## 4 Non-Thermal Plasma
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Bacterial Strain**} & **Plasma Type and** & \multirow{3}{*}{**Inactivation Yield**} & **Substrate for Biofilm** & \multirow{3}{*}{**Ref.**} \\  & **Parameters (Voltage,** & & & **Formation with Time** \\  & **Frequency, Power,** & & & **for Decontamination** \\  & **Working Gas, and Flow** & & & **or Sterilization** \\  & **Rate**) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Candida albicans_} & Jet(KINPen09): 220 V and & & & & \\  & 50/60 Hz, 8 W power, Ar at & & & \\  & 5 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) and Ar+(\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\))\(\mathrm{O_{2}}\) at & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.05 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\), HDBD-9 kV and 37.6 kHz, 9W power, Ar at & 5 log reduction & Titanium disc (10 min) & [54] \\ \cline{1-1}  & 6 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) and Ar+(\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\))\(\mathrm{O_{2}}\) at & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.06 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\) and VDBD- 10 kV & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and 40 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\), 16 W power & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Candida albicans_} & Surface microdischarge & \multirow{3}{*}{6 log reduction} & \multirow{3}{*}{6 well plate (8 min)} & [55] \\  & plasma technology (SMD): 9 kV and 1 kHz & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Pseudomonas_ _aeruginosa_} & Atomflo 300 reactor & & & \\  & plasma Jet: 13.56 MHz and 100 W R, He at 20.4 L/min & & Complete biofilm & Borosilicate coupon (30 min) & [56] \\ \cline{1-1}  & and \(\mathrm{N_{2}}\) at 0.135 L/min at & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 35 W & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Pseudomonas_ _aeruginosa_ and _Stphylococcus_ _epidermidis_} & & 5.41 and 5.10 log & & \\  & & reduction in Ar and & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Ar + O\({}_{2}\) plasma for & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & _P. aeruginosa_ and & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 3.14 and 2.21 log & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & reduction in Ar and & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Ar + O\({}_{2}\) plasma for & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & _S. epidermidis_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Enterococcus faecalis_} & Plasma dental probe:6 kV & \multirow{3}{*}{93.1\% biofilm} & Hydroxyapatite discs & \multirow{3}{*}{[58]} \\  & and 1 kHz, 0.7 W power, & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & He/(1\%)\(\mathrm{O_{2}}\) at 1 slm & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Streptococci_} & \multirow{3}{*}{Jet:6 kV and 20 kHz, _coli_ and _Pseudomonas_ _aeruginosa_} & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & plasma of corona & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & discharge: Positive corona & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & (PC) \(-8\) kV and 20 kHz, & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & negative corona (NC) & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(-7\) kV and 0.25 to 2 MHz & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Candida albicans_} & Jet (KINPen 08): 2–6 kVp & Complete biofilm & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and 1.7 MHz, Ar at 5 slm & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and Ar/[1\%]\(\mathrm{O_{2}}\) at 0.05 slm & Ar+O\({}_{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Atomflo 300 reactor & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & plasma Jet: 13.56 MHz and & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 100 W RF, He at 20.4 L/min & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & and \(\mathrm{N_{2}}\) at 0.135 L/min at & & & (5 min) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 35 W & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._and arbitrary movements in 3D [64]. The plasma is generated after applying a high-frequency (HF) voltage coupled to the pin-type electrode [63]. It is electrically safe to use as it is certified and complies with EU standards [64]. The feed gas used is argon with the capability of using other gases in smaller amounts [65]. The kINPen(r) MED (Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology-INP Greifswald and neoplas tools GmbH, Greifswald, Germany) is a predecessor device of KINPen(r) 09 and is the first atmospheric pressure plasma jet device to be accredited as a medical device (Class IIa) for patient use [64]. However, both kINPen(r) 09 and kINPen(r) MED are essentially similar [64]. kINPen(r) plasma has been clinically used for antimicrobial efficacy and for wound healing in animal and clinical observational studies [64]. To our knowledge, only three other plasma sources have been accredited as medical devices.