esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Solvent Effect and Resultant Morphology of PCL
Binary solvents of formic acid/acetic acid (FA/AA) and formic acid/acetone (FA/A) were used at solvent ratios of formic acid (100%), FA:AA 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 10:90 as well as acetic  
Figure 3: Images for various solvent systems: (**a**) chloroform, (**b**) formic acid, (**c**) acetic acid, (**d**) formic acid/chloroform (3:1), (**e**) formic acid/acetic acid (1:3), produced at 30% RH [1]. Copyrights Elsevier. acid at 100% for electrospinningning of PCL. The concentration of PCL was kept at 12.5, 15.0, 17.5 and 20.0%. It was reported that the FA/AA solvent systems produced finer fibers when compared with FA/A, therefore, it was chosen as the solvent ratio system. The electrospun fibers fabricated at 12.5% of PCL showed a combination of both beads and droplets. As the concentration of PCL was increased (viz: 17.5 and 20.0%), the fibers produced was observed to have helix-shaped micro-ribbons. This was attributed to an increase in concentration of PCL, which resulted in high amounts of entanglements. It was further recognized that amongst the above-mentioned FA/AA solvent ratios and PCL content, the optimum conditions for PCL nanofibers electrospinningning was found to be 70:30 FA/AA solvent ratio with 15.0% PCL concentration. Table 1 summarizes the different solvent systems commonly used for the electrospinningning of PCL.
# Interconnecting Haptic Interfaces with High Update Rates through the Internet +
## 5 Simulation Results
### Throughput  
The throughput of a protocol is crucial as higher throughput means higher possibilities for congestion. When the bandwidth of the network is low, protocols with small throughput must be used.  
Figure 7 illustrate the throughput of the protocols when the Internet bandwidth is 20 Mbps, so that no congestion should occur in the network. The delay of the Internet is set to 40 ms, as 50 ms is the maximum acceptable delay, based on Table 1. TCP throughput varies between 1660 Kbps and 3300 Kbps, because of the congestion window of the TCP's congestion control. UDP and RTP protocols pose a steady throughput of 576 and 672 Kbps for haptic data respectively. This means that their sending rate is constant. The higher throughput of RTP is due to the higher header of the protocol. Protocol ETP tries to reach its highest sending rate, but its growth is very slow, due to its congestion control. After 20 s of simulation time it had not yet reached the sending rate of 1000 packets per second. The SCTP protocol presents the highest throughput, after TCP, among the other protocols. Apart from that, it also presents the highest deviation of the throughput. DCCP for the first 6 s presents quite a big deviation of the throughput and it is not stabilized before the 8 th second.  
Figure 8 illustrates protocols behavior in a dynamic network. The big difference between Figures 7 and 8 is the behavior of the TCP, the ETP, the SCTP, and the DCCP protocol. All the above protocols enforce a tcp-friendly congestion control. When the network bandwidth changes, these protocols changes their transmission rate so as to avoid congestion. The UDP and the RTP protocol show a steady behavior, as they don't enforce any congestion control.  
Figure 9 displays the throughput of the protocols for Internet bandwidth 5 Mbps and delay 40 ms. The bandwidth of 5 Mbps is chosen so that the network is under low congestion. TCP has lowered its throughput that now varies from 1660 Kbps to 2160 Kbps. UDP and RTP protocols display almost the same steady throughput with very small deviations as they do not have a TCP-Friendly rate control. ETP protocol adapts the smallest throughput. It cannot increase its sending rate, because  
Figure 6: Packet loss vs bandwidth.  
Figure 7: Throughput for internet bandwidth 20 Mbps and delay 40 ms.  
there is some congestion on the network. It can be seen that the congestion control of TCP binds more bandwidth than that of ETP. DCCP shows almost the same performance with the previous simulation. It adapts almost the same steady throughput, with very small deviations, 2 s later than in the previous simulation. SCTP still presents the biggest deviation and does not manage to obtain a steady throughput.
# Numerical Simulation of Liquid Film Characteristics during Atomization of Aluminum Alloy Powder
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, in the process of atomizing aluminum alloy powder using a rotating disk, the motion characteristics of the molten metal thin liquid film on the disk surface using different disk shapes and different rotational speeds were studied. At the same time, the whole evolution law of liquid film formation and liquid film atomization into droplets was studied. The main conclusions are as follows.  
1. Compared with the flat disk, the liquid film on the surface of the spherical disk has smaller slip, the liquid film spreads more evenly, and the velocity distribution is more uniform;
2. Under the same working conditions, the spherical disk boundary diameter and liquid film velocity are larger, i.e., the liquid film receives more energy at the same rotational speed, the energy utilization rate is higher, and the liquid filaments produced by splitting are finer and greater in number;
3. The variation trend and amplitude of the boundary diameter of the liquid film with different disk shapes are greatly affected by the rotating speed, while the influence of the receiving disk shapes is very small. However, the shape of the disk is decisive for the overall diameter;
4. The liquid film thickness of the flat disk is more affected by the rotation speed, while that of the spherical disk is relatively stable and uniform. When the rotation speed increases to a certain range, the influence of the disk shape on the thickness of the liquid film becomes smaller, but the uniformity and stability of the liquid film distribution are still mainly affected by the atomization disk shape;  
Conceptualization, Y.L. and Q.H.; methodology, Q.H. and S.Z.; software, Y.L. and X.Z.; validation, Y.L.; formal analysis, Y.L. and X.Z.; investigation, Y.L. and X.Z.; resources, S.Z. and Q.H.; data curation, Y.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, all authors; visualization, Y.L.; supervision, S.Z. and Q.H.; project administration, Q.H. and Y.L.; funding acquisition, S.Z. and Q.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China (grant number 2021 YFB3701201), and the Beijing Science and Technology Plan (grant number Z221100005822002).  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** Author [PERSON] and [PERSON] are employed by the GRIPM Group Co., Ltd. Author [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] are employed by the GRINM Additive Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 4 Experiments
### Error Analysis  
We analyzed examples in the VisDial v1.0 validation set for which our model obtained a score of 0 for the R@10 metric. The errors can be categorized into three groups: (1) Subjective judgment: Our model tends to make wrong predictions for the questions about age, weather, and appearance that could involve subjective judgment, but might be acceptable (Figure 6a,b). (2) Ambiguous questions: Our model may focus on the wrong visual contents, for instance the left and right side walls rather than the rear wall when faced with an ambiguous question (Figure 6c). (3) Wrong multimodal alignment: When the dialog history includes multiple entities (e.g., \"boys\", \"pizzas\", and \"toppings\") that can be referenced by a single pronoun (i.e., \"them\"), MVAN may be confused as to which entity the pronoun refers (Figure 6d).  
Figure 5: Qualitative results on the VisDial v1.0 validation set. We visualize the different attention scores for each module: (1) Attention scores from Topic Aggregation module and Context Matching module are highlighted in red and blue, respectively; (2) semantic intent of the current question represented via the topic-view alignment step in yellow; and (3) the top three attention scores of visual features from the context-view alignment step, which are represented by the b-boxes with fine adjustment of transparency in the given image. The numbers in the brackets indicate the rank of the correct answer that our model predicts. Darker colors indicate higher attention scores. More qualitative results are described in Appendix A.
## 3 Modelling, Parameter Adjustment, and Results
### Choosing the Grid Density  
The choice of the numerical model grid density was made to balance the precision advantage with necessary computation time. We studied several mesh types (from coarsermeshes (cell dimensions 0.25 m \(\times\) 0.25 m \(\times\) 0.25 m) to fine meshes (0.05 m \(\times\) 0.05 m \(\times\) 0.05 m), and we aimed to achieve good results with short modeling times. The temperature variation profiles over time were compared to the experimental temperature variation profile for each grid's dimensions (Figure 3).  
The temperature accuracy for the entire time interval (i = 0 \(\div\) 760 s) is indicated by a parameter regrouping the temperature prediction error (Equation (1)) at all-time steps during the entire monitoring interval. We used the standard deviation error (Equation (2)) to characterize the numerical model precision for the entire time interval. For each grid's dimensions, the calculation time and the standard error were estimated. Table 2 reunites the main characteristics of each grid type. One can notices for the course meshes the calculation time is very short (about 30 min), but the error is too large considering the studied phenomenon (about 21 \({}^{\circ}\)C). On the contrary, the fine meshes (cell dimension 0.1 m and 0.05 m) present smaller errors but increased calculation time. We considered the grid with cell dimension 0.1 m is the best option, based on the two criteria.  
\[\mathrm{Err}=\theta_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{model}}-\theta_{\mathrm{i}}^{ \mathrm{experiment}}\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C} \tag{1}\]  
\[\sigma_{\mathrm{Err}}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\left(\theta_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{ model}}-\theta_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{experiment}}\right)^{2}}{\mathrm{N}-1}\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C}} \tag{2}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Grid Dimension** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Number of Cells**} & **Calculation** & \(\sigma_{\mathrm{Err}}\) \\
**(m \(\times\) m \(\times\) m)** & & **Time (h)** & \({}^{\circ}\)**C** \\ \hline
0.25 m \(\times\) 0.25 m \(\times\) 0.25 m & 7888 & 0.5 h & 21.0 \\
0.20 m \(\times\) 0.20 m \(\times\) 0.20 m & 15,120 & 1 h & 19.8 \\
0.15 m \(\times\) 0,15 m \(\times\) 0.15 m & 34,944 & 2 h & 12.8 \\
0.10 m \(\times\) 0.10 m \(\times\) 0.10 m & 117,936 & 7 h & 2.1 \\
0.05 m \(\times\) 0.05 m \(\times\) 0.05 m & 943,488 & 120 h & 1.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Characteristics of the model, according to grid dimension.  
Figure 3: Temperature evolution graph at different densities of the grid.
# Low Complexity DSP for High Speed Optical Access Networking +
###### Abstract  
A novel low-cost and energy-efficient approach for reaching 40 Gb/s signals is proposed for cost-sensitive optical access networks. Our proposed design is constituted of an innovative low-complex high-performance digital signal processing (DSP) architecture for pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), reuses existing commercial cost-effective 10-G components and eliminates the need of a power-hungry radio frequency (RF) component in the transmitter. Using a multi-functional 17-tap reconfigurable adaptive Volterra-based nonlinear equalizer with noise suppression, significant improvement in receiver optical power sensitivity is achieved. Results show that over 30 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) a link power budget of 33 dB is feasible at a bit-error-rate (BER) threshold of \(10^{-3}\).  
p _applied_  
_sciences_  
* 1 Currently with Optical and Quantum Communication laboratory, European Research Center, Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH, Riessstr. 25, 80992 Munich, Germany 12 Was with ADVA Optical Networking SE, Marzenquelle 1-3, 98617 Meiningen-Dreissigacker, Germany 2
* 3 Google Access, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7 This paper is a significantly extended version of paper published in The Optical Networking and Communication Conference & Exhibition, held in Los Angeles, CA, USA, 19–23 March 2017.
###### Abstract
[16] tried to reduce the equivalent dielectric constant of the substrate by removing a portion of the silicon substrate below the antenna, resulting in increases in antenna bandwidth and efficiency of 64% and 28%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [17] processed closely spaced holes on a high dielectric-constant substrate to synthesize a localized low dielectric-constant environment, thereby increasing the antenna bandwidth. However, these methods are somewhat complicated during manufacturing and not suitable for further integration and mass production. In this paper, a Ka-band silicon-based broadband stacked patch antenna based on bulk silicon micromachining technology is presented. The proposed antenna uses three layers of silicon, with each layer of 250 \(\upmu\)m stacked using high-precision wafer-level bonding technology. A high-resistivity silicon (HRSi) substrate is used to improve the antenna's gain performance. By enlarging the aspect ratio of the upper patch and adding a slotted patch as a double-tuned resonator, the bandwidth of the silicon-based antenna is effectively enhanced. The design of the antenna was guided by the theory of characteristic mode, revealing the principle of performance enhancement. Consequently, a 2 \(\times\) 2 subarray was presented to validate the antenna performance. The prototype unit has a measured impedance bandwidth (S\({}_{11}\)\(\leq\) -10 dB) of 13.8% from 26.2 GHz to 30.1 GHz. The peak boresight gain reaches 6.1 dBi in the operating frequency band, and the overall size of the unit is 5 mm \(\times\) 5 mm \(\times\) 0.78 mm (0.47\(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.47\(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.07\(\lambda_{0}\) at 28 GHz). The measured impedance bandwidth of the 2 \(\times\) 2 subarray is 11.4% from 27.2 GHz to 30.5 GHz, with a peak boresight gain of 9.3 dBi in the operating frequency band and a size of 9 mm \(\times\) 9 mm \(\times\) 0.78 mm (0.84\(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.84\(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.07\(\lambda_{0}\)). The antenna structure adopts an HRSi substrate, without the need for isomerism with other substrates or cavity-etching processes, which not only has certain advantages in mechanical reliability and consistency, but also makesit suitable for mass production. Furthermore, the subarray can be extended to an N \(\times\) N mm-wave active phased array.
## 5 Conclusions

Table 6: Ka-band Rectangular Waveguide to Microstrip Line Transition Design Results. eliminates the need for the previously existing Ka-band rectangular waveguides to microstrip line transitions, consisting of composite multi-section impedance transformers, tapered/exponential transformers, Chebyshev transformers, bow-tie structures, and circular and semicircular patch structures, etc. These features make this transition the most compact and simplest available and the most suitable for RADAR, wireless, and satellite communication applications. The proposed transition could form an essential part of MIC/MMIC-based circuits and systems, to interconnect with transmitter and receiver front ends, as well as waveguide components and structures. In the future, the bandwidth of the designed Ka-band transition could be increased through the use of advanced techniques, such as using a metamaterial split ring resonator/complementary split ring resonator and fractal geometries of the microstrip antenna insertion in the rectangular waveguide. The equivalent RLC circuits of the proposed transition model enable its use with any planar circuit or system. This transition, not only covers the Ka-band, but also could be suitable for use in applications with the K-band (23.52 GHz to 26 GHz), Q-band (33 GHz to 45 GHz), and U-band (40 GHz to 45 GHz). Conceptualization, A.V. and V.S. ; methodology, A.V. and C.N. ; software, A.V., C.N. and A.K.G. ; validation, A.V. and V.S. ; formal analysis, A.V. and Y.M. ; investigation, A.V., V.S. and Y.M. ; resources, A.V. ; writing--original draft preparation, A.V. ; writing--review and editing, A.V., A.K.G. and Y.M. ; visualization, V.S. and C.N. ; supervision, V.S. ; funding, Y.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the research funding to the Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL) from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The authors declare that all data are provided in the article. The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the Honorable, [PERSON] (DU), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India, for his motivation and encouragement regarding the research and for providing the simulation and laboratory environment for conducting this research work. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results Evaluation and Discussion
### End-to-End Delay (EED) Analysis  
Tabular and graphical representations of the EED results are presented in Table 7 and Figure 4, respectively. When a data packet takes more time than anticipated, a delay is declared to have occurred. The delay represents latency in the data packet when it travels from one sensor node to another. The simulations for EED were executed for 1000 s, divided into ten slices. Each slice represents 100 s. The data analysis was performed by focusing on each simulation cycle. The average values determined for EED are presented in Figure 5. It can be observed from the graphical illustrations that the proposed CR-NBEER protocol performed well compared to the existing Co-UWSN, CEER, and NBEER protocols.  
It can be seen that, over time, the values of EED decreased to below those of the other protocols. It is a crucial factor and focus that the proposed protocol should be able to decrease the EED as much as possible in order to improve network performance.
## 2 Experimental Design  
In order to compare the cutting performance of the diamond-coated rhombic milling cutter and the staggered helical one, the investigation of milling CFRP at high speed was designed in this paper. In the experiment, reverse milling was adopted, the Kistler 9171A dynamometer was directly fixed onto the VDL-1000E three-axis milling machine spindle, and the three-direction cutting forces in the milling were collected using the cutting force measurement and data acquisition system. The test site layout is shown in Figure 1. The experimental material was T700 multi-directional laminated CFRP composite panel made of AG-80 epoxy resin. Its specification was 200 mm \(\times\) 110 mm \(\times\) 5 mm and the fiber volume ratio was 60 \(\pm\) 5%. The self-made rhombic milling cutter and staggered helical milling cutter were used in the experiment, and YG8 cemented carbide with 8% Co. was selected as the substrate material of the experimental cutting tools. The rhombic milling cutter includes a dextral cutting edge with a 15\({}^{\circ}\) helical angle and a sinistral cutting edge with a 40\({}^{\circ}\) helical angle, while for the staggered helical milling cutter, its sinistral and dextral cutting edges were both with a 6\({}^{\circ}\) helical angle, and the diameters of the two milling cutters are both 10 mm, as shown in Figure 2.  
In the experiment, the cutting parameters were kept invariable, that is, the spindle speed was 3285 r/min, the cutting speed 100 m/min, the feed per tooth 0.02 mm/z, the cutting width 1 mm, and the cutting depth 5 mm. In order to observe the effect of tool wear on the machined surface quality, every time the milling proceeded 1 m away, the tool was removed to detect the wear state, and the machined workpieces with different tool wear stages were retained to facilitate the observation of the machined surface morphology. The machined surface morphology and the tool wear were measured using a VHY-1000 super-high magnification lens zoom three-dimensional (3D) microscope and SU3500 scanning electron microscope, respectively. Meanwhile, a Taylor Surface CCI white light interferometer was used to measure the workpiece surface roughness. The experiment was not stopped until obvious burrs occurred on the workpiece surface.
# Participatory Exhibition-Viewing Using Augmented Reality and Analysis of Visitor Behavior
## 2 Related Work
### Audience Engagement with Exhibits  
The behavior of visitors within a venue is a crucial indicator for its operation and adjustment. Traditionally, exhibition interactions were confined to individual experiences through passive viewing. However, as visitors increasingly engage with venues through technological elements and even participate in exhibit content, their interactive behaviors extend into social realms. [PERSON] and colleagues emphasize how cultural consumption experiences in museums can foster \"interactive sociality\" both inside and outside museum spaces. Leveraging this interactive sociality, administrators can significantly enhance the museum's contemporary societal value and social significance. In the realm of art creation, there's a noticeable trend toward directly involving the audience in the artwork, transforming individual actions into integral components of the piece [2].  
Building on this, researchers have developed systems like DRAMATRIC, which analyze group behavior through sensors and subtly adjust the storyline content based on collected data [10]. Moreover, studies exploring people's perceptions and expectations regarding the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in museums present a complex picture, integrating ICT usage as a part of the visiting experience [11]. With the ubiquity of mobile devices, researchers are exploring ways to transform personal devices into shared or collaborative tools using social networks, location-based services, or proximity-based connections, turning individual devices into tools for face-to-face interaction [12].  
In light of these insights and recognizing the transformative potential of AR technology, this study aims to further elevate the interactive sociality within venues. AR technology and the internet serve as mediums for enhancing sharing and collaboration, allowing visitors to not only engage more deeply with the artworks but also to contribute to the communal narrative of the exhibition. This not only enriches the individual's experience but also amplifies the venue's social value, demonstrating AR's significant role in shaping modern exhibition practices. By incorporating examples of past exhibitions that have utilized AR to enhance visitor engagement, we draw attention to the shift from passive to active interactions, highlighting the unique contributions of our work in promoting a more interactive and participatory exhibition experience.