## 3 Results: Publication Analysis
### Relationships between Sense of Presence and the Study Variables
#### 3.4.2 Relationships between Sense of Presence and Scenarios  
The scenarios or contents represented in virtual environments constitute a key element that can modulate the intensity of sense of presence experienced. The results showed that beyond the physical attributes of the simulated environment, the emotional and semantic qualities of the recreated situations influenced the level of sense of presence experienced. In this section, the studies that examined the relationship between different types of scenarios and presence are analyzed. The results are shown in Tables 12 and 13.  
Only three studies found that relationships existed between sense of presence and the built environment. Study [5] found that greater presence was evoked in simulations designed to induce relaxation and anxiety than was evoked by neutral scenarios. This highlights the importance of emotional stimuli in enhancing presence in VEs. In line with study [5], study [1] found that an interaction exists between emotional scenarios and the technological supports used: sadness increased presence only when a PC was used, not with HMDs. This result highlights the importance of taking into account combinations of technical and content factors. On the other hand, study [20] reported greater presence in outdoor than in indoor scenarios, which the authors suggest may be due to the greater realism and sensory richness of natural open environments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Categories**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Human**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**HR Behavior**} \\  & & & **Resposes** & & & **HR** \\  & & & (HR) & & & **HR is (\textless{}/ \textgreater{}) in (A) than in (B)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[5]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Scenario} & MIP, & \multirow{2}{*}{Relaxation} & Presence & \multirow{4}{*}{(Ralexation), (Anxiety)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textgreater{}} & (Control) \\  & & MIP, & & Anxiety & & Spatial & (Relaxation) & \textgreater{} & (Anxiety) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & MIP, & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[1]} & Scenario & MIP, & \multirow{2}{*}{Sadness} & Presence & M & (Sadness) + (HMD) & \(\equiv\) & (Control) + (HMD) \\  & Condition & Tech, & Support (Display) & Presence & M & (Sadness) + (PC) & \textgreater{} & (Control) + (PC) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[20]} & \multirow{2}{*}{Scenario} & Comparative, & External/Internal & Presence & \multirow{2}{*}{(External)} & \textgreater{} & (Internal) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-8}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. M: Moderator effect.  
\end{table}
Table 12: Effects of scenarios on the sense of presence.  
The examination of the indicators used to evaluate presence revealed that only four studies examined the relationships between sense of presence and scenarios. Studies [1,5] consistently showed that scenarios designed to induce specific emotions (relaxation, anxiety, sadness) increased positive and negative affective responses. They also enhanced dimensions such as engagement and emotional connection more than did neutral scenarios. These findings provide solid evidence for the ability of virtual content to modulate emotional states, which is related to greater experienced presence [24]. On the other hand, studies [12,20], in comparing physical with virtual scenarios and exterior with interior scenarios, reported that virtual and open environments improved perceptions of realism, attentional involvement and user affective responses. Study [12] highlighted that certain technical aspects, such as graphic realism, can mediate the relationships between environment typologies and users' affective responses. Although more work is required, these results suggest that certain types of virtual scenarios have the potential to overcome the limitations set by closed, physical environments. It is clearly important to consider both the physical-spatial design and the emotional and semantic qualities of virtual scenarios to optimize the subjective experience of sense of presence.