## 4 Discussion
It has been observed to be highly expressed in high-grade cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis in breast, pancreatic, bladder, and lung cancers [62]. In previous studies, specifically conducted on bladder cancer, _CDC20_ was presented as a biomarker that associates with poor prognosis [63; 64]. Another report showed that in breast cancer, _CDC20_ limits the activity of the tumor suppressor _SMAR1_[62], while there is evidence that the tumor suppressor _TP53_ inhibits the growth of cancer cells through indirect regulation of _CDC20_[65]. In all, _CDC20_ is often cited in the literature as a \"potentially innovative therapeutic target\" for cancer treatment [65; 66]. The _MCM5_ (Minichromosome Maintenance Deficient 5) gene, also known as CDC46, encodes the DNA replication licensing factor protein MCM5, which is implicated in initiating DNA replication. The MCM5 protein is up-regulated during the transition from the G\({}_{0}\) phase to the G\({}_{1}\)/S phase of the cell cycle and can be actively involved in its regulation. Previous studies have shown that the MCM5 protein is a very reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer. Completely differentiated cells of the healthy epithelium do not express this gene, yet cancer cells that show intense cell division strongly express _MCM5_, making its protein detectable in urine [67]. Among several FDA-approved diagnostic tests for the early detection of bladder cancer (cytoscopy, urine cytology, ImmunoCyt, and UroVysion), as well as for the detection of the biomarkers NMP22 (Nuclear matrix protein 22), BTA (bladder tumor antigen), MCM5 is a very reliable biomarker, regardless of the cancer type, with \(>\)70% sensitivity and \(>\)95% Negative Predictive Value (NPV) [67; 68; 69; 70]. Interestingly, LASP1 has been previously reported in the literature as a potential diagnostic marker of UBC [71; 72; 73]. The above-mentioned reports are in good agreement with our findings. In another report, the DDOST gene was found to be hypo-methylated and overexpressed in the majority of UBC samples. In particular, DDOST was in the core of the built protein-protein network in these tumors [74]. Although this was a single report on DDOST in UBC, it is also in agreement with our findings. _SMTN1_ is another interesting gene that we revealed. This gene encodes the Stathmin protein, which is also known as oncoprotein 18. This is very important for the regulation of the cytoskeleton, which is involved in many cellular processes, such as cytoplasmic organization, cell division and cell division [75]. In a recent report, it was shown that Stathmin is highly expressed in a wide range of cancers [76], including those of the lung, esophagus, breast, cervix, bladder urothelial carcinoma, and glioblastoma. In addition, the same study concluded that targeting this gene reduces cell proliferation, cell motility, and increases the apoptosis of neoplastic tumors. Specifically in UBC, it has been reported that Stathmin was found: (a) to be low or even not-expressed in the healthy urothel, (b) to correlate between high protein expression and tumor high stage and degree, (c) to be expressed in the majority of metastatic cancers. These studies are in agreement with our report, declaring _STMN1_ as a potential therapeutic target of great potential [77]. HMGA1 is another interesting up-regulated gene, connected to the tumor's progression and therapy resistance [78; 79; 80; 81; 82]. These reports are in accordance with our findings since HMGA1 was also up-regulated in \(>\)90% of tumors in our study, indicating that they indeed manifest similar genotypic profiles. Another interesting report showed that the TXN gene is probably a direct target of luteolin, which inhibits tumor proliferation through the rapamycin pathway [83]. On the other hand, _PTMA_[84], _IGFR2_[85], and _YWHAB_[86] are reported in the literature as three genes whose down-regulation is related to poor prognosis, cell proliferation enhancement, and anti-apoptosis, and are thus suspected to act as tumor suppressors.