esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Improved Multi-GNSS PPP Software for Upgrading the DEMETRA Project Time Monitoring Service
## 3 Processing and Results
### Atomium Constrained PPP
#### 3.2.1 The Signal Tracking Loss  
There was a notable difference between the constrained PPP and non-constrained PPP results in the last test periods of the former \"PPP--OPT\" experiment, as can be seen in Figure 9. These differences were zoomed in and plotted again in Figure 11.  
The jump that happens in the middle of the MJD 58446 was not a daily batch jump, but because all the satellite tracks restarted so that new ambiguities were determined for all the satellites, at that epoch in the PPP computation for station AO_4, and the jump happened just as at the batch boundary. This jump was overcome by the constrained PPP, in which the receiver clock measurements were relatively constrained at all epochs.  
Figure 11: “PPP—OPT” experiments to evaluate constrained PPP.  
Figure 10: ADEVs in “PPP—OPT” experiments to evaluate constrained PPP. IGRT stands for the reference time of International global navigation satellite systems service (IGS) rapid products that are used in the PPP computation.
## 3 Results
### Adsorption Equilibria  
#### 3.2.1 Effect of Adsorbent-Adsorbate Contact Time and Initial MC Concentration  
The effect of the contact time (0-120 min) and the initial MC concentration (20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mg/L) on the adsorption efficiency are shown in Figure 3. The adsorption efficiency of MC increases with the contact time and reaches equilibrium at about 90 min with a maximum removal value of 90.07% for an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, pH = 6 of the solution and 2 g/L of the SSS dosage. The rapid increase in MC adsorption efficiency in the first 30 min can be attributed to the availability of the uncovered surface as well as the high number of empty active sites at the initial time of the process on the adsorbent surface. It is clear that the elimination efficiency decreases from 90.07 to 69.77% when the initial concentration of MC decreases from 20 to 150 mg/L. This result can be explained by considering that at a lower initial MC concentration, the ratio of the adsorbent active sites to the total adsorbate is high and therefore all adsorbate molecules can interact with the adsorbent and be removed from the solution [7; 17]. However, the uptake of MC at equilibrium state climbed from 8.96 mg/g to 52.50 mg/g, when the initial drug concentration increased from 20 to 150 mg/L. Indeed, it can be assumed that because of the increase in the content of MC in solution, and therefore the increase in the concentration gradient, the arrival of the molecules of the adsorbate towards the surface of the adsorbent becomes easier, which induces the higher occupation of active sites. [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. Therefore, 60 mg/L was selected as the optimum initial concentration of MC for the adsorption experiments.
# Wet Snow Flashover Characteristics of 500-kV AC Insulator Strings with Different Arrangements
## 3 Results
### The Influence of Shed Type on Flashover  
From Figure 12, it can be seen that, for every arrangement, the flashover voltage of the insulator string with anti-icing sheds is higher than that with common sheds. For the 90\({}^{\circ}\)\(\Lambda\)-string arrangement, due to the discharge from icicles to wire, the flashover voltage of the insulator string with anti-icing sheds is 7.6% higher than that with common sheds. For the other arrangements, the flashover voltage improvement ranges from 11.0% to 19.5%.  
Figure 11: The flashover path of II-string. (**a**) 450 mm II-string, (**b**) 2\({}^{\circ}\)\(\Lambda\)-string (450 mm–600 mm string).  
In order to explain the test results, an equivalent circuit model is shown in Figure 13 where \(C_{i}\) and \(R_{i}\) are the capacitance and resistance of the insulator string, \(C_{Li}\) is the stray capacitance to high voltage, and \(C_{Ei}\) is the stray capacitance to ground.  
It is well known that \(C_{i}\) and \(R_{i}\) are decreased in snowing conditions, which aggravates the stray capacitance disturbance to the distribution of voltage along the insulator string. However, adding the anti-icing sheds, which can create air gaps, will counteract the decrease of \(C_{i}\) and \(R_{i}\). Therefore, the flashover voltage improvement of anti-icing sheds can be explained by the following reasons:  
1. The insulation distance of the insulator string with anti-icing sheds is a little longer than that with common sheds for all arrangements.  
Figure 12: Comparison voltage change ratio \(\beta\) between the common shed and the anti-icing shed.  
Figure 13: Equivalent circuit model of insulator string.  
2. The anti-icing sheds, due to their larger diameter, can hinder or delay the arc development.
3. Compared with an insulator string with common sheds, the air gaps between big sheds can increase the capacitance of the snowed insulator string. As a larger insulator capacitance can weaken the influence of stray capacitance, the distribution of voltage along the insulator string will be relatively uniform and result in a higher flashover.
# Artificial Neural Network Framework for Hybrid Control and Monitoring in Turning Operations
###### Abstract  
In the era of Industry 4.0 and the transition toward Industry 5.0, advanced manufacturing is increasingly driven by data analytics, artificial intelligence, and cyber-physical systems. The integration of intelligent monitoring systems and self-learning algorithms is reshaping machining processes, enabling higher efficiency, precision, and sustainability. Recent advancements in smart factories emphasize the use of AI-powered process control, enabling machines to self-optimize, self-correct, and even self-retrain to maintain optimal performance. This paper proposes a hybrid control and monitoring framework designed to enhance turning operations by integrating artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predictive modeling and adaptive recalibration. The system leverages machine learning (ML) to improve machining efficiency, tool longevity, and energy consumption optimization. By implementing forward and inverse ANN models, the framework enables real-time estimation of cutting forces and energy consumption, facilitating data-driven decision-making in machining processes. Furthermore, an adaptive recalibration mechanism ensures continuous model updates, allowing the system to dynamically adjust based on evolving machining conditions such as tool wear, material properties, and environmental variations. This research contributes to these advancements by proposing an ANN-based hybrid approach, predictive modeling, and adaptive recalibration. The proposed framework ensures continuous monitoring, automated adjustments, and intelligent decision-making, making it a scalable and adaptable solution for modern machining operations.  
machine; artificial neural networks; turning operations; energy consumption estimation; hybrid control and monitoring; machine learning in manufacturing Article
# Improved Arabic-Chinese Machine Translation with Linguistic Input Features
## 2 Related Works
Some previous works explored the effects of factors on NMT as a new state-of-the-art MT. The authors in [31] investigated the benefits of using linguistic input features for English\(\leftrightarrow\)German and English\(\rightarrow\)Romanian NMT systems which showed improvement upon the baseline system. In [32], the authors discussed the effects of pre-reordering and input linguistic knowledge into Japanese-English, and Chinese-English NMT system, in which the features used including POS tags, word class, and reordered index. According to the results of this framework, linguistic features are useful in enhancing the translation quality, and demonstrated a better performance than the pre-ordering approach. In [33], the authors presented NMT models using factors on the target side of English-French, the results showed that factored NMT reduced the OOVs rates and gained a better performance over the baseline. However, in this work, we create a PBSMT system that remains competitive or superior under low-resource conditions [15]. In contrast to previous work, the present study intends to take advantage of the linguistic information of Arabic to build the first factored Arabic \(\rightarrow\) Chinese translation model to improve the quality of direct translation between this language pair as well as overcome the issues of missing and OOV words. This model extends PBSMT by adding well-known features of the Arabic side. Then, the results are compared with multiple standard PBSMT systems using different preprocessing techniques.
# Experimental Investigation of Clearance Influences on Cage Motion and Wear in Ball Bearings
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the cage motion and wear in a ball bearing affected by its clearances have been experimentally investigated on a test rig with a redesigned cage, and the main conclusions are as follows:  
1. Both the guiding clearance and pocket clearance of the bearing cage have significant effects on its motions and wear, and the guiding clearance has a more obvious effect.
2. With the increment of cage-guiding clearance, the amplitudes of the main frequency components (including the cage rotating frequency and its two times, i.e., \(f_{c}\) and \(2f_{c}\), the inner ring rotating frequency \(f_{i}\)) will significantly change in the time domain and the trajectories of the cage will gradually change from irregular to regular. However, when increasing cage pocket clearance, the whirl trajectories change from well-defined patterns to complicated ones, which will further cause instability of the cage.
3. Additionally, the bearing cage wear is closely related to the its motion. If the inner ring rotating frequency \(f_{i}\) dominates in cage motion, the cage-guiding surface will wear seriously due to continual impact between the cage surface and the inner ring with smaller guiding clearance. While cage motion is dominated by two times cage frequency \(2f_{c}\) in spectrum domain, the cage pocket will wear more seriously due to contact and rub-impact between the cage pockets and balls.  
Methodology and investigation, B.W.; original draft preparation, M.W.; writing--review and editing, X.Z.; formal analysis and data curation, J.Z.; funding acquisition, W.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was financially supported by the financial supports from National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2020 YFB2006801), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51905069), the Department of Education of Liaoning province (No. IJKZ0536 and IJKZ0542), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (No. 2019-ZD-0088), and the High-level Talents of Dalian City (No. 2018 RQ18).  
The authors declared no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
# Review of Adaptive Shock Control Systems
## 2 Literature Review of Adaptive Concepts for Shock Control
### Shock Control Concepts Using Multiple Actuators or Adaptive Elements
#### 2.2.4 SMA Plate  
[PERSON] et al. [77] (2018) describe the possibility to use an SMA plate, integrated into the wing suction side, to generate a 3D bump. Since the authors assume the bump's expansion in chordwise direction to be 20% of the chord, the expansion in spanwise direction is also set to 20% chord, which makes the plate quadratic. This is depicted in Figure 10.  
Figure 10: Conceptual sketch of a shape memory alloy (SMA) plate that is fixed on all four sides on an airfoil suction side with a chord length (\(c\)) of 1 ft (\(\approx\)0.3048 m) based on [77].  
In the initial stage the SMA plate has the shape of the original airfoil and is prestrained, which means that the initial strains in chordwise and spanwise directions are negative. The initial temperature of the plate is \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C at which the SMA is fully martensitic. When the temperature is increased the SMA transforms into the austenitic phase. At the three considered points on the plate this transformation starts at about \(-1.8\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and is fully completed for the point A in the middle of the plate at 6.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. On the boundaries, however, a larger temperature increase is needed, since these are the areas of a high stress concentration. Even at the highest considered temperature of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C these regions (point B and C) are not fully austenitic. However, for the formation of the bump it is sufficient that only the middle of the plate is transformed fully. Under the circumstances considered in [77], the SMA plate reaches a maximum bump height of 2.4 mm. With a given chord length of 0.3048 m this corresponds with a relative height of 0.79% chord. Nevertheless, higher bump crests can be reached within the same temperature range if the maximum transformation strains are changed. For higher transformation strains a value of even 3.25 mm (1.07% chord) could be reached [77].  
A similar approach is described by [PERSON] et al. [78] who apply an SMA plate made of NiTi with the dimensions 2 mm \(\times\) 44 mm \(\times\) 76.5 mm in a wind tunnel to create a bump. However, since the application described in [78] focusses on supersonic inlets and the tests are carried out at Mach 2.0 to 3.8, the aim differs somewhat from the transonic shock alleviation discussed in this review. Nevertheless, the general idea of such an SMA plate is applicable for transonic shocks as well.
# Non-Compliance Distalization Appliances Supported by Mini-Implants: A Systematic Review
## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
A common strategy for the correction of Class II malocclusion, avoiding extractions, is to initially distalize the maxillary molars in order to create a Class I relationship [1, 2]. A variety of approaches to distal molar movement with different appliances and biomechanics have been routinely used, including, among others, extraoral traction, removable appliances with springs, and Class II intermaximillary elastics [2, 3]. Despite their efficacy in tooth movement, these treatments are highly dependent on the patient's cooperation. Since the patient's compliance is a precondition for the effectiveness of these modalities, the development and use of techniques and appliances that minimize the need for patient cooperation provide a reliable and more predictable treatment alternative [1, 2, 3]. The category of modalities with non-compliance mechanics includes a variety of intramaxillary appliances such as Jones jig, distal jet, Pendulum appliance, Keles slider, repelling magnets, compressed coil springs, and molar distalizing bows, which sometimes are combined with orthodontic implants or miniscrew implants [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].  
Non-compliance devices for maxillary molar distalization have been widely used to efficiently distalize the maxillary molars by avoiding the need for the patient's cooperation [1; 2; 3]. All these appliances originally use tooth-borne anchorage to counteract the mesial-directed reciprocal forces. However, such distalization mechanics can generate unwanted reciprocal movement of the anchor teeth of the anterior segment [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. These can be regarded as side effects and include: (1) anchorage loss of the maxillary premolars and flaring of the incisors during distalization of the maxillary molars, and (2) since the distalized molars are commonly used as an anchorage during the retraction of the premolars and anterior teeth that follow distalization, there is a considerable amount of posterior anchorage loss at this stage in terms of mesial movement of the molars [4; 5; 6].  
To counteract these side effects of the anterior (and posterior) anchorage loss, the use of temporary anchorage devices (TADs), such as the mini-implants (MIs), miniplates (MPs), or osseointegrated palatal implants (PIs) can be used as anchorage reinforcement modalities instead of the teeth [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. MIs are more usually used in contrast to MPs or PIs, because (a) they are minimally invasive and they can be very easily inserted, (b) they are not osseointegrated, but just mechanically retained in the bone, and consequently, they can be used immediately without waiting for osseointegration, and (c) they provide an effortless removal at the end of treatment [11; 12]. Thus, a large number of authors introduced combinations of MIs and non-compliance distalization systems for maxillary molar distalization; nevertheless, the literature was lacking a comparable and classified review to categorize the numerous and complex appliances.
# De-Noising Process in Room Impulse Response with Generalized Spectral Subtraction
## 4 Results Analysis and Discussion
### GBSS Method in Measured RIRs with Natural Ambient Noise
The GBSS method with the optimal factors given in Figure 7c was valid for the measured RIRs. Although the relative errors of the RTs and EDT estimated by the noise compensation were within the limits and had a barely just noticeable difference [33], the method was sensitive to the correction term, requiring sophisticated procedures for a truncated time estimation [25]. Overall, the GBSS method is simple to implement with a solid flexibility to adapt to random noise by adjusting the over-subtraction factors according to the SNRs in the frequency bands instead of using a constant factor. The GBSS algorithm \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Frequency**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Room A**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Room B**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Reference** & **After GBSS** & **Compensation** & **Reference** & **After GBSS** & **Compensation** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{125 Hz} & EDT & 0.859 & 0.86 & 0.854 & 0.754 & 0.749 & 0.748 \\  & RT & 1.048 & 1.059 & 1.04 & 0.848 & 0.848 & 0.84 \\  & EDT & 1.026 & 1.023 & 1.022 & 0.639 & 0.638 & 0.637 \\  & RT & 1.31 & 1.309 & 1.311 & 0.836 & 0.84 & 0.837 \\  & EDT & 1.24 & 1.229 & 1.22 & 0.594 & 0.592 & 0.592 \\  & RT & 1.18 & 1.182 & 1.17 & 0.785 & 0.792 & 0.787 \\  & EDT & 1.408 & 1.404 & 1.4 & 0.54 & 0.533 & 0.533 \\  & RT & 1.467 & 1.451 & 1.465 & 0.657 & 0.661 & 0.657 \\  & EDT & 1.447 & 1.442 & 1.44 & 0.44 & 0.44 & 0.44 \\  & RT & 1.427 & 1.426 & 1.419 & 0.541 & 0.54 & 0.541 \\  & EDT & 1.314 & 1.311 & 1.309 & 0.371 & 0.37 & 0.37 \\  & RT & 1.313 & 1.311 & 1.297 & 0.486 & 0.485 & 0.482 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of RTs and EDT between the de-noised RIRs and the compensated RIRs. Figure 9: Comparison of the GBSS algorithm and the compensation method. (**a**) Reverberation time relative errors. (**b**) Early decay time relative errors. with these promising factors provides a good compromise between the noise reduction and the distortion of the RIR for acoustic parameter estimation.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Growth and Stress Conditions  
The experiment was conducted in June/July 2021 in a growth chamber (1.8 m\({}^{2}\)) at the Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, located at Waite campus. The growth chamber had the following pre-set environmental conditions: max/min temperatures: 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C/17 \({}^{\circ}\)C; max daylight: 1000 \(\upmu\)mol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\); day/night hours: 16 h/8 h; max relative humidity: 50%; CO\({}_{2}\) 400 ppm. Treatment pots were randomised in the growth chamber. Watering was carried out using rainwater and plants were kept at field capacity (FC) (-23% volumetric water content (VWC)) prior to start of experiment. To determine the FC, potted vines were watered to soil saturation capacity and excess water was allowed to drain out from the bottom holes of the pot to ensure the downward redistribution of water. The potted plants were then weighed to establish their individual weights at FC. Well-watered treatment plants, WW\({}_{\text{c}}\) and WW\({}_{\text{r}}\), were kept at FC throughout the experiment. Drought stress conditions were initiated by withholding watering for the drought stress treatment vines until peak drought (PD) was achieved at between 4-5% VWC and stomatal conductance (\(g_{s}\)) was below 50 mmol H\({}_{2}\)O m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\). Re-watering to FC was carried out for all treatments after PD measurements were taken.
## 2 Related Work
### End Hopping and Spreading
Enlightened by the above idea, end spreading was proposed as a novel mechanism to accomplish the synchronization in high-speed end hopping systems while helping to accelerate the end hopping rate to the order of decisecond, or even millisecond [18]. Different from utilizing the reference clock, end spreading initiates the communication session by expanding the authentication message into end spreading sequences composed of one or more items of end information and then transmitting them to the receiver. Choosing IP address and port as the specific end information, we can present the end spreading sequences (ESs) as in Equation (2) and the schematic diagram of end spreading as in Figure 1.  
\[ESs=\{(sIP_{1},sPort_{1},dIP_{1},dPort_{1}),(sIP_{2},sPort_{2},dIP_{2},dPort_{2}) \cdots(sIP_{m},sPort_{m}, \tag{2}\] \[dIP_{m},dPort_{m})\}.\]where \(sIP_{m},sPort_{m},dIP_{m},dPort_{m}\) stand for source IP address, source port, destination IP address and destination port in the \(m\)th end spreading sequence, respectively. As we introduced in detail before, there are three major attributes of end spreading: asynchronization, confidentiality, and robustness. Meanwhile, abundant end information and raw materials can be modulated to carry the secret message, which shows great potential in leveraging end spreading for constructing a network covert channel with high robustness and good performance. However, the end spreading sequences generated by the existing generation algorithm can not load messages directly, and the statistical distribution has obvious regularity, thereby being discovered by detectors easily. Therefore, our paper is devoted to addressing the problems above.