## 1 Introduction
(2018) investigated the effects of LULC changes on the land surface temperatures (LST) for the eastern coastal city of Dammam (Saudi Arabia) using Landsat imagery and cellular automata Markov (CAM) model for the years 1990, 2002, and 2014 and also 2026. The analysis shows that the built-up area increased by 28.9% between 1990 and 2014, when the built-up area had the maximum LST. According to CAM, by 2026, may have average LSTs over 41 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Attributes and land cover types have been mapped and classified in Al-Ahsaa Oasis, (eastern region of Saudi Arabia) by [PERSON] (2018) using Landsat-7 Data. The study revealed that the sand dunes are the dominant land cover class with an area of around \(\pm\)70% and that the sand movement has long affected the study area. [PERSON] et al. (2018) studied the impact of land use/land cover changes induced by Jizan Dam (Saudi Arabia) on soil organic carbon using Landsat MSS, ETM+, and OLI images for the years 1972, 2000, and 2017. The results indicate an increase in the vegetation area of Jizan Basin during 1972-2017 which could be linked to Jizan Dam construction, where the bare area (sand) has decreased by 9% (42 km\({}^{2}\)). In the northwestern coastal land of the red sea (Saudi Arabia), vegetation cover has been analyzed by [PERSON] et al. (2018) using remote sensing for 10 years based on a set of SPOT-5 images for the years 2004 and 2013. The analysis revealed that the vegetation cover has reduced by nearly 19% over the period 2004 to 2013 causing an increase in sediments class by the same magnitude (12%). One of the most environmental and agriculture programs launched in the face of the triple threat of climate change, nature loss and pollution is the United Nations Decade for Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030 (Saudi Arabia, 2020). One of the best objectives of this program is the restoration of degraded lands in the next decade, where the area is estimated to be almost the size of India and its costs were estimated to be around $200 billion annually by the year 2030 (Saudi Arabia, 2020). The continued use of the natural vegetation cover may lead to a deepening of the degradation of agricultural land and its productivity, as well as affect sustainable tourism [31]. Recently, tourism has been linked to the environment in the term so-called ecotourism. It was appeared in the early eighties of the twentieth century to express a new type of environmentally friendly tourism activity practiced by man, preserving the natural and cultural heritage of the environment in which he lives. In 2012, the largest number of pilgrims in history at Mecca (Saudi Arabia) was recorded, reaching 3 million and 161 thousand pilgrims [32] This is why decision makers in the Kingdom see that reliance on seasonal pilgrimage returns and a rentier economy based on oil export is not enough to achieve future plans [33]. This is why the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia plans to attract 100 million visitors annually in 2030 [34]. This latter can raise the contribution of tourism to the economy from 5 to 18%. This can make ecotourism one of the future projects that will be achieved, especially with the geographical location and the different natural environment and climate features of the Kingdom. The Green Kingdom's efforts are working to restore ecosystems by launching campaigns and initiatives such as \"Let's Make It Green\", \"Saudi Green Initiative\" and \"Middle East Green Initiative\", as a contribution to promoting biodiversity, combating climate change, reducing carbon emissions and improving the quality of life, due to the Kingdom's environmental and natural capabilities [35]. Saudi Vision 2030 aims to protect and enhance the natural environment in the Kingdom by adopting a holistic vision of precious ecosystems [36]. It also works to encourage sustainable agricultural practices throughout the Kingdom, which helps in providing safe and high-quality local foodstuffs to citizens and residents, with maintaining the water balance and restore biodiversity [37].