esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2016) studied the physical and chemical characteristics of oil and biodiesel of Kutkura (_Meyna spinosa Roxb Ex._) seed oil. The amount of Kutkura (_Meyna spinosa Roxb_.) oil content was about 34%. The results of the study of physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from Kutkura (_Meyna spinosa Roxb_.) showed that the measured properties meet the limits of ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. [PERSON] et al. (2016) studied the biodiesel from produced _Ricinus communis_ L. Oil in terms of physical and chemical properties. Potassium hydroxide was used as the catalyst for transesterification reaction. Investigation of various variables showed that the optimal conditions for biodiesel production were as follows: methanol/oil molar ratio = 6:1, reaction temperature = 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, reaction time = 45 min and catalyst amount = 0.32 g. Results of qualitative evaluation showed that the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from _Ricinus communis_ L. Oil is consistent with the requirements of ASTM standards. [PERSON] et al. (2016) studied the physical and chemical characteristics of the biodiesel produced from _Pistacia Khinjuk_. The oil content obtained from _Pistacia Khinjuk_ seed was reported to be 35-40%. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel of pistacia (_Pistacia Khinjuk_) oil seed meet the ASTM standard. Recently, many studies have been conducted on different cultivars of camelina sativa for biodiesel production. In Table 1, a number of studies are reviewed. The literature review of the biodiesel resource revealed that seed oil can be used as biodiesel [21; 47; 48; 49]. In the present study, Camelina \"Soheil\" seed oil was studied for biodiesel production. Camelina \"Soheil\" grows in areas with lower fertility, requires less irrigation and fertilization, and produces seeds that can produce large amounts of oil. So Camelina \"Soheil\" is capable of growing in different regions of Iran. The objective of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production from Camelina \"Soheil\" seed using ultrasonic system and optimize the process of biodiesel production by the response surface methodology (RSM). Also, the effect of Camelina \"Soheil\" biodiesel on performance and emissions parameters of diesel engine was investigated.
# Off-Cloud Anchor Sharing Framework for Multi-User and Multi-Platform Mixed Reality Applications
## 7 Conclusions  
This article introduced a novel off-cloud anchor sharing framework for multi-user and multi-platform MR applications. The proposed framework addresses key challenges in cross-platform XR development, such as ensuring real-time synchronization, facilitating multi-user collaboration and eliminating reliance on third-party cloud services. By employing the local storage system and efficient communication protocols, the system achievesa fast synchronization of spatial anchors and enhances the overall UX in collaborative MR scenarios.  
The development of a practical use case demonstrates the practicality and versatility of the system, highlighting its ability to operate seamlessly across heterogeneous devices like Microsoft HoloLens 2 smart glasses and desktop computers.  
The results obtained from the performed experiments demonstrate a clear correlation between anchor size and system performance. As the spatial anchor increases in complexity and memory size, all measured durations also increase, particularly client-side load time and data transmission, both for the tested LAN and WAN. While larger anchors offer better spatial mapping and alignment accuracy, they introduce significant performance compromises. The results indicate that anchor sizes should be carefully managed depending on the application real-time requirements, especially in collaborative MR settings where synchronization speed and responsiveness are critical. However, this does not represent a major drawback since the system was designed with this in mind and stores the anchors in local memory. Thus, the anchor sharing for the initial synchronization of XR experiences only has to be performed once whenever an MR user arrives at a new location.  
In conclusion, a practical and adaptable system for the creation of multiplayer and multi-platform applications has been proposed in this article, providing a set of valuable guidelines for the future development of collaborative XR experiences.  
Design, A.V.-B., O.B.-N. and T.M.F.-C.; software, A.V.-B. and O.B.-N.; experiments, A.V.-B.; writing--original draft preparation, A.V.-B.; writing--review and editing, A.V.-B. and P.F.-L.; supervision, T.M.F.-C.; funding acquisition, P.F.-L. and T.M.F.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work has been funded by grants PID2020-118857 RA-100 (ORBALLO) and TED2021-129433A-C22 (HELENE) funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union NextGenerationEU/PTRTR.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Experimental Validation
### Case 1
#### 4.1.2 Image Fusion Experiment  
This paper proposes multiplying the MTF, CWT, and RP images by specific coefficients and using them as the R, G, and B channels for image fusion. To determine the optimal coefficients and corresponding images for each channel that contain the most bearing fault features, we conducted three sets of experiments, progressively analyzing each layer. The experiments are named as follows: when MTF is used as the R channel input, CWT as the G channel input, and RP as the B channel input, with the coefficients [0.2, 1, 0.21], the configuration is named 0.2 MTF-CWT-0.2 RP. The experimental results are presented in Figure 8 and Table 5.  
The experiments are divided into three groups:  
Figure 8: Results of the image fusion experiments on the CWRU dataset: (**a**) first group; (**b**) second group; (**c**) third group.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Task** & **0** & **1** & **2** & **3** \\ \hline Load (HP) & 0 HP & 1 HP & 2 HP & 3 HP \\ Speed (rpm) & 1797 & 1772 & 1750 & 1730 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: CWRU dataset operating conditions.  
Figure 7: Time series waveforms of CWRU dataset bearings under different health conditions.  
**First group:** By using different images as the B channel input and setting its coefficient to 1 for emphasis, we compared which image processing method had the most significant impact on the results. The experimental results indicated that emphasizing the CWT image with a coefficient of 1 yielded the highest fault diagnosis accuracy.  
**Second group:** This experiment explored which channel input for CWT achieved the highest accuracy. The results showed that when CWT was used as the G channel input, the fault diagnosis accuracy was the highest.  
**Third group:** With CWT set as the G channel input, this experiment investigated how changes in the R and B channel images or their coefficients affected fault diagnosis performance. The results demonstrated that the combination of 0.2 MTF-CWT-0.2 RP yielded the best fault diagnosis performance and contained the most comprehensive image information.  
Therefore, this paper proposes using 0.2 MTF-CWT-0.2 RP as the input for the MCR-KAResNet-TLDAF method.
## 2 NB-IoT System Detailed Design and Implementation
### NPDSCH Receiver Chain Implementation
#### 2.2.13 RAM Memory Resources Sharing  
Due to the large similarly-sized memory requirements in the synchronization block and the rate de-matcher block and the fact that the two blocks do not simultaneously access their memories, it becomes appealing to share the RAM resources of these blocks.  
Mainly, the sharing is made possible by multiplexing the two clocks of the blocks with the selection of the LOCKED signal which indicates the activity of the synchronization process. This signal is also used to multiplex the inputs to the RAM, the pointers, and the enables. Additionally, a multiplexing process is implemented to help implement the rate de-matcher RAM as multiple smaller RAM blocks.
# Progress in Construction Robot Path-Planning Algorithms: Review
## 2 Environmental Modeling and Path Quality Assessment Standards
### Environmental Modeling
#### 2.1.2 Topological Methods (TM)  
The TM environmental modeling method uses nodes to represent specific locations and edges to show connections between these points. This method disregards the precise shape of the environment, instead using points and lines to depict important locations in space and their interconnections. By focusing on the connectivity of paths, this approach is particularly suitable for complex, large-scale environments, such as mountainous terrain [21].  
Voronoi diagrams are commonly used to depict this type of environmental model. A Voronoi diagram divides the plane into different regions, each of which is called a Voronoi cell or Voronoi polygon. Each Voronoi cell is associated with a particular point, known as a seed point or generator. Any point within the cell is closer to its corresponding seed point than to any other seed point. See Figure 3.
# A Fading Suppression Method for \(\Phi\)-OTDR Systems Based on Multi-Domain Multiplexing
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis  
In this section, the effects of the spatial weighting, PDM, and FDM optimal methods on fading noise suppression are discussed.
## 4 Synthesis and Summary
### Citation and Co-Citation Network Summary  
The citation analysis shows that, though China has the highest of citations, with reference to Table 6, the average citation rate of Chinese scholars in the USV field is comparatively low in the top five most cited countries, with nearly a third of the articles never having been cited. The USA has a total number of citations close to China, whereas it only has about the half of publications of China's, showing that the USA's new technology in USV research currently has a relatively powerful international impact, and that China should make efforts to enhance the quality of its articles.  
According to co-citation analysis, the new technology in USV research primarily focused on four aspects: control system, navigation technology, robot automation and visual remote sensing, as well as autonomous visual perception, such as path planning and object detection.  
The primary journals that witnessed substantial contributions from international scholars and exhibited significant impact citations included _Journals of Ocean Engineering, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Sensors, IFAC-PapersOnLine_ and _Applied Sciences-Basel_.  
A co-citation analysis of these referenced journals reveals four principal thematic clusters where scholars, engaged in the field of USV, actively contribute: (i) models, algorithms and systems; (ii) navigation, sensing and safety; and (iii) automation and robots; (iv) AI, deep learning and intelligent machines.
## 7 Conclusions
; writing--original draft preparation, A.M.; writing--review and editing, A.M. and T.F. ; visualization, A.M.; supervision, A.B. and F.M. ; project administration, A.M.; funding acquisition, A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/under REA grant agreement n\({}^{\circ}\)607214. Funding from the Swedish Energy Agency (P39368-2-F-Flex2) is gratefully acknowledged. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. **Nomenclature**  
0-D & Zero-Dimensional  
3-D & Three-Dimensional  
AMN/1-MN & Alpha Methylnaphthalene, C\({}_{11}\)H\({}_{10}\)  
aTDC & After Top Dead Centre  
BEV & Battery Electric Vehicle  
bTDC & Before Top Dead Centre  
CAE & Computer Aided Engineering  
CAD & Crank Angle Degree  
CFD & Computational Fluid Dynamics  
CFM1D-TC & One-Dimensional Coherent Flame Model-Tabulated Chemistry  
CI & Compression Ignition  
CMC & Conditional Moment Closure  
CO & Carbon Monoxide  
CO\({}_{2}\) & Carbon Dioxide  
CPV & Combustion Progress Variable  
DI & Direct Injection  
ECFM-3Z & Extended Coherent Flame Model 3 Zones  
EGR & Exhaust Gas Recirculation  
EOI & End of Injection  
FPI & Flame Prolongation of Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold  
ETRF & Ethanol Toluene Reference Fuel  
GHG & Green House Gases  
HCCI & Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition  
ICE & Internal Combustion Engine  
ICEV & Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles  
IFP-EN & French Institute of Petroleum  
ILDM & Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold  
KLSA & Knock Limit Spark Advance  
LES & Large Eddy Simulation  
LHV & Lower Heating Value  
MD & Methyl Decanoate, C\({}_{11}\)H\({}_{22}\)O\({}_{2}\)  
MDF & Mass Density Function  
NOx & Nitrogen Oxides  
NTC & Negative Temperature Coefficient  
OEM & Original Equipment Manufacturer  
PAH & Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons  
PaSR & Partially Stirred Reactor  
RDE & Real Driving Emissions  
RoHR & Rate of Heat Release  
RANS & Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes  
SI & Spark Ignition  
SOI & Start of Injection  
SRM & Stochastic Reactor Model
## 3 MV Milano Bridge Accident and FRAM Application Data
### Evaluation of the Results for Each MV Milano Bridge Accident Function Based on FRAM  
The MV Milano Bridge accident was analyzed using functions based on the FRAM model, and the priority of each function was derived based on the sensitivity of three factors (open-source network analysis, aspect activation, and inter-function connectivity). At the end of the evaluation, functions with an \(F_{pi}\) of 10.0 or higher were F15, F18, F19, F21, and F27, which were then used to evaluate the cause of the accident.  
For example, when the accident occurred, the ability to maneuver Function 15 was insufficient [34]. Function 15, the controller of the accident, was related to the master of the ship and was applied from the instant the ship departed from China until the collision. Because the ballast water was managed by the navigators of the vessel, a combination of technical and human functional errors occurred.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Function** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Connectivity**} \\ \hline F23 & In & F18, F20, F22, F27, F29 \\  & Out & F31 \\  & In & F11 \\ F24 & Out & F25, F26 \\  & In & F24 \\ F25 & Out & F27 \\  & In & F24 \\ F26 & Out & F27 \\  & In & F25, F26 \\ F27 & Out & F15, F19, F21, F23, F30, F31 \\  & In & F11 \\ F28 & Out & F29 \\  & In & F28 \\ F29 & Out & F19, F21, F23, F30 \\  & In & F18, F20, F22, F29 \\ F30 & Out & F21, F27, F31 \\  & In & F14, F15, F19, F21, F23, F27, F30 \\ F31 & Out & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **Aspect Activation Factor (\(a_{i}\))** & **Based on Text (\(b_{i}\))** & **Connectivity with Functions (\(c_{i}\))** & **Result (\(F_{pi}\))** \\ \hline F11 & 4.0 & 0.0 & 2.0 & 0.0 \\ F12 & 3.0 & 0.0 & 1.0 & 0.0 \\ F13 & 3.0 & 2.6 & 1.0 & 7.8 \\ F14 & 3.0 & 1.4 & 2.0 & 8.4 \\ F15 & 2.0 & 3.12 & 2.0 & 12.5 \\ F16 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 2.0 & 0.0 \\ F17 & 3.0 & 1.4 & 1.0 & 4.2 \\ F18 & 3.0 & 1.68 & 2.5 & 12.6 In addition to the human factors affecting the ship operation and personal factors of the pilot, the MV Milano Bridge collision accident analyzed using FRAM may have been caused by external factors, such as VTS control, environmental characteristics of the port, and tugboat. Furthermore, inappropriate work situations may have caused the accident, such as overconfidence in the experiential skills of the master, navigator, and pilot; inappropriate communication problems; lack of VTS control; and insufficient towing power. Therefore, when marine accidents are analyzed from a systemic perspective, the causes of accidents include not only individual factors but also environmental and systemic factors. Therefore, a systemic response strategy is necessary to prevent marine accidents.
## 3 Results  
### Results of Glacier Surface Elevation Change  
In the bi-static InSAR data processing, the non-local mean filtering is an important method that facilitates phase noise suppression and high terrain texture detail retention. Figure 3a,b show glacier DEMs obtained by the conventional Goldstein filter and non-local mean filter, respectively. In Figure 3a, there is more speckle noise in both glacial and non-glacial areas, whereas in Figure 3b, there is almost no such speckle noise. In addition, the terrain in Figure 3b can still maintain clear texture details at the end of the glacier, the channel features can especially be clearly displayed. The comparison of two DEMs shows that the non-local mean filter has the advantages of phase noise suppression and terrain texture detail preservation.  
We directly calculated glacier surface elevation changes using a differential phase. After obtaining the glacier surface elevation change results of each pair of bi-static InSAR images, the overlapping bi-static InSAR data were fused, for example, the Jiali_1 area, the Jiali_2 area, and the Jiali_3 area were merged into the Jiali area, etc., to reasonably estimate the overall glacier mass balance results in this region (Figures 4-6). In the process of merging, we used ArcGIS software 10.2 to mosaic the overlapping areas.  
Almost all glaciers in the SETP were in a state of melting from 2000 to 2014, and the maximum change in glacier surface elevation was \(-120\) m. At the top of some glaciers, there were also small areas of accumulation, with a maximum accumulation of 20 m. Additionally, we select a glacier (GLIMS_ID: G094528E30583N) (blue line in Figure 4b) to profile the glacier surface elevation change (Figure 7). We found that most of the glacier surface elevation changes were between 0 and \(-30\) m for this glacier.  
Figure 4: (a) Glacier elevation changes in the Jiali region from 2000 to 2014, (b) and the Bianba region from 2000 to 2014.  
Figure 3: (a) Glacier DEM using traditional Goldstein filter; (b) glacier DEM by non-local mean filter.
# Elevator Fault Diagnosis Method Based on IAO-XGBoost under Unbalanced Samples
## 2 Elevator Vibration Signal Feature Extraction  
### Elevator Vibration Signals  
Figure 1 shows a signal acquisition device arranged on top of an elevator car, including the vibration sensor to record three-axis (\(X\), \(Y\), and \(Z\)) vibration data and a serial port data logger to record data. The vibration sensor is installed on the top of the elevator car through the serial port data logger to obtain the elevator car vibration signal and sample the vibration signal at a frequency of 200 Hz.  
Figure 1: Signal acquisition equipment.  
Elevator faults are typically manifested in the horizontal vibration signal. The horizontal vibration signal is divided into the \(X\)-axis and the \(Y\)-axis; after experiments, the \(Y\)-axis vibration signal is more accurate for elevator fault diagnosis, so the \(Y\)-axis vibration signal is used for elevator fault diagnosis. The dataset contains signals from five states: normal operation, loose guide shoe, elevator emergency stop, poor car door sliding, and wear traction rope. A total of 650 samples make up the original dataset, and the length of each set of signals is 4000.  
The time domain and frequency domain waveforms of different conditions of vibration signal are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2a reveals that the normal signal is relatively stable in the time domain, whereas fault signals are larger amplitudes and irregular impacts. As seen in Figure 2b, the faulty conditions demonstrate irregular amplitudes between 0 and 40 Hz compared to normal operation. Observation of the time and frequency domain plots indicates that the elevator car vibration signal is nonstationary and nonperiodic in nature. Therefore, construction of a multi-dimensional feature vector is necessary in order to extract fault characteristics from the signals.  
Figure 2: Time and frequency domain diagrams of \(Y\)-axis vibration signal. (**a**) Time domain. (**b**) Frequency domain.  
### Elevator Vibration Signals  
Elevator fault vibration signals cannot be fully represented by a single domain alone [14]; in extracting fault features in a single domain, it is difficult to include fault features fully and accurately. The multi-domain features reflect the operation state of the elevator, extracting the time domain, frequency domain, and entropy features of elevator vibration signals. Specifically, 11 time-domain, 12 frequency-domain, and 3 entropy features are extracted from the elevator car vibration signal, comprising a 26-dimensional multi-domain feature set. Table 1 details the multi-domain features extracted.
## 2 Experiments and Methodology
### Measurement of bPVs  
The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of bPVs with flat and textured reflectors were monitored through a source meter (Keithley 2420, Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA) under AM 1.5 G conditions (intensity of 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\)) using a solar simulator (K201, McScince, Suwon, Republic of Korea) equipped with an Xe lamp and a collimated lens. For quantifying the improvement ratio, the measurement was systematically conducted at varying D\({}_{\text{RR}}\) and gaps among cells (D\({}_{\text{Gap}}\)), as shown in Figure 1c. Here, the textured reflectors were incorporated with bPVs, where the edge of bPV cell was aligned with the edge of a periodic textured structure. Notably, the BIPV case with a large D\({}_{\text{Gap}}\), designed for enhanced transmittance, was also taken into account to evaluate the impact of the textured reflector on the bPVs. The size of bifacial c-Si PV cell (A\({}_{\text{Cell}}\)) was fixed with 2500 mm\({}^{2}\), while D\({}_{\text{Gap}}\) was controlled by a black mask (in the range of 5-12.5 mm). Thus, the ratio between the area of the gap (A\({}_{\text{Gap}}\)) and the entire bPV area ranged from 17.3 (D\({}_{\text{Gap}}\) of 5 mm) to 36% (D\({}_{\text{Gap}}\) of 12.5 mm), as summarized in Table 1, which is similar to the general BIPV design [21].  
Moreover, the performance of the bPV was evaluated under various D\({}_{\text{RR}}\) ranging from 10 to 30 mm. As the ventilation through the D\({}_{\text{RR}}\) normally contributes to the decreasing temperature of the bPV during the daytime, such a large D\({}_{\text{RR}}\) is commonly adopted for BIPV installed at rooftops and curtain walls. Additionally, a large D\({}_{\text{RR}}\) guarantees easy access to rear reflectors and bPVs, which is essential for maintaining and operating the BIPV. The measurement was repeatedly conducted 3 times at each condition in a dark room to avoid errors during the measurement.
###### Abstract  
Satellite communication networks have gradually been recognized as an effective way to enhance the ground-based wireless communication. Considering the weight restriction of payloads, multi-antenna technologies have recently come into use on satellite platforms, and are capable of generating beams flexibly to provide services. To avoid incurring interferences, adjacent beams are designed to take different spectral resources. Unfortunately, this may limit the simultaneously accessed terminals since the spectrum cannot be fully used. In this paper, we propose a spectrum-saving transmission method in a satellite star network, where terminals communicate with each other through the hub station. Taking advantage of the great transmission capability differences of the hub station and terminals, we could allocate them the same spectral resources. Specifically, it is not necessary to use exclusive frequency bands for terminals.The proposed method can play a significant role when large numbers of users need to access the system with limited spectrum resource. To give a deep insight into the spectrum-saving method, the expressions of ergodic sum-rate are provided, and the impact of the number of accessed terminals is further analyzed. Simulation results validate the advantage of the proposed method in terms of bit error rate and ergodic sum rate.  
Keywords:multi-antenna satellite; spectrum-saving transmission; star network; ergodic sum rate +
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