## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison and Promotion of Results  
[PERSON] et al. [40] utilized the SWMM model to evaluate the comprehensive effects of low-impact development (LID) facilities on a campus setting. In contrast, our study combined field investigations with the SWMM model to provide an in-depth analysis of a specific case, thereby enriching the diversity of case studies in this domain. Compared to the work of [PERSON] et al. [41], which primarily focused on assessing waterlogging risks, our study not only evaluated such risks but also simulated waterlogging scenarios under different return periods and proposes targeted improvement measures. This provides a more comprehensive perspective on waterlogging risk management, particularly in the context of extreme weather events. Additionally, this study places greater emphasis on model validation and parameter calibration, specifically applying the concept of sponge cities to a campus environment. This approach offers a novel urban flood adaptation strategy with practical implications.  
In addition to the measures proposed in our study, alternative solutions for stormwater management exist, including point-source facility technologies, such as green roofs, rain gardens, and bioretention basins. Green roofs mitigate surface runoff by incorporating waterproof membranes and vegetation layers on building rooftops. Rain gardens and bioretention systems mimic natural wetlands, accommodating runoff, promoting infiltration and evapotranspiration, recharging groundwater, and reducing peak flows.  
For water management in smart cities, diverse strategies have been proposed, including smart metering, demand management, behavioral change initiatives, rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, distributed water infrastructure, smart irrigation systems, offshore floating photovoltaic systems, desalination, regulatory policies, educational activities, public awareness campaigns, and collaboration among stakeholders. These strategies employ multi-criteria assessments to identify the most feasible approaches. Together, these solutions range from nature-based measures to advanced smart city technologies, each with unique advantages tailored to specific scenarios.  
The solutions presented in this study primarily address waterlogging issues within campus environments, as demonstrated in the case study of the China University of Geosciences. However, these strategies are adaptable and can be applied to other urban areas facing similar challenges related to urbanization, climate change, and extreme rainfall events. Below is a summary of the key measures proposed and their potential applications elsewhere:  
1. Sponge Campus Layout: This strategy incorporates permeable surfaces and rainwater reuse systems to improve campus resilience to urban flooding. The sponge city concept can be extended to other areas by increasing green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements, green roofs, rain gardens, and underground infiltration systems.
2. Enhanced Permeable Surfaces: On campus, the use of permeable pavements reduces impervious surface coverage. In other urban areas, transforming roads, sidewalks, and parking lots with permeable materials can similarly enhance rainwater infiltration.
3. LID Measures: Facilities such as ecological ditches and rain gardens can increase rainwater infiltration and retention, reducing surface runoff. These measures are particularly effective in open spaces, including urban parks, plazas, and residential areas.
4. Application of Models and Simulation Tools: Tools like the SWMM can simulate and evaluate waterlogging risks under varying rainfall scenarios, providing valuable insights for flood risk assessment and planning in other urban contexts.  
When applying these solutions in different locations, it is essential to account for local climate conditions, topographical characteristics, urban drainage system variations, and socio-economic factors. Appropriate adjustments and localization of the strategies are crucial to ensure their effectiveness and feasibility in diverse settings.