# Review on Soft Mobility Infrastructure Design Codes
## 3 Conclusions and Recommendations  
As people pay more attention to the rights of pedestrians and low-speed vehicles, such as bicycles and e-scooters, the relevant urban infrastructure needs to be revised and appropriately adjusted to emerging modes. This review identified gaps and outdated design specifications, laws and regulations for SMI in many countries around the world. The absence of SMI in road design specifications has led to a lack of legal basis for SMI users. The lack of evidence in SMI design and the over-reliance and application of motor vehicle design specifications have led to poor actual use experience of SMI. SMI design did not consider actual use and was empirically developed, which led to difficulties for all road users, including traffic accidents. Therefore, in response to the current situation of SMI that is generally faced around the world, this paper selected design specifications, laws, regulations, and guidelines for SMI issued by 17 countries, regions, and major cities around the world, and conducted a horizontal comparison in terms of road surface layout, horizontal and vertical geometry, speed limits, and auxiliary facilities. At the same time, the German Guidelines for the Design of Motorways were selected for a vertical comparison between SMI and motor vehicles, which is shown in Supplementary File S2. This paper first integrated and analyzed SMI design specifications from 17 different countries or regions (Section 2). Supplementary File S2 and Section 2 use the same structure, and each section analyzes the road classification method, general layout, vertical geometry, horizontal geometry, speed, and stopping sight distance. At the same time, in each section, a summary of roadside facilities is also given. At the end of Section 2, user supporting facilities in the SMI design specification are also mentioned separately. There are several findings about SMI in the 17 reviewed countries and regions. As for general layout (lane width, clearances, and cross-slope), except for CN, no formulaic evidence is provided to support the rationality of the data given. Basically, the data are mainly based on the grade and classification of the roads where the SMI is located. At the same time, the overall layout of some areas is basically determined by the traffic conditions of motor vehicles. As for vertical geometrics (slope and gradient), not all areas have relevant regulations, but areas with regulations are basically formulated according to the terrain of the area. As for horizontal geometrics (radii and superelevation), except for TW and HK, which provide radii, other regions do not have regulations on it. Except for TW, which provides superelevation, other regions do not have regulations on it. The data  
Figure 12: Schematic diagram of bicycle parking spaces in TW (Building and Construction Office of Taiwan Provincial Department of Interior, 2009). provided by TW and HK are not supported by formulas or theories. As for speeds, BJ, WA (uniform regulations), TW (based on horizontal geometry), and ZA (based on vertical geometry) regulate the speed (speed limit and/or design speed) of bicycles. The speed requirements for e-scooters in all countries and regions are not very different and are the same as the speed specified in the manufacturing standards of e-scooters, which are based on experiments. However, NZ is an exception, and they only stipulate the horsepower output. There are no regulations for the speed of pedestrians in various countries and regions. As for stopping sight distance, an equation was given by ZA and ZA also defined decision sight distance with another equation. As for the roadside facilities, guiding facilities (lane division) are mainly soft separation (marking lines) and hard separation (curb or isolation guardrail) in various countries and regions. Lighting is mainly divided into regulations on light intensity (SG for lux) and regulations on light setting height (AD). SG does the best in weather protection, with very detailed regulations.