## 5 Results  
Landslide hazard assessment is a crucial component of landslide risk management. Over the years, various methodologies and datasets have been utilized [37]. Based on the experiences gained, we selected the following factors related to landslide incidents as the basis for our assessment: land use, slope, lithological, geological, and rainfall. The land use information was sourced from the European project CORINE Land Cover, part of the  
Figure 6: Geological map. Figure 7: Lithological map. European Copernicus Programme [38]. These data have been compiled at the European level using optical satellites since 1990. Specifically, data for CLC 2012, acquired between 2011 and 2012 from sensors on various satellites (IRS P6 LISS III and RapidEye), were used. The geometric accuracy of these data is less than 25 m. CORINE Land Cover categorizes land use into 44 classes, utilizing a minimum mapping unit (MMU) of 25 hectares for area phenomena and a minimum mapping width (MMW) of 100 m for linear phenomena. These data are available in both vector and 100 m raster formats. The percentage of land slope was derived from the digital terrain model (DTM) provided by the Regional Cartographic Center [39]. A slope algorithm classified the terrain cells based on their slope in degrees. The DTM was generated by homogenizing the original \(5\times 5\) m square mesh DTM produced from the Calabria flight in 2007-2008, which was then resampled using the bicubic interpolation method. The Geological Map of Italy is at a scale of 1:500,000. The legend was reconstructed starting from the paper version Source Ministry of the Environment. The dataset was extracted from the Geological Map of Italy, extracting the portion related to Calabria Region. The values of the geological typology were encoded in a domain. The vectorization of the information produced a resolution of 5 m in relation to each individual pixel. Lithological data in scala 1:100,000 provided by the Regional Cartographic Center but derived from the Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) [40] present information on lithologies and basic geological features in vector format. Rainfall data were obtained from ARPACAL for 2020, 2022, and 2023. These data underwent appropriate conversion before integrating into the model, as outlined in the Methodology section. These variables interact in complex ways, making an integrated analysis of all factors essential when assessing landslide risk [41]. Factors considered for landslide susceptibility mapping include land slope, precipitation, land use, and geological and lithological factors. These factors were chosen based on the existing literature and their relevance for landslide prediction. Each factor contributes to the final decision on the state of the cells in the cellular automata model. The integration of these factors into the model of cellular automata represents an advanced and comprehensive approach to mapping landslide susceptibility. This method not only improves the accuracy of forecasts but also provides a flexible platform for analyzing future scenarios and planning for risk mitigation. The slope of the terrain is a critical factor in slope stability. Steeper gradients increase the gravitational forces acting on materials, making slopes more susceptible to landslides. Studies have shown that slopes that are more excellent than 30 degrees are particularly critical [42]. Altitude can affect the local microclimate and vegetation, both of which can contribute to soil stability. Intense and prolonged rainfall is one of the leading causes of landslides. Water seeping into the ground reduces cohesion between particles and increases the weight of the material, leading to slope subsidence. Extreme rainfall events are often associated with a significant rise in landslides [43]. Drainage patterns and groundwater conditions can affect soil stability. Land use also has a significant impact on soil stability. For example, deforestation decreases soil cohesion and increases the risk of landslides.