## 4 Results and Analysis on the Current Scientific Demand of Satellite Data to MPAs and Lake Research
A common application of satellite images in MPAs is the support to law enforcement in the detection of vessels not transmitting positioning information. Such vessels are often involved in illegal, unreported or unregulated fishing activities in restricted areas [48; 49; 50]. These satellite data, although not directly related to environmental assessment of the MPAs, is being used in remote locations such as the Ascension Island Exclusive Economic Zone for surveillance and law enforcement purposes [49]. Figure 6 also shows that terms like \"climate change\" and \"satellite\" have only been used in the more recent literature about MPAs, not presenting the kind of maturity seen for lakes. The occurrence of high-resolution satellite data in MPA-related data are 11.2%. However, amongst these, the number of articles using satellites for tracking of species in MPA contexts is 30.5%, and the rest on the surveillance of such areas for the detection of vessels involved in illegal activities such as fisheries. Discussing Prospectives on the Feasibility of High- and Very High-Resolution Optical Satellites for Ocean and Lake Colour  
There is already a clear scientific consensus on the need for better spatial resolution to respond to some environmental monitoring. A resolution gap in high-resolution (<10 m) and very high-resolution (submeter) observations of ocean (and lake colour) has been identified [39]. It should be noted that at resolutions between 10 and 100 m, Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat 8 have proved useful to provide data on sediment plumes, floating vegetation and phytoplankton [25; 39; 50; 51]; however, these satellites cannot provide the type of data needed for an effective and constant monitoring of small water surfaces. A new policy can be put forward to facilitate the access to long-term data without compromising, and even boosting the activity of the private sector. According to article 38 seen above, this is in line with the new EU Space Regulation (EU) 2021/696. Privately owned satellite data responds to a need on time criticality which, in the context of long-term datasets, is no longer the case. It is strongly suggested to put forward a roadmap for  
Figure 6: VOSviewer map of co-occurrences in the 231 abstracts analysed, showing how marine protected areas and satellite remote sensing are not co-occurring in the scientific literature. The map can be accessed through the QR code with the possibility to explore the clusters. public access of high-resolution data in non-politically sensitive areas. Such data entails the application of averaging and mosaicking of different singular data products and therefore individual images do not need to be facilitated, thus avoiding security threats. In Table 2, we have included a summary of potential high- and very high-resolution private and public satellites that could be used to respond to the demands of such higher resolution monitoring for both lakes and small MPAs. The available options are many and some of these missions are already part of the Copernicus Contributing Missions. A recent study has showed the usefulness of privately owned satellites such has PlanetScope to monitor small water reservoirs and an advantage to estimate Chlorophyll-a in cases where the water bodies are too small to be monitored by coarser resolution satellites like Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 [52]. The PlanetScope satellites have a resolution of 3 m, which fall within the very high-resolution definition of this paper (VHR1). Furthermore, Formosat-2, a satellite owned and operated by the National Space Organisation (NSPO) of Taiwan, was the first mission in very HR1 capable of estimating Chlorophyll-a in small reservoirs [53; 54]. One study provided a good model (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.78) between surface reflectance and Chlorophyll-a back in 2005 [53]. Proving that a public-private initiative to monitor small lakes and MPAs in HR and VHR will make the construction of long data series possible.