esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### AC Analysis  
The modeled cell was perturbed at OCV, according to the measurement results in Ref. [10], with sinusoidal voltage with the amplitude 14 mV. The frequency (\(f\)) of voltage signal was set to each of 31 logarithmically equally spaced values of frequency from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz to simulate the EIS. The temperature was set to 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Other input parameters of the model can be found in Table 2. Figure 6 shows EIS of (a) non-degraded (i.e., at time \(t=0\) h) and (b) degraded SOFC (i.e., at time \(t=1000\) h). The low-range frequency arc was attributed to the anode charge transfer, whereas the mid-range frequency arc was correlated with charge transfer and surface exchange process in the cathode.  
The anode and cathode polarization resistances increase over time (i.e., from 0 to 1000 h) due to the reduced density of TPBs within the anode and cathode. The increased polarization resistance of the degraded SOFC indicated a correct trend regarding the time evolution of measured EIS, as can also be seen in Figure 8c in Ref. [10]. The measured series resistances were higher than in this case, which may be attributed to the wiring and contact resistances, which were not considered in the presented model. Moreover, if considering only the series resistances (about 1.05 \(\Omega\) cm\({}^{2}\) at non-degraded and 1.4 \(\Omega\) cm\({}^{2}\) at the degraded cell) that can be deduced from measured EIS, the voltage drop of SOFC would be about 0.47 V and 0.63 V at the current density (\(J\)) of 0.45 A cm\({}^{-2}\), so the direct current (DC) voltage of the SOFC (\(V_{\text{cell}}\)) should be lower than shown in Figure 8a in Ref. [10]. The measured \(V_{\text{cell}}\) of non-degraded SOFC was about 0.56 V (at time \(t=0\) h), whereas \(V_{\text{cell}}\) of degraded SOFC was about 0.42 V (at time \(t=1000\) h).  
Since the open circuit voltage (OCV) of SOFC is about 0.97 V, the measured \(V_{\text{cell}}\) should have been 0.50 V and 0.34 V when the aforementioned voltage drops were considered, respectively. Due to these discrepancies, the model was fitted only to reproduce the degradation of \(V_{\text{cell}}\), as presented in Section 3.2, since we focus on calculating the electric performance of SOFC over time. However, a profound inspection of the measurement equipment and physical parameters of the real SOFC device  
Figure 6: Electro-impedance spectrum (EIS) of (**a**) non-degraded SOFC (at time \(t=0\) h) and (**b**) degraded SOFC (at time \(t=1000\) h). Three different frequencies (\(f=0.63\), 12, and 63 Hz) are labeled for guidance.  
would be necessary to obtain a better fitting of EIS, whereas a comparison of impedances could be done only if detailed measurement data were available in Ref. [10].
## 5 Results and Discussion

Table 3: Device footprint versus sensitivity. Figure 6: Transmission spectrum of LT-MZI structure in the presence of CO\({}_{2}\) gas with different concentrations. The length (L) of the sensing arm is (**a**) 5 \(\upmu\)m and (**b**) 10 \(\upmu\)m. (**c**) Sensitivity of the device for L = 5 \(\upmu\)m, 10, 15 \(\upmu\)m. Note: The remaining geometric parameters are L\({}_{\text{DC}}\) = 6 \(\upmu\)m, w = 250 nm, and g = 100 nm. The normalized H-field distribution within the LT-MZI structure is vividly illustrated in Figure 6. It delineates the wavelength where both destructive interference and constructive interference occur, as depicted in Figure 7a,b, respectively. The key geometric parameters of the device are as follows: \(\text{L}_{\text{DC}}\) = 6 \(\upmu\)m, L = 5 \(\upmu\)m, w = 250 nm, and g = 100 nm. Additionally, in this particular scenario, the CO\({}_{2}\) gas concentration is assumed to be negligible. Table 4 showcases a compilation of recent publications focusing on different types of photonic sensors utilizing PHMB polymer tailored for diverse applications, including subwavelength grating slot waveguides, metasurfaces, and optical fiber interferometers, specifically engineered for CO\({}_{2}\) gas sensing. Notably, the analysis reveals a notable trend: the sensor device proposed based on the LT-MZI structure emerges as a standout performer in terms of its unparalleled responsiveness to CO\({}_{2}\) gas within the ambient environment, surpassing the efficacy of previous works in this domain. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Device Design** & **Sensitivity** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Silicon subwavelength grating slot & 12.9 pm/ppm & [30] \\ waveguide & 17.3 pm/ppm & [29] \\ Silicon nano-cylinders metasurface & 17.3 pm/ppm & [28] \\ Microbubble resonator & 0.49 pm/ppm & [28] \\ Silicon microring refractometric & \(6\times 10^{-9}\) RIU/ppm & [26] \\ Sensor & Optical fiber Fabry–[PERSON] & 12.2 pm/ppm & [26] \\ Interferometer & 17.32 pm/ppm & [31] \\ Plasmonic perfect absorber & 17.32 pm/ppm & [31] \\  & 7.63 pm/ppm for L = 5 \(\upmu\)m; & \\ Loop-terminated MZI structure & 34.46 pm/ppm for L = 10 \(\upmu\)m; & This work \\  & 74.78 pm/ppm for L = 15 \(\upmu\)m & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Sensitivity comparison of the proposed sensor design with previously published works. Figure 7: Normalized H-field distribution in the LT-MZI structure at, (a) \(\uplambda\) = 1559.8 nm, (b) 1566 nm.
# Consumer's Attitude towards Display Google Ads
## 1 Introduction
### Hypotheses Development and Research Model  
#### 1.2.1 Display Google Ads Creativity: Ad Relevance  
As for advertisers, examining ad relevance helps to improve the efficiency of a search page [31]. Online advertisements that are not placed relevantly on the Internet could affect the user negatively [32]. Creative and relative advertisements seek to get more attention and lead to more positive behaviors [33; 34]. The more the advertisement was of interest to the user the fewer chances it will drive ad avoidance [35]. Google ad relevance is very important and its impact on consumers' attitudes [33]. Some previous studies showed the negative effect of annoyance and intrusiveness in terms of online advertisements, which can drive down behaviors toward the brand and lead to advertisement avoidance [36]. Advertisers select keywords related to their ad content [11]. For successful online marketing, the keywords should focus on relevance [14]. The most relevant information performs the main role to trust the advertising platform of Google Ads search engine marketing [18].  
It is noted that limited studies explored the influence of ad relevance in terms of consumers' attitudes towards Display Google ads. Due to this, it is suggested that:  
**H1.**_Display Google ads relevance has a significant positive influence on consumer attitude towards Display Google ads._  
**H2.**_Display Google ads relevance has a significant negative influence on Display Google ads avoidance._
## 3 Methodology
### Modeling and Model Evaluation  
Clustering analysis is an exploratory data mining activity that aims to group a set of objects so that the objects in the same group (a cluster) are more similar than those in other groups. The different clustering methods include density-based, distribution-based, grid-based, connectivity-based, and partitioning clustering. Each type of clustering method has its own strengths and limitations, and the choice of method depends on the study's specific data analysis needs. The most frequently used unsupervised machine learning methods in learning analytics are K-Means, Agglomerative Clustering, DBCAN, and K-Modes.  
Involving the low-code machine learning library Pycaret simplified the modeling phase of the CRISP-DM methodology. It automates the repeating application of clustering methods, including K-Means, Affinity Propagation, Mean Shift Clustering, Spectral Clustering, Agglomerative Clustering, Density-Based Spatial Clustering, OPTICS Clustering, Birch Clustering, and K-Modes. Calling individual APIs includes hyperparameter tuning of the selected clustering method and repeating initialization. As a result, the library visualized several characteristics of the found clusters, as well as summarized their performance metrics, considering the unique features of the selected method.  
The models were evaluated using the most common performance metrics, such as the Silhouette Coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Calinski-Harabasz Index. All three provide intra-cluster characteristics of the clusters. In other words, the score is based on the cluster itself and not on external knowledge such as labels. The Calinski-Harabasz index compares the variance between clusters to the variance within each cluster. The Davies-Bouldin index is a validation metric often used to evaluate the optimal number of clusters. It is defined as a ratio between the cluster scatter and the cluster's separation, and a lower value will mean that the clustering is better.  
Whereas the Elbow method assumes that the distortion/inertia decreases linearly, the appropriate number of clusters can be found visually, locating the kink or elbow in the plot. However, the Elbow method, in selecting the number of clusters, may work correctly because the error function is monotonically decreasing for all initially selected centroids.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a solution for autonomous orbit determination and time synchronization of spacecraft in Halo orbits around Lagrange points using inter-satellite links. Lagrange points are stable positions in the gravitational field of two large bodies that allow for a sustained presence of a spacecraft in a specific region. However, a challenge in operating at these points is the lack of fixed landmarks for orbit determination. The proposed solution involves using inter-satellite links to perform range and range-rate measurements, allowing for accurate computation of the spacecraft's orbit parameters without the need for any facilities on Earth. Simulations using a fleet of three satellites in Near Rectilinear Halo Orbits around the Earth-Moon Lagrange point, proposed for the Lunar Gateway stations, were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. The results show that inter-satellite links can provide reliable and accurate solutions for orbit determination with a DRMS error lower than one meter (90 th percentile) and synchronization errors of around one nanosecond. This solution paves the way for a fully autonomous fleet of spacecraft that can be used for observation, telecommunication, and navigation missions.  
autonomous navigation; orbit determination; halo orbits, moon navigation Article
# A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in Residential Environments
## 4 Future Prospects
### Fastest Areas of mHealth Growth in the Near Future  
Areas of mHealth that are expected to have the most growth potential in the near future are explained as follows [108].  
Patient monitoring is expected to have the fastest area of growth in the near future. This is because it is capable to early detect and prevent potential diseases that may occur later in life. This also can help to significantly reduce the cost of healthcare systems.  
Patient location tracking is estimated to have the second most area of mHealth growth in the near future. This is simply because the need to locate and track patients with chronic conditions such as Alzheimer's and dementia is great and thus the number of possible platforms proposing such solutions are steadily increasing [108].
# SMS-Net: Bridging the Gap Between High Accuracy and Low Computational Cost in Pose Estimation
## 3 Methodology
### Stacked Hourglass Module
#### 3.3.2 Multi-Dilation Block  
A wide area to preserve local details and structures is essential for restoring high-resolution information, allowing the network to understand the overall structure and context of the input image. Additionally, capturing semantic patterns and features at the pixel level enables more accurate predictions. Generally, increasing the size of the convolution kernel increases the receptive field, allowing for the collection of spatial information over a broader range. However, increasing the kernel size exponentially increases the computational load. Therefore, our study proposes a multi-dilation block based on dilated convolution to efficiently extract spatial information of various sizes while minimizing the increase in computational load (Figure 5). In the decoder of the proposed hourglass network, before the multi-dilation block is applied, the input feature map is combined with the feature map of the same resolution from the encoder via skip connections. Afterward, the multi-dilation block is used to restore detailed information concerning the entire feature map.  
The dilated convolution operates by applying the convolution filter to each spatial position in the input feature map. However, unlike the regular convolution, the elements of the filter are spaced. The dilation rate determines the spacing, and the receptive field size covered by the filter can be expanded by adjusting this rate. However, expanding the receptive field strengthens the global context but may weaken the local context. We used several depthwise convolutions with multiple dilation rates to develop a module that is robust globally and locally.  
The operation of the multi-dilation block is described as follows: First, the input feature map is divided in half. One half passes through the Ghost module and undergoes depthwise convolution with multiple dilation values. During this process, three feature maps are generated using different dilation rates and combined through element-wise addition, and spatial weighting is applied. The feature map generated in this way is connected with the remaining half of the input feature map, and a channel shuffle is performed to reflect the spatial information at various dilation rates. Consequently, the dilated convolution efficiently captures a wider context of the input image while maintaining computational efficiency by retaining the number of parameters in the convolution layers.
# An IoT-Based Fog Computing Model
* A task scheduling strategy for the fog layer: a modified genetic algorithm (GA) for the matching task (uploaded from the sink node) to the corresponding FN is proposed. The task requests and the geographical location of the fog and sink nodes are used as input for the modified GA, which outputs a binding scheme of tasks to resources (FNs). Implementation is done using CloudSim [2] and the relative efficiency of the new algorithm compared to the traditional max-min algorithm and the fog-oriented max-min algorithm [3] is revealed. * A multi-sink model for the terminal layer: this paper proposes a novel collection tree protocol that builds upon LIBP [4; 5; 6] protocol to organize the terminal layer into a multi-sink IoT network. The objective is to improve the robustness and reliability of the terminal layer network and extend the battery life of the sink nodes. Simulations using Cooja on the Contiki OS are used to demonstrate the efficiency of the multi-sink protocol compared to the mono-sink LIBP protocol. As proposed in this paper, the IoT-based fog computing framework is aimed to complement the works done in [7; 8; 9; 10]. Our expectation is to improve the robustness of the underlying IoT networks and safeguard these networks against nodes failures as well as extend the terminal nodes' life span. These are achieved through the use of multi-sink deployment, while reduction in processing delays and energy consumption are achieved by incorporating a fog computing layer. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces related works on fog computing and IoT; Section 3 describes the resource allocation model in the fog layer, while Section 4 focuses on the corresponding algorithms of fog layer model. In Section 5, the design of the terminal layer is shown, while in Section 6, experimental results and data analysis of the proposed models are discussed. Finally, conclusions and future work are presented in Section 7.
# Organic Materials Used for Giant Buddhas and Wall Paintings in Bamiyan, Afghanistan
## 4 Discussion
Regarding the analytical procedure, the use of infrared (and X-ray, not shown here) synchrotron beams was essential to get a sufficient resolution to analyze layers separately. However, it has to be noted that the uFTIR experiments were carried out in 2007. In this period, there were already efforts to make uFTIR accessible with laboratory techniques and, since then, there has been tremendous progress in the implementation of efficient laboratory uFTIR microscopes, reaching similar or even better resolution than the one achieved in this work. Some microscopes are based on the use of focal plan array detectors, combined with attenuated total reflection mode [52]. More recently, a new technology based on the use of laser and optical photothermal infrared contrast enabled sub-micrometric resolution [53]  
It is difficult to analyze organic binding media with chromatographic techniques due to molecular degradation by environmental conditions and contamination by microorganisms, insects, and plants. Identification of specific binders by GC-MS should always be tentative because of the myriad of factors that can impact results. SR-uFTIR is less specific than MS techniques. However, the location of different molecular families is highly useful, especially for differentiating original components from degraded ones. The multi-analytical approach used in this study allowed for more confidence in identification of organic paint components. For example, casein (cow milk) was identified in BMM045 (Cave G) and BMM169 (Cave J(f)) by GC-MS. It was also identified in all samples in Table 6, BMM082 (Cave F(c)), BMM115 (Cave J(c)), BMM137 (Cave K3), BMM169 (Cave J(f))), BMM191 (EGB), BMM203 (Cave L), and BMM210 (Cave C(a)) by ELISA and in BMM191 and BMM201 (WGB) by nano-LC/ESI-MS/MS. These techniques complemented each other and added significance to the identification of casein by GC-MS.  
Additionally, gum tragacanth was identified in several samples by GC-MS due to the presence of fucose, and this interpretation is strengthened by its identification in BMM191 by ELISA. Animal glue was confirmed by ELISA and nano-LC-MS/MS. However, the identification of egg in several samples was not confirmed by other techniques and should be the focus of future investigations, although egg was detected in BMM210 (Cave C(a)) by ELISA. Bamiyan is not a forgotten site. It is a living heritage in many ways-one that provides us with a continuous stream of new discoveries. However, conservation at Bamiyan faces much uncertainty since both the geomorphological instability of the Bamiyan cliff and caves and the political instability complicate continuation of the conservation project.
## 6 Conclusions
This will require the determining of accurate reliability models of electric power equipment, protection and automation systems, DG sources and energy storage systems in different types of network structures. The use of information and communications technology to monitor, control and protect power systems is an important way to meet the challenges of continuously developing electric power grids. The installation of measurement sensors, automated control systems and communication devices will increase the complexity of such integrated systems, thus requiring new methods for designing and optimal integrating of advanced communications systems in electric power grids. A reliability assessment of smart grids consisting of an electric power distribution system and an integrated communications network based on Monte Carlo simulation was developed and tested in this study. The simulation algorithm delivers the distributions and average values of reliability indices for smart grids, electric power systems and communications networks. This enabled analyzing the influence of the coexistent ICT infrastructure on the power distribution system's reliability and, thus, the entire smart grid. Although some assumptions were made in the methodology to model the systems, the algorithm developed delivers valuable results for the assessment of reliability when designing and optimizing systems. Widespread use of a reliable information and communications infrastructure will improve smart grids' functionality and reliability. Since this study concentrates on the monitoring of smart grids with advanced ICT, future studies ought to analyze their control and protection. Applying reliable control and protection schemes to the system will help minimize outages and their impact on overall system operation. Future studies ought to examine more complex models of ICT network operation, including several levels of communication performance, e.g., full communication of all components, full communication of all components with limited quality of service (QoS) and limited communication. Conceptualization, M.P., J.W. and B.A. ; methodology, J.W. and B.A. ; investigation, J.W. and B.A. ; supervision, M.P. and. P.K. ; writing, M.P., J.W., T.W. and B.A. ; visualization, J.W. and T.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was funded in part by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science in the research project \"National Electrical Power Security\" (PBZ-MEIN-1/2/2006; tasks no. 5.3.5 and 5.3.6). Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. **Acknowledgments:** Three of four test MV distribution power network structures used in this paper has been developed under the research project \"National Electrical Power Security\" supported by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science. Similarly, reliability calculations in the test networks have been carried out under the research project. The smart grid reliability research was carried out within the SECVER project supported by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) in Germany. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Interactions between Phase-Separated Liquids and Membrane Surfaces
## 5 Biomolecular Condensates Promoting Membrane Protein Clustering Influence Protein Function
### Phase Separation Contributes to Nephrin Signaling  
Nephrin is a transmembrane protein implicated in constructing and maintaining the slit diaphragm, an intercellular junction, and its cytoplasmic phosphorylation upon extracellular stimulation is implicated in this process [69; 70]. The role of phase separation in nephrin's signaling was first considered when its diphosphorylated tail lowered the threshold for its binding partners Nck and N-WASP to phase separate in solution, as multiple Nck proteins could assemble on the tail, effectively increasing the valency of Nck [2]. Nephrin's phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail, when attached to a lipid bilayer, was able to form a liquid-like domain with Nck and N-WASP on the membrane, and condensed N-WASP was able to activate the actin-polymerizing Arp2/3 complex at clusters [47]. Much like SOS activation, N-WASP activation of Arp2/3 (and triggering of actin polymerization) was dependent on N-WASP dwell time at the membrane, which was not only increased greatly within clusters but was also sensitive to the nephrin/Nck/N-WASP stoichiometry [71].