## 2 Methodology
### Measurement Results with the R&S\({}^{\circledR}\)TSME6 Scanner  
The measurements for this study were conducted in January 2022. The R&S\({}^{\circledR}\)TSME6 scanner, in combination with the R&S\({}^{\circledR}\)ROMES4 software, provided a detailed and real-time analysis of the technologies available at each measurement point. The measurements recorded the exact moment each point was evaluated, allowing for a temporal analysis that complements the spatial assessment of coverage. Figures 15-18 present the coverage graphs, representing the available received power for the four technologies detected in the measurements taken with the R&S\({}^{\circledR}\)TSME6 scanner at measurement point 17 (mentioned in Table 1). These figures highlight specific characteristics that facilitate the interpretation and analysis of the data. The horizontal axis represents the signal peaks identified, indicating the different sub-measurement points within each main point. The vertical axis displays the corresponding unit values of the analyzed technology, reflecting the intensity of the measured signal in each case. To assist with visual interpretation, the signals are represented by three distinct colors: red, indicating a weak signal; pink, representing a medium signal; and yellow, which refers to a good or very good signal. Additionally, the analyzed operators are identified on the right side of the figures, highlighting the mobile networks measured at each point. It is important to note that, although the objective is to present multi-technology results, in some cases only one technology was detected or, in other cases, no technology was detected. Thus, in certain graphs, the representation may consist of a single bar or, in other cases, where no technology was detected, there are no bars, with each view graph having that meaning. Figure 14: Outdoor cellular coverage map for the Vodafone operator in the vicinity of CHUCB. Colours represent different mobile network technologies: blue—2G, green—3G, orange—4G, red—4G+, and purple—5G. Source: nPerf platform, July 2025. For each measurement point, the signal values (RSSI, Power, NRSSI, RSCP) were recorded for the 5G NR, LTE, NB-IoT, and UMTS technologies, enabling the immediate identification of the operator that offers the best signal quality for each technology. The meaning of the quantities is as follows:  
**RSSI** (received signal strength indicator)--Indicates the strength of the received signal, in dBm, with ranges from \(-120\) dBm (very weak signal) to \(0\) dBm (very strong signal). **Power--**Refers to the signal strength, measured in dBm, usually between \(-30\) dBm (very strong) and \(-110\) dBm (weak). **NRSSI** (NR signal strength indicator)--Indicates the signal strength, ranging from \(-140\) dBm (very weak signal) to \(-40\) dBm (strong signal). **RSCP** (received signal code power)--**Measures the average power of the received signal, in the range of \(-120\) dBm (weak signal) to \(-40\) dBm (strong signal). Figure 16: Graph of the received power for LTE measurements at point 17. Figure 17: NRSSI Graph for NB-IoT measurements at point 17. Figure 15: RRSI graph for 5G NR measurements at point 17. Table 4 presents a summary of these best signal coverage values for each operator and different measurement points/technologies. A clear representation of the coverage of each of the four technologies (5G NR, LTE, NB-IoT, and UMTS) at different measurement points is provided, highlighting which operator (MEO, NOS, or Vodafone) provided the best coverage for each technology.