## 7 Pharmacological Effects  
### Antiviral Effect  
A study exploring the antiviral properties of _T. chinensis_ revealed that its five active components--Vitexin, Orientin, Trolline, Veratric acid, and Vitexin-2''-O-\(\beta\)-L-galorientin--exert their effects by modulating Toll-like receptors (a critical class of protein molecules associated with non-specific immunity/natural immunity). Specifically, the _T. chinensis_ soft capsule demonstrated in vitro inhibition of human coronavirus OC43 replication, accomplished through the regulation of TLRs to suppress elevated expression of host cell cytokines such as IL-1B, IL-6, and IFN-a mRNA induced by viral infection. These findings substantiate the inhibitory mechanism of the _T. chinensis_ soft capsule against the virus [65]. Examining 26 active components such as Rutin, Luteolin-7-O-glucose, Kaempfer, Genistin, Apigenin, Scutellarin, Orientin, Daidzin, Vitexin, 3'-Hydroxy Puerarin, Puerarin, Daidzein, 3'-Methoxypuerarin, 2''-O-Beta-L-Galactoside, Rosmarinic acid, Proglobolowery acid, Caffeic acid, Protocatechuric acid, Ferulic acid, Veratric acid, Indirubin E, Oleracein E, Trollioside, Carbonoside I, 2''-O-(2''-methyl butanol)isodangyloxanthin, 2''-O-(2''-methylbutyryl) Vitexin, and glucose veratrate in _T. chinensis_, were observed to bind to the Mpro protein (2019-nCoV novel coronavirus pneumonia hydrolase Mpr0 protein) primarily through hydrogen bonds. This binding showcased Mpro protein-binding activity, affirming the potential of _T. chinensis_ against novel coronaviruses [29]. Influencing pivotal anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory targets, _T. chinensis_, when combined with multiple inflammatory and immunomodulatory pathways such as tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)), HIF-1, and Toll-like receptors (TLR), exhibits anti-influenza viral effects, particularly against influenza A [66]. The antiviral action of _T. chinensis_ has been scrutinized through cyberpharmacology. While cyberpharmacological analyses offer valuable insights into pharmacological research, their reliance on network interactions between biomolecules and extensive databases introduces challenges related to data quality and reliability. Furthermore, the intricate nature of biological systems, limited experimental data, and the evolving understanding of drugs and targets require cautious consideration of credibility, necessitating further validation through pharmacological experiments [67]. Chicken embryos served as the medium for influenza virus cultivation, with the inhibitory effect of _T. chinensis_ alcohol extract on viral proliferation in chicken embryo allantoic fluid evaluated through a chicken erythrocyte agglutination test. The results substantiated the direct inactivation of the influenza A virus by _T. chinensis_ alcohol extract in vitro. In a parallel experiment involving influenza A virus inoculation into chicken embryos, the _T. chinensis_ alcohol extract effectively curbed the proliferation of the virus within the embryos [68]. In a mouse model infected with influenza A (H1N1) virus, the study categorized the subjects into the control group, TGC group (_T. chinensis_ crude extract gavage group), VII1-3 groups (virus infection model 1-3 groups), and VI + TGC 1-3 groups (treatment 1-3 groups), each comprising 10 mice. Notably, the aqueous extract of _T. chinensis_ exhibited the potential to enhance the antiviral ability of mice. Subsequent comparative analyses validated the initial findings, establishing that aqueous extracts of _T. chinensis_ augmented antiviral capacity in mice. Conversely, alcoholic extracts of _T. chinensis_ directly deactivated the influenza A virus [69]. Furthermore, the aqueous extract of _T. chinensis_ demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against the Cox B3 virus, achieving an inhibitory concentration of 0.318 mg/mL.