# Bio-Inspired Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wideband Sub-6 GHz Range  
[PERSON]  
1 Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; [PERSON]ESS] (L.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.D.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; [PERSON]ESS] (L.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.D.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; [PERSON]ESS] (L.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.D.)  
[PERSON]  
2 STIMA CNR, Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council, Via P. Lembo, 38/F, 70124 Bari, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.B. ); valeria.marrocco@stitima. LTE2600, WiMAX, C-band, X-band, and sub-6 GHz band). A patch antenna patterned as sunflower seeds was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [3] to obtain omni-directional radiation properties and increased radiation efficiency between 14 and 15 GHz. [PERSON] et al. [4] exploited the Oxalis triangularis plant's leaf shape for the design and fabrication of two frequency selective surface (FSS) microstrip arrays, where the conductive elements were realized by using copper and silver ink. The results showed that the fractional bandwidth was equal to 18% for copper and 14% for silver ink, at the central resonant frequency (2.5 GHz). [PERSON] et al. [5] applied a four-leaf clover geometry to the patch elements of an array designed for wireless application, in the frequency band of 2.45 GHz. The results concerned an achieved bandwidth of 81 MHz and a maximum gain of 8.24 dBi at 2.4 GHz. Fractal based wideband microstrip antenna, conceived for 5G applications, was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [6]: the optimized structure was characterized by a fractional bandwidth of 165% in the frequency range from 17.22 GHz to 180 GHz, with a peak gain of 10 dBi; additionally, the antenna exhibited relevant compactness in size. Self-similar fractals have been used to create multi-band antennas [7; 8] and also antennas based on genetic evolution have been proposed to design high-directive antennas [9]. The opportunity to design more and more bio-inspired geometries became effectively available when [PERSON] introduced his superformula [10; 11]. Since then, this superformula has been widely exploited to design patch antennas [12; 13; 14], metamaterial and metasurfaces [15; 16], frequency selective surfaces (FSS) [17], split-ring resonators [18; 19], wearable antennas [20] and, very recently, Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) [21; 22]. Concerning patch antennas, the superformula was used by [PERSON] et al. [12] to implement the characteristic mode theory with the goal of designing and modifying patch antennas' shapes and obtain circularly polarized radiated field at 2.45 GHz for ISM band application. Two designs of UWB coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed-patch antennas designed by means of [PERSON] superformula and operating in the FCC frequency band (3.1-10.6 GHz) were proposed by [PERSON] et al. [13]. In particular, in this work, it was shown that the super-shaped sawtooth-like circumference patch allowed to have same bandwidth (600 MHz) and gain (3.8 dBi) at the central frequency (7 GHz) of the classic circular patch; the main advantage of using such shapes consisted in a smaller patch diameter. The same compactness in the antenna size was accomplished by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14], who designed an ultra-wideband microstrip-fed patch antenna, working between 3.1 GHz-10.6 GHz, by using a contour profile based on the superformula. Although plenty of works about bio-inspired geometries can be easily found for planar microstrip antenna technology, very few examples are proposed for dielectric-based antennas, such as DRAs.