esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evolution of System Embedded Optical Interconnect in Sub-Top-of-Rack Data Center Systems
## 4 ThunderValley2--Second-Generation Optically Enabled Data Center System
### Optical Disk Drive Interface Card  
A special interface card was designed to fit in the disk drive carrier and allow a standard 2.5\({}^{\prime\prime}\) hard disk drive to communicate and connect optically to the electro-optical midplane. Figure 10a shows the link topology of each optical interface card, which contained a proprietary \"MorningStar\" pluggable optical connector [18], two Avago McLink dual-channel board-mounted optical transceivers, a six-port SAS expander and an electrical connector compliant with conventional SAS/SATA disk drive interfaces. The hard disk drive supported 6 Gb/s SAS and maintained two bidirectional links to allow high availability connectivity. The SAS protocol allows optical communication between SAS devices only when a special mode, \"optical OOB\", is supported.  
Figure 9: Electro-optical midplane for data storage array: (**a**) electro-optical midplane with only right-hand fiber flexplane populated [5; 12], (**b**) left-hand fiber flexplane with 92 fibers [5; 12], (**c**) optical link performance of fiber flexplane.  
The hard disk drive itself, however, did not support the optical OOB mode, and was restricted to electrical OOB, which inserts electrical idles of defined periods onto the high-speed link, making it unsuitable for direct connection to an optical transceiver. For this purpose, a six-port SAS expander was provided to serve as a bridge between the classical OOB of the disk drive and the optical OOB required to convey the signal through an optical transceiver. Although one dual-channel optical transceiver was sufficient to fully convey the two bidirectional links between the disk drive and the midplane, a second dual optical transceiver was added to serve as an auxiliary link, as shown with dashed lines in Figure 9a. In order to use this transceiver, the six-port SAS switch would simply need to be configured to convey the auxiliary links to the disk drive. The top and bottom sides of the optical interface card are shown in Figure 10b,c respectively.  
Figure 10: ThunderValley2 optical interface card: (**a**) schematic architecture of optical interface card, (**b**) top side of interface card showing MorningStar connector and first McLink transceiver module, (**c**) bottom side showing SAS switch and second McLink transceiver.
###### Abstract  
The reduction of global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions requires cross-sectoral measures to reduce fossil energy consumptions and to strengthen the expansion of renewable energy sources. One element for this purpose are thermal energy storage systems. They enable, due to their time-decoupled operation, increases in systemic efficiency and flexibility in various industrial and power plant processes. In the electricity and heat sector such solutions are already commercially available for large-scale applications or are focused in diverse R&D projects, but are largely new in the transport sector. By transferring existing concepts specifically to the requirements for the heat supply of battery electric vehicles, efficiency improvements can also be achieved in the transport sector. The idea is to provide the required heat for the interior during cold seasons via a previously electrical heated thermal energy storage system. Thus, battery capacities can be saved, and the effective range of the vehicle can be increased. Basic prerequisites for this concept are high systemic storage densities and high performances, which must be justified to commercial battery powered PTC-elements. Compared to large-scale applications, this results in new challenges and design solutions needing finally a proof of concept and experimental tests under vehicle typical specifications. For the first time, a novel thermal energy storage system based on ceramic honeycombs with integrated heating wires and a double-walled, thermally insulated storage containment was developed and constructively realized. This storage system meets all the requirements for the heat supply, reaches high systemic storage and power densities and allows due to its high flexibility a bifunctional operation use: a cyclic storage and a conventional heating mode. In the focused storage operation, high-temperature heat is generated electrically through heating wires during the charging period and transferred efficiently via thermal radiation to the ceramic honeycombs. During the discharging period (driving) the stored thermal energy is used for heating the interior by a bypass control system at defined temperatures with high thermal output. The systematic measurement campaigns and successful model validations confirm high electrical heating powers of 6.8 kW during the charging period and a heat supply with a thermal output of 5 kW over more than 30 min during the discharging period. Despite current infrastructure and test rig restrictions, high systemic storage densities of 155 Wh/kg with constant discharging outlet temperatures are reached. Compared to battery powered heating systems, the experimental results for the developed thermal energy storage system confirm an excellent level of competitiveness due to its high performance, operational flexibility and low-cost materials.  
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Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Anti-Inflammatory Properties
#### 3.7.2 Assessment of Inhibition of Lipoxygenase Activity  
The anti-inflammatory activity of the analyzed hydrogels was verified by assessing the possibility of inhibiting the activity of the lipoxygenase enzyme according to the methodology described by [PERSON] et al. (2014). Initially, 10 uL of hydrogel extracts was tested (at 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0% concentrations) with 160 uL of 100 mM PBS and 20 uL of soybean lipoxygenase solution (167 U/mL). The samples were then incubated at 25.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min. Sequentially, 10 uL of linoleic sodium was added to each well to initiate the enzymatic reaction. The absorbance of the analyzed samples was measured every minute for 3 min at \(\lambda\) = 234 nm using a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Diclofenac was used as a standard inhibitor at a concentration of 500 ug/mL. As part of the work, three independent experiments were performed in which all concentrations of hydrogel extracts were tested in three replications. The percentage of inhibition of lipoxygenase activity was calculated from the following equation:  
\[\%\text{inhibition of lipoxygenase activity}=\frac{\text{Ac}-\text{As}}{\text{Ac}} \times 100\% \tag{10}\]  
where the following definitions hold:  
As is the absorbance of the tested sample;  
Ac is the absorbance of the control sample.
# The Impact of Freeze Drying on Bioactivity and Physical Properties of Food Products
## 3 Parameters of Freeze Drying
### Pretreatmentments
As a result of the study, high retention of the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and quercetin and enhanced protection of the color of the sample were obtained via applying the hybrid system. Another pretreatment for FD is high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) [61]. HHP was used to acquire improved results about the nutritional value and physical properties of carambda slices. As a result, HHP improved the retention of the total phenolic content,antioxidant activity, and other physicochemical properties of the slices through decreasing the drying time. However, HHP pretreatment is used less frequently by people who have limited budgets because of its high cost. Also, in a recent study, three different plants (_Malva sylvestris_ L., _Calendula officinalis_ L., and _Asparagus officinalis_ L.) were used to determine the effect of these novel pretreatment techniques on FD [62]. These samples were used via applying an infusion prepared from fresh plants to obtain the pretreated dried and non-pretreated dried samples. In conclusion, infusions of _Malva sylvestris_ L. especially had higher amounts of polyphenols compared with other plant species. Also, the bioactive properties varied depending on the species and applied pretreatment to the samples. Interestingly, fresh infusions had lower amounts of bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activity and total polyphenols, compared with dried and pretreated freeze-dried infusions. Furthermore, the FD technique was determined to be the best technique to preserve the bioactive properties of plants, suggesting that the impact of pretreatment was considerable by the end of the study. In the study by [PERSON] et al., freeze-thaw pretreatment was applied to vacuum FD of goji berry (_Lycium barbarum_ L.) to provide high retention of the bioactive properties of the berries during the drying processes [63]. The study determined that the pretreatment protected the physicochemical properties, including shrinkage and hardness of the berries, and conserved carotenoid content in the sample. Also, freeze-thaw pretreatment effectively decreased the drying time, energy consumption, and cost of FD compared with other traditional drying techniques. Another study investigated that the osmotic dehydration pretreatment was effective in the production of high-quality dried strawberries [64]. Osmotic dehydration improved FD through its efficiency in decreasing the drying time and increasing the storage time and the product quality of the sample. As a result, this pretreatment increased the protection and retention of the color, hardness, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and vitamin C of strawberries.
## 4 Proposed Trust-Based Optimized Reporting Scheme
### Trust Propagation  
As discussed earlier, the purpose of trust computation is to determine whether a specific node is trustworthy enough to be included as part of the network. To take preventive action against malicious nodes, a propagation mechanism is also necessary to circulate the updated trust value toward the root or CH of the network for the corresponding action. In some existing works, if the trust score of a specific node is reported to be less than a predefined threshold once, at most, the node is isolated [29]. In others, if the trust score of the node remains below the predefined threshold for a specific period, then the node is isolated [30]. Therefore, this work proposes a delta (\(\Delta\))-based optimized methodology for isolating and reporting the trust value of a malicious node. Each source node (trustor) maintains the value of delta (\(\Delta\)) for each target node (trustee) with which it communicates. The following expressions depict the value of delta.  
\[\Delta_{\text{o}}=\text{T}_{\text{c}}-\text{T}_{\text{i}}. \tag{8}\]  
\[\Delta_{1}=\text{T}_{\text{c}}-\Delta_{\text{o}}. \tag{9}\]  
\[\Delta_{\text{n}}=\text{T}_{\text{c}}-\Delta_{\text{n}-1}. \tag{10}\]  
where T\({}_{\text{i}}\) represents the initial trust value and T\({}_{\text{c}}\) indicates the current trust value.
# Vulnerability Assessment of Ubiquitous Cities Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
## 2 The Components of U-Cities and Hazards
### Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
#### 2.3.1 Local Area Network (LAN)  
LAN is the network that connects the devices in one physical location, the network size can be small as a home network for a single user to as big as a company size network with thousands of users and devices. The typical ICTs associated with LAN is Bluetooth, radio frequency identification, context awareness computing, and augmented/ virtual reality.  
Bluetooth (BLUE): Bluetooth is a wireless technology frequently used in mobile devices for short-distance connections. The technology using specific radio wavelengths to provide stable and effective connectivity between devices [34].  
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID allows wireless automatic identification in short-range, by utilizes radio waves to communicate via RFID tags, transponders, and RFID readers. There are two main components in RFID tags, first is a circuit which processes and stores information while modulating and demodulating a radio frequency. The second being an antenna to receive and transmit the signal [35].  
Context Awareness Computing (CAC): CAC is a technology which relies on context associated information to provide specific services and tailored experiences depending on the place, time, and events. By acquiring and utilizing particular information, a device can automatically be placed on vibrate mode when you are in the meeting room during the designated time [36].  
Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR): AR/VR technology focused on the advancement and amalgamation of the digital and real world. It aims at seamlessly integrating reality with technologies that are currently present. Currently, in its simplest form computer-generated graphics and visuals can be implemented into live video this can be seen in apps such as Snapchat and Instagram. Further research is looking into applications where the digitally placed context can be interacted with via motion tracking and gestures [37].
# Survey on Ranging Sensors and Cooperative Techniques for Relative Positioning of Vehicles
## 2 Requirement Analysis
### Reliability  
Especially for safety-critical applications, the system's reliability is a very important factor. The accuracy of a system might be very high, but if it is not reliable, it cannot be counted on. In system engineering, reliability is also called integrity. Integrity gives \"a measure of the trust which can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by the total system\" [8]. Integrity also includes the ability to provide alarms when the error tolerance of a certain parameter is exceeded. Integrity analysis yields a confidence interval for a certain parameter, a so-called protection level, along with the integrity risk, i.e., the probability that a measurement is not contained within the protection level.  
While in civil aviation stringent integrity requirements are imposed on all involved operational components, in the field of road transport, integrity is starting to be specifically considered. The Functional Safety for Road Vehicles standard (ISO 26262) defines the so-called Automotive Safety Integrity Levels to quantify the risk associated with each of the function, software and hardware components inside a vehicle and related to safety critical applications [9].
# Iterative Positioning Algorithm for Indoor Node Based on Distance Correction in WSNs
## 2 Related Work
### The Measurement of the Distance between the Target Node and the Anchor Node  
The measurement of the distance between the target node and the anchor node is an important research topic of the node positioning in WSN. Nowadays, most of the existing node positioning algorithms can be divided into two categories according to whether distance measurements are required or not. One is the range-based measurement positioning algorithm and the other is a range-free measurement positioning algorithm [14]. The distance measurement refers to calculating the distance between the unknown target node and the given anchor node connected to it through communication between them [15; 16]. The classic distance measurement algorithms include the algorithm based-TOA (time of arrival), the algorithm based-TDOA (time difference of arrival) [17], the algorithm based-AOA (angle of arrival) [18] and the algorithm based-RSSI [19; 20].  
In the above distance measurement algorithms, the first three algorithms (TOA, TDOA, and AOA) need to calculate the distance between the unknown target node and given anchor node accurately by using an algorithm with high complexity that requires not only additional hardware equipment but also excellent node energy consumption. All these significantly increase the communication cost and energy consumption of the positioning process. Hence, the algorithm based-RSSI is adopted to measure distance in the paper for fitting the principle of low power consumption and low cost.
## 3 Results
### Enhanced Discrimination Compared to Land Cover Datasets  
Figure 4 depicts the results of cross-validation for MCD-CVFZ and several land cover products. The validation results of CVFZ in Figure 3 (\(D_{3}\) = 0.05) are better than MCD-2011 (\(D_{3}\) = \(-\)0.05), CLCD-2011 (\(D_{3}\) = \(-\)0.13), and MCD-unchanged (\(D_{3}\) = \(-\)0.03), highlighting the necessity of differentiating vegetation function and emphasizing the effectiveness of CVFZ in achieving this goal. The \(D_{1}\) of MCD-2011 and MCD-unchanged is slightly smaller than \(D_{2}\), and, correspondingly, \(D_{3}\) is slightly below zero. In other words, the closer \(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\) are, the smaller the difference in LAI multi-temporal spectra between two vegetation pixels from the same or different types tend to be and the smaller the ability to distinguish vegetation functions. The evaluation results of MCD-unchanged were slightly better than MCD-2011 (Figure 4a,c), indicating the need to use pixels with an unchanged vegetationtype for cutting. The proportion of savannas in MCD-unchanged increased from 13.7% to 27.3% compared to that of MCD-2011, while forested areas decreased from 25.7% to 13.8%, and broadleaf crops decreased from 8.9% to 5.1%, indicating recent degradation of forests and loss of farmland in China during the past few years, which may be related to the country's large-scale urbanization process. The value of \(D_{3}\) in CLCD-2011 is only \(-\)0.13 (Figure 4b), which may be related to the fact that vegetation types are only divided into four regions or that the data source is not consistent with the LAI dataset. MCD-CVFZ obtained the best validation results with \(D_{1}=0.30\), \(D_{2}=0.15\), and \(D_{3}=0.15\), which may be due to the distinction between vegetation function and vegetation type, simultaneously (Figure 4d).
# Clustering-Based Data Dissemination Protocol Using the Path Similarity for Autonomous Vehicles
## 2 Related Works and Problems  
### Dsrc/wave  
Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) is a long-range wireless communication method developed for the intelligent transport system (ITS) and is a protocol published by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [25]. This method was originally developed only for bill collection and used in the 75 MHz frequency band but was changed to the 5.9 GHz frequency band to overcome low performance for V2X communication. Accordingly, it was listed in the IEEE standard as 802.11p with the name WAVE [26].  
Figure 1 shows the protocol stack of WAVE [27]. The WAVE PHY layer corresponds to the OSI 1 layer, and WAVE MAC, multichannel operation, and the LLC layer correspond to the OSI 2 layer. The upper layers are similar to normal ethernet layers.  
According to a previous research study, WAVE has a decline in transmission success rate depending on the density of nodes [28]. Therefore, if WAVE is used to construct a mesh network for V2X in the future, it is essential to reduce interference by reducing unnecessary retransmissions in the transport layer protocol.  
However, WAVE does not respond to such a reduction in redundancy and focuses on smooth communication between vehicles with high speed. Therefore, the utility of a vehicle in a city where the vehicle is crowded is drastically reduced and a solution is needed [29]. Depending on the node density, severe delays may occur [30].  
Since the WAVE protocol is now the de facto standard for V2X communication, it is likely to be based on WAVE even in the era of autonomous navigation in the future. Therefore, to use WAVE for V2X communication, it is also essential to compensate for the weakness of WAVE, but related research is not active.  
As described above, the clustering-based data dissemination protocol is a solution to this issue. It is possible to configure the cluster autonomously without central management and reduce the redundancy by controlling the cluster head [31].  
However, a node in VANET has very strong mobility. Therefore, the link is very unstable and vulnerable, and its topology changes from moment to moment [32]. Because of this, clustering-based algorithms are not easily maintained in a composed cluster. This is particularly the case in urban areas [33].  
Thus, in this paper, we discuss how clustering-based data dissemination can increase the survivability of clusters and reduce the redundancy of a future internet environment.
# Power System Voltage Correction Scheme Based on Adaptive Horizon Model Predictive Control
## 5 Simulations
### Case B: New England Test System  
In this case, the validation and effectiveness of the proposed method further verified by the simulation on the New England 39-bus test system. Figure 10 shows the topology of the test system. The candidate control actions include the shunt capacitors at bus 8, the AVR set points of all the 10 generators, the OLTCs of the transformers connecting bus12 and 11, 12 and 13, 19 and 20. The control parameter settings are the same as case A.  
At \(t=10\) s, generator 3 are tripped. As is shown in Figure 11.The voltage magnitude of load bus 4, 7, 8 and 12 drops below 0.95 p.u. after the fault occurs.
## 4 Results
### Off-Grid Operation
#### 4.2.3 Non-Linear Symmetrical Load in Steady States  
Measurements of electric energy quality parameters in a steady state were carried out by measuring the phase voltages and currents of a symmetric non-linear load. A resistive load connected through a six-pulse rectifier was used for the tests. The measurement results for a 5 kW load are shown below. The waveforms of the phase voltages and currents are shown in Figure 21. The load power, phase voltages, and currents are shown in Figure 22. The voltage and current harmonics are shown in Figures 23 and 24, respectively.  
Figure 19: Load power values and voltage harmonics. Off-grid mode, unsymmetrical load. The colors of the lines in the harmonics diagram represent the individual phases. Source: author’s development.  
Figure 20: Phase voltage unbalance. Off-grid mode, unsymmetrical load. The colors of the arrows in the unbalance diagram represent the individual phases. Source: author’s development.  
Figure 21: Waveforms of voltages and currents in individual phases. Off-grid mode, non-linear symmetrical load. Source: author’s development.  
Figure 22: Values of load power, phase voltages, and currents of the load. Off-grid mode, non-linear symmetrical load. Source: author’s development.  
Figure 23: Voltage harmonics. Off-grid mode, non-linear symmetrical load. The colors of the lines in the harmonics diagram represent the individual phases. Source: author’s development.  
For the Fluke manufacturer's stated measurement accuracies, the measured values are: (1) voltage of phases L1: 231.62 \(\pm\) 0.23 V, L2: 229.27 \(\pm\) 0.23 V, L3: 231.74 \(\pm\) 0.23 V; (2) current of phases L1: 7.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 A, L2: 7.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 A, L3: 7.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 A; (3) active power of phases L1: 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.1 kW, L2: 1.65 \(\pm\) 0.1 kW, L3: 1.69 \(\pm\) 0.1 kW.  
The most important result of the test was to check the harmonics of the generated voltage for a non-linear load. For the connected load--a resistor connected through a six-pulse rectifier--the current harmonics are shown in Figure 24. For this load, the generated voltage waveform contains small harmonic values. However, there is a constant component, approx. 3%.