# Multiagency Modeling of Transformation Strategies Towards Sustainable Smart Cities
## 2 A Brief Review of Smart City Approaches
and minimal impact on the environment (toxic waste, air and water pollution, hazardous chemicals, etc.)\". Most proposals for capturing the specificity of smart cities consider various dimensions, for example, mobility or the environment, each of which characterizes an aspect of the city that municipal authorities consider vital in terms of contributing to the city's smartness. An example of such an approach is the IDC Government Insights' Smart City Maturity Model [12], which identifies the stages, key measures, results, and actions required for cities to move through stages and progress toward the final objective of becoming a smart city. The model determines the key characteristics, intermediary goals, and benefits of each stage. Another example is the methodology developed within the REMOURBAN project [13], which characterized 41 European middle-sized cities with the aim of devising their sustainable urban transformation. For each application domain, sets of technical indicators such as energy, mobility, and ICT; and non-technical indicators like people, governance, and finance were defined. These indicators, along with statistical methods, were used for clustering together cities that had similar characteristics. Cities strive to become smart. Governments, agencies, and in particular the European Commission are bombarded with project applications. Thus, the issue of the selection of valuable proposals arises. The same is true for the assessment of on-going and completed smart city projects [14; 15]. The ASCIMER project, supported by the European Investment Bank, has developed a methodology to assess and prioritize smart city projects [16]. By the same token, the Scottish Government together with the Scottish Cities Alliance commissioned a project [17] whose aim was to help Scotland's cities to: (i) assess the position of cities along the path of transformation; (ii) decide where cities want to be by 2020; (iii) identify what investments and adjustments are required; and (iv) consider whether any parts of transformation programs might be better advanced in collaboration with other cities and partners. Sometimes the models confine themselves to specific areas, as the model presented in [13], which evaluates the performance of planning urban energy use only. The issue of smart cities is subject to permanent standardization efforts. One example is the smart city concept model (SCCM) published by the British Standards Institution [18], which defines a series of 27 concepts that can be used to describe the entities that are typically contained in city data, and goes on to highlight where those concepts are linked to city scenarios. SCCM served as the basis of the ISO 37106 Standard of Smart Operating Model [19], which can help cities and communities in their transformation initiatives. The CEN-CENELEC-ETSI (CEN--European Committee for Standardization, CENELEC--European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, ETSI--European Telecommunications Standards Institute) Sector Forum on Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities has mapped standardization activities and published a set of standards related to the development of smart cities [20]. The indicators regarding ICT are collected in the ISO/IEC 30146:2019 \"Information Technology--Smart City ICT Indicators\" standard [21].