## 3 The Design and Development of the RIACT Process  
This section overviews how optimized risk management and asset management principles inform the RIACT process to help enhance urban resilience (UR). Effective risk management, integral to UR, aligns with ISO 31000 principles including integration, structure, customization, inclusivity, dynamism, using the best available information, considering human and cultural factors, and continual improvement [7; 81]. These principles ensure a comprehensive, adaptable approach to managing risks in urban settings. Integrating risk management into city operations necessitates strong leadership, a thorough understanding of the city's context, and a proactive approach to building UR (Table 1). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Principle Name** & **Definition in ISO** & **How to Implement It in UR** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Integration} & Risk management should be integrated into all aspects of the organization’s operations rather than being treated as a separate function. & Urban resilience (UR) planning should be integrated into all aspects of the city’s operations, including land use planning, infrastructure development, emergency management, and community engagement. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Structure and comprehensiveness} & The organization should have a clear and systematic approach to risk management which takes into account all relevant factors and risks. & The city should develop a structured and comprehensive approach to UR planning which considers all relevant risks and vulnerabilities, as well as the city’s specific goals and objectives. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Customization} & The risk management process should be tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of the organization, taking into account its external and internal context. & The UR plan should be customized to the specific needs and circumstances of the city, taking into account its unique external and internal context. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Inclusivity} & All relevant stakeholders should be involved in the risk management process in order to ensure that their knowledge, views, and perceptions are taken into account. & The UR planning process should involve all relevant stakeholders, including community members, government agencies, private sector organizations, and non-profit groups. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Dynamism} & Risk management should be able to anticipate, detect, acknowledge, and respond to changes and events in a timely and appropriate manner. & The UR plan should be designed to anticipate, detect, acknowledge, and respond to changes and events in a timely and appropriate manner. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Best available information} & Risk management should be based on the best available information while taking into consideration any constraints and uncertainties. & The UR strategy should be based on the best available information, taking into consideration any constraints and uncertainties. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Human and cultural factors} & Risk management should take into account the role that human behaviour and culture play in shaping risk management practices. & UR planning should take into account the role that human behaviour and culture play in shaping the city’s resilience. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Continual improvement} & Risk management should be a continuous process with an emphasis on learning and improvement over time. & The UR plan should be a continuous process with an emphasis on learning and improvement over time. This can be achieved through continuously monitoring and evaluating the plan’s effectiveness, as well as through regular updates, to address new risks and vulnerabilities. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Urban resilience principles: ISO integration and implementation analysis. Integrating risk management into an organization requires leadership and commitment.