In a managed approach to the fingerprint sources, there may be no knowledge of the actual position of the fingerprint sources, but there is knowledge of their status, at least for long periods of time. This status comprises the knowledge that a fingerprint source remains in the same place and the knowledge that it remains available. A typical example is the case of fingerprints from radio signals, which originate from transmitters operating in licensed radio frequency bands. In the case of cellular radio communication networks, the allocation of the frequency bands and the location of base stations for macro-cells and pico-cells do not change too often. An operator of the network, or a third party with an agreement with the network operator, can rely on using fingerprint sources with knowledge of their status. Management of the fingerprint sources contributes to their reliability, minimization of the positioning errors, and the lower costs of maintaining databases of the fingerprints. In contrast, in an unmanaged approach to the fingerprint sources, any suitable signal that is available in the environment is repurposed as a fingerprint. In this case, it is not grantedthat the source of the signal will remain in the same place and/or that the signal will remain available or retain the same characteristics. This is the case most commonly found in the literature related to fingerprinting-based positioning. This approach strives for economy on the positioning infrastructure side, traded off against its lower reliability and possibly larger positioning errors. Yet in the unmanaged case, the infrastructure costs may be negligible, such as in the case of using radio signals from unmanaged wireless local access networks as fingerprints. Two main parts can be distinguished in a positioning system, namely the core positioning system infrastructure and the actual positioning device. In the context of fingerprinting-based positioning, the core positioning system infrastructure is composed mainly of positioning nodes or anchors. In the case of fingerprinting-based positioning using radio signals as fingerprints, the nodes are the sources (transmitters) that generate the fingerprints in the downlink case or the devices (receivers) that receive the fingerprints in the uplink case. In order to minimize the positioning error, it is possible to increase the complexity and cost of the core positioning system infrastructure, the positioning device, or both. In fingerprinting-based positioning, a typical way to minimize the positioning error is to increase the cost and complexity in the positioning system core infrastructure by increasing the number, and thus the density, of positioning nodes; see Figure 1a. In some cases, densification of the positioning nodes has an associated cost of attaching positioning nodes to buildings, structures, etc. Some examples are contexts like tall structures or mines [17; 18], where not only is certain special equipment needed for maintenance (e.g., cranes) but also only qualified personnel are allowed to reach these places. From another perspective, in some industries, the costs of cabling (data/power) may increase noticeably, for example, when requiring sealed pipes for electrical wiring in hazardous areas. Even when wireless and battery-operated positioning nodes are an option in hazardous areas and places that are difficult to reach, these have an associated maintenance cost that cannot be neglected as part of the total cost of ownership in the corresponding business models. Returning to the complexity and cost alternatives, another alternative for minimizing the positioning error is to increase the complexity and cost in the positioning device while decreasing the cost and complexity in the positioning system core infrastructure; see Figure 1b. This solution may be justified in situations where the increment in the costs associated with the positioning device is smaller when compared to the costs associated with the positioning infrastructure.