## 3 Network Background
### Fifth-Generation Cellular Networks  
Currently, 5G cellular networks have been launched in many countries. Deployment is still ongoing, with plans for further expansion. This network, 5G, now represents the latest advancement in wireless mobile broadband technology, offering key features such as higher data transmission speeds, reduced latency, support for a massive number of connected devices simultaneously, and improved energy efficiency [24]. In today's era, modern technological applications demand the robust capabilities of 5G in order to accommodate diverse services. The evolution of 5G technlogy is ongoing, shaping the development of a truly wireless network referred to as the WWWW. The 5G communication network is developed based on a combination of 4G and the WISDOM [25]. Due to the fundamental principles of communication, 5G achieves high-speed data transmission, leveraging short frequencies and large bandwidths to enhance network efficiency. The designated spectrum for 5G spans from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, which restricts communication to short distances but enables bandwidths exceeding 1 Gbps [26]. Mobile communications are becoming increasingly congested due to the rising user data demands and the need for new services [27]. To address this, 5G cellular networks are \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Reference** & **Focus** & **Challenges Addressed** & **Limitations** \\ \hline
2023 [21] & Handover and load balancing self-optimization in 5G mobile networks. & Seamless connectivity, congestion, latency. & Focuses on 5G but does not extensively cover 6G technologies and AI-driven solutions. \\ \hline
2022 [22] & ML-based load balancing algorithms in future heterogeneous networks. & Managing user traffic in dense networks, inefficiency of classical methods. & Focuses on load balancing but does not cover handover management. \\ \hline
2022 [23] & Roadmap for UAV cellular communications from 5G to 6G. & Cell selection, interference, coverage limitations in UAV networks. & Focuses on UAV communications but does not provide a comprehensive overview of handover and load balancing. \\ \hline  & & Comprehensive review of handover management and load balancing optimization in ultra-dense 5G/6G networks using AI-driven techniques. & This survey primarily focuses on the theoretical and research-oriented aspects of handover management and balancing in ultra-dense 5G/6G cellular networks, analyzing the latest AI-driven techniques like deep learning and reinforcement learning. It also examines the integration of UAVs and IoT devices, identifies research gaps, and outlines future directions, with a focus on practical applications in smart cities. & This survey primarily focuses on the theoretical and research-oriented aspects of handover management and load balancing in ultra-dense 5G/6G cellular networks, providing a comprehensive review of AI-driven techniques. While it offers valuable insights into the latest advancements and future directions, it does not delve into detailed implementation examples or case studies. Additionally, the scope of this survey is limited to current research and does not cover all potential future developments in 6G technologies. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._designed to accommodate growing data requirements, particularly for industrial users and emerging technologies like machine communication [24]. The expansion of 5G cellular technology is driving a surge in internet-connected devices, including smartwatches, meters, industrial sensors, and IoT applications. The IoT extends mobile communication beyond people to smart systems, enabling mobile health, smart homes, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring. The big data generated will rely on cloud computing for storage and processing [28].