# Internet of Nano-Things, Things and Everything: Future Growth Trends
## 3 Internet of Everything (IoE)  
Both Cisco and Qualcomm have been using the term IoE [8; 9]. However, Qualcomm's interpretation of the term has been replaced by the IoT by a majority of others. Cisco's usage has a more comprehensive meaning. The Cisco version of IoE is built upon the \"four pillars\" of people, data, process and things, whereas IoT is only composed of \"things\", as shown in Figure 4. IoE also extends business and industrial processes to enrich the lives of people.  
Figure 4: Internet of Everything (IoE). Adapted from [10].  
Figure 3: The top ten IoT Segments in 2018—based on 1600 real IoT projects [7].  
The independent, non-networked and unconnected devices of the past are now being connected to the Internet, including machine-to-machine (M2M), person-to-machine (P2M), and person-to-person (P2P) systems. This enveloping of people, processes, data and things by IoE is shown in Figure 4[9; 10].  
The Futurist, [PERSON], states that, rather than simply \"things\", the issue is more about the \"connections among people, process, data, and things\" that is at the heart of the Internet of Everything and creates the \"value\" [11]. Qualcomm's CEO, [PERSON], stated in 2014 that IoT and IoE were \"the same thing\" [8].  
According to Cisco, many organizations are going through growth waves of S-curves, as shown in Figure 5. These IoT growth waves are leading to the eventual actualization of the complete IoE [9; 12]. With each successive wave of added features and greater network connectedness--this leads to expansion of the IoE, with its many novel opportunities as well as risks [13]. Interestingly, this interpretation of progression through a succession of S-curves correlates closely with the model for accelerating change proposed by [PERSON], which is also based on successive S-curves [14].  
The IoE has the potential to extract and analyze real-time data from the millions of sensors connected to it and then to apply it to aid \"automated and people-based processes\" [15]. Other benefits include the use of IoE in helping to achieve public policy goals, environmental sustainability, economic and social goals [15].  
Traditional office-based applications such as financial trading have now moved into the domain of the mobile platform with the use of smartphones, as well as many other applications, aided by IoE [16; 17]. The application of IoE is facilitated by the expansion of Cloud Computing, helping to connect \"everything\" online [18]. A study by Cisco in February 2013 predicted that $14.4 trillion may be exploited in the next ten years by implementing IoE with M2M, M2P and P2P [18].  
Cities, which in the future may be regarded as a scaled version of the IoE, will benefit the most from being connected in terms of using information intelligence to address city-specific concerns [19]. This will become more so as cities become \"Smart Cities\" [19], utilizing IoE together with \"Big Data\" processing [20]. Examples include monitoring the \"health\" of highways and attending to their repairs using road-embedded sensors, road traffic flow control, agricultural growth monitoring, education and healthcare [21; 22]. The future is most likely to see cities become \"Smart + Connected Communities\", formed using public-private partnerships to help enhance the living conditions of the citizens.  
As urbanization continues to increase, predicted to be 70% by the 2050s [21], the use of IoE will become almost critical in implementing such features of the future city as the Smart Grid and  
Figure 5: Internet growth is occurring in S-curve waves [9; 12].  
automation of traffic planning and control [19]. IoE is also forming a foundation in the mining industry of fossil fuels and in remote monitoring, helping to improve safety in the field [23].  
E-learning and especially the implementation of m-learning, is being facilitated by the IoE across the educational establishment, giving more accessibility to students. The benefits include more feedback and monitoring of the progress of the learners [24].