# Fluoride Risk Assessment from Consumption of Different Foods Commercialized in a European Region
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Assessment of the Fluoride Intake  
Table 3 shows the estimated daily intake of fluoride by type of food, as well as the percentages of contribution to the recommended daily intake (DRI).  
The consumption of 100 g per day of the analyzed foods ensures contribution percentages of 0.17-61.7% of the DRI set at 0.6 mg/day for boys and girls aged 1-3 years [17]. The percentage of contribution from the consumption of almonds (61.7%), walnuts (58.3%), bread (42.3%), and rice (38.0%) stood out considerably. At these ages, boys and girls consume greater amounts of food such as bread and rice, with which the established DRI may be exceeded. Thus, with a consumption of 236 g/day of bread or 263 g/day of rice, 100% of the DRI set for this age group would be reached. Considering the maximum intake value was established by IOM [20] at 1.3 mg/day for children of 1-3 years, it would be necessary to consume 511 g/day of bread or 570 g/day of rice. In the case of rice, it is necessary to consider that its preparation needs water. Normally, tap water is used for cooking; therefore, the regions with high concentrations of fluoride in water, such as the Canary Islands, will have high levels of fluoride in cooked rice. It is recommended, in the case of children, that bottled water be used to prepare this type of food or to reduce the consumption of rice.  
Adolescents (15-17 years old) and adults are the groups that record the lowest percentages of contribution to the DRI (under 13.2%). Therefore, these groups are not at risk of exceeding the fixed values of DRI and ADI.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Food**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Food**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Conc \(\pm\) SD**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**EDI *} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Chidden**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Teens**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Adults**} \\ \cline{4-14}  & & & **(mg/kg)** & & **(mg/day)** & & **1-3 years** & & **4-6 years** & & **7-10 years** & & **11-14 years** & & **15-17 years** & & & **Adults** \\ \cline{4-14}  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{4-14}  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline  & Rice & 2.28 \(\pm\) 0.93 & 0.228 & 38.0 & 22.8 & 25.3 & 15.2 & 16.3 & 10.4 & 9.91 & 7.13 & 8.14 & 6.71 & 7.86 \\ Cereals and & Gofio & 1.44 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 0.144 & 24.0 & 14.4 & 16.0 & 9.60 & 10.3 & 6.55 & 6.26 & 4.50 & 5.14 & 4.24 & 4.97 \\ derivatives & Corn & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 0.110 & 18.3 & 11.0 & 12.2 & 7.33 & 7.86 & 5.00 & 4.78 & 3.44 & 3.93 & 3.24 & 3.79 \\  & Broad & 2.54 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 0.254 & 42.3 & 25.4 & 28.2 & 16.9 & 18.1 & 11.5 & 11.0 & 7.94 & 9.07 & 7.47 & 8.76 \\ \hline Fruits & Banana & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.73 & 0.172 & 28.7 & 17.2 & 19.1 & 11.5 & 12.3 & 7.82 & 7.48 & 5.38 & 6.14 & 5.06 & 5.93 \\ \hline  & Almonds & 3.70 \(\pm\) 0.96 & 0.370 & 61.7 & 37.0 & 41.1 & 24.6 & 26.4 & 16.8 & 16.1 & 11.6 & 13.2 & 10.9 & 12.8 \\ Tree nuts & Walnuts & 3.53 \(\pm\) 0.62 & 0.353 & 58.3 & 35.3 & 39.2 & 23.5 & 25.2 & 16.1 & 15.3 & 11.0 & 12.6 & 10.4 & 12.2 \\ \hline  & Mushrooms & 1.28 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 0.128 & 21.3 & 12.8 & 14.2 & 8.53 & 9.14 & 5.82 & 5.57 & 4.00 & 4.57 & 3.76 & 4.41 \\ \hline  & Onions & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.001 & 0.17 & 0.10 & 18.9 & 0.07 & 0.07 & 0.05 & 0.04 & 0.03 & 0.04 & 0.03 & 0.03 \\  & Lettuce & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.008 & 1.33 & 0.80 & 0.89 & 0.53 & 0.57 & 0.36 & 0.35 & 0.25 & 0.30 & 0.24 & 0.28 \\ Vegetables & Potato & 0.99 \(\pm\) 1.90 & 0.099 & 16.5 & 9.90 & 11.0 & 6.60 & 7.07 & 4.50 & 4.30 & 3.10 & 3.54 & 2.91 & 3.41 \\  & Tomatoes & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.55 & 0.096 & 16.0 & 9.60 & 10.7 & 6.40 & 6.86 & 4.36 & 4.17 & 3.00 & 3.43 & 2.82 & 3.31 \\  & Carrots & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.004 & 0.67 & 0.40 & 0.44 & 0.27 & 0.30 & 0.18 & 0.17 & 0.13 & 0.14 & 0.12 & 0.14 \\ \hline  & Alubias & 1.05 \(\pm\) 1.79 & 0.105 & 17.5 & 10.5 & 11.7 & 7.00 & 7.50 & 4.77 & 4.57 & 3.28 & 3.75 & 3.09 & 3.62 \\  & Lentils & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 0.032 & 5.33 & 3.20 & 3.56 & 2.13 & 2.30 & 1.45 & 1.39 & 1.00 & 1.14 & 0.94 &