esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Feature Importance Ranking
(**a**) vulnerable road user; (**b**) motor vehicle driver. significantly affected fatal accidents when the at-fault driver's mode of transport was a minivan or large passenger truck than when the at-fault driver was driving a motor vehicle. 2. The regional division of the location of the accident point (0 for urban, 1 for peri-urban, and 2 for far-urban), for both vulnerable road user or motor vehicle driver primary responsibility accidents showed that the urban area hurt the severity of the accident, and the far-urban area had a positive effect on it. That may be related to differences in design standards between urban and rural roads. Through the understanding of Shenyang's urban development, the main urban and peri-urban areas have a higher level of economic development than the far suburban areas, with a relatively high level of infrastructure protection, and thus are more inclined to have minor accidents. However, more non-serious crashes occur on urban roads. The risk of death is higher on rural roads, the same conclusion also obtained by [PERSON] et al. [29]. 3. For road types, it can be seen that lower eigenvalues have more significant accident aggregation and hurt accident severity. As its eigenvalue increases, it positively affects accident severity. In other words, more accidents occur on trunk roads or low-grade roads, but their severity is usually lower. In contrast, urban motor and expressway accidents are usually more severe, the same as the results obtained in previous studies from [PERSON] et al. [30]. 4. For seasons, the severity of traffic accidents with vulnerable road user at-fault corresponds to several eigenvalues. Samples with positive SHAP values are mainly composed of red and pink dots, indicating accidents in autumn and winter are usually more severe. Shenyang has a long winter with low temperatures and heavy snowfall lasting from November to March, resulting in icy roads and reduced visibility that leads to more severe traffic accidents. 5. As the second most important feature, the higher the value of restaurant and shopping POI density (exceeding 50 \(\mathrm{pcs}/\mathrm{km}^{2}\)), the lower the probability of a fatal accident. The same pattern is observed for life service POI density. This indicates that drivers are more likely to concentrate and drive their vehicles cautiously in densely populated areas. 6. For the vulnerable road user, the age of the driver and the setting of physical separation of the road are equally important, whereas road speed limits and the density of the road network have essential influences on traffic accidents with motor vehicle drivers at-fault.
# Enhancing Reliability in Wind Turbine Power Curve Estimation
## 3 Results
### Experiment 1  
Next, we experiment to check whether the size of the ANNs works correctly and whether the results depend on the network size.  
In the following experiment, for each WT, we use the filtered data according to the proposed filter to train a series of models of different sizes and evaluate them with the test data. We evaluate the models by calculating the RMSE of each model's estimation error concerning the measured power. In the experiment, we evaluate ANNs with only five hidden nodes and progressively increase their hidden layer. In Table 2, we present the RMSEs obtained in the training phase, and in Table 3, the RMSEs obtained with the test data.  
Notice that, in the test, which is the relevant part of the experiment and serves to size the network, all the ANNs evaluated work practically similarly, with the smallest configuration achieving the best result. Notice also that the magnitudes of RMSE are high, but it must be considered that the WTs are 2500 kW, and therefore, high values are handled.
# PEDRO: Privacy-Enhancing Decision suppoRt tOol
## 4 Study 2: Lay Users
### Conclusions  
We can now answer **RQ2a** (_What is the level of PET adoption by lay Internet users_). The level of PET adoption varied considerably between model stages. In particular, in stage 1 (awareness of privacy principle) and stage 2 (importance of privacy principle) the level was either high or low; in stage 3 (awareness of PET), high or middling; in stage 4 (effectiveness of PET), predominantly high, but also middling or low; in stage 5 (knowing how to use PET) and stage 6 (empowerment), middling or low, in stage 7 (fear), low. In addition, the extent to which PETs were used varied, but a majority did not use each of the PETs. The stage model results provide a PET adoption baseline. The introduction of the PET decision support tool may increase adoption.  
With respect to **RQ2b**, (_What barriers prevent people from using PETs?_), we found a number of barriers that impact PET adoption, which aligned with our staged model. These will be used to organise the guidance for non-specialist users within the tool (study 3). Based on the barriers that were identified, anonymous letter and face mask were not included in the design of the PET decision support tool (study 3). This is because our sample did not consider these to be socially acceptable or effective. In the remaining set of PETs, there is considerable variation in the level of adoption at the different adoption model stages and between PETs.  
The conclusion from studies 1 and 2 is that the PETs that should be considered for inclusion in our decision support tool are VPN, encryption, non-tracking search engine, anonymous browser, Faraday bag (Note that we moved from \"wrapping phone\" to the more effective 'Faraday bag' for this decision support tool, the latter being more effective than the former), and webcam cover.
## 4 Result and Discussion
### Statistical Evaluation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Steel** & & & & & \\
**Measurement** & **Mean** & **Variance** & **Standard** & **Shapiro-Wilk** & **Kurtosis** \\
**Pattern** & & & & & \\ \hline
290 & 304 & 1.60 & 1.27 & 0.73 & 0.36 \\
340 & 351 & 2.86 & 1.69 & 0.81 & 0.12 \\
440 & 453 & 4.47 & 2.11 &  
Careful inspection of Tables 4-7 illustrates that the distributions of VL53L0X and VL53L1X in both the presence and absence of excessive ambient light are normal. Analysis of Figure 16 shows that some of the distributions are not following the regular pattern. In fact, the information in Table 8 helps us check the normal distribution of HC-SR04 outputs for the performed laboratory experiments. Analysis of Table 8 shows that most of the estimations follow a normal distribution. In fact, the assessments that are not following normal distribution may appear because of the lack of electrical current necessary for the sensors to perform accurately. Table 9 shows the price of devices made from combining similar sensors for an experimental test. In this test, sensors have estimated a distance of 540 mm in the absence of excessive ambient light. Analysis of Table 9 shows that the accuracy of VI53l0X is so low that even after combining eight sensors, the error is still higher than that of VI53l1X and HC-SR04. In fact, by using only two VI53l1X sensors, the benefits of sensor combinations, such as a smoother standard deviation and having a backup sensor in case one sensor is faulty, can be reached with a lower price. The ultrasonic sensor has the highest accuracy, but it cannot be used in places with high ambient temperature variations. A commercial noncontact distance sensor acquisition resolution is extracted from its datasheet to show the cost efficiency of the systems in this study. O1D100 in the distance range of 200 mm to 1000 mm has an 18 mm accuracy (1.8%). The price of O1D100 is EUR 383 [62]. Further analysis of Table 9 suggests no need to combine 25 similar sensors to improve the accuracy of data acquisition. By using two combined HC-SR04 sensors, the estimation error will be less than two percent. The same number of combined VL53L1x sensors will also result in accurate distance estimation. In fact, based on the required sensitivity, more sensors can be combined. The final number of sensor combinations depends on some variables such as the size of the object under study and its movements.
###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) method and the potential for chronological age estimation using this method. The sample consisted of 474 lateral cephalometric radiographs, from orthodontic patients aged 6.4-22.4 years. Six raters were trained to the CVM method (Baccetti). All images were assessed twice. Intra- and inter-rater agreements were assessed by Cohen's weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Analysis of variance was performed to investigate the correlation between cervical maturation stages and chronological age. The age prediction potential of the method was tested by general linear model regression analysis. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.857 to 0.931. Intra-rater absolute agreement ranged from 77% to 87% however inter-rater absolute agreement was lower than 50%. Inter-rater reliability was higher than 0.9. The 3 rd Cervical Maturation Stage (CS3) showed the lowest reproducibility. The mean age differences among the 6 CS stages were statistically significant and increased as the CS increased. CS and gender could roughly explain the 60% (adjusted \(R^{2}\) = 0.61) of the age variance of the sample. This CVM method proved able to show high reliability; however, it cannot predict accurately the pubertal growth spurt. A direct correlation was found between cervical stages and chronological age. This method provides a broad estimation of chronological age.  
ag; cervical vertebrae; skeletal maturation
## 3 Classical NR Shell Theory for Moderately Thick, Linear Elastic, Shells
### Standard Infinitesimal Deformation Kinematics (For Transversely Rigid Shells)  
From here on, all functions and quantities associated with the deformed (or again, strained) shell configuration will be distinguished with a prime symbol (\({}^{\prime}\)). In addition, we omit writing the time variable \(t\) for notational convenience. Within the classical NR theory, the admissible kinematics of the shell \(\mathcal{V}\) are merely described by a displacement field \(\mathbf{u}\) that is affine in \(\alpha_{3}\). That field relies notably on restrained infinitesimal translational motions of the shell mid-surface \(\overline{\mathcal{S}}\) and restrained infinitesimal rigid motions of a unit (_unstretchable_) vector \(\mathbf{n}^{\prime}(\bar{\mathbf{u}})\), called the _director_, following the literature on Cosserat (micropolar or oriented) media [72; 83; 82]. More explicitly, we restrict as  
\[\mathbf{\theta}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})=\theta_{I}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\,\mathbf{t}_{I}(\bar {\mathbf{\alpha}})\equiv\|\mathbf{\theta}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\|\mathbf{n}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha }})\times\mathbf{n}^{\prime}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\text{ and so that }\mathbf{\theta}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\cdot\mathbf{n}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})=0\text{, for }\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}}\in\Omega\text{,} \tag{10}\]  
the infinitesimal rotational (or angular) displacement vector that allows accounting for the rotation of the director from its reference (rest) orientation \(\mathbf{n}\) to its current (displaced) orientation \(\mathbf{n}^{\prime}\approx\mathbf{n}+\mathbf{\theta}\times\mathbf{n}\) in the NR model. Here, it was assumed that there is no (drilling) rotation about the normal \(\mathbf{n}\). Each \(\theta_{I}=\mathbf{\theta}\cdot\mathbf{t}_{I}\) represents, therefore, the _infinitesimal angle of rotation_ by which the director \(\mathbf{n}^{\prime}\) (that was assumed collinear at rest to the normal \(\mathbf{n}\) of the middle surface \(\overline{\mathcal{S}}\)) rotates about the tangent \(\mathbf{t}_{I}\) to the \(\alpha_{I}\) coordinate line \(\mathcal{L}_{I}\). Sometimes, it can also be convenient for conciseness to merely introduce these infinitesimal rotations of the fibers that were at rest orthogonal to the mid-surface with the vector of the (_sine_ of) _infinitesimal angle of rotation_ of the director:  
\[\mathbf{\beta}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\equiv\beta_{I}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\mathbf{t}_{I}( \bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\overset{\text{def}}{=}\mathbf{\theta}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\times \mathbf{n}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\text{, with }\beta_{I}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\equiv\varepsilon_{I}\theta_{I}(\bar{\mathbf{ \alpha}})\text{ for }I=1,2\text{.} \tag{11}\]  
Besides, the admissible translational displacements of a point \(\overline{P}\in\overline{\mathcal{S}}\) from its reference (rest equilibrium) state position \(\bar{\mathbf{r}}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\) to its current motion position \(\bar{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime}(\bar{\mathbf{\alpha}})\) (which is not necessarily located on the mid-surface of the deformed shell placement) are defined by (cf.
# Blockchain-Based Distributed Computing Consistency Verification for IoT Mobile Applications
## 3 Preliminaries  
### Advanced Gamma Multi-Signature Scheme  
The advanced gamma multi-signature scheme (AGMS) is a novel variant of the gamma signature scheme, which leverages the discrete logarithmic puzzle [34] and the efficient Schnorr signature scheme [35] to enable multiple entities to collaboratively generate an aggregated signature based on an aggregated public key. The concrete procedures of the scheme entail a rigorous and well-defined process, which are shown as follows:  
* \(Setup(1^{n})\): take a security parameter \(n\) as the input, output a public parameter \(pp=(q,\mathcal{G},g)\), where \(\mathcal{G}\) is a group of prime order \(q\) and\(g\) is a generator of \(\mathbb{G}\).
* \(KenGen(pp)\): take a public parameter \(pp\) as the input, randomly choose \(\{sk_{ij}\}_{i\in[1,n],j\in U_{i}}\)\(\in\mathcal{Z}_{N}\), compute \(\{pk_{ij}=g^{sk_{ij}}\}_{i\in[1,n],j\in U_{i}}\), and output \(\{(pk_{ij},sk_{ij})\}_{i\in[1,n],j\in U_{i}}\).
* \(KeyAgg(\{pk_{ij}\}_{i\in[1,n],j\in U_{i}})\): take the public key \((\{pk_{ij}\}_{i\in[1,n],j\in U_{i}})\) as the input, compute the aggregated public key \(PK=\prod\limits_{i\in[1,k]}(\prod\limits_{j\in U_{i}}pk_{ij})\), and output \(PK\).
* \(Sign(msg,V^{*},PK)\): take the message \(m\), an aggregation commitment \(V^{*}\), and an aggregation public key \(PK\) as the input, and output a signature \((c,Sig)\).
* \(Verify(pp,V^{*},V^{*^{\prime}})\): take the message \(m\), aggregated commitment \(V^{*}\), and \(V^{*^{\prime}}\) as the input, and output \(0/1\) to indicate whether the message \(msg\) is invalid or valid.
# Performance of Adaptive Bit-Interleaved Polar Coded Modulation in FSOC System
Furthermore, experimental validation confirms that the adoption of the A-BIPCM technique effectively enhances the transmission quality of FSOC systems operating in weak turbulence channels. Which proves to be effective in combating a long string of bit errors induced by turbulence.
# FEA for Optimizing Design and Fabrication of Frame Structure of Elevating Work Platforms
###### Abstract  
This study investigated the application of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to optimize the design and material selection for the construction of the telescopic arm of an elevating work platform (EWP) used in agricultural environments. By comparing the structural performance of four materials--Aluminum Alloy (EN-AW 1200), Aluminum Alloy (EN-AW 2014), High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steel Fe275 JR, and HSLA Steel S700--under simulated operational conditions, this research identified the most suitable material for robust yet lightweight platforms. The results revealed that HSLA Steel S700 provides superior performance in terms of strength, low deformation, and high safety factors, making it ideal for scenarios requiring maximum durability and load-bearing capacity. Conversely, Aluminum Alloy (EN-AW 2014), while exhibiting lower strength compared with HSLA Steel S700, significantly reduces platform weight by approximately 60% and lowers the center of gravity, enhancing maneuverability and compatibility with smaller, less powerful tractors. These findings highlight the potential of FEA in optimizing EWP design by enabling precise adjustments to material selection and structural geometry. The outcomes of this research contribute to the development of safer, more efficient, and cost-effective EWPs, with a specific focus on improving productivity and safety in agricultural operations such as pruning and harvesting. Future work will explore advanced geometries and hybrid materials to further enhance the performance and versatility of these platforms.  
Finite Element Analysis; elevating work platforms; material optimization; agricultural machinery; structural performance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article
# Design of a Morphing Aircraft Based on Model Predictive Control
## 3 Controller Design
### Model Predictive Controller Design
The approximate set \(\Psi(A,u)+W\) must satisfy the following two conditions:  
* \(f(A,u)+W\subseteq\Psi(A,u)+W\). * For all \(x\in\Omega\), there exists a control input \(u\in U\) such that \(f(x,u)+w\in\Omega\). A simple polytope is selected to describe the reachable set, which is expressed as follows:  
\[\Psi(A,u)+W=\left\{\left(x^{1},\ldots,x^{n}\right)\mid x_{\min}^{1}\leq x^{1} \leq x_{\max}^{1},\ldots,x_{\min}^{n}\leq x^{n}\leq x_{\max}^{n}\right\} \tag{41}\]  
where \(x^{i},i=1,2,\cdots,n\) represents the \(i\)-th component of the state vector \(x\), and \(x_{\min}^{i}\) and \(x_{\max}^{i}\) denote the lower and upper bounds of the \(i\)-th component, respectively. The values of \(\Psi(A,u)+W\) are determined jointly by \(x_{\min}^{i}\) and \(x_{\max}^{i}\), and the calculation methods for \(x_{\min}^{i}\) and \(x_{\max}^{i}\) are as follows:  
\[ \begin{split} x_{\min}^{i}&=\min_{x\in A,w\in W}f_ {i}(x,u)+w\\ x_{\max}^{i}&=\max_{x\in A,w\in W}f_{i}(x,u)+w\end{split}  \tag{42}\]  
where \(i=1,2,\cdots,n\), \(f_{i}\) represents the mapping relationship with \(x_{i}\). Using this method, the approximate predicted reachable set satisfies conditions \(\,\mathrm{S1}\,\) and \(\,\mathrm{S2}\,\). Compute the terminal state set. The terminal state set is approximated as a simple polytope, which is expressed as follows:  
\[\Omega=\left\{\left(x^{1},\cdots,x^{n}\right)\mid x_{\min,\Omega}^{i}\leq x^{ i}\leq x_{\max,\Omega}^{i},\quad i=1,2,\cdots,n\right\} \tag{43}\]  
where \(X_{\min,\Omega}^{i}\) and \(x_{\max,\Omega}^{i}\) are obtained by solving the following optimization problem:\[ \begin{split}\max_{x\in A,u\in\mathbb{W}}&\left(\left(x^{1}_ {\max,\Omega}-x^{1}_{\min,\Omega}\right)\times\cdots\times\left(x^{n}_{\max, \Omega}-x^{n}_{\min,\Omega}\right)\right)\\ s.t.\Omega=&\left\{\left(x^{1},\cdots,x^{n}\right) \mid x^{i}_{\min,\Omega}\leq x^{i}\leq x^{i}_{\max,\Omega}\right\}\\ x^{i}_{\min,\Omega}\leq&\min_{x\in\Omega,u\in \mathbb{W}}\max_{u\in\mathbb{U}}f_{i}(x,u)+w\\ x^{i}_{\max,\Omega}\geq&\max_{x\in\Omega,u\in \mathbb{W}}\min_{u\in\mathbb{U}}f_{i}(x,u)+w\\ x^{i}_{\min,\Omega}\leq& x^{i}_{\max,\Omega},i=1,2,\cdots,n\end{split}  \tag{44}\]  
The optimization objective of Equation (44) is to maximize the volume of the polytope. The second and third constraints state that for any point \(x\) within \(\Omega\), there exists \(u\in U\) such that the one-step predicted reachable set \(\Psi(x,u)+W\) ensures the invariant set property of \(\Omega\). The final constraint states that \(\Omega\) must contain the origin, as the ideal goal of the controller design is to drive the state as close to the origin as possible.
# Virtual Laboratory for the Full-Field Goniophotometer of Luminaires
## 1 Introduction  
In the semiconductor lighting industry, goniophotometers are commonly used to make absolute measurements of the luminous flux of LED light sources and luminaires, as well as the distribution of light intensity [1]. The full-field goniophotometer is a new generation of goniophotometers for measuring lamps and light sources using advanced photometric principles to complete measurements such as the photometric distribution of light sources or lamps, which have an important position and role in the teaching of lighting and other professions [2].  
Due to the practical operation of the full-field goniophotometer experiment, there are problems, such as a shortage of equipment, limited experimental time, experimental cost, and safety factors [3]. In the study of the full-field goniophotometer, as well as the practical operation existence, due to an insufficient understanding of the full-field goniophotometer and the phenomenon of instrument damage, virtual simulation experiments are used to solve the above problems [4, 5]. Virtual experiments can use virtual reality technology to simulate the use of experimental instruments, establish virtual laboratories, improve the quality of experimental teaching, and so on [6, 7].  
The construction of a virtual simulation laboratory for lighting engineering is still in its initial stage. In 2018, Dalian Polytechnic University's Institute of Photonics developed a virtual simulation experiment system for lighting construction and distribution based on mixed reality technology, developed to reproduce real scenes of urban lighting projects and restore the whole process from line laying, luminaire installation, and control system commissioning.  
To sum up, this paper carries out a virtual simulation of light intensity distribution measurements based on a full-field goniophotometer, which combines unity3D, 3 Dmax,etc.; restores the equipment of the distribution photometer and its operation process; and designs a virtual simulation experimental platform that enables a fuller understanding of the full-field goniophotometer, as well as the realization of online experiments [8].  
The Section 2 is the construction of the virtual experiment platform, introducing the scene construction and the design of the model. Section 3 is an introduction to the key technologies, including descriptions of the whole experimental process, the transformation of luminaire positions, the measurement of spatial light intensity distribution, the selection of measurement results, the drawing of light distribution curves, and the control of the mobile phone terminal.