# BPET: A Unified Blockchain-Based Framework for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
## 2 Related Work  
In recent years, blockchain-based P2P-ET solutions have been extensively studied from various focused perspectives. These include security and privacy [8; 9], performance [10; 11], system modeling, design and development [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22], and resolving challenges in specific application scenarios [23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. [PERSON] et al. [8] devised and prototyped a decentralized blockchain-based system using digital multi-signature scheme and anonymous encrypted messaging streams to enhance security and privacy in energy trading transactions. In another work, [PERSON] et al. [9] presented a consortium blockchain-oriented approach to resolve the privacy leakage problem. [PERSON] et al. [10] proposed a unified blockchain-based energy trading architecture, called UBETA, considering three typical markets: bilateral market, pool market, and balancing market. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [11] proposed a Hyperledger Fabric-based framework for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading (HFPET) among PHEVs and conducted performance evaluation under different system parameters. [PERSON] et al. [12] designed a decentralized architecture for a transactive energy auction on campus based on the Vickrey auction mechanism. [PERSON] et al. [13] devised a blockchain-based microgrid energy market model and developed smart contracts to enable P2P-ET in both bilateral and pool markets. In another work [14], the consortium blockchain was used to design a hybrid P2P energy trading market where electricity consumers and prosumers trade electricity with one another and the main grid. [PERSON] et al. [15] proposed two strategies, i.e., supply-demand matching and distance-based matching, to implement bilateral trading coefficients in a blockchain-based P2P energy market. [PERSON] et al. [16] used a PoS public blockchain to design a pricing scheme for the P2P-ET market. [PERSON] et al. [20] created and modeled a completely decentralized P2P energy token market for small-scale producers and consumers within a smart grid context, employing blockchain technology alongside demand response (DR) programs and demurrage mechanisms. In recent works [21; 22], authors used the double auction mechanism to calculate energy price. [PERSON] et al. [23] devised a blockchain-based framework for peer-to-peer energy trading for three typical energy trading scenarios in industrial IoT: microgrids, energy harvesting networks, and vehicle-to-grid networks. [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a localized peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading system with consortium blockchain, called PETCON, for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in smart grids. Another similar work [27] presented a consortium blockchain-based truthful data trading (D-trading) and energy trading (E-trading) model in the Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). [PERSON] et al. [25] combined blockchain and software-defined networking (SDN) to design a secure energy trading scheme called BEST for EVs. [PERSON] et al. [26] focused on the transaction security and Byzantine fault tolerance of energy trading between EVs and the distribution network (DN). Most previous studies have defined specific market rules within particular application scenarios, along with associated price formation mechanisms. However, many of these solutions have remained theoretical, and no functional systems were developed to execute these market rules. A brief comparison between our work and the previous studies is presented in Table 1.  
Compared to prior research, our proposed BPET system introduces an end-to-end unified blockchain-enabled P2P-ET solution, allowing developers to customize market rules and price formation mechanisms. The implemented system is evaluated using real-world data, offering valuable performance insights for industry practitioners.