## 4 Health-Promoting Effects of Avocado and Its Bioactives
### Anti-Inflammatory Activity
These test results, with a dosage of 500 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), decreased by 85.41% the number ofocysts in the feces of mice and gravitated towards the fact that avocado fruit plays a serious antioxidant, anticoccidial, and anti-inflammatory role. A huge and important role of the anti-inflammatory bioactives of avocado is to prevent inflammation-induced cancer, namely, (DEN)/2--acetylaminofluorene (2 AAF)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis [112]. In this study, a group of rats were treated with avocado seeds and avocado fruit extract and went through many tests. One test was the determination of enzymes that show liver functionality and cancer marker assessments, namely, ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase), GGT (Gamma--Glutamyl Transferase), ALT (Alanine Amotransferase), and bilirubin levels. Activities of such markers were elevated in comparison to the control group while the avocado-treated mice had a downward trend with regard to them, while serum protein levels increased. In addition to that, this treatment downregulated the increase in the serum compounds, AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein), CEA (Carcinembryonic Antigen), CA19.9 (Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9), and miR-122 (microRNA-122), in contrast to the untreated group, while LPO levels decreased and GSH (glutathione) levels increased. Lastly, inflammation markers were lowered through the reduction of COX-2, NF-kB, and Ki-67, which are linked to inflammation. This study also concluded that p53 and BAX levels increased, meaning that apoptosis pathways were enabled to maintain tissue homeostasis. In addition, another study by [PERSON] et al. [113] examined an agent used to treat cancer as it counteracts human tumors and autoimmune diseases but, unfortunately, with unwanted side effects. By examining the pharmacokinetics of Cyclophosphamide (CPA), this study established that its products inside the human body disrupt homeostasis and induce toxicity in urological and pulmonary systems as they instigate fibrosis, necrosis, hemorrhagicystitis, and peroxididative damage. Three groups of mice control, CPA-treated and CPA + AE-treated, were studied with reference to several biochemical and enzymatic parameters. In more detail, it is speculated that administering AE helped keep Glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels at an adequate level via augmenting the activity of regulative enzymes of oxidative stress. In addition, avocado constituents such as persin, acetogenins, persenone A, carotenoids, and vitamin E, are reported to prevent oxidative damage in tissues by suppressing CYP2B6-mediated CPA metabolism. It is reported that the main mechanism proposed for inflammatory protection is the inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by avocado acetone extract acetogenins. [PERSON] et al. [25] studied the determination of the anti-inflammatory effect of avocado in carrageenanan-induced edema in rats. The outcome of the study was attributed to the content of the avocado cultivars that contain certain bioactives such as \(\beta\)-sitosterol, \(\alpha\)-tocopherol, and palmitoleic acid, which possess an anti-inflammatory activity. It is speculated that avocado oil interacts with COX-2 enzymes. In the end, the study pointed out a clear relationship between edema reduction and avocado oil dosage. Both oils with a dosage of 15 mg/kg had a similar inhibition in the rat paw edema of 35%.