# Cosmeceuticals and Thalassotherapy: Recovering the Skin and Well-Being after Cancer Therapies
## 4 Thalassotherapy for Improving Well-Being and Post-Onology Recovery
### Sea Water: Effects on Skin
[132] with mineral water from deep-sea bedrock, rich in minerals such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and others, investigated the preventive effects of natural deep-sea water on developing Atopic dermatitis, concluding that this water inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions [132]. [PERSON] et al. [133] studied, in a skin equivalent model, Jeju lava sea water, showing that this water (rich in sodium, magnesium and calcium) increased the CD44 (hyaluronic acid receptor) which is related to skin hydration; the authors conclude that the Jeju lava sea water may help to improve skin hydration [133]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [134] studied the effect of deep-sea water (high levels of Mg and Ca) on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and determined that this water suppressed inflammatory responses via the MAPK/AP-1 and NF-kB Signaling Pathway [134]. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [135] evaluated the effects of mineral-balanced deep-sea water (DSW) on Atopic dermatitis-like skin damage both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that DSW is effective in the treatment and prevention of atopic-type skin lesions. The mechanism of action involved seems to be the suppression of the expressions of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as the inhibition of histamine and IgE production underlying the STAT1 and JNK1/2 signaling pathways. In addition, other mechanisms involved are the positive regulation of filagyrin and the recovery of involuric expressions and the inhibition of IL-4 production, which help restore skin health. The authors suggested that mineral-balanced DSW may be useful in preventing and treating skin inflammation caused by skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis [135]. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [136] revised the mechanism of action specific to saline waters; when topically administered, this water rich in sodium and chloride penetrated the skin where it was able to modify cellular osmotic pressure and stimulate nerve receptors in the skin via cell membrane ion channels known as \"Piezo\" proteins. They postulated that the effects of salt mineral waters are mediated by mechanisms linked to the concentration and type of salts involving cellular osmosis-mediated activation/inhibition of cell apoptotic or necrotic processes, and in turn, this osmotic mechanism modulates the mechanosensitive piezoelectric channels [136]. Another aspect of great interest in the use of seawater is wound healing. In a study carried out by [PERSON] et al. [137], it was demonstrated that short-term rinsing with NaCl promoted hGFs migration and increased the expression of extracellular matrix as well as cytoskeletal proteins; the authors concluded that these data strongly support the empirical use of NaCl mouth rinse [137]. [PERSON] et al. [138], in a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, studied the effects of sea salt mouth rinse on subjects undergoing oral surgery; the results showed an appreciable wound healing in the experimental group when compared to the control, with no reported adverse effects [138]. Another study demonstrated that the use of a sea salt-based mouthwash in daily oral hygiene reduces the bacterial levels of _Streptococcus mutans_ linked to the combined action of xylitol and lysozyme, together with the action of sea salt [139]. In addition, another research showed that soaking in 7% of table salt concentration can significantly accelerate the wound healing process compared to the control group, with a decrease in wound diameter on the 3 rd day and complete healing on the 7 th day [140].