# An IoT-Based Framework for Smart Water Supply Systems Management
## 3 Related Work  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic wireless network infrastructure that integrates various communication technologies and solutions to enable the interaction between people and things/objects [8]. This remarkable technology opens opportunities for the development of distinct applications for the so-called smart cities. For instance, in the context of water management, the use of IoT allows for monitoring and controlling water supply systems in real-time. A literature review on the use of IoT technologies for water management confirms that this theme has been the focus of a number of recent works. However, most of these research papers are largely engineering works. They focus on the IoT infrastructure itself to demonstrate and evaluate some implementation possibilities. Other works address innovative strategies for analyzing the copious amounts of data generated by the sensors. They want to identify patterns (e.g., water leakages) through big data technologies that usually do not present adequate response time in the context of water systems. Unfortunately, in real life scenarios, the analysis must produce results in real-time. Otherwise it may be too late to take the necessary actions to handle issues in the water supply systems. Therefore, efficient mechanisms are required to control and operate these systems, preventing undesirable incidents in real-time. The dynamic behavior of water supply systems requires the flexibility to deal with unpredictable situations. At the same time, it is necessary to maintain strict control to respect the operational and strategic policies defined by water management companies. This paper suggests the use of declarative business processes to provide flexibility and control in the operations of water supply systems. To confirm these facts, we present below a summary of the main works related to the theme addressed in this paper:  
* [PERSON] et al. [11] developed an automatic system for measuring water quality in real-time. The system uses water pH, turbidity, and temperature levels to determine the quality of the water. The data collected is sent to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) monitoring center in the form of a Short Message Service (SMS). If water does not present the expected quality level, it sends data to the management center and mobile devices. The solution is low cost and does not require personnel to be on call. However, the work is limited to water quality measuring. Figure 1: (a) Data collection; (b) data analysis; (c) monitoring (dashboard and alarms); (d) actions. It does not address other aspects of water supply systems, such as water leakage or interruption of water supply. * [PERSON] et al. [12] proposed an architecture to describe physical water scenarios to allow the integration of water equipment into an interoperable environment. The authors claim that the use of a platform-independent service-oriented architecture would simplify the integration of new water equipment. They evaluated the architecture through an experiment conducted in their laboratory to demonstrate the application of their architecture. In the context of water supply systems, it is essential to understand the performance behavior of the solution. Unfortunately, the experiment does not evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. * [PERSON] [13] implemented an IoT infrastructure that includes water flow sensors, water control valves, and a raspberry PI core controller. They use a web interface to monitor and control the water system to ensure equal water distribution to each connection point. This solution is a typical engineering work that demonstrates the practical implementation of infrastructure in a specific context. Hence, it is very difficult to replicate their work or apply their solution in water systems with different characteristics. * [PERSON] et al. [10] used CEP rules to detect real-time leaks in a water supply system. Water flow meters are installed in the system to monitor the pressure and flow rate of each block.