esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
[40] partially agree with the results shown in the present study; using a sample of 40 healthy older adults, a 4-week IFMs training programme was applied which produced improvements in static stability but no changes in dynamic stability. Evidence has shown that the three exercises used in this study areeffective in strengthening IFMs; however, training was required to perform them correctly. Notably, the subjects in the present research sample reported difficulty in performing the TSO. Finally, in this study, daily but low-load IFM training was performed; in this way, a suitable stimulation for IFMs was achieved without producing muscle fatigue during the training sessions. Limitations and strengths: This study has several limitations. First, the small sample size may result in the difference in the results between the two groups not being statistically significant; a larger sample will be included in future studies to support these data. Second, the inclusion of MS patients with different disease phenotypes may make the results more variable. Third, no gender or age analysis of the data was carried out. Finally, although a weekly review was conducted, patients were not supervised in the daily performance of IFM exercises. The main strengths of this study are the use of easy and functional tests or questionnaires for the assessment of static and dynamic stability and the application of IFM exercises with strong scientific evidence. Perspectives: Although the improvement in stability associated with IFMs training is not statistically significant, it may be clinically relevant. Further research using larger and more homogeneous samples is recommended. In the present research, visual and vestibular problems have been considered as exclusion criteria, with the aim of reducing biases in the stability tests. However, these alterations are common in patients with MS, so it would be interesting to perform the IFM training program in patients with visual or vestibular disturbances as well. It is also suggested to assess the efficacy of IFM training programmes in other neurological disorders with balance deficits, such as Parkinson's disease.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, we synthesized single SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs through a one-step hot injection method which exploited hydrolysis of a sole silica precursor of APTES without any catalyst. We used TEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS to study the effect of SiO\({}_{2}\) on CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQD morphology and composition. These characterizations indicated that the SiO\({}_{2}\) coating was formed on the CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQD surface, with OAm and OA as ligands through hydrolysis of APTES, which contributed to the increase in size of the CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQD. Using UV-vis absorption and PL spectra, the content of the APTES was optimized and the champion PLQY increased to 97.5% for the SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs, which was higher than that of OAm-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs (89.6%). Due to the SiO\({}_{2}\) coating, the SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs exhibited significantly improved stability against air, heat, and ethanol. To further confirm their stability from a practical application point of view, we employed the SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs as down-conversion emitters of a GaN LED, which also yielded satisfactory results. We hope this study will provide a new method for preparing inorganic CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs with highly optical properties and excellent stability, promoting their commercial development in lighting and display.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13137529/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13137529/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13137529/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13137529/s1)). Figure S1. The size distribution statistics of the (a) OAm- and (b) SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs; Figure S2. XPS full spectra of the OAm- and SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs; Figure S3. High-resolution XPS spectra of (a) Cs 3d, (b) Pb 4f, (c) 3d, (d) C 1s, (e) O 1s of the OAm- and SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs; Figure S4. The EDX spectra of the (a) OAm- and (b) SiO\({}_{2}\)-CsPbI\({}_{3}\) PeQDs; Figure S5. The normalized absorption and PL spectra of adding APTES from 0 to 6 mmo.  
Z.P.: methodology, investigation, writing--original draft. X.Z., T.X. and Q.X.: formal analysis, investigation. H.C. and F.X.: resources. H.L. and J.W.: investigation. Y.L.: conceptualization, methodology, writing--review and editing, supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was funded by Outstanding Doctor Program of Yangzhou City '[PERSON]' (No. YZLYJF)H2022 YXBS081), Innovation Technology Platform Project Jointly Built by Yangzhou City and Yangzhou University, China (No. YZ2020268), and Jiangsu Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No. 202211117040Z), J. C. Kempes Minnes Stipendiefond (No. SMK1849.1 and SMK21-0015), and Bertil & Britt Svensons stifelse for belysingsteknik, the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research, Higher Education via an Initiation Grant for Internationalization (No. 2019-8553).  
Not applicable.  
The available on request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Error Detection for Arabic Text Using Neural Sequence Labeling
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Grammar Detection and Correction in Arabic  
In the context of Arabic, there have not been any efforts we know of which concentrate exclusively on grammar error detection. However, previous work has been done targeting error correction. One of the earliest works was Arabic GramCheck by [PERSON] [3], a syntax-based grammar checker for identifying Arabic grammatical errors while providing feedback. The grammar checker included twoparts: an Arabic morphological analyzer and a syntactic parser. A total of 100 Arabic sentences were used to evaluate the system in comparison to a commercial system. The results showed that Arabic GramCheck outperformed the commercial Arabic grammar checker. However, Arabic GramCheck was evaluated on a small number of manually generated Arabic sentences.  
In [26], [PERSON] et al. presented a pipeline approach which included error detection. They approached the error detection task as a sequence-labeling problem by training an SVM classifier using morphological and lexical features including Part-of-Speech tags. For their experiments, they used QALB corpus [27]. The precision of the error detection model was very low (0.345), which leaves much room for improvement.  
In terms of the use of neural networks, we are aware of only three attempts that have employed neural models for end-to-end grammar error correction. The first was by [PERSON] et al. [28] who treated error correction as monolingual NMT using sequence-to-sequence and attention-based models. Using QALB, the results showed that their models could be effectively applied to the task of error correction for the Arabic language. However, their work was outperformed by the work of [PERSON] et al. [29]. They investigated both character embeddings and pre-trained word embeddings, employing a number of embedding models. They achieved state-of-the-art results in the QALB corpus. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [30] utilized Convolutional Neural Networks with an attention mechanism using QALB. However, the results were preliminary, and the proposed model was not fully applied.  
This paper is a continuation of the work in [31] as an effort to produce a model to be used within a tool for Arabic grammar error detection.
## 1 Introduction
With limited power and energy on a batteryless or self-charging system on an IoT node, the second and the third factors should be carefully addressed to improve the power allocation between the processing unit and the transceivers, as well as lengthen the operation of the whole system under limited power conditions. Based on these speculations, this paper proposes three major contributions:  
* This research was the first to propose utilizing a signcryption key encapsulation mechanism in composition with an Elliptic Curve Qu-Vanstone (ECQV) implicit certificate scheme [16] to construct a two-level key establishment protocol. By applying a hybrid cryptosystem, the proposed protocol preserves the security characteristics of both schemes and takes advantage of both public key cryptography and symmetric cryptography. Depending on the demand of the security level, the protocol, at the very least, can enable a fast rekeying method of session keys derived from a generated key pair, allowing for sending session key generation materials and encrypted sensor data in one message exchange. At a higher level of security, the protocol allows for updating the public and private key pair; hence, only several sessions share a key pair to derive the session keys. At the highest security level, every communication session can issue a fresh key pair and session key to communicate. * Under a two-party communication model, our approach integrates a physical unclonable function to the ECQV scheme to provide additional authentication data to the handshake. This lightweight solution enhances the ECQV scheme and allows for only authenticated node devices to request a key pair. Thus, the modified ECQV scheme can protect against common attacks, such as impersonation attacks and replay attacks. * We implemented a 32-bit RISC-V system that is suitable for a resource-constrained sensor node to assess the computational overheads of the proposed protocol. The software version of the protocol was tested on different configurations of the RISC-V processor to evaluate the timing cost. Moreover, instead of using software-based or pseudo-security primitives, the RISC-V system is equipped with standard physical security primitives, including a true random number generator (TRNG) and a PUF. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the background of the paradigm of a hybrid cryptosystem and the selected schemes. It also summarizes the mathematical notions used in the proposed protocol. Section 3 introduces the assumption of the system model for an IoT network and the combination of the ECQV implicit certificate scheme and the one-pass signcryption key exchange mechanism. This section also describes step-by-step operations in the proposed protocol. Section 4 analyzes the protocol's security features at different levels of security. Section 5 compares the communication and computation cost of the proposed protocol with related works that also support authentication property. Section 6 discusses the protocol's advantages and limitations and outlines the directions for future work. Finally, section 7 concludes the paper.
# Detection and Classification of Bearing Surface Defects Based on Machine Vision
## 1 Introduction
### Current Status and Bottlenecks in the Detection and Classification of Bearing Surface Defects
Defects on the bearing surface are either micro-defects or defects of small size, so the aforementioned methods cannot meet the precision requirement. However, feature selection in current machine-vision-based systems for bearing surface defect detection and classification methods mostly rely on the designer's experience or intuition and lack quantitative requirements for the selection and extraction of classification features. As a result, the selected features are heavily influenced by environmental changes, and the performance of the classifier cannot be scaled. This indicates that more research effort is needed for the image segmentation algorithm and feature selection algorithm in the area of bearing defect detection and identification, and an important consideration in defect classification is the selection of an appropriate classifier. We thus focused this research on image segmentation, feature selection, and classification algorithms.
# Effect of Corrosion on the Hysteretic Behavior of Steel Reinforcing Bars and Corroded RC Columns
## 2 Experimental Procedure
### Corrosion Damage Estimation
#### 2.4.2 Mean Reduced Cross Section  
In existing structures, the assessment of steel reinforcement's corrosion damage is a complex procedure, since the reinforcing steel bars are embedded into concrete and are not visible and easily accessible. Moreover, the corrosion damage owed to the chloride ions' presence is described by intense non-uniformity, which is depicted with large pits on the surface of reinforcing steel bars and local cross-sectional reduction.  
For this purpose, the recorded values of percentage mass loss of steel bars were expressed in terms of corrosion penetration (depth), using Equation (2) [26; 27]:  
\[\text{x}=\frac{\text{d}_{\text{o}}}{2}\cdot\left(1-\sqrt{1-\eta}\right) \tag{2}\]  
where x is the corrosion penetration depth (in mm), \(\eta\) is the corrosion level in terms of percentage mass loss and d\({}_{\text{o}}\) is the nominal diameter of the steel bar (in mm).  
Based on international technical standards, such as fib Model Code [27], the term of corrosion penetration follows the assumption of an average corrosion penetration depth (x) around the circumference of a steel bar, which leads to a mean reduced diameter d\({}_{\text{red}}\) corresponding to a uniform (mean) residual cross-section, as shown in Figure 6 with the blue color.
## 4 BPSK FDA System Design
### Imported Transmit FDA Waveforms Discrete Model  
The four parameters used to compute the size of the imported waveforms are as follows:  
1. \(T_{c}\): the desired length in time of a chip.
2. \(N_{s,c}\): the number of samples per BPSK chip.
3. \(N_{c}\): the total number of desired BPSK chips.
4. \(N_{s}\): the total number of samples.  
The discrete waveform model is  
\[s_{n}[m]=\sum_{i=0}^{N_{c}-1}b[i]\;\text{rect}[m-iN_{s,c}]\cos{[2\pi m/(f_{s}/f _{n})]}, \tag{14}\]  
where \(b[i]\) is the \(i\)th BPSK coefficient and  
\[\text{rect}[m]=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1,&m\in\{0,1,\dots,N_{s,c}-1\}\\ 0,&m\
ot\in\{0,1,\dots,N_{s,c}-1\}\end{array}\right.. \tag{15}\]  
After computation, \(s_{0}[m]\) and \(s_{1}[m]\) are sent to Channels 1 and 2, respectively, of the M8190A AWG. A trigger is used to achieve a common start time between the channels, and coherency is retained through the use of commonly clocked ADCs.  
We desire to use a discrete sinusoid with the ratio \(f_{s}/f_{0}=10\) as our carrier wave. To fit within the operating bandwidth of the antennas and sample rate of the AWG, we set \(f_{0}=720\) MHz, leading to a sampling frequency \(f_{s}=7.2\) GHz. Table 2 provides a summary of the expected sample sizes required to implement Equation (14) when \(T_{c}=1\) us and \(N_{c}=100\). After computation, the waveform is exported from MATLAB R2020a and imported to the M8190A AWG.
# Thermal Management Systems for Civil Aircraft Engines: Review, Challenges and Exploring the Future
## 4 Detailed Design Phase on Thermal Management Systems
Using experimental results, this study formulated a methodology for system level optimization to develop a dynamic air cycle machine (ACM) model at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Modelling, Simulation, Analysis and Testing (MSAT) lab. The main outcome of this study was a \"total efficiency parameter\" defined by combining the exergy analysis. This parameter would help future simulation studies to be implemented on various system architectures to generate accurate models and predictive analysis. In 2017, Rolls-Royce proposed different embodiments for high bypass geared turbofan engines TMS. This patent, proposed a heat exchange system for a power gearbox in an aircraft engine in which at least one heat transfer device is enclosed, embedded and/or attached with the casing of the power gearbox, wherein at least one airflow is directed to the one heat transfer device for thermally controlling the power gearbox. Different heat transfer devices can also be used in this idea for cooling/heating the power gearbox in different operating conditions [56; 57]. Finally, in 2018, Rolls Royce has presented a novel idea on a closed dynamic cooling circuit for engine thermal management system. In this embodiment, a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system is designed with two cooling circuit to manage the dynamic thermal load of the engine. So, each circuit has its own compressor and heat exchanger to be controlled to fully absorb thermal energy received by the TES [58]. The idea is very promising as both steady state and transient situations are being considered. However, the implementation considerations and stability issue should be considered with more details before the embodiment could go for the practical application. Figure 2:4 Thermal management system embodiments with thermally neutral heat transfer fluid for cooling the compressor bleed air. The main ideas and milestones presented in the detailed design phase could be summarized as follow:  
1. CCA thermal management system to increase the performance of the gas turbine engine by cooling the bypass air
2. Fuel cooled system with two different thermal management loops with different temperature levels to deal with all flight points efficiently
3. Using different coolants (e.g., water, Therminol and thermally neutral heat transfer fluid (TNHTF)) to manage the thermal loads in different points of the gas turbine engine.
## 4 Implementation and Testing Activities on MDTP
### Specific PDU Tests
#### 4.2.2 Testing Case 2: Task Execution Request  
In this case, the middleware wants the vehicle to cover an area, so it publishes a PDU under the topic \"request task\" specifying the needed data to perform such a task. As it can be seen in Figure 9, the information that will be transferred this time will be more abundant than before, due to the fact that it has to include the parameters used to perform the task (thus, since it implies covering an area, the data implies information about how to maneuver the vehicle and area boundaries).  
Since it is assumed that the vehicle is subscribed to the topic \"request_task\", it processes the petition and publishes the reports of such a task (under the topic \"report_task\") as soon as these reports are available. Figure 10 depicts the results of those reports. It can be noted how there is only one field used now, which will be used to communicate whether the request was successful or not.  
The time that it takes the DDS proxy of the AUV to report about the execution of the task demanded by the publish-subscription manager of the middleware varies between 3.6 and 5.71 s. In order to ensure the kind of performance that could be obtained in case there were several task execution requests from a collection of robots deployed in a system rather than just one, 50 more requests attempts were made. As it happened with the previous use case, the range of times obtained (even for outlier samples) was deemed as satisfactory in the simulations where the different components were running under the PDUs described in this protocol. The results of this set of tests have been portrayed in Figure 11. Overall, the performance resembles what was obtained in the previous used case with a small increment in the time required for the requests to be attended, which is to be expected due to the fact that one of the PDUs used for information interchanges is longer than the ones that were used before.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Request Attempt** & **Time (s)** \\ \hline Maximum & 5.58 \\ Minimum & 3.56 \\ Average & 4.2936 \\ Median & 4.365 \\ Standard deviation & 0.63554174 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Most prominent figures obtained from periodic data subscription measuresAn analysis of the most prominent data that has been obtained and summarized in Table 7 shows similar remarks as the ones that were described in the previous example: maximum and minimum  
Figure 11: Time measurements for task executions.  
Figure 9: Appearance of the PDU used for area cover request.  
Figure 10: Appearance of the PDU used as an answer for the task reported.  
values are included within ranges that are reasonable (minimum value is 63% of the maximum value, which is roughly the same result that was obtained in the previous experiment) and the average and median figures are very close one from each other (also demonstrated by the low value of standard deviation, which shows low dispersion among the values retrieved while fulfilling requests).
# Estimation of SMPS' Conducted Emission According to CISPR Standards
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### General Method Description  
For this paper, the authors decided to use the approach found in the literature [6] and introduced necessary changes to meet the requirement to obtain the conducted emission estimation according to the CISPR 16-2-1 [7]. Based on the work proposed by authors of [6], in order to estimate the conducted emission of a component, general workflow (Figure 1) can be defined using the parts listed below:  
* Selected electric components located on PCBA,
* Layout,
* Electric model of the LISN.  
The authors of this paper found that the proposed approach is sufficient in terms of different layout solutions comparison; however, in order to estimate the conducted emission value per CISPR 16-2-1, the complete test setup should be included in the simulation model. According to the CISPR 16-2-1 standard, the complete test setup (Figure 2) should include:  
* LISN,
* Ground reference plane,
* PCBA,
* Harness.  
Figure 1: Workflow for conducted emission proposed by [6].  
The authors of this paper, based on approach [6], defined a modified version of the workflow (Figure 1) and added the required steps in order to include all the necessary components required by the CISPR 16-2-1 standard. The proposed workflow is presented in Figure 3.  
In general, changes introduced according to the workflow from Figure 1 are:  
* The Q3D extractor is replaced by a 3D extractor tool which makes workflow more generic,
* An added step for the test setup of S-parameter extraction, which allows performing an estimation compliant to CISPR 16-2-1.  
In the next section of this paper, the results will be presented and verified with the real measurement. For the 3D extractor tool, the authors used two different solvers (ANSYS Q3D and ANSYS HFSS).  
A decision about proceeding with any of those two solvers should be based on computing requirements and the time required to extract models. In general, a full-wave solver should produce more precise results for a high-frequency band (where the length of the ob  
Figure 3: Workflow used by the authors to estimate conducted emission of SMPS according to CISPR 16-2-1.  
Figure 2: The complete test setup for SMPS module per CISPR 16-2-1.  
ject is smaller or comparable with the wavelength) than a half-wave solver. The drawback of its use is the requirement for more computational resources (memory and time).