## 2 Materials and Methods
### Description of the Instruments
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & **Constructs** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & **Med** & **Mode** & **SD** & **PCA** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SUP} & Support: & & & & & & \\  & McDonald’s omega = 0.794 (802 if OS4 deleted); EV = 49.3\%; Eigenvalue = 2.96; SRMR = 0.034: RMSEA = 0.031; TLI = 0.997 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SUP1} & Teachers and parents support me using a smartphone or tablet for schoolwork. & 4.63 & 5 & 4 & 1.87 & 0.697 \\  & Parents and teachers provide appropriate technical support for me to use a smartphone or tablet. & 4.39 & 4 & 7 & 2.01 & 0.710 \\  & Teachers and parents are aware of the benefits of using a smartphone or tablet in the class. & 4.26 & 4 & 4 & 1.78 & 0.778 \\  & My parents are very interested in how I use my smartphone for learning. & 3.91 & 4 & 4 & 2.00 & 0.499 \\  & Teachers and parents appreciate my efforts to use a smartphone or tablet for schoolwork. & 3.95 & 4 & 4 & 1.87 & 0.794 \\  & The teachers support me in using a smartphone or tablet. & 3.26 & 3 & 1 & 1.88 & 0.693 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PU} & Perceived usefulness: & & & & & \\  & McDonald’s omega = 0.904; EV = 77.3\%; Eigenvalue = 3.09; SRMR = 0.034; RMSEA = 0.025; TLI = 1 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PU4} & Using a smartphone or tablet is useful for learning biology. & 4.78 & 5 & 7 & 1.85 & 0.806 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet improves my learning outcomes. & 4.50 & 5 & 7 & 1.93 & 0.901 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet increases the efficiency of my learning. & 4.31 & 4 & 4 & 2.02 & 0.913 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet improves my learning productivity. & 4.26 & 4 & 7 & 2.08 & 0.893 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PEOU} & Perceived ease of use: & & & & & \\  & McDonald’s omega = 0.814; EV = 47.7\%; Eigenvalue = 2.86; SRMR = 0.048; RMSEA = 0.095; TLI = 0.987 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PEOU1} & Using a smartphone or tablet is clear and understandable to me. & 6.22 & 7 & 7 & 1.36 & 0.661 \\  & I can easily find a solution to any problem that arises when using a smartphone or tablet. & 5.35 & 6 & 7 & 1.60 & 0.755 \\  & Sampling or tablet in the classroom is easy. & 5.31 & 6 & 7 & 1.94 & 0.745 \\  & Smartphones or tablets provide convenient access to all the learning & 5.31 & 6 & 7 & 1.72 & 0.824 \\  & applications we need in class or for schoolwork. & 5.04 & 5 & 7 & 1.89 & 0.787 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet requires a lot of mental effort from me. & 2.90 & 3 & 1 & 1.75 & Excluded \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ATT} & Attitude: & & & & & \\  & McDonald’s omega = 0.923; EV = 76.1\%; Eigenvalue = 3.81; SRMR = 0.019; RMSEA = 0.030; TLI = 1.00 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ATT3} & I like the idea of using a smartphone or tablet in class. & 5.53 & 6 & 7 & 1.84 & 0.910 \\  & I find it convenient to use a smartphone or tablet in class. & 5.46 & 6 & 7 & 1.83 & 0.920 \\  & I find it convenient to use a smartphone or tablet in class. & 5.31 & 6 & 7 & 1.86 & 0.910 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet in class is a good idea. & 5.26 & 6 & 7 & 1.83 & 0.816 \\  & Is there the lesson in which we used a smartphone or tablet as & & & & & \\  & successfully implemented. & & & & & \\  & After using a smartphone or tablet in class, I have changed my mind about & 4.85 & 5 & 7 & 1.81 & 0.799 \\  & using smartphones and tablets for schoolwork for the better. & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PPI} & Perceived Pedagogical impact: & & & & & \\  & McDonald's omega: 0.946; EV = 72.6\%; Eigenvalue = 5.81; SRMR = 0.020; RMSEA = 0.000; TLI = 1 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PPI2} & Using a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive effect on my curiosity. & 5.22 & 5 & 7 & 1.77 & 0.807 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive effect on my creativity. & 4.99 & 5 & 7 & 1.88 & 0.836 \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive effect on the learning process. & 4.86 & 5 & 7 & 1.94 & 0.894 \\  & The use of a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive impact on the & & & & & \\  & development of higher intellectual skills (e.g., critical thinking, analysis, & & & & \\  & problem solving). & & & & & \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive effect on my motivation & 4.77 & 5 & 7 & 1.98 & 0.880 \\  & to learn. & & & & & \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive impact on learning and & 4.76 & 5 & 7 & 1.94 & 0.863 \\  & active participation in class. & & & & & \\  & The use of a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive effect on my & 4.69 & 4.5 & 4 & 1.88 & 0.888 \\  & learning success. & & & & & \\  & Using a smartphone or tablet in class has a positive effect on my concentration. & 4.34 & 4 & 7 & 2.07 & 0.813 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Med—median, SD—standard deviation, PCA—principal component analysis, SUP—support, PU—perceived usefulness, PEOU—perceived ease of use, ATT—attitude, PPI—perceived pedagogical impact.  
\end{table}