## 5 Overview of Policy, Technology, and Stakeholder Collaboration
### Stakeholder Collaboration Overview
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Stakeholder Collaboration Mechanism Name** & **Stakeholder Collaboration Mechanism Definition** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Stakeholder Pressure and Behavioral Influence} & Stakeholders exert pressure on shipping firms & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2017) [44]} \\  & influencing attitudes and behavioral controls, & \\  & driving the adoption of sustainable practices directly & \\  & and indirectly, enhancing overall business & \\  & performance. Particularly effective in bulk shipping & \\  & and larger shipping firms. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cross-Functional Corporate Integration} & Collaboration mechanism involving integration of & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2011) [46]} \\  & multiple organizational functions and processes, & \\  & ensuring widespread adoption and successful & \\  & implementation of green shipping practices (GSPs). & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Shipper–Carrier Cooperation} & Active collaboration between shippers and carriers & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2011) [46]} \\  & to reduce environmental impacts, enhance & \\  & operational efficiency, and jointly adopt green & \\  & shipping practices, involving alignment with & \\  & customer demands and industry standards. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Interfirm Relationship Management} & Collaborative framework including relational & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2019) [53]} \\  & governance, contractual agreements, and effective & \\  & communication channels among multiple & \\  & organizations, facilitating effective sustainable & \\  & shipping management and resource exchange. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Organizational Learning Resources} & Cross-stakeholder mechanism involving shared & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2019) [53]} \\  & knowledge exploitation and exploration, enhancing & \\  & inter-organizational learning, continuous & \\  & improvement, and effective application of & \\  & sustainability strategies within shipping companies. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Collaborative Governance} & Structured cooperation mechanism between ports, & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2023) [41]} \\  & shipping companies, and regulatory bodies, & \\  & involving operational integration such as optimized & \\  & berth allocation, coordinated scheduling, and & \\  & adjusted selling speeds to achieve substantial & \\  & emission reductions and improved & \\  & operational efficiencies. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Voluntary Corporate Sustainability Initiatives} & Stakeholder-driven voluntary initiatives & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) [51]} \\  & into Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies & \\  & to proactively address sustainability challenges, & \\  & including vessel electrification, methanol conversion, & \\  & and onshore power supply, encouraged by targeted & \\  & regulatory incentives and supportive collaboration. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Customer Engagement and \multirow{6}{*}{Loyalty Development}} & Collaborative interactions among shipping operators, & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2018) [49]} \\  & logistics providers, and customers, focused on & \\ \cline{1-1}  & creating tangible economic, emotional, quality, and & \\ \cline{1-1}  & social benefits to foster sustained customer loyalty & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and stakeholder commitment through sustainable & \\ \cline{1-1}  & shipping practices. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Institutional Collaboration Framework} & Mechanism grounded in institutional theory & \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2011) [46]} \\ \cline{1-1}  & comprising coercive (regulatory), normative & \\ \cline{1-1}  & (industry standards), and minute (market-driven) & \\ \cline{1-1}  & pressures to collaboratively ensure broad adoption of & \\ \cline{1-1}  & sustainable shipping practices across & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Stakeholder mechanisms regarding GSC development within the imitation phase. Collaborative governance fosters joint initiatives among ports, shipping firms, and regulators.