# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Online Questionnaire Study
#### 4.3.1 Non-Users of Password Managers  
In this study, there are 134 non-users of password managers, of which 68 (51%) participants have no educational background in computer science or information security (non-experts), whereas 66 (49%) participants do have an educational background related to computer science or information security, so we classified them as experts. Actually, expert participants are expected to adopt password managers because of their higher skills and knowledge of computer science than non-experts, yet, many stated that they did not use a password manager. The vast majority of non-users of password managers are well-educated, 41% of participants have a bachelor's degree, followed by 31% with a master's and 13% with a PhD. Also, 40% of non-users are aged 26-35 years, 28% are 36-45 years old while 21% are between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Reasons for not using a password manager  
To understand why this group of participants were not using password managers, a list of 13 options (Table 20) was provided to them so that they could choose the reasons that applied to them or they could state their own reasons (they must choose at least one reason from the list or write a reason of their own). The reasons are related to the usability of password managers, trust, transparency and security. When we asked non-user participants about their reasons for not using a password manager, most of the reasons that were chosen related to trust issues, followed by security and transparency issues. The reasons most selected by non-users participants related to trust issue, as 41.8% chose \"I do not trust the vendor of a password manager to store my passwords\" and 41.8% chose \"I do not trust the browser extension of a password manager to fill in my passwords\". Other reasons related to a lack of transparency in password managers, as 38.1% of non-users chose \"I do not know where my passwords will be stored in a password manager\", while 22.4% selected \"I do not know how my online passwords will be processed in a password manager.\" Other participants chose reasons related to security concerns, as 35.8% chose \"all my passwords will be leaked, if the database of a password manager is hacked\" and 26.1% chose \"If the master password is compromised/stolen, all my passwords will be exposed\". From the results, the main reason selected by non-user participants is that they do not use a password manager because they do not trust the browser extension or the vendor of a password manager, which means that non-user participants have trust issues regarding password managers. Similarly, non-users do not trust password managers to delete passwords permanently from databases. Another reason for not using a password manager is related to a lack of transparency, as non-user participants stated that they do not use a password manager because they do not know where passwords will be stored, and they do not know how passwords are processed in the database of a password manager. One more issue is that 20% of participants do not want to use password managers because passwords will be synchronized through the vendor's service. Furthermore, many non-user participants have concerns about the security of the database of a password manager, which means that relying on a password manager to protect passwords can be risky. Non-users have concerns about the master password, because compromising the master password means all stored passwords may fall into the wrong hands. Similarly, 24.6% of non-user participants stated that other people who use the same shared computer could log in to their own password manager account. A tenth reason that causes non-users not to use a password manager is related to the availability of their stored passwords, because they will not be able to access stored passwords if a password manager fails to work (29.1%).