esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Forest Fire Risk Prediction in China
### Comparison between the Fire Risk Rating Systems in China and Those Used in Other Regions  
Several countries including Australia, Canada and U.S.A. have developed sophisticated Forest Fire Danger Rating Systems (FFDRS) [106-112]. The U.S. National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) was constructed in 1968. In the NFDRS, a Fire Danger Rating level takes into account current and antecedent weather, fuel types, and both live and dead fuel moisture [107-109]. Existing large fire forecast products are utilized, specifically Relative Greenness (RG), the Fire Potential Index (FPI), and 7-day weather forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) to produce 7-daily forecast maps of FPI, plus four large fire probability maps, and a table that presents the probability of large fires by Geographic Area Coordination Center (GACC) areas of responsibility [110].  
The Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS) has been under development since 1968. Currently, two subsystems-the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System and the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System--are being used extensively in Canada and internationally. The components of the CFFDRS include risk, weather, fuels, and topography, and provide the necessary inputs to predict fire weather, fire occurrence, and fire behavior. Fuel moisture models are currently being developed for a range of Canadian forest types. Together, these systems predict the potential fire danger within the forest [111,112].  
While in China, above-mentioned systems such as FFDRS and CFFDRS are still difficult to implement, because they are based on a lot of heterogeneous sources data, such as fuel property and fire characteristics data from in situ or remote sensing observations, meteorological data from observations and model prediction, topography data over long temporal scales but high spatial resolution, and socio-economic data.  
In order to support the decision making processes for Chinese government, a national forest fire risk weather danger has been promulgated [113], and a forest fire risk rating system at national-level has been developed [114, 115]. The system selects a prediction model according to forest fire risk rating and fire risk indexes defined by well-established standards in forestry. The system obtains daily meteorological dataset and information on weather forecast, and observed data of fire risk factors collected (such as fuel growing information, fuel water content, fuel types _etc._) from some key areas. It then generates the forest fire risk prediction for future 24 and 48 hours. The forest fire risk prediction results are delivered daily through a special forestry network and are published 4 times a week through a China Central Television Program. The forest fire risk monitoring operation has been very beneficial to China for detecting the fast changing burned areas, particularly when fires occur over the remote and sparsely populated areas.
# A Review of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Process Security Risks
## 4 Solutions
### Efficient and Secure Scaling of Information Networks  
As briefly discussed in Section 3.4.2, the requirement of scaling information networks in an industry can be complex, involving large costs. Care must be taken that the network-scaling solutions are the most cost-effective and efficient for the particular application. With the increasing adoption of IoT devices in the manufacturing sector, the predominant nature of the information network inevitably migrates towards wireless technologies. Current technologies that facilitate the wireless interconnection of manufacturing equipment and IoT devices include 2G/3G/4G, Bluetooth, ZigBee, SigFox and WiFi [8; 9; 46]. However, recent research and current developments in this domain propose and offer unique possibilities that could be implemented as highly effective and scalable solutions to the information network architecture while making provision for the necessary security measures.
# Data Imputation Based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation
## 4 Experimental Verification
### Evaluation of the Overall Experimental Effect of Data Imputation
#### 4.1.4. Experimental Results and Analysis
Our method significantly outperforms baseline LLMs and those paired with weaker retrieval methods, improving data imputation accuracy across various domains and compensating for the shortcomings of less advanced language models. For the top retrieved tuples fed into the LLMs, the success rate of retrieval tends to increase with k, meaning that a greater number of retrieved tuples is more likely to contain the target tuples needed for the input missing values. Intuitively, providing more retrieved tuples to the LLMs appears beneficial. However, increasing the length of input data introduces complexity in the LLMs' reasoning process. To further explore the impact of the number of retrieved tuples fed into the LLMs on data imputation, we conducted comparative experiments. Specifically, we used all test tuples from the ShowMovie and Cricket Players datasets and sampled 500 tuples with missing values from the other three datasets. We then provided different quantities of tuples retrieved by the re-ranker to GPT-3.5 to obtain the corresponding data imputation results. To reduce costs, we did not use GPT-4 in this phase of the experiment. From the three subplots in Figure 6, it is evident that the accuracy of data imputation does not significantly increase an the increase in the number of retrieved tuples fed into the LLMs. Instead, a decrease in accuracy is observed across all datasets. This result indicates a trade-off; the increase in the number of tuples required for the LLMs to process may negatively affect the accuracy of data imputation. Thus, the importance of an efficient retrieval module that can achieve high success rates with the minimal possible k is emphasized. While increasing the number of retrieved tuples generally improves the success rate of retrieval, it does not guarantee better imputation accuracy due to the complexity it introduces into the LLMs' reasoning process. This finding highlights the critical need for an effective retrieval module that can maximize success rates while minimizing the number of retrieved tuples.
# Enhancing Route Guidance with Integrated V2X Communication and Transportation Systems: A Review
## 7 Conclusions  
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of various vehicular communication models, focusing on dynamic route guidance systems (RGSs) and vehicular communication frameworks. The findings highlight significant advancements in vehicular communication, including decentralized V2V, decentralized V2I, centralized V2V, and centralized V2I architectures--each with unique advantages and use cases. Despite these contributions, notable limitations and research gaps remain. Many existing models are tailored for general traffic information systems and fail to address the specific requirements of RGS. Other models focus heavily on data routing and modeling but lack integration with comprehensive RGS frameworks and detailed communication architectures, limiting their practical implementation. These findings contribute to future research directions by emphasizing the need to integrate robust and scalable RGS communication architecture frameworks within vehicular communication models. We propose several key suggestions for future studies in communication networks for route guidance systems. These include exploring edge computing to reduce latency and enhance real-time processing, leveraging 5G and emerging wireless technologies to improve navigation and communication, and integrating cooperative communication and advanced driver assistance systems for better route guidance. Security and privacy are crucial, requiring methodologies to address cyber threats, ensure data integrity, and protect user privacy. Further, researchers should investigate AI and machine learning to optimize network resources, predict traffic, and adapt routing decisions. Multi-modal communication approaches, combining voice, visual, and haptic interfaces, can enhance user experience and minimize distractions. Energy-efficient protocols, such as energy harvesting and power management, can extend battery life and reduce communication energy consumption. Finally, user-centric design principles should guide interface development, feedback mechanisms, and information presentation to improve satisfaction and trust. These recommendations provide a robust foundation for advancing research in this field.  
Conceptualization, H.A., M.S.H. and A.A.; methodology, H.A., M.S.H. and A.A.; validation, M.S.H. and A.A.; formal analysis, H.A.; investigation, H.A.; resources, H.A., M.S.H. and A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, H.A.; writing--review and editing, M.S.H. and A.A.; funding acquisition, M.S.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was self-funded by the authors.  
**Data Availability Statement:** There are no data used in the paper.  
**Acknowledgments:** The work in this paper was supported, in part, by the Open Access Program at the American University of Sharjah. This paper represents the opinions of the author(s) and does not mean to represent the position or opinions of the American University of Sharjah.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions  
To be an anti-icing material, the hydrophobic/superhydrophobic coatings must significantly prevent, delay, or reduce the ice accretion in real flight icing conditions. The majority of work in the literature (see Table 1) focuses on testing superhydrophobic coatings at a speed equal to or lower than 50 m/s or rather in combination with an active system.  
The present study was aimed at understanding the effectiveness of superhydrophobic coatings to reduce ice formation in relevant flight icing conditions, at 50 and 95 m/s and at temperatures ranging between \(-\)3 and \(-\)23 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Two superhydrophobic coatings generated as a combination of roughness and low SFE were applied on two NACA0015 wing profiles and tested in an IWT without any active IPS.  
First, we observed the morphology of surfaces and measured their roughness and wettability; then, we evaluated the durability of these surfaces; finally, we tested them in an IWT. We found that at \(-\)23 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 95 m/s, with an exposure time of 77-79 s, the application of superhydrophobic coatings seems even detrimental, causing an increase of accreted ice on both the stagnation region (\(-\)1\(\rightarrow\)17%) and along the airfoils (\(-\)5\(\rightarrow\)39%). Whereas, at 95 m/s, but in glaze conditions, i.e., \(-\)6 and \(-\)8 \({}^{\circ}\)C, both superhydrophobic coatings achieved lower ice accretion at both the stagnation region (\(-\)2---34%) and along the airfoils (\(-\)29---73%) for an exposure time of 72-137 s. At 50 m/s for a longer exposure time (227-228 s) and at temperatures of \(-\)3 and \(-\)12 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the accreted ice was reduced mainly along the airfoils (by \(-\)12---100%), whereas no differences can be observed at the stagnation region (\(-\)5\(\rightarrow\)5%), probably due to the higher exposure time.  
These findings suggest that the effectiveness of these coatings in reducing the ice accretion largely depends on the tested conditions, so they can be highly helpful for a short exposure time, also at 95 m/s, and mainly in glaze ice conditions. Instead, for use in a wide range of flight icing conditions, both rime and glaze, and long exposure time, they must be considered as a support to an active system.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Energy Consumption Reduction Contribution of the Different Techniques  
In this sub-section, we present an analysis of the contribution of each energy conservation technique on the energy reduction achieved by our proposed hybrid technique.  
From our previous study, we compared the energy consumption of the centralized and distributed solution. The results revealed an increase in the lifespan of the WWPM by a factor of 13 in favor of the distributed solution. In this study, we focus on the distributed solution that implements distributed computing by using a Distributed Kalman Filter. Duty cycling and hierarchical sensing are then implemented on the distributed solution, and the contribution of each energy conservation technique (duty cycling and hierarchical sensing) to the energy reduction of the distribution solution is analyzed. Analysis is performed for the case where hierarchical sensing and duty cycling are implemented separately with the distributed solution (distributed computing) and the case where they are combinedly implemented with the distributed solution. For the analysis, we consider a one-hour period with no leak event. The result of the energy consumption analysis is presented in Table 7.  
From Table 7, it can be clearly seen that duty cycling has the highest impact on the energy reduction of the hybrid technique. Implementing duty cycling saves the node approximately 37 mAh of energy every hour in the case of no leak. This is because duty cycling affects the most energy consuming parts of the sensor node, i.e., the MCU and the transceiver, by switching them from the power-hungry active modes to the power-efficient deep sleep mode. The MCU and transceiver are switched to their active modes only when an interrupt is initiated by the accelerometer due to the detection of a leak event. Hierarchical sensing has a minimal effect on the energy reduction because it does not affect the MCU and transceiver. It only affects the sensors and thus influences only the energy consumed by the sensing unit. The result shows that implementing hierarchical sensing saves the node approximately 0.4 mAh of energy every hour in the case of no leak. This is because hierarchical sensing reduces the energy consumed by the sensing unit from 600 uA to 140 uA when no leak is detected on the pipeline.
# A Neural-Network-Based Watermarking Method Approximating JPEG Quantization
## 5 Computer Simulations
### Evaluation of the Proposed Attack Layer
#### 5.2.2 Evaluation of the Image Quality  
The image quality of the stego-images obtained from the JT-Net, the constant QAF-Net and QT-QAF-Net was evaluated using the SSIMs and PSNRs. The image quality of the stego-image \(\mathbf{I}_{st}\) against the original image \(\mathbf{I}\) can be expressed as \(\text{SSIM}(\mathbf{I}_{st},\mathbf{I})\) by (17) and \(\text{PSNR}(\mathbf{I}_{st}|\mathbf{I})\) by (23). Figure 11 shows the SSIM and PSNR. The horizontal and vertical axes represent the embedding intensity \(\alpha\) and SSIM or PSNR, respectively. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the SSIMs and PSNRs. Embedding a watermark strongly causes degradation in image quality. Therefore, the SSIM and PSNR decreased as the intensity \(\alpha\) increased. The image quality of the proposed QT-QAF-Net was higher than that of the other two networks. In other words, our network can reduce the degradation of image quality even with the same embedding intensity.  
As the images were processed block by block, they were visually checked for block artifacts. Three images selected from the dataset were cropped to \(128\times 128\)-pixel size as shown in Figure 12. These images were generated from the proposed network trained with embedding intensity \(\alpha=1.0\). The images were not reduced in size when displayed. Few noticeable artifacts were observed.  
Figure 11: Image quality of stego-images (tained by \(Q=70\)).
## 1 Introduction
The results showed that the maximum acceleration and impact force on the pipeline decreased with the increase of buried depth because the vibration wave attenuated rapidly with the increase of distance. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] studied the mechanical response of flexible pipes under cyclic loading through a laboratory model test. The results showed that when the buried depth of the pipeline was greater than 2.5D, the deformation of the pipeline was almost affected by the buried depth. [PERSON] [20] also reached the same conclusion. The above studies mainly focused on the impact loads and traffic loads. Compared with these two loads, the load and loading frequency of the roller are larger. At the same time, the object of the roller is uncompacted soil, and the degree of compaction of the soil will change dramatically when the roller load is applied. Therefore, the influence of the change of compactness on the pipeline must be considered. The soil around the pipeline plays a role in transmitting load and supporting the pipe [21]. Therefore, the parameters of the soil are also important factors influencing the mechanical response of the pipeline. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that the ultimate strength of the pipe-soil system increased linearly with increasing the backfill degree of compaction [13]. However, the well-compacted soil makes larger deformations of the pipeline due to compaction [22]. Under dynamic loads, on the one hand, the soil around the pipe should provide sufficient support for the pipeline, which requires sufficient stiffness of the soil. On the other hand, the soil should have sufficient damping to reduce the effect of dynamic load on the pipeline. However, the compliance of soil required for damping the dynamic loads is opposed to the stiffness of the material required for the task of load distribution and carrying the load [23]. At present, the research on the dynamic response of buried pipelines mainly focuses on seismic loads, traffic loads, and impact loads, while loads of vibratory rollers are rarely studied. In this paper, the field test was carried out to study the stress and deformation lows of HDPE pipe under the action of a vibratory roller. Additionally, the infinite element boundary and shell element models were used to establish a three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element model. This model is used to analyze the influence of the filling property and vibration frequency on the dynamic response of HDPE pipe under the vibration load of a roller and the influence of buried depth and filling property on the pipeline under earth pressure and the vibration load of the roller is compared.
###### Abstract  
Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of cropland carbon and carbon water use efficiency (CWUE) and its driving factors is essential for sustainable agricultural development. Based on a multi-source remote sensing dataset, this study applies a trend analysis (Sen + Mann-Kendall), a dual-type randomized extraction algorithm, and an optimized XG-Boost model to examine the spatiotemporal variations in cropland CWUE, including the water use efficiency of net primary production (WUE\({}_{\text{NPP}}\)), water use efficiency of gross primary production (WUE\({}_{\text{CPP}}\)), and carbon use efficiency (CUE) in Henan Province from 2001 to 2019. This study further quantifies the impact of irrigation on the cropland CWUE and explores the synergistic effects of its driving factors in irrigated areas. Results reveal significant regional differences in cropland CWUE across Henan Province. Higher multi-year average values of CUE and WUE\({}_{\text{NPP}}\) were observed in the western region, while the WUE\({}_{\text{CPP}}\) was more prominent in the south-central region. Over 76% of cropland areas showed a general downward trend in three indicators, with significant interannual declines. Non-irrigated cropland exhibited higher CWUE values than irrigated ones. The average values over multiple years of the WUE\({}_{\text{CPP}}\), WUE\({}_{\text{NPP}}\), and CUE of irrigated cropland were 2.51 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\), 1.08 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\), and 0.43, respectively. Sunlight was the dominant factor influencing the WUE\({}_{\text{CPP}}\) in irrigated areas, while precipitation primarily regulated the WUE\({}_{\text{NPP}}\) and CUE. The influence of the gross domestic product (GDP) was found to be minimal. Notably, both the leaf area index (LAI) and precipitation exhibited a shift from a positive to negative influence on CUE once their values exceeded optimal thresholds, indicating that resource overabundance can lead to physiological limitations. This study offers valuable insights into how irrigated cropland responds to the combined effects of multiple environmental and socio-economic drivers.  
agricultural sustainability; carbon water nexus; Henan Province; irrigation; remote sensing; XGBoost model +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_  
S Synergistic Effects of Drivers on Spatiotemporal Changes in Carbon and Water Use Efficiency in Irrigated Cropland Ecosystems  
[PERSON]  
1 College of Tourism, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.Q.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.Z.)  
College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China  
Footnote 1: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS]}
# Decentralized and Secure Blockchain Solution for Tamper-Proof Logging Events
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Case Studies
#### 3.3.2 Cardano  
This project, launched in 2017 [29], is also open source. Its blockchain allows the inclusion of metadata in transactions, which implies a lower transaction rate per second due to the higher complexity. This results in 250 TPS at maximum for all users [30]. Cardano uses the Ouroboros consensus algorithm based on PoS, where validator nodes are selected based on the number of tokens they hold. The native token used in this network is ADA, and the smallest unit of measurement is known as Lovelace, which is equivalent to \(10^{-6}\) ADA. This blockchain uses the Unspent Transaction Output (UTxO) scheme, which means that the transaction rate will be deterministic, allowing for more accurate planning.  
The official library 'cardano-wallet-js' has been used to carry out the interaction between the log module and the log management server with the block network. This library communicates with a blockchain node via the Cardano Wallet software (v2023-07-18). This node and the Cardano Wallet run in the cloud in conjunction with the log management server, so it plays an active role in the Cardano network by maintaining a copy of the blockchain, participating in validation, and propagating both transactions and blocks. Furthermore, the Cardano Wallet allows secure management of transactions and wallets.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Token** & **Metadata** & **TPS** & **Consensus Algorithm** & **Deterministic Fee** & **Average Transaction Cost** & **Average Transaction Price (€)** * & **Release Year** \\ \hline Solana & SOL & No & 65.000 & PoH, PoS & No & \(5.001\times 10^{-6}\) SOL & 0.019 & 2020 \\ Cardano & ADA & ✔ & 250 & PoS & ✔ & 0.2 ADA & 0.064 & 2017 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Average price during the study in 2024.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of deployed blockchains.  
As a major disadvantage, using these three elements implies greater implementation complexity than the Solana network.  
The log module has various functions for interacting with the Cardano network. The 'initCardano' function connects to the Preprod network (i.e., testnet), while the 'getBalance' function checks the available ADA amount. Additionally, the 'createWallet' and 'writeLog' functions have been implemented to support backward compatibility with the previous implementation. The log management server uses these three elements to verify if the information has persisted in a block on the blockchain.