# Adipose Stem Cell Response to Borophosphate Bioactive Glass
## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **CCM** & **X0** & **X40** & **X60** \\ \hline I-309 & \(1.77\pm 0.57\) & \(1.98\pm 0.00\) & \(0.05\pm 0.07\) & \(0\pm 0\) \\ \hline ENA-78 & \(5.72\pm 0.58\) & \(16.91\pm 0.94\) & \(34.72\pm 18.34\) & \(64.43\pm 19.25\) \\ IL-6 & \(2701.45\pm 26.1\) & \(3118.31\pm 41.64\) & \(3865.87\pm 254.17\) & \(4109.95\pm 226.75\) \\ MIP-1b & \(68.36\pm 13.41\) & \(70.92\pm 4.68\) & \(92.55\pm 2.58\) & \(96.42\pm 2.91\) \\ VEGF & \(92.27\pm 2.51\) & \(94.50\pm 3.18\) & \(137.6\pm 14.54\) & \(294.71\pm 7.60\) \\ \hline Activin A & \(280.68\pm 3.43\) & \(43.34\pm 4.66\) & \(112.34\pm 40.94\) & \(725.43\pm 86.71\) \\ IL-1R4 & \(68.35\pm 53.92\) & \(2.01\pm 2.84\) & \(8.3\pm 11.74\) & \(158.44\pm 43.02\) \\ TGFP1 & \(32.84\pm 3.69\) & \(21.13\pm 1.78\) & \(27.32\pm 2.82\) & \(39.70\pm 1.17\) \\ TNFR1 & \(201.07\pm 8.25\) & \(185.55\pm 14.8\) & \(188.68\pm 14.05\) & \(289.75\pm 0.51\) \\ TRAIL R3 & \(22.90\pm 7.87\) & \(19.34\pm 1.15\) & \(22.52\pm 2.56\) & \(35.79\pm 0.92\) \\ \hline Contactin-2 & \(54.06\pm 25.45\) & \(34.79\pm 23.03\) & \(39.99\pm 15.39\) & \(41.34\pm 11.09\) \\ Dtk & \(45.79\pm 10.57\) & \(29.92\pm 40.39\) & \(37.39\pm 6.93\) & \(43.84\pm 12.14\) \\ IL-1 RI & \(9.29\pm 0.58\) & \(1.51\pm 0.18\) & \(2.36\pm 0.29\) & \(8\pm 1.02\) \\ IL-17R & \(32.17\pm 0.49\) & \(14.40\pm 18.02\) & \(17.93\pm 1.26\) & \(30.14\pm 5.68\) \\ L-selectin & \(149.13\pm 58.12\) & \(4.84\pm 6.85\) & \(10.85\pm 12.99\) & \(144.18\pm 23.18\) \\ MICB & \(356.25\pm 61.86\) & \(241.29\pm 140.6\) & \(322.14\pm 82.21\) & \(339.68\pm 24.5\) \\ PAI-1 & \(4466.23\pm 255.95\) & \(3381.66\pm 472.87\) & \(3408.96\pm 451.51\) & \(3876.75\pm 261.23\) \\ PDGF Rb & \(441.62\pm 174.57\) & \(0\pm 0\) & \(70.73\pm 99.85\) & \(149.87\pm 193.95\) \\ RAGE & \(7.73\pm 1.51\) & \(2.63\pm 2.2\) & \(3.02\pm 2.71\) & \(5.72\pm 1.28\) \\ TIMP-2 & \(12\),\(795.45\pm 1190.17\) & \(6473.49\pm 1026.09\) & \(7645.48\pm 155.76\) & \(8481.24\pm 400.92\) \\ Trappin-2 & \(15.2\pm 1.92\) & \(3.47\pm 0.47\) & \(8.47\pm 2.55\) & \(11.78\pm 0.54\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Protein secretion levels, presented in pg/mL and mean \(\pm\) SD. Blue color represents the highest expression. shown to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition through ERK1/2 signaling, promoting cell migration and invasiveness during development, cancer metastasis, wound healing, and fibrosis [46]. The exact mechanism for the increased migration, extracellular pH, or increased extracellular phosphate needs to be explored to consider the use of the X0 glass. BMSCs, with similar properties to ASCs, are known to migrate during the initial stages of wound healing. During this inflammatory phase, the pH of the damaged area decreases to an acidic condition [47]. In our study, ASCs demonstrated increased migration to X0 as it degraded over 5 h. Because X0 and X40 had similar pH effects on the cell culture media at this time point, this suggests that the migration difference is due to the ions present and not solely the pH. Consequently, it is worth noting that X0 released the lowest amount of calcium ions at this time point. Calcium has long been known to be a crucial regulator and mediator in cell migration [48; 49; 50]. Previous research on BMSCs showed that calcium has an optimal compositional range to promote BMSC migration [51]. The X40 and X60 glasses may release too much calcium to effectively stimulate downstream genes of GPCR signaling pathways, an early response to calcium-based biomaterials [48]. Consequently, the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a receptor belonging to the GPCR family that modulates the chemotactic response of MSCs in response to extracellular calcium, may be stimulated by the X0 glass and not the X40 or X60 glasses. In our study, we showed that after 24 h, only the boron-rich X60 glass increased the angiogenic ability of ASCs by attracting endothelial cells, as well as increased secreted angiogenic molecules, such as VEGF, ANG-1, b-NGF, IGFBP-3, TGFb3, and bFGF.