## 4 Features of the Transport and Dissolution of Substances in Polymer Nanocomposites
### Patents on Polymer Nanocomposites as Adsorbent for Environmental Applications  
[PERSON] et al. (2009) published an invention that reveals sustainable biomaterial scaffold nanocomposites suitable for fluoride removal, reactive black and chromium Cr(VI) removal from wastewater, and a process to synthesize biomaterial scaffold nanocomposites. The authors reported its utilization for the listed contaminants. This biomaterial scaffold nanocomposite exhibited a high fluoride uptake efficiency of 168 mg g\({}^{-1}\) and 60 mg g\({}^{-1}\) respectively, at pH 4 and the capacity of the uptake was close to 8.5 mg g\({}^{-1}\) for Cr(VI) at pH 7. Over 99% reactive black-5 (RB-5) removal was attained with outstanding surface restoration property with this material. [PERSON] et al. (2010) patented a magnetic polymer nanocomposite for divalent metal ions removal from water. The composite is a magnetic nanocomposite possessing a core of magnetite (Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)) in a shell of branched polyhydroxy-styrene, entitled as Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)@BHPS. The nanocomposite was prepared via co-precipitation in alkali solution. Results respectively depicted that the nanocomposite attained 93% adsorption of Pb(II) and 80% adsorption of Cd(II), in 30 minutes, reaching equilibrium in 120 minutes. The optimum adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Cd(II) at 298 K were 186.2 and 125 mg g\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Finally, the nanocomposite with the heavy metal(s) adsorbed was easily removed from aqueous solution via the utilization of a magnetic field. As discussed in Section 3.3, information on polymer nanocomposites as adsorbent for separation of gases is minimal, except for other promising adsorbents for the separation of gases. In the same vein, patent work on polymer nanocomposites as adsorbent for separation of gases is minimal; however, there are adsorbents for the separation of gases. [PERSON] et al. (2011) patented metal-organic frameworks of the family of M\({}_{2}\) (2,5-dioxide-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) where some divalent metals are collection of porous crystalline materials made of metal cations or clusters joined by multitopic organic linkers. The metal-organic frameworks can be employed to segregate individual gases from a stream of mixture of gases. This group of adsorbent materials integrates a high density of coordinatively-unsaturated centers lining the pore surfaces. These adsorbents are mainly suitable for selective carbon dioxide/monoxide adsorption through pressure swing adsorption close to temperatures of 313 K. This is because they selectively adsorb carbon dioxide at high pressures in the presence of hydrogen, and desorb CO\({}_{2}\) when the system experiences a pressure decrease. These materials are also useful for the storage of gases (acetylene storage), and catalysis (oxidation). [PERSON] et al. (2012) patented a method that includes revealing a gaseous mixture made a noble gas to a metal organic structure, which practically adsorbs a noble gas from a mixture of gases. The noble gas was selectively adsorbed in the adsorbent bed in relation to the other gases in the mixture. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2013) invented a metal organic structure that consists of a metal ion (M) and an organic ligand having above one hydroxyl ligand. They further provided a method for preparing the metal-organic frameworks and their utilizations in areas such as exhaust gas streams of acidic gases scrubbing, natural gas of acidic gases scrubbing via separation or sequestration, and separating C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\) or other volatile organic compounds gases from other gas mixtures. The patented work on adsorbent for environmental applications could also find an extensive range of usage in the industry, like wastewater treatment plants, dye industries, food industries, and oil and gas industries. On account of the low reactivity of gases springing from their impregnated valence shell, processes that are dependent on sorption, utilizing porous materials are generally problematic.