## 2 Materials and Methods  
This study was conducted at the laboratory facilities of the Optics and Optometry Faculty of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, under stable conditions of temperature and humidity.  
The NIMO TR1504 (Lambda-X, Nivelles, Belgium) is a device based on the 'Phase-Shifting Schlieren' technique, used to produce high-contrast fringe patterns whose image is distorted by the lens. The measurement operation consists of applying the phase-shifting principle to map the light beam deviation on the camera. The instrument's resolution depends on the number of pixels in the camera, leading to higher resolution compared to other methods. The measurement captures both the x and y components of the light beam deviation, providing a comprehensive characterization of the lens power. Customized software Version 2.17.3 is then used to calculate various power-related dimensions of the lens, such as power, sphere, cylinder, and axis. This is achieved by fitting the calculated wavefront to a Zernike polynomial combination. Additionally, high-resolution power maps are calculated for each pixel within the optic zone of the lens. The instrument's software also enables wavefront analysis via Zernike polynomial decomposition at different aperture diameters of the lens [15].  
By measuring the fringe pattern distortion using phase-shifting techniques it is possible to compute the light deflection and hence the wavefront and power [16]. The instrument's light source exhibits a radiance peak at 546 nm, which is close to the spectral relative luminance efficacy peak of the human visual system, located at 555 nm under photonic conditions [17].  
To prevent surface deformation and dehydration during measurements, IOLs are immersed in a saline solution in a quartz cuvette devoid of aberrations. Without a lens present, the chamber illuminates uniformly. However, when a lens is introduced into the instrument's object plane, light rays from the source are shifted or deflected. The intensity of light reaching the high-resolution CCD (charge-coupled device) camera's pixels is also modulated by the LCD (liquid crystal display) pattern, producing Schlieren fringes. The greater the power of the test lens, the greater the deviation of light rays, resulting in more fringes. Using phase-shifting techniques [18], maps of the horizontal and vertical components of ray deflection are obtained. The corresponding power maps are then derived from the ray deflection map [18].  
The reproducibility of the NIMO TR1504 instrument has been reported by [PERSON] et al. [19] for spherical and toric CLs. They have concluded that single measurements are sufficient to determine the sphere power to current ISO tolerance limits with 95% confidence and with reproducibility standard deviations of 0.05 D.  
According to ISO 11979-2:2014 [20], which applies to IOL, the dioptric power of spherical and aspheric lenses specified by the manufacturer on the IOL labeling must meet a tolerance limit of \(\pm\)1.00 D, depending on the base power. In the case of the intraocular lenses used in this study, up to +15.00 D, the tolerance can be up to \(\pm\)0.30 D, and for lenses between +15.00 and +25.00 D, the tolerance increases to \(\pm\)0.40 D.  
All measurements reported in this study represent the mean value of 10 measurements, following the usual practice in metrology [21; 22]. For each measurement, the lens was removed from the NIMO device, re-centered, and then re-measured. To ensure the accuracy of the measurements, a previous calibration was performed with the NIMO calibration lens (LAMBDA-X CALI S/N: G-312-C-98) for different aperture diameters.