## 5 Conclusions  
This study provided a comparative analysis of the CanESM2 (CMIP5) and CanESM5 (CMIP6) climate models to assess their projections of total precipitation, average temperature, and pesticide use on Quebec's golf courses from 2023 to 2100. The results indicate that both models project significant reductions in total precipitation, with CanESM2 showing a more pronounced decrease than CanESM5 (up to 14% and 8%, respectively). This trend is especially critical given its potential to exacerbate drought conditions, impacting turf management on golf courses. Conversely, CanESM5 projects higher average temperature increases than CanESM2, particularly in the far-future period (2075-2100), with temperatures rising up to 36.7%. These changes in climate variables are expected to significantly affect pest pressures and, consequently, pesticide use.  
The study revealed substantial increases in pesticide use under both climate models compared to historical data, with projected increases ranging from 30% to 141%, depending on the scenario. CanESM2 consistently predicted higher pesticide use for insecticides, growth regulators, and rodenticides, with the most significant increases observed under RCP2.6 in the far future (up to 35.6%). In contrast, CanESM5 projected significantly higher usage for fungicides and herbicides, with relative increases ranging from 65% to 247%, particularly under the SSP5-8.5 scenario in the near future (2023-2050). When comparing the two models, CanESM2 generally projected higher pesticide use across all periods and scenarios, except for RCP2.6 in PP3, where its predictions were 27% lower than SSP1-2.6. Across all pesticide types (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, and rodenticides), the projected pesticide use exceeded historical levels, with relative differences ranging from 1.7% to 157%.  
These findings underscore the significant impact of climate change on pesticide use in Quebec's golf courses, necessitating adaptive management strategies to address the growing demands for pest control and to mitigate environmental and health risks associated with increased pesticide application.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209209/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209209/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209209/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14209209/s1)), Figure S1: The geographical location of the study area. Each red dot represents a golf course; Figure S2: The schematic of the developed hybrid RFCNN model.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.G. and J.F.; methodology, G.G. and I.E.; software, I.E.; formal analysis, G.G. and I.E.; investigation, G.G., I.E. and H.B.; writing--original draft preparation, G.G. and I.E., writing--review and editing, G.G., J.F. and H.B.; visualization, G.G. and I.E.; project administration, G.G., J.F. and H.B.; funding acquisition, G.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This project was funded by the Canadian Turfgrass Research Foundation and the Quebec Turfgrass Research Foundation.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data was obtained from Environment and Natural Resources Canada and are available [[https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=CanDCS6-data](https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=CanDCS6-data)]([https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=CanDCS6-data](https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=CanDCS6-data)) accessed on 30 May 2023)).  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank the Ministere de l'Environnement et de la Lutte aux Changements Climatiques du Quebec for giving us access to the database.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.