## 2 Intelligent Termite Monitoring Technology  
The Yellow River Xiaolangdi Multipurpose Dam Project in China implemented intelligent termite monitoring technology for integrated termite control. It resulted in a 99% reduction in the theoretical use of chemical agents and an 86% decrease in prevention costs, demonstrating its eco-friendliness, technological sophistication, and efficiency [18]. Sensors are strategically placed in areas prone to termite activity within water conservancy projects to detect their presence [19]. Intelligent termite monitoring systems predominantly utilize sensors, wireless communication technologies, and data processing algorithms [14, 20, 21]. The collected data are then transmitted via wireless communication technologies to a cloud server for processing and analysis [22]. Data processing algorithms subsequently generate real-time early warning messages, enabling users to take timely preventive and control measures [20]. Two primary sensing methods are commonly employed: the first leverages termites' natural feeding behavior on bait materials embedded with internal circuits. When these circuits are damaged, it indicates termite activity, facilitating remote monitoring. The second method involves measuring fluctuations in ambient carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) concentration, where an increase suggests the presence of nearby termites [21, 23]. The principle of the intelligent termite monitoring system involves selecting food preferred by termites, combined with a killing bait as the bait device [19]. This device is buried in the ground, and once termites feed on it, the toxic bait is spread through cross-feeding behavior, ultimately eradicating the entire termite colony [24]. The baiting device primarily consists of a hollow wooden stick with strong luring properties and a killing bait placed inside. This bait stick, combining the two elements, is secured within a monitoring baiting device and installed in the designated protection area of the hydraulic dam. With advancements in internet of things (IoT) technology, staff can use mobile monitoring equipment to observe termite activity at each monitoring point in real time and implement specific control measures tailored to different situations [25]. The architecture of the intelligent termite monitoring system consists of three main components: the front-end trap monitoring part, the intermediate transmission and storage part, and the central processing and warning part [26, 27], as illustrated in Figure 1:  
1. Front-end trap monitoring component: This component is typically deployed in termite-prone areas and includes a trap detection unit and a monitoring unit. The trap detection unit primarily uses bait to attract termites and monitors the disturbance signals generated by termite clusters. The monitoring unit transmits and processes these signals. 2. Intermediate transmission and storage component: This section connects the front-end monitoring component with the central processing system. It is responsible for transmitting disturbance signals detected in the field, as well as storing and backing up relevant signal data. 3. Central processing and warning component: This section serves as the terminal system for the entire monitoring architecture. It receives and converts disturbance signals, issues timely warnings about termite cluster activity, and facilitates the implementation of preemptive control measures. Figure 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of the composition of the intelligent termite monitoring system. This version of the system incorporates lightning protection equipment to mitigate the effects of thunderstorms and rain, an improvement over the original design. Additionally, the inclusion of a storage battery and solar panels significantly enhances the system's battery life and overall durability. The system also employs electromagnetic induction non-loop pass-through technology and remote sensing GPS positioning technology.