## 3 Results and Discussion
### Network Visual Mining
#### 3.2.1 Visual Mining of HSPNs; The Most Central and Atypical ABFPs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**HSPN—No Cutoff**} \\ \hline
**Centrality Measure** & **Total** & **Peptide Name** & **Cluster** \\ \hline Node Degree Harmonic & & & \\ Betweenness Hub-Bridge & 1 & starPep\_03668 & (1) \\ \hline Node Degree Betweenness & & & \\ Hub-Bridge & 1 & starPep\_00048 & (1) \\ Harmonic Hub-Bridge & 2 & starPep\_00000 & \\  & & starPep\_10922 & (1) (3) \\  & & starPep\_12469 & \\  & & starPep\_07526 & \\  & & starPep\_00145 & \\ Node Degree Betweenness & 7 & starPep\_06130 & (3) (2)(2) (3) (0) (2) (2) \\  & & starPep\_00042 & \\  & & starPep\_08958 & \\  & & starPep\_02281 & \\ Node Degree & 1 & starPep\_00517 & (0) \\  & & starPep\_07864 & \\  & & starPep\_07895 & \\  & & starPep\_02907 & \\ Harmonic & 7 & starPep\_12770 & (0) (3)(3) (3) (3) (2) \\  & & starPep\_12531 & \\  & & starPep\_13517 & \\  & & starPep\_07893 & \\ Betweenness & 1 & starPep\_08001 & (3) \\  & & starPep\_00496 & \\  & & starPep\_00561 & \\ Hub-Bridge & 6 & starPep\_00361 & \\  & & starPep\_13515 & \\  & & starPep\_00193 & \\  & & starPep\_05561 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**HSPN—Cutoff 0.65**} \\ \hline Node Degree Harmonic & & & \\ Betweenness Hub-Bridge & 1 & starPep\_00048 & (9) \\ Node Degree Betweenness & & & \\ Hub-Bridge & 1 & starPep\_00042 & (11) \\ Harmonic Betweenness Hub-Bridge & 1 & starPep\_10922 & (15) \\ Node Degree Harmonic & 2 & starPep\_00000 & (15) (4) \\ Betweenness & 2 & starPep\_03668 & (9) \\ Node Degree Harmonic & 1 & starPep\_00361 & (9) \\ Node Degree Betweenness & 1 & starPep\_07526 & (17) \\ Node Degree Hub-Bridge & 2 & starPep\_0004 & (11) (9) \\  & & starPep\_00193 & (11) (9) \\ Harmonic Betweenness & 1 & starPep\_02379 & (17) \\  & & starPep\_07895 & \\ Harmonic Hub-Bridge & 3 & starPep\_02907 & (15) (15) (15) \\  & & starPep\_12531 & \\  & & starPep\_00561 & \\ Node Degree & 2 & starPep\_05561 & (9) (4) \\ Harmonic & 1 & starPep\_07893 & (14) \\  & & starPep\_12530 & \\ Betweenness & 3 & starPep\_04734 & (15) (17) (15) \\  & & starPep\_08958 & \\ Hub-Bridge & 2 & starPep\_12770 & \\  & & starPep\_02908 & (15) (15) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Common and singular peptides from the ten top-ranked ABFFs by four, three, two and one centrality measure (node degree, harmonic, betweenness and hub-bridge centralities). The cluster number for each peptide at each HSPN is displayed. Since the HSPN with no cutoff is fully connected, no isolated communities and singletons can be identified. Table 2 displays the atypical peptides from the HSPN at a similarity cutoff of 0.65; the 20 singletons where all centrality measures reached 0 value and two isolated communities made up of two peptides interconnected with node degree 1. The atypical peptides could have been analyzed similarly to the central peptides, but as all singletons displayed 0 values for all centrality measures, the analysis was carried out by exploring the metadata associated with each peptide using the StarPep toolbox. Atypical peptides with no reported toxicity to mammalian cells are marked with an asterisk, while those that also have a diversity of desired functions contributing to the antibiotic/antibiofilm activity were highlighted in bold. This is the case for starPep_04044, which is a synthetic peptide of 13 aa length representing a singular structure that can successfully coat titanium surfaces and can also target Gram+ and Gram-- bacterial strains in both their planktonic and biofilm forms, thereby allowing its utilization for preventing infection-related implant failures in dentistry and orthopaedics. It has been proven effective on _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Streptococcus gondii_, _Porphyromonas gingivalis_, _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Escherichia coli_[56; 57].