# High-Risk AI Systems--Lie Detection Application
## 4 Case Studies and Pilot Programs  
### iBorderCtrl  
The iBorderCtrl project, officially known as the Intelligent Portable Border Control System, was a research project funded by the European Union to change border security within member states. This came as a response to increased security concerns and the need for efficiency in border management, with the idea of integrating advanced technological innovations that would make border crossing seamless while enhancing security measures at the same time. At the core of iBorderCtrl was a complex system that would improve efficiency and security during border crossing. It used artificial intelligence, biometric data, and risk assessment to screen travelers [37]. Probably one of the most disputed features was an AI-based lie detection system. Using a virtual border interview, it analyzed micro-expressions on a traveler's face to assess the truthfulness of their answers, claiming an accuracy rate of approximately 75% during controlled trials [38]. Travelers were involved in interaction with an avatar, answering questions while the system lookedout for signs of deception based on inferences from facial expressions and behavioral traits. In addition to the artificial intelligence-based lie detection system, iBorderCtrl also deployed several other technological systems, including document verification procedures, fingerprint and palm vein scanning equipment, and database checks against international watchlists [38]. During pilot testing, the system processed over 1000 travelers, aiming to create a comprehensive profile for each while assessing possible risks in real time [39]. The combination of these technologies aimed to create a comprehensive profile of each traveler, assessing possible risks in real time while pinpointing individuals who might require further scrutiny by human border agents. The project was piloted in several EU countries, including Hungary, Latvia, and Greece, focusing on travelers arriving from outside the Schengen Area. Preliminary results suggested a 20% reduction in border crossing times for low-risk travelers [40]. The system was under intense scrutiny during all these tests to analyze its performance in realistic scenarios that closely resemble real-life conditions. It was under evaluation through extensive data collection on its accuracy and the subsequent effect on the crossing times at borders. Pilot tests of iBorderCtrl demonstrated reduced border crossing times for low-risk travelers but revealed a high false-positive rate (27%) when detecting deception. Feedback emphasized the need for algorithmic refinements, improved cultural sensitivity, and comprehensive training for operators. The advocates of the technology passionately presented their arguments that advancements of this nature may lead to significant reductions in waiting times of people at borders, better distribution of staff at the border posts, and much more efficient detection of illegal activities such as trafficking and smuggling. The iBorderCtrl project has also been under immense criticism from many spheres, and important questions and issues about privacy, ethical concerns, and human rights in this area have also surfaced. Privacy campaigners, along with various organizations dedicated to the promotion and protection of civil liberties, have expressed serious concerns and raised the alarm regarding the collection, storage, and processing of such highly sensitive biometric information. The question of consent among travelers, possible misuse of private data, and of following the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation were also put forward. A failure analysis revealed that the AI-based lie detection system had a high false-positive rate, incorrectly flagging innocent travelers as deceptive in about 24.45% of cases [37]. More importantly, though, experts in psychology and AI criticized the scientific validity of AI-based lie detection technologies.