esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# LR-MPIBS: A LoRa-Based Maritime Position-Indicating Beacon System
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Marine Comprehensive Testing of LR-MPIBS  
During the actual operation of LR-MPIBS, MPIBS is installed in the cockpit of the ship and its antenna is deployed at a relatively open and high place on the ship. PIT is worn on the shoulders of ship operators or on their life jackets (as shown in Figure 14). During the simulation comprehensive testing process, SMBS was installed on the anti-corrosion wooden guardrail at the seaside, and its antenna deployment height was about 1.5 m high (coordinate: Lng: 120.20499689436119, Lat: 35.94699749237201). PIT was installed on the life jacket (as shown in Figure 14), and rescue messages were sent to SMBS every 30 s after startup. The drift trajectory of PIT at sea was monitored in real-time through our research group's self-developed search and rescue management system. We conducted comprehensive testing on LR-MPIBS as follows:  
1. Man Overboard Detection Stage: We simulated the scene of personnel wearing equipment falling into the water and threw two PITs (named 13312 and 13568) onto the sea surface. After PIT fell into the water for 15 s and 13 s, respectively, SMBS received rescue information (without accurate positioning data). About 60 s after PIT fell into the water, SMBS received rescue information with accurate positioning data, as shown in Figure 15.  
Figure 14: Display of PIT wearing methods.  
Figure 13: Results of the endurance test of PIT.  
2. Rescue Information Transmission Stage: The 13568 was placed on the sea for free drifting, simulating a static drifting scene of a drowning person. The 13312 was dragged and moved by a speedboat, simulating the scene of a drowning person drifting with the waves. The drift trajectory of the sea comprehensive test is shown in Figure 16: the 13568 drifted freely at sea for 1 h, receiving a total of 120 alarm messages. The farthest communication distance was about 661.4 m, and the communication success rate was 100%. The 13312 drifted dynamically at sea for two hours (average speed: 3.7 m/s), receiving a total of 213 messages, with a maximum communication distance of approximately 3267.5 m and a communication success rate of 88.75%. During the process of towing 13312, the speedboat changed its course multiple times, and PIT was able to track and extract key positioning information in a timely manner and send it to SMBS. 3. Emergency Search and Rescue Phase: The rescue team carried out rescue PIT work based on the positioning data received by SMBS, and the rescue site is shown in Figure 17. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8.  
rescue the person in distress. SMBS has a good dynamic and static positioning performance (positioning deviation less than 10 m), and the success rate of rescue information transmission exceeds 88.75%. The above data demonstrate the practicality of LR-MPIBS in quickly rescuing drowning personnel over short distances.
# Metrology for Measuring Bumps in a Protection Layer Based on Phase Shifting Fringe Projection
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Height Measurement of Bumps in a Polymer
#### 5.2.3. Bump Height Correction for Polymer Layers
The phase modification terms \(\Delta\phi_{PL}\) and \(\Delta\phi_{ox}\) in Equations (20) and (21) are given by  
\[\Delta\phi_{PL}(x)=0.0074\times t_{PL}(x);\ \Delta\phi_{ox}(x)=0.0060\times t_{ox}(x)\]  
Equation (22) can be expressed as  
\[h(x)=56.6\times\phi(x)+0.42\times t_{PL}(x)-0.66\times t_{ox}(x)\]  
As an example, we took a PI thickness \(t_{PL}\) of 25.34 \(\upmu\)m and oxide thickness \(t_{ox}\) of 5.31 \(\upmu\)m. The height correction terms from \(\Delta\phi_{PL}\) and \(\Delta\phi_{ox}\) were +10.64 \(\upmu\)m and \(-\)3.50 \(\upmu\)m, respectively, which formed a +7.14 \(\upmu\)m correction value when added to the fringe projection measurement results. Because the variations in the PI and oxide thickness within the test die were less than 0.74 and 0.19 \(\upmu\)m, respectively, the fluctuations in the bump height correction value were around 0.3 and 0.13 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. Figure 14a shows the unwrapped phase map of the 8 \(\times\) 8 bump array on the polymer structure and the bump height map when corrected for the influence of the PI and oxide thicknesses. Figure 14b shows the corrected fringe projection measurements of the bump height varied from 152.4 \(\upmu\)m to 170.5 \(\upmu\)m with a coplanarity of 5.5% for all bumps on the 8 \(\times\) 8 BGA array. Figure 14: (**a**) Unwrapped phase map of the 8 \(\times\) 8 bump array for the polymer structure and the bump height map when corrected by PI for the oxide thickness influence. (**b**) Corrected bump height map with average of 161.4 \(\upmu\)m and coplanarity of 5.5%. \[u_{PL}(x)=t_{PL}(x)(\tan\theta^{\prime}_{i}+\tan\theta^{\prime}_{c})=2t_{PL}(x )\frac{\sin\theta_{i}}{\sqrt{{n_{PL}}^{2}-\sin^{2}\theta_{i}}} \tag{18}\]0 (**a,b**) Modified versions of Figure 5a,b, respectively, with an additional oxide layer between the PI and Si substrate based on the reflectance spectrum.
## 2 Related Research  
### Automation of Fugl-Meyer Assessment  
Subjectivity and inflexibility are the most crucial issues in the Fugl-Meyer assessment. Several studies have been conducted to overcome these inherent problems. In 2014, a study was conducted on 24 patients with various upper-extremity hemiplegia levels after stroke [10]. Support vector regression (SVR) was employed to predict the FMA score on shoulder-elbow tasks. Another study proposed an automatic acquisition system for one task, pincer grasp, from the FMA of the upper extremity of the hand [11]. Several studies proposed a recognition system that employs complete FMA hand/finger movement tasks of MF, ME, HG, TA, PG, CG, and SG [12; 13]. [PERSON] et al. constructed a grasping object for each hand-function task [13], while [PERSON] et al. employed a muscle-related modality [12]. The studies mentioned above utilized different approaches to address the inherent subjectivity of the FMA, especially in hand-function tasks due to the complex movement of the fingers and corresponding muscles. However, most of the studies mentioned above utilized supervised machine learning as the recognition method, and the learning target was the doctor's subjective assessment. Furthermore, the doctor's final decision was to perform further rehabilitation procedures following the assessment. Thus, the subjectivity of the FMA could not be eliminated due to the inherent role of a doctor.  
The aforementioned studies imply that the subjectivity issue of the FMA can be minimized by conducting multiple assessments. Given the inherent subjectivity in individual patient assessments, repetitive assessments minimize uncertainty and reinforce the doctor's judgment. Consequently, the repetitive assessment of numerous patients enhances the reliability of assessment outcomes. Furthermore, integrating sensor technology to capture context information relating to impairment levels can increase the precision of a doctor's assessments. This highlights the possibility of achieving accurate subjective assessments by gathering extensive training data for a machine learning model.
# Demonstrating the Potential of a Low-Cost Soil Moisture Sensor Network
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Reagents and Methods
#### 2.2.3 Data Communication Testing  
The data communication performance of the network was evaluated as a function of transmission delay and packet drop rate at different ranges and sampling frequencies. Ranges and sensor nodes are shown in Table 1, and these conditions were kept constant throughout the study. Sensors were allowed to run between 24-48 h at sampling frequencies of 5, 10, 30 and 60 min, respectively. The test site consisted of a busy urban environment with no clear line of sight between the gateway and the nodes.
# Application of FBG Based Sensor in Pipeline Safety Monitoring
## 4 Experimental Pipeline and Sensor Installation
### Sensor Installation  
Before installing the FBG strain hoop sensor, a sander and abrasive paper were used to burnish the area for sensor installation, providing a smooth and uniform surface. After burnishing, the surface was cleaned by cotton immersed in alcohol. After cleaning the pipeline surface, the anchorage member was bonded on the pipeline surface. Then, the gripper block connected with the steel tube was stretched along the circumferential direction in order to make the steel tube seamlessly contact the pipe surface. After bonding the steel tube to the pipeline surface, the pre-tension system switched to stretch the gripper block connected with the optic fiber, applying pre-stress to the optic fiber. Finally, the gripper blocks at both movable end and fixed end were clamped in the anchorage member. The FBG strain hoop sensor and the anchorage member are presented in Figure 9a. To prevent the FBG strain hoop sensor from corrosion, a specially designed steel box is used to protect the pre-tension system and the FBG strain hoop sensor, as shown in Figure 9b.  
Figure 8: Picture of actual pipeline; (**a**) pipeline; (**b**) valve.  
Figure 7: Schematic diagram of pipeline model and sensor position.  
Figure 9: FBG strain sensor mounted on pipeline surface: (**a**) FBG strain hoop sensor and anchorage member; (**b**) steel box.
# A Novel OFDM-Based Time Domain Quadrature GSM for Visible Light Communication System
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, two OFDM-based QG-MIMO schemes, TD-QGSM and TD-QGSMP, are proposed in a VLC system for the improvement in the SE and BER performance. The simulation results show that applying IQ decomposition of the constellation signals prior to OFDM modulation substantially enhances the SE of the system. In addition, since the required modulation orders are less than the other schemes for the same transmission rate, the system has a stronger anti-interference capability. Moreover, an IVC-based OMP detection algorithm is proposed to further improve the reception performance of the systems. With the aid of the illegal vector correction criterion, the receiver's capacity to estimate the index vector is augmented and the BER performance is also improved. The results demonstrate that the BER performance of the proposed detection algorithm has a dramatic advantage as compared to the traditional ML-MRC. Introducing differential modulation into the OFDM-based generalized MIMO systems to reduce the symbol interference and further improve the system performance is left for future work.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.M.; methodology, P.M.; Writing--original draft preparation, Z.S.; Writing--review and editing, Z.S., P.M., Y.Z. and L.P.; validation, Z.S. and L.P.; data curation, Z.S. and L.P.; grammar check, Y.Z.; Supervision, P.M.; Funding acquisition, P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was partially funded by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under grant ZR2023 MF096, and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 61801257.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding authors.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
Figure 10: BER performance comparison under different detection methods for \(N=2\).
# Cell Response to Oxidative Stress in Antarctic Filamentous Fungi
## 7 Cold Stress Response of Antarctic Fungi and Adaptation
### Physiological Modification Caused by Cold Stress
Studies have shown that the activation of genes responsible for glycogen synthesis and degradation can occur simultaneously, which may lead to no net increase in glycogen within cells exposed to diverse forms of stress, such as heat shock [213; 216]. Although this transcription pattern is also observed when subjected to low temperatures, the results demonstrate a substantial accumulation of glycogen in yeast and fungal cells. Cold stress led to the accumulation of trehalose and glycogen and triggered the pathways involved in their biosynthesis [11]. The evidence for the increased content of these carbohydrates in response to low-temperature treatment of many fungal species was observed [218]. As an illustration, the Antarctic fungi _P. commune_ 161 and _A. glaucus_363 [88; 163], as well as _P. griseofuluum_[171], demonstrated enhanced glycogen and trehalose content when exposed to both short-term and long-term cold stress. In addition, the Antarctic fungal strains _P. olsonii_ p14 and _P. waksmanii_ m12 demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular trehalose and glycogen levels after being subjected to low temperatures. It is noteworthy that exponentially growing cells experienced a more pronounced enhancement in reserve carbohydrate levels than their counterparts in the stationary growth phase [52]. In contrast, the late cold response in _S. cerevisiae_ triggered the accumulation of the carbohydrate reserves trehalose and glycogen [173]. Furthermore, the intracellular content of trehalose was significantly greater in the temperature-tolerant strain _V. volvacea_ (VH3) relative to the temperature-sensitive strain _V. volvacea_ (V23) when both were grown at optimal temperatures [192]. During exposure to low-temperature stress, the expression levels of the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (_TPP_) gene and the trehalose phosphorylase (_TP_) gene in VH3 were found to be significantly higher than those in V23. The authors indicated that the _TP_ gene might be a pivotal component of trehalose metabolism, potentially promoting trehalose synthesis in response to low-temperature stress.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimal Waveband Selection Using ANOVA Analysis Results
#### 3.2.2 Development of the Two-Waveband Ratio Algorithm (TWRA)
The TWRA calibration accuracies were 64.86%, 65.11%, and 58.17% with threshold values of 0.41, 1.48 and 0.2, and validation accuracies of 64.74%, 61.30%, and 58.05%, respectively. Residue Detection Algorithm for Watermelon  
For the TWRA developed for detecting watermelon residue on the surface of 2B-finished SSS, the optimal wavebands for the original juice and dilution samples up to 1:100 were in the 460-480 nm and 630-660 nm ranges (Figure S6). The TWRA calibration accuracies were 87.31%, 87.15%, 87.31%, 84.39%, 77.57%, and 64.71% with threshold values of 0.56, 0.41, 0.32, 0.20, 0.18, and 0.70, and validation accuracies of 93.31%, 90.67%, 87.45%, 82.06%, 80.33%, and 63.36%, respectively, for the original juice and the 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, and 1:100 dilutions. For the TWRA developed for detecting watermelon residue on the surface of #4-finished SSS, the optimal wavebands for the original juice and dilution samples up to 1:20 were 460-490 nm, 728 nm, and 580-616 nm (Figure S10). The TWRA calibration accuracies were 96.53%, 90.52%, 89.31%, and 88.59% with threshold values of 0.59, 1.08, 0.55, and 0.55, and validation accuracies of 96.66%, 84.17%, 89.81%, and 89.15%, respectively. The optimal wavebands for the 1:50 and 1:100 dilution samples were in the 548-580 nm and 660-676 nm ranges. The TWRA calibration accuracies were 82.60% and 74.52% with threshold values of 2.48 and 1.0, and validation accuracies of 82.84% and 76.86%, respectively. Similar to the SWA results, the lower was the dilution concentration on both surfaces, the lower was the accuracy of the selected waveband. In the TWRA, consistent wavebands were selected for the 2B -finished SS surface. The detection accuracy for the original juices was high; however, the accuracy tended to decrease with juice concentration.
## 6 Emerging Risks
### Process Contaminants  
Process contaminants are chemicals that are generated when food constituents undergo chemical changes during processing. Prime contaminants, such as acrylamide, PAHs, or furan and furan derivatives, are well-studied. The processes that often introduce PAHs into foods are smoking and grilling [119]. Unrefined plant oils obtained from oilseeds, such as soybeans, rapeseeds, olive seeds, and sunflower seeds, are known to contain high levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs can migrate through the food chain due to their high lipophilicity and accumulate in specific tissues. A new class of PAHs derivatives, known as chlorinated PAHs (CI-PAHs), have been attracting increasing interest. Emerging CI-PAHs are also ubiquitous and hazardous pollutants akin to PAHs and other halogenated aromatic compounds, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and PCBs; the QuEChERS method has been used for sample preparation [120].  
Fatty acid esters of monochloropropenediol (MCPDEs) and glycidol (GEs) are emerging process contaminants that are often found in oil-containing products. An SPE clean-up process was used to remove partial glycerides to a certain extent [121]. Ice bath-assisted sodium hydroxide purification can be used for sample extraction for the analysis of ethyl carbamate (EC) and N-nitroosamines (NAs), which are toxic contaminants found in fermented alcoholic beverages [122].
# Inter-Annual Variability of Peatland Vegetation Captured Using Phenocam- and UAV Imagery
###### Abstract  
Plant phenology is an important driver of inter-annual variability in peatland carbon uptake. However, the use of traditional phenology datasets (e.g., manual surveys, satellite remote sensing) to quantify this link is hampered by their limited spatial and temporal coverage. This study examined the use of phenology cameras (phenocams) and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for monitoring phenology in a Scottish temperate peatland. Data were collected at the site over multiple growing seasons using a UAV platform fitted with a multispectral Parrot Sequoia camera. We found that greenness indices calculated using data from both platforms were in strong agreement with each other, and exhibited strong correlations with rates of gross primary production (GPP) at the site. Greenness maps generated with the UAV data were combined with fine-scale vegetation classifications, and highlighted the variable sensitivity of different plant species to dry spells over the study period. While a lack of suitable weather conditions for surveying limited the UAV data temporally, the phenocam provided a near-continuous record of phenology. The latter revealed substantial temporal variability in the relationship between canopy greenness and peatland GPP, which although strong over the growing season as a whole (r\({}_{\rm s}\) = 0.88, \(p\) < 0.01), was statistically insignificant during the peak growing season.  
Keywords: peatland; GPP; phenology; drought response Article
## 2 Air-to-Space Channel Models  
The interconnection of UAV communication networks with traditional satellite and terrestrial cellular networks constitutes the space-air-ground integrated network (SA-GIN) [12], a heterogeneous network that supports seamless coverage and enhanced capacity, making 3D architecture a reality for established 6G networks. Therefore, to realize these networks, it is of utmost importance to have a thorough knowledge of the A2S propagation channel. There are no potential scatterers close to the terminals of the A2S link, yet the atmospheric effects, the influence of the UAV structure, the elevation angle to the satellite, or even the scattering that originates from the ground may cause the harsh fading of the received signal, which implies the need for the rigorous study and modeling of the A2S channel.
## 4 Analysis of Influential Factors
### Effect of Varying Doubler Loading Positions on the Rate of De-Icing  
Since there is more than one impulse coil in the actual electric-impulse de-icing system installation on the aircraft, it is essential to consider how other positional coils may affect the de-icing effect. Doing so will aid in designing and optimizing the multi-coil electric-impulse de-icing system. Figure 19 shows the de-icing rate when doubler two receives the same impulse load as doubler one. When doubler two receives two, four, and seven impulses, the de-icing rates are 59%, 71%, and 71%, respectively. Significant increase in de-icing rate compared to doubler one. When an airplane is in flight, the thickness and area of the icing on its lower surface are always more significant than those on its top surface. Additional coils should be placed on the wing's lower surface or used more for de-icing to save energy and improve efficiency.  
Figure 19: Rates of de-icing with varying doubler loading positions [51].  
Figure 18: Rates of deicing with varying shear adhesion strengths.
## 4 Illustrative Example and Experimental Results
Additionally, the PFC inductor currents coincide well with the input voltage at zero-crossing points, thus warranting the active power-factor correction of the proposed circuit. The measured power factor at different output powers is illustrated in Figure 10. At rated output power (\(P_{o}\) = 115 W), the power factor is as high as 0.99. The power factor decreases as the output power decreases the power factor decreases to about 0.92 at 4% rated power. Figure 11 shows the harmonic spectrum of the input line current at the rated power operation. It can be seen that all harmonics are in compliance with the IEC 61000-3-2 Class C standard. The measured THDi is 12.64%. Figure 12 shows the prototype of the proposed LED driver. Figure 6: Voltage waveforms of active switches. (\(v_{GSI}\) and \(v_{GS2}\): 10V/div, \(v_{DSI}\) and \(v_{DS2}\): 200 V/div, Time: 5 \(\upmu\)s/div). Figure 7: Current waveforms of rectifying diodes. (\(i_{D1}\), \(i_{D2}\), \(i_{D3}\), \(i_{D4}\): 1 A/div, Time: 10 \(\upmu\)s/div). Figure 8: Waveforms of \(v_{GS2}\), \(i_{Ts}\), and \(i_{Lo}\) at (**a**) 100%, (**b**) 50%, (**c**) 25%, and (**d**) 4% rated power. (\(v_{GS2}\): 10 V/div, \(i_{Ts}\): 2 A/div, \(i_{Lo}\): 1 A/div, Time: 10 \(\upmu\)s/div). Figure 11: Harmonic spectrum of the input line current. Figure 10: Power factor versus output power. Figure 9: Waveforms of the input voltage and PFC inductor current. (**a**) 100% and (**b**) 4% rated power. (\(v_{in}\): 100 V/div, \(i_{PFC}\): 1 A/div, Time: 5 ms/div).