## 4 Discussion
In a previous study, many researchers reported the effects of gamma-ray, X-ray, and electron beam irradiation on _Plutella xylostella_ ([PERSON]) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), _Myzus persicae_ ([PERSON]) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), _Bemisia tabaci_ ([PERSON]) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), _Liriomyza trifolia_ ([PERSON]) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), _Spodoptera litura_ ([PERSON]) (Lepidoptera: Nottidae), _Frankliniella intonsa_ ([PERSON]) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), _Drosophila suzukii_ ([PERSON]) (Diptera: Drosophilaidae), and _Heliocarpap armigena_ [PERSON] (Lepidoptera: Nottidae) [12; 13; 14; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. In addition, intracellular DNA was also damaged by ionizing irradiation [19; 20; 28]. Because of this principle, low-dose irradiation has been used in the sterile insect technique (SIT) [29; 30; 31]. High-dose electron beam irradiation may result in faster lethal effects than low-dose irradiation and may induce phytotoxicity. Consequently, it is important to provide the optimal dose to induce abnormal development and reproduction (or infertility) in insect pests without causing any phytotoxicity when using electron beams for disinfection of agricultural products and flowers. It is also necessary to find the most resistant stage of development. Among the developmental stages of two-spotted mites, the most resistant stage to electron beams is the adult. Therefore, a dose of 100 Gy that is effective for eggs cannot control _T. urticae_ adults. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provides recommended doses to users based on these basic data. Electron beam irradiation is an environmentally friendly, chemical-free alternative method that is increasing in use for the disinfection of insect pests. There are no radioactive sources needed, so there are no security, transportation, or disposal concerns. It has a faster dose rate than gamma rays, so there is a reduced risk of product damage. Electron beam irradiation provides quick-turn terminal sterilization with simple on/off technology. However, so far, ionizing irradiation for quarantine disinfection treatment, it is possible only if the other country permits it. When investigating the differences in protein synthesis of the adult female _T. urticae_ irradiated with 400 Gy, we confirmed that the level of a 50 kDa protein was markedly reduced in both the susceptible and resistant strains. The levels of proteins of different sizes did not show significant changes with electron beam dose, and no significant differences in the protein profiles of the resistant and susceptible strains were detected following electron beam irradiation. The identification of the 50 kDa protein should be analyzed in further studies using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight. Therefore, by inhibiting the normal development and reproduction of both susceptible and acaricide-resistant strains, 400 Gy electron beam irradiation seems to be useful for quarantine disinfection of _T. urticae_. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the differences between acaricide-resistant and susceptible strains by studying their molecular mechanisms of protein synthesis and enzyme activity. Conceptualization, H.-N.K. and G.-H.K. ; methodology, H.-N.K. ; software, S.-R.C. ; validation, Y.K. ; formal analysis, W.-J.K.; investigation, J.-H.O. and J.-C.J. ; data curation, H.-N.K. ; writing--original draft preparation, H.-N.K. and J.-H.O. ; writing--review and editing, G.-H.K. ; supervision, G.-H.K. ; funding acquisition, G.-H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute and the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency in South Korea. Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The authors declare no conflict of interest.