esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Leveraging IPv6 and ICMPv6 for Delay-Tolerant Networking in Deep Space
## 2 Comparative Study of BPv7 and IPv6 Functionalities
### Feature Analysis
#### 2.3.2 Addressing  
IPv6 employs 128-bit addresses that serve as both identifiers and locators, a dual role that can be problematic in highly mobile environments where a node's IP address might change. In contrast, IPv7 uses Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) to decouple the identity of a node from its location, ensuring a persistent identifier even when network addresses vary.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **IPv6** & **BPv7** & **Assessment** \\ \hline Data Unit & \begin{tabular}{c} Message-based, modular \\ and extensible \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Message-based, modular \\ and extensible \\ \end{tabular} & / \\ \hline Addressing & unique 128-bit addresses & unique EIDs & / \\ \hline Support for reliability & \begin{tabular}{c} Best-effort. No specific \\ signaling at L3 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Best-effort, but provides \\ status reporting to upper \\ layers \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Custom signaling needed \\ for status reporting \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Routing & \begin{tabular}{c} Implements dynamic \\ routing protocols (e.g., \\ OSPF, BGP), assumes \\ continuous connectivity \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Implements time- \\ variant/schedule-aware \\ routing, suited for DTN \\ \end{tabular} & Algorithms such as CGR \\ \hline Fragmentation & \begin{tabular}{c} Supported. Signaled by \\ Fragment Header \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Supported. Signaled by \\ Bundle Processing Control \\ Flags \\ \end{tabular} & / \\ \hline Expiration & Hop limit & Lifetime/TTL & / \\ \hline Store-and-forward & Not supported & Built-in mechanism & \begin{tabular}{c} Long-term storage feature \\ required \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Compatibility & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Fully compatible with \\ existing Internet \\ infrastructure \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Requires modification of \\ existing infrastructure \\ \end{tabular} & / \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* “/” indicates that an equivalent or similar feature is present and no major changes are needed.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of IPv7 and IPv6 functionalities.  
Another key feature of BPv7 addressing is late binding, which allows the resolution of an endpoint identifier to a specific next-hop address only when forwarding is required, a mechanism particularly useful in networks with intermittent connectivity or dynamic topology changes.  
However, in our research context where spacecraft operate within a single defined network and do not switch between different domains, their IP addresses remain static. Consequently, the primary advantages of EIDs and late binding are less pronounced here, making IPv6 addresses a sufficient choice. This vision is shared by researchers involved in the activities of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) \"tiptop\" working group, which is drafting a request for reserved IPv6 address spaces for out-of-Earth nodes [21].
## 1 Introduction
Given the demand for variable selectivity of immunodetection, the possibilities available in cases of limited antibody resources and means of chemical modification of antigens are of interest. The present article shows that cross-reactivity is not a fixed parameter determined exclusively by immunoreagents but is an integral parameter sensitive to the conditions of the analysis, as will be shown below. A simple resource for influencing this parameter is the implementation of different assay formats, in which, due to the use of different markers of immune complexes and the means of their registration, interactions are carried out at different concentrations of immunoreagents. This shift in concentrations has different effects on the detection of antigens differing in affinity to antibodies. Moreover, changed concentrations of immunoreetants and varied immune interaction times (approaching kinetic or equilibrium conditions) influence cross-reactivities even in the same assay format. As a result, cross-reactivities change and the assay shifts either to a more molecule-specific or to a more class-specific one. Although changes in the assay formats, labels used, and reagent ratios are common actions in assay development, their use is judged mainly in terms of lowering the detection limit; then, the accompanying changes in cross-reactivity are commented on in a few works [45; 46; 47]. In the present study, mathematical modeling of the expected effects of the approach described above and experimental verification were carried out for two immunoassay formats. The mathematical model uses previously proposed descriptions of competitive immunoassay assays [48; 49; 50] and focuses on unexplored regularities in antigens differing in affinity without consideration of non-target interferences [51]. The obtained theoretical solutions show the versatility of the idea and the promise of its application for different compounds. Experimental verification demonstrates the adequacy of the theoretical assumptions and conclusions. The experiments were carried out on systems of immunodetection of sulfonamides (SAs) and fluoroquinolones, which are widely used antibiotics that are represented by dozens of structurally similar compounds and, due to their toxic effects, have official requirements for their control as contaminants of food products, such as meat, milk and dairy products, and honey [52; 53]. Two immunoassay formats were considered: fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
# Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET): A Review
## 5 Proposed Classification
### Classification of RL-Based Routing Protocols Based on Routing Algorithm
#### 5.2.1 Routing Path  
In this section, the routing methods are categorized into two classes according to the routing path: single-path routing and multi-path routing. Table 3 compares these two methods.  
* **Single-path routing:** It means that only one route is formed between the source and destination. Single-path routing is shown in Figure 13. Compared to multi-path routing, this routing method can easily manage routing tables in each UAV. However, single-path routing is not fault-tolerant, meaning that there is no alternative path for sending data packets when failing the routing path. This increases packet loss in the network.
* **Multi-path routing:** This routing technique creates several routes between the source and destination [55]. Multi-path routing is shown in Figure 14. In this case, it is more difficult to maintain routing tables in UAVs because a UAV may act as intermediate nodes in two or more different paths. This routing method is fault-tolerant, meaning that if one path fails, it is easy to detect and replace this failed path. However, the configuration of this routing scheme is more difficult than the single-path routing approaches because the least errors cause routing loops in the network.  
Figure 12: Deep reinforcement learning system.  
Figure 13: Single-path routing.
## 2 Numerical Model
### Numerical Validation  
#### 2.4.1 Grid Independence Verification  
To ensure that the numerical simulation results vary with the amount of mesh within a reasonable range and to avoid discrepancies in the numerical simulation owing to different mesh densities, in this study, we used the measurement data of M-2 at the exit of the model tunnel and verified the mesh irrelevance of the 600-km/h maglev train using three sets of meshes with different mesh densities. The mesh densities are as follows: coarse mesh accuracy with 32,667,800 meshes; medium mesh accuracy with 50,249,100 meshes; and fine mesh accuracy with 82,092,700 meshes, as shown in Figure 6. The results are shown in Figure 6.  
The surface of the comparison results shows that there are slight differences between the different grid volumes for the pressure-time profiles measured at the measurement points. However, the differences between the medium and fine grids are smaller when compared with the coarse grid, which has a lower demand for computational resources. Therefore, in this study, a medium grid was selected as the computational grid.
## 3 Polymerization Reactions within AAO Templates
### Other Polymerization Reactions
#### 3.5.2 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Caprolactone  
The ring-opening polymerization of \(\varepsilon\)-caprolactone inside AAO membranes of 35, 100 and 150 nm has recently been reported and the results compared to those of polymerizations conducted in bulk [145]. For all of the samples studied, independent of pore diameter and examined system, an exothermic peak of polymerization, being 100-times shorter when compared to the macroscale conditions, was observed. The obtained polycaprolactone (PCL) showed an unimodal peak with Mn up to 53.5 kg/mol and a moderate dispersity (D = 1.27\(-\)1.41), suggesting that side reactions were successfully suppressed due to the applied confinement. In this case, hydroxyle groups from AAO walls would act as both catalyst and initiator of the ring-opening polymerization. Finally, for the polymerization of \(\varepsilon\)-caprolactone in AAO templates, a pseudo-living coordination\(-\)insertion mechanism was proposed.
###### Abstract  
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is limited by inherent speckle noise, degrading retinal microarchitecture visualization and pathological analysis. Existing denoising methods inadequately balance noise suppression and structural preservation, necessitating advanced solutions for clinical OCT reconstruction. **Methods**: We propose MFFA-GAN, a generative adversarial network integrating multilevel feature fusion and an efficient local attention (ELA) mechanism. It optimizes cross-feature interactions and channel-wise information flow. Evaluations on three public OCT datasets compared traditional methods and deep learning models using PSNR, SSIM, CNR, and ENL metrics. **Results**: MFFA-GAN achieved good performance (PSNR:30.107 dB, SSIM:0.727, CNR:3.927, ENL:529.161) on smaller datasets, outperforming benchmarks and further enhanced interpretability through pixel error maps. It preserved retinal layers and textures while suppressing noise. Ablation studies confirmed the synergy of multilevel features and ELA, improving PSNR by 1.8 dB and SSIM by 0.12 versus baselines. **Conclusions**: MFFA-GAN offers a reliable OCT denoising solution by harmonizing noise reduction and structural fidelity. Its hybrid attention mechanism enhances clinical image quality, aiding retinal analysis and diagnosis.  
os  
optical coherence tomography; image denoising; deep learning; Multi-level feature fusion attention
## 2 Results
### Antifungal Activity  
#### 2.2.1 Cell Viability Curve and IC\({}_{50}\)  
Regarding the antifungal activity of the essential oil of _P. caldense_, it was found that it has a low antifungal effect against strains of _C. albicans_ because the IC\({}_{50}\) values were high, 2256.24 and 1790.24 ug/mL for the CA INCQS 40006 and CA URM 4387, respectively (Table 2) (Figures 1 and 2). However, it was observed that for the _C. albicans_ URM 4387 strains, the oil potentiated the effect of the drug used, fluconazole, since it had an IC\({}_{50}\) of 7.73 ug/mL alone, and when associated with the essential oil, the value of evaluated parameter dropped to 2.7 ug/mL, i.e., a significant reduction. It is noteworthy that for _C. albicans_ 40006 strains, no potentiating effect was found for fluconazole but an antagonistic effect, since there was an increase in the IC\({}_{50}\) of the oil associated with fluconazole. Thus, based on the behavior of the curve through non-linear regression, the IC\({}_{50}\) values of _P. caldense_ oil were clinically irrelevant when evaluated alone.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods Tested** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Yeast**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & _Candida albicans_ INCQS 40006** & _Candida albicans_**URM 4387** \\ \hline Fluconazole (FCZ) & 7.76 ug/mL & 7.73 ug/mL \\ EOPc & 2256.24 ug/mL & 1790.24 ug/mL \\ EOPc + FCZ & 12.37 ug/mL & 2.7 ug/mL \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{INCQS: National Institute for Health Quality Control. URM: University Recife Mycology.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: IC\({}_{50}\) of the essential oil of _Piper caldense_ (EOPc) against _Candida albicans_.  
Figure 1: Anti-_Candida_ potential of essential oil of _Piper caldense_ (EOPc) against strains of _Candida albicans_ 40006 INCQS.
# Unlocking the Potential: How Flying Taxis Will Shape the Future of Transportation
## 3 Customer Need to Use Flying Taxis
### Flying Taxis Improve Transportation Options for People Living in Rural Areas  
Flying taxis have the potential to greatly improve transportation options for people living in rural areas by providing faster and more direct connections to urban centers or other destinations that are difficult to reach by ground transportation. With the ability to take off and land vertically, flying taxis could provide access to locations that are not served by airports or other traditional transportation infrastructure. This could be especially beneficial for people living in remote areas or small towns where the nearest airport is far away or where the roads are difficult to navigate. Additionally, flying taxis could provide a more efficient and cost-effective transportation option for businesses operating in rural areas that need to transport goods or personnel quickly and over long distances [155].
## 4 Graph Database-Based Information Interaction  
The graph data-based information interaction part functions as the data preprocessor and result updater, shown in Figure 3. The input of the preprocessor is the BIM, and the output is a set of consolidated information of components' attributes, laying the data foundation for the subsequent optimization. The result updater can add the construction micro-schedule and assembly sequence to the graph database, realizing the information update and completion.  
The IFC file, directly exported from Revit, excludes the information related to the construction schedule. With the help of the xBIM toolkit, we can modify the original IFC file by implementing the construction information extension. Then a set of rules is established to parse and twin the IFC file into the graph database, which is essential to reveal the IFC files' complicated inner relationships in an intuitive graph and increase data interoperability for further requests [39] The required information can be extracted, summarized, and stored in arrays by customizing query statements. There are three types of information, one pertaining to components' geometric data, including the ID, length, width, height, and true volume. Figure 4 shows an example of the information query process. The second type concerns the direction information of components, including the ID, coordinates, and extension direction. The third type describes the connection relationships between components by noting all the connected component pairs. As shown in Figure 5, the expression of connection relationships in Neo4 accurately twins the connected components in the BIM model.  
Figure 3: Graph data-based information interaction part.  
On account that the IFC standards have a specialized expression to describe the construction schedule, the initial extension of the IFC file can ensure that the construction information update in Neo4j still obeys the semantic structures of IFC standards, shown in Figure 6. The result updater fills the scheduling information in the corresponding nodes and edges, such as IfcTask and IfcTaskTime.  
Figure 4: An example of the information query process.  
Figure 5: Connection relationships in Revit and Neo4j.**(a)** Connection relationships in Revit; **(b)** Connection relationships in Neo4j (the green nodes represent “IfcWallStandardCase” and the pink nodes represent “IfcRelConnectsPathElements”).
## 9 Performance Evaluation
### Energy Cost
We have simulated the same network with 70% probability of event occurrence. Figure 26 shows that the average fake messages has reduced to 5.85 messages, which is almost 88% reduction from SGAT. This also will reduce the energy consumption significantly. Figure 24: The energy dissipation increases as the number of neighbors and the sensor transmission range increases. Simulation assumed message size of 8000 bits, \(\xi\) is 50 nJ/bit and \(\varepsilon\) is 100 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\). Figure 25: A simulation for the maximum possible fake messages per subinterval using ECAT. In SGAT, this number should be 48, which is one message per one sensor. ECAT has reduced it significantly. The mean in this simulation is 19.5, which is about 59% reduction of fake messages. The most expensive operation for energy consumption is transmission of _bits_ from one node to another. We use two stages for air communication in our framework, (i) In the setup phase and; (ii) in the communication phase. The data transmission during setup phase is minimal. During communication phase, data will be forwarded hop-by-hop to the BS. Every packet is equally sized to prevent time and size correlation. We have introduced a probabilistic fake message transmission scheme which none of the other protocols adopted. Real messages are sent at the end of each subinterval time to prevent delays. The cost per message at one interval time is:  
\[\text{Average Message Cost}=\frac{\text{R}+(\text{N}-\text{R})\text{P}_{r}+ \text{A}}{\text{R}} \tag{51}\]  
where \(R\) is the total number of SNs sending real messages at one subinterval time, \(P_{r}\) the probability of sending fake message by SNs, and A is the average number of acknowledgements in one interval. None of the other schemes addressed the issue of rate analysis attacks, which is one of the easiest attacks any adversary can use. Using fake messages is an expensive solution. However, we have designed FAC to be adaptive to the network traffic situation by using a closed-loop system. The sink can always increase or decrease the amount of fake messages used according to the reports it is getting about the system security. The threshold values of R\({}_{\text{min}}\) and R\({}_{\text{max}}\) are also adjustable according to the network situation.
# Supramolecular Materials as Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings in Environmental Analysis
## 3 Metal-Organic Frameworks
### MOFs as SPME Coatings for Environmental Applications
#### 3.3.1 Extraction of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes
BTEX extraction from air samples using a MOF-199-based coating deposited in situ via a solvothermal approach was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [52]. Different thicknesses of the MOF-199 coating were tested for the extraction of 20 low-molecular-weight VOCs including BTEX and 3 high-molecular-weight VOCs. For most of the substituted monoaromatic compounds, the extraction capabilities of the developed coating were significantly higher than those achieved by using a PDMS/DVB fiber. Finally, LOQs in the range of 0.09-0.31 ug/m\({}^{3}\) proved the reliability of the MOF-199 coating for air monitoring purposes.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Heavy Metal Resistance  
Bacteria have developed a variety of resistance mechanisms to counteract heavy metal stresses. These mechanisms include the formation and sequestration of metal, its reduction to a less toxic form, and the direct efflux of metal out of the cell [67]. It is worth noting that the beneficial effects exhibited by the metal-resistant bacteria present in the rhizosphere might have significant potential to improve phytoextraction in metal-contaminated soils [68]. In addition to the ability of the ZCR6 strain to promote plant growth, the strain was able to overcome the toxic effects of heavy metals. Genomic analysis of the ZCR6 strain revealed the presence of a number of genes responsible for the detoxification and translocation of various heavy metals, such as Cd, Co, Zn, Cu, As, Cr, and Hg (Table 5). Furthermore, the resistance of the tested strain to Cd, Zn, and Cu was confirmed in minimal inhibitory concentration tests. The MIC values for Cd, Zn, and Cu in mineral medium reached 5, 15, and 10 mM metal, respectively. Interestingly, the ZCR6 strain was able to grow in higher concentrations of cadmium than well-known _P. putida_ KNP9 (2.5 mM) [67].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gene** & **Accession Number** & **KO Numbers** & **Gene Product** & **Metal Resistance** \\ \hline _czCA_ & MBG8562084.1 & K15726 & Cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance protein czca & Cobalt/zinc/cadmium resistance \\ _czcB_ & MBG8562085.1 & K15727 & Membrane fusion protein. Cobalt-zinc-cadmium efflux system \\ _czcC_ & MBG8562086.1 & K15725 & Outer membrane protein. Cobalt-zinc-cadmium efflux system \\ \hline _copB_ & MBG8561457.1 & K01533 & P-type Cu\({}^{2+}\) transporter (EC:7.2.2.9) & Cooper resistance \\ _copA_ & MBG8562586.1 & K17686 & P-type Cu\({}^{+}\) transporter (EC:7.2.2.8) & Two-component system. [PERSON] family. Copper resistance phosphate regulon response regulator cust \\ _cusS_ & MBG8559774.1 & K07644 & Two-component system. [PERSON] family. Heavy metal sensor histidine kinase cuss (EC:2.7.13.3) \\ _cueR_ & MBG8562587.1 & K19591 & Merr family transcriptional regulator. Copper efflux regulator \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Genes potentially involved in metal resistance in the ZCR6 genome.