# Analysis of Macroscopic Traffic Network Impacted by Structural Damage to Bridges from Earthquakes
## 2 Literature Review  
In the last several decades, various researchers have modeled structural damage to bridges using different analysis methods. [PERSON] et al. proposed a multi-objective optimization algorithm (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-II) to minimize the deck acceleration and mid-span displacement [4]. In the later work, they proposed a multi-objective optimization algorithm named NSGA-II to determine the optimum radius \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Date** & **Magnitude** & **Depth (km)** & **Latitude** & **Longtitude** \\ \hline
1 & 1990 October 22 18:09:35 & 3.4 & – & 35.90 N & 130.00 E \\ \hline
2 & 1999 April 24 01:35:14 & 3.2 & – & 36.00 N & 129.30 E \\ \hline
3 & 2002 July 09 04:01:51 & 3.8 & – & 35.90 N & 129.60 E \\ \hline
4 & 2011 March 28 13:50:29 & 3.2 & – & 35.97 N & 129.95 E \\ \hline
5 & 2017 April 15 11:31:13 & 3.1 & – & 36.11 N & 129.36 E \\ \hline
6 & 2017 November 15 14:29:31 & 5.4 & 7 & 36.11 N & 129.37 E \\ \hline
7 & 2017 November 15 14:32:59 & 3.6 & 8 & 36.10 N & 129.36 E \\ \hline
8 & 2017 November 15 15:09:49 & 3.5 & 8 & 36.09 N & 129.34 E \\ \hline
9 & 2017 November 15 16:49:30 & 4.3 & 10 & 36.12 N & 129.36 E \\ \hline
10 & 2017 November 16 09:02:42 & 3.6 & 8 & 36.12 N & 129.37 E \\ \hline
11 & 2017 November 19 23:45:47 & 3.5 & 9 & 36.12 N & 129.36 E \\ \hline
12 & 2017 November 20 06:05:15 & 3.6 & 12 & 36.14 N & 129.36 E \\ \hline
13 & 2017 December 25 16:19:22 & 3.5 & 10 & 36.11 N & 129.36 E \\ \hline
14 & 2018 February 11 05:03:03 & 4.6 & 9 & 36.08 N & 129.33 E \\ \hline
15 & 2019 February 10 12:53:38 & 4.1 & 21 & 36.16 N & 129.90 E \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Earthqu with magnitude 3.0 and above in Pohang City [2]. Figure 1: Epicenter of 15 earthquakes in Pohang City (Source: Google Map [3]). for shape memory alloy [5]. They optimized the radius for the shape memory alloy and implemented a benchmark bridge to reduce excessive displacements. While structural damages from earthquakes have been investigated in various capacities, other researchers have focused on estimating the performance of highway networks due to bridge damage from earthquakes. They examined the impact of traffic networks and the resilience of bridges after earthquakes. [PERSON] et al. presented a new methodology for seismic severity assessment using the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) method, measured system-level performance using matrix-based frameworks, and evaluated seismic risk using total probability theorem, thus providing the bridges in Pohang with new methodologies, such as the magnitude of earthquakes and uncertainties following the past earthquake cases and uncertainty [6]. [PERSON] emphasized the need to efficiently adjust the evacuation of residents in case of emergency and strengthen the joint response system of civilian, government, and military officials. The research was conducted with the aim of finding ways to minimize damage and social damage of residents in the event of a disaster [7]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an artificial-neural-network-based surrogate model for accelerated seismic risk assessment of a system-level bridge transportation network. Total system travel time was analyzed as a performance index to evaluate the performance of the bridge network. It was stated that total system travel time calculation was to be adopted as a performance index due to high calculation costs [8]. [PERSON] performed a one-to-one algorithm for dynamic evacuation routes searching under events of natural disasters. For the analysis, the moving cell model was applied to find dynamic routes [9]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a method of assessing changes in traffic flow after earthquakes in California and developed a probability model to quantify degree of damage to traffic networks after bridge repair and reinforcement. Structural damage of bridges was analyzed based on delay time using capacity and changing initial speed [10]. [PERSON] et al.