# Magnetic Fields Trump Oxygen in Controlling the Death of Erythro-Leukemia Cells
## 5 Conclusions  
Use of a pre-industrial electromagnetic environment as a reference, and oxygen over a wide range for comparison, reveals the potential sanitary influence of ELF radiation.  
ELF from power systems [6; 7] or from telecommunications signals [27; 28] may have important effects on public health [29].  
The ranges chosen here for MFs and oxygen may underplay the relative importance of MFs, as there are many regulators of oxygen in the human body such as breathing rate, vasodilatation, hemoglobin binding, and diffusion. Technological EMR has no physiological regulators, that would need to be developed over evolutionary periods, but elicits only toxic reactions.  
MF changes were more potent than oxygen changes in determining the number of cells lost to necrosis and apoptosis. Although hyperoxias with no MF change produced the largest increases in necrosis to apoptosis ratio (2 and 2.6 in Table 4), Total Damage average for single MF Transitions (5.79) was higher than Total Damage average for single oxygen Transitions (5.16). Single MF Transitions, either rises (1.62) or falls (1.17), steered dying cells towards necrosis, rather than apoptosis.  
How cells die in human tissues is important, because death by apoptosis recycles cell material, while death by necrosis creates inflammation, a critical component of many chronic diseases that have increased in the last century. Our past results [7] made MF exposures relevant to cancer; our new results on necrosis to apoptosis make them relevant to the chronic evolution of tissues in human populations.  
Most of the effects reported can be explained by inhibition of the OXPHOS pathway hosted within the mitochondria of living cells, the consequent rise in ROS generation, and by metabolic dysregulation.  
OXPHOS has been the foundation of all life on Earth for at least 2 billion years, while, in stark contrast, human exposures to MF and wireless radiation result from recent technological choices.  
The ATP energy produced by the OXPHOS reaction is so critical to biological organisms that it is believed to be the driving force of evolution, with an ominous warning from an evolutionary biologist, \"tamper with this reaction at your peril\" [55].  
Non-natural EMR signals have evolved tremendously in quantity and complexity over the last century. The need for perpetual cellular adaptation to randomly changing environmental fields consumes ATP and oxygen, and disturbs the anterograde and retrograde links between cell nucleus and mitochondria [56; 57].  
Analog modulations may have posed fewer and smaller risks than the new digital modulations widely introduced recently by communication systems. Most engineering efforts to expand wireless data rates result in an enrichment of the artificial EMR environment that increases biological risks. Biological systems are sensitive not only to the carrier, but to its transitions as well. Such non-natural fields cannot easily avoid biological impacts at either the low frequency or high frequency end of the spectrum [58], or with any modulation scheme.  
Conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, and writing, P.H. Validation and project administration, Y.L.  
This research received no external funding.  
To [PERSON] for reviewing the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.