## 3 Results
### Impacts of Climate and Management Interactions on Vegetation Phenology and GPP
#### 3.3.3 Summary of Vegetation Phenology and GPP under Different Climate and Management  
The major phenology metrics, greenness, and GPP in both NP and IP from 2009 (the year with homogeneous land cover in IP) to 2015 are summarized in Table 3. Drought in 2011 and 2012, combined with other management practices, greatly shortened the LOS (an average of 47 days). Both the NP and IP had the largest GS EVI average and sum in 2013 because of the large amount of rainfall in the AGS. Although annual GPP appears to be correlated with the AGS RF, it is clear that other factors play a major role as well. Burning and high AGS RF caused the highest production in 2013 at the NP. It was in the same year that IP, which had no other types of management, had the highest GPP. Grazing decreased  
Figure 11: Interactions of burning plus baling with rainfall (RF) in the introduced pasture (IP) in 2010 ((**left**) panels) and 2014 ((**middle**) panels), and the Landsat-based EVI values for the paired subplots of burning only and burning plus baling ((**right**) panels). Yellow rectangles are the subplots used to extract EVI values. Daily RF data were also marked out in the time series EVI values.  
GPP at the IP when compared to the IP in 2013 and 2015. The interactions of drought and other management practices (grazing or baling) greatly suppressed GPP in both NP and IP. The impacts of burning plus baling combinations increased the vegetation production in good rainfall years such as 2014.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Disturbance Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pastures**} & **SOS** & **EOS** & **LOS** & **GS EVI** & **GS EVI** & **GPP** & **AGS** \\  & & **(DOY)** & **(DOY)** & **(Days)** & **Average** & **Sum** & **(g C m\({}^{-2}\))** & **Rainfall (cm)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2015} & Three month grazing & NP & 113 & 290 & 178 & 0.48 & 10.92 & 2062.18 & \multirow{3}{*}{86.56} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Whole year grazing & IP & 110 & 293 & 182 & 0.47 & 11.36 & 1895.86 & \\ \cline{2-6}  & Four month grazing & NP & 141 & 310 & 169 & 0.38 & 8.35 & 1411.02 & \multirow{3}{*}{45.80} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Burning + baling & IP & 133 & 282 & 149 & 0.48 & 9.16 & 1711.64 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2013} & Burning & NP & 131 & 294 & 162 & 0.52 & 11.35 & 2281.61 & \multirow{3}{*}{82.55} \\ \cline{2-6}  & None & IP & 137 & 304 & 167 & 0.52 & 11.49 & 2111.77 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2012} & Drought & NP & 85 & 212 & 128 & 0.45 & 7.24 & 1709.79 & \multirow{3}{*}{20.80} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Drought + grazing & IP & 93 & 209 & 116 & 0.41 & 6.10 & 1143.39 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2011} & Drought + grazing & NP & 128 & 253 & 125 & 0.35 & 5.95 & 1049.30 & \multirow{3}{*}{27.71} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Drought + baling & IP & 131 & 257 & 126 & 0.33 & 5.59 & 863.00 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2010} & Six month grazing & NP & 114 & 293 & 180 & 0.46 & 11.09 & 2059.05 & \multirow{3}{*}{47.00} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Burning + baling & IP & 110 & 291 & 181 & 0.51 & 11.66 & 1965.43 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2009} & Six month grazing & NP & 116 & 297 & 181 & 0.40 & 9.66 & 1382.18 & \multirow{3}{*}{57.91} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Burning + baling & IP & 128 & 296 & 168 & 0.41 & 9.09 & 1435.70 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2006} & Drought & NP & 119 & 282 & 163 & 0.38 & 7.98 & 1204.27 & 37.11 \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: the LOS might not equal to the differences between EOS and SOS due to different rounding.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Summary of phenology metrics, greenness, and gross primary production (GPP) in the native pasture (NP) and introduced pasture (IP) from 2009 to 2015.  
Figure 12: Impacts of drought plus grazing in the native pasture (NP) and drought plus baling in the introduced pasture (IP). The (**left**) panels are color composite Landsat images. The (**right**) panels are NDVI and EVI for the NP and IP from the MODIS. Daily rainfall (RF) data were also marked out.