## 3 Methodology
### Technical Analysis  
In evaluating the PV module type for this study, factors such as the performance, warranty, and availability in the local market are considered [49]. The choice to use Jinko Solar modules in the design of the solar charging stations is influenced by their suitability for the environmental conditions and their high module efficiency [50]. The Jinko Solar modules, specifically designed for such applications, have a high efficiency rate, adhering to the relevant industry standards, including IEC 61215 [51] and IEC 61730 [52]. The specifications of these modules are detailed in Table 5. The lifespan of the project is aligned with that of the modules, estimated at 30 years. In the solar charging station at LuLu's Marketplace, the PV array was equipped and tailored to meet the energy requirements of the EVCSs. The setup will involve an appropriate number of grid inverters to efficiently convert solar energy into usable electrical power for charging EVs. The exact configuration, including the number of inverters and their type, will be determined based on the total capacity of the PV array installed at the station. It is important to consider the effect of the cell temperature (Tc) on the efficiency of the PV array. The real impact of the Tc on the efficiency of the PV panels, particularly during the peak summer season, is crucial to determine the actual energy contribution to the charging process. The average efficiency (ne) of the array is evaluated as a function of the average module Tc, using the following equation to assess the efficiency variation under different temperature conditions:  
\[\eta e=\eta R\left[1-\ \left(Tc-TR\right)\right] \tag{16}\]  
To calculate the array's average efficiency (ne), the PV module efficiency (\(\eta\)R) at reference temperature (TR) and the temperature coefficient for module efficiency (\(\mu\)) are taken from the PV module datasheet. The calculated average efficiency (\(\eta\)e) for the PV array is 19% when the reference efficiency is 22%. The Tc is connected to the mean ambient \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**EV Consumption** & **Car Battery Capacity** & **Car Slots per Station** & **Charger Power CP** \\
**Rate R (kWh/km)** & **BC (kWh)** & **CS (Cars)** & **(kWh)** \\ \hline
0.20 & 75 & 200 & 45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: A standardized set of assumptions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**PV Panel Type** & **N-Type Mono-Crystalline** \\ \hline Maximum Power at STC (Wp) & 615 \\ \hline PTC Power Rating (W) & 462 \\ \hline Manufacturer & Jinko Solar \\ \hline Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) & 45.69 V \\ \hline Optimum Operating Current (Imp) & 13.46 A \\ \hline Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) & 55.40 V \\ \hline Short-Circuit Current (Isc) & 14.18 A \\ \hline Module Efficiency & 22.00\% \\ \hline Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 45–85 \\ \hline Application Classification & Class A \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The PV module specifications [50]. temperature Ta and the nominal operating cell temperature, as shown in Equation (17), as follows. In the following equation, Gt is expressed in W:  
\[Tc-Ta=\left(\frac{NOCT}{800}\right)Gt \tag{17}\]  
In the context of the solar charging station at LuLu's Marketplace, the energy output from the PV array is a crucial parameter. This output is determined by the area (A) of the PV array, which is equipped with modules, and includes considerations for various losses in the system. These losses are categorized as various PV array losses (Lm) and power conditioning losses (Lc). For this study, we assume Lm to be 2% and Lc to be 1.5%. These percentages reflect the expected efficiency reduction due to factors such as dust accumulation, temperature effects, and inefficiencies in the energy conversion process from solar to electrical energy. The daily average global radiation on the slanted surface of the PV modules, denoted as Gt (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)), is a critical factor in determining the array's energy output.