled breakdowns, demonstrating TCP's scalability under controlled conditions. However, unexpected failures caused slight stuttering in the video stream, highlighting the system's sensitivity to unforeseen disruptions. Overall, this study emphasizes the potential of MPT-based multipath communication to enhance the robustness of video streaming. However, some performance impacts remain, particularly with unexpected breakdowns and unbuffered UDP transmissions. Nonetheless, the system shows a capacity for recovery and continued service under challenging network conditions. [PERSON] et al. [14] developed a set of models for Multiple Description (MD) streaming over multiple paths and proposed a path selection method to optimize video quality for clients. This method selects paths to maximize performance under various network constraints, improving the consistency of streaming quality. In simulations using MPEG-2, the proposed approach demonstrated significant gains in average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), with increases ranging from 0.73 to 6.07 dB compared to using only the shortest or maximally link-disjoint paths. These improvements contribute to a more consistent streaming experience for end users. Additionally, the approach outlines the architecture and mechanisms required to implement multipath streaming over conventional IP networks, offering a practical framework for enhancing video performance in multipath environments. Some researchers sought to develop the Bandwidth-Efficient Multipath Streaming (BEMA) protocol to address the limitations of traditional throughput-oriented and content-agnostic multipath video transport protocols. These older protocols need help managing the high bandwidth demands and delay sensitivity of real-time video streaming. BEMA introduces priority-aware data scheduling to prioritize video packets based on importance and incorporates forward error correction to ensure reliable transmission. Through Exata simulations evaluating real-time H.264 video streaming, BEMA improved key performance metrics, including video PSNR, end-to-end delay, and bandwidth utilization. These enhancements make BEMA a robust solution for delivering high-quality real-time video streaming across diverse wireless network environments, addressing the specific challenges posed by bandwidth and latency constraints [15].