# Predictors of Efficiency in Throwing Disciplines: Insights from 35 Elite Coaches
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Questionnaire Construction  
The questionnaire assessed key performance indicators related to athletic throwing events. Its primary objective was gathering expert opinions and insights based on coaches' data to identify metrics correlating with top performance in throwing events. The foundation for developing the questionnaire was a review of relevant literature [10; 11; 12; 14; 15], including studies that examined factors contributing to success in throwing events. Particular emphasis was placed on maximal strength and explosive power, recognized as key performance indicators and integral components of thrower training. Based on these findings, the questionnaire was developed to align with the needs and expertise of coaches specializing in throwing events. It was structured into two main parts: the first focused on general information, while the second encompassed the assessment of optimal training outcomes for maximal strength and explosive power. This comprehensive approach facilitated data collection to identify critical variables influencing performance in individual throwing events.  
The first part of the questionnaire was dedicated to gathering basic demographic data and information about the respondents' professional athletic careers. Respondents provided details regarding their age, gender, level of education, and country of origin. Additionally, they answered athletics-specific questions, which included their most significant achievements as athletes and coaches, the categories of athletes they train (cadets, juniors, seniors), and the disciplines in which they specialize (hammer, discus, javelin, shot put).  
The second part of the questionnaire, _Assessment of Optimal Training Outcomes for Maximum Strength and Explosive Power_ (Table 1), focused on evaluating key variables associated with maximal strength and explosive power. These variables are considered fundamental to performance in throwing events, as previous research [12; 14; 15] has demonstrated their significant impact on athletic performance. The assessed variables included clean (from the knee) 1 RM (CFK), snatch (from the knee) 1 RM (SFK), back squat 1 RM (BS), bench press 1 RM (BP), deadlift 1 RM (DL), standing long jump (SJ), standing triple jump (TSJ), and 20 m sprint with a flying start (S20M). The evaluation was conducted separately for male and female athletes and for athletes specializing in javelin, discus, shot put, and hammer throw events. Respondents were required to evaluate the optimal training outcomes for each variable, considering the specific demands of gender and discipline. This structured approach ensured the collection of detailed and relevant data, contributing to a better understanding of the key factors for success in throwing events.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Question Number** & **Question** & **Additional Information** \\ \hline Q9 & Enter the result (in kg or lb) for each strength discipline you believe is an indicator of success in javelin throw for senior men and women. & Strength disciplines include: Clean (from knees), Snatch (from knees), Back squat, Bench press, Dead lift. \\ \hline Q10 & Enter the result for each test you think is an indicator of success in the javelin throw for senior men and women. & Tests include: Standing long jump, Triple standing jump, Sprint 20 m. \\ \hline Q11 & Enter the result in the standing javelin throw that you think indicates success for senior men and women. & Javelin weights: Men (800 g), Women (600 g). \\ \hline Q12 & Enter the result (in kg or lb) for each strength discipline you believe is an indicator of success in discus throw for senior men and women. & Strength disciplines include: Clean (from knees), Snatch (from knees), Back squat, Bench press, Dead lift. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Questionnaire—assessment of optimal training outcomes for maximum strength and explosive power.