esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Datasets and Preprocess
### Land Cover Products  
The MODIS land cover type product (MCD12Q1) provides annual global land cover maps with a 500 m spatial resolution for 2001-present. It includes eight land cover classification schemes derived via a supervised decision-tree classification method [54]. The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) classification from the MCD12Q1 product was used in this study for consistency with the MODIS CI product.  
Furthermore, the first global land cover datasets at 30 m resolution (GlobeLand30), obtained from the official online platform at [[https://www.webmap.cn/](https://www.webmap.cn/)]([https://www.webmap.cn/](https://www.webmap.cn/)) (accessed on 15 January 2024), were selected as auxiliary data for the selection of typical pixels in this study. Additionally, these datasets were employed to further reduce the uncertainty in the land cover types of the CIs via a classification scheme that includes 10 first-level types, such as croplands, forests, and grasslands [55]. The 2000, 2010, and 2020 versions have been published to date.
# How Infrared Radiation Was Discovered--Range of This Discovery and Detailed, Unknown Information
## 4 Other Experiments of [PERSON] Related to Infrared Radiation
### Investigation of the Phenomenon of Focusing of Infrared Radiation  
After proving his own conjectures on the possibility of the occurrence of reflection of infrared radiation, [PERSON] in his next experiment decided to carry out an experiment confirming the possibility of focusing of invisible solar rays (infrared radiation). For this purpose, he made the following measuring stand (Figure 6).  
Figure 5: Measurement stand for infrared radiation reflection test—original drawing of the measurement stand [10]. A—the board that holds the apparatus used in experiment, B—the prism, C—the spectrum, thrown partly on the paper with parallel lines and partly on of the small tables which support the board, D—mirror which reflects the rays of heat sideways, 1—thermometer which receives the reflected rays, 2—the standard thermometer.  
The measurement stand contains of an angle-adjustable stand, a small steel mirror positioned perpendicular to the incident sunlight split by a prism, half covered by cardboard limiting all visible sunlight feeding into it, and a thermometer, which was to receive the focused infrared rays reflected from the mirror. Lines perpendicular to the diameter were drawn on the cardboard covering the mirror, allowing the infrared rays to be accurately separated from the boundary-visible red rays of the split sunlight. After the thermometer reading had settled to the ambient temperature, [PERSON] exposed the half of the mirror used in the experiment to the scattered rays in such a way that the red rays were visible on the cardboard covering the other half of the mirror, 1/10 of an inch from its border.  
By this experiment, [PERSON] confirmed the existence of invisible solar rays. He also proved the possibility of the reflection of these rays and, what was the subject of the experiment presented, their susceptibility to the phenomenon of focusing, which, in a short time, proportionately increases the heat energy created only by means of the invisible solar rays, i.e., infrared rays. In his experiment, he observed a temperature increase of 24\({}^{\circ}\) on the thermometer after two minutes of measurement.
## 5 Conclusions  
Reliable and early fault diagnosis of the bearing may reduce the loss of manufacturing production by decreasing the possibility of an unwanted breakdown of the industrial motor. The traditional fault diagnosis model worked on the predefined and incomplete knowledge of faults of a bearing. However, due to the progressive nature of the growing fault during the operation under heavy load, new faults may appear on the surface of the bearing. To address these issues, this paper proposed a reliable and online fault diagnosis system for detecting unknown fault modes in the operating life of the bearing and update the diagnosis system knowledge (DSK) in real time. The heterogeneous feature vector is extracted from the collected AE signal from the bearing for training the diagnosis model. To detect the unknown number of faults, the \(k\)-means unsupervised clustering algorithm is used by finding the optimal number of clusters. However, determining the correct number of clusters \(k_{opt}\) is challenging due to the dynamic behavior of faults. For this reason, a new MPDFCDF cluster evaluation method is introduced to calculate \(k_{opt}\) and establish the existence of new fault modes. When a new fault mode is detected, the system automatically updates the DSK. Finally, the optimal features selection method is used for selecting optimal features from the updated fault database and the \(k\)-NN classification model is adopted for identifying faults in the unknown signals. For evaluating the proposed model, sensor signals with multiple faults, different fault severities, and different rotation speeds were considered. According to the experimental results, the proposed model showed much better diagnosis performance after incorporating the detected new fault. In addition, the proposed MPDFCDF algorithm outperformed existing cluster evaluation methods in terms of finding the optimal number of fault modes in data.  
All authors contributed equally to the conception of the idea, as well as implementing and analyzing the experimental results, and writing the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of Korea (No. 20181510102160), in part by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of Korea and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region. (P0006123).  
Figure 14: Diagnosis performance improvement for different test cases with different conditional datasets, i.e., (**a**) Dataset-1: 300 RPM, (**b**) Dataset-2: 350 RPM, (**c**) Dataset-3: 400 RPM, (**d**) Dataset-4: 450 RPM, and (**e**) Dataset-5: 500 RPM. The y-axis represents average classification accuracy (ACA) (%).
# Design and Analysis of Systematic Batched Network Codes
## 2 Ordinary Batched Network Coding
### Decoding Algorithms  
Suppose that \(n\) batches \(\mathbf{Y}_{i}^{(L)}\), \(i=1,\ldots,n\) are received at the destination node \(L\). A decoder is expected to recover \(\mathbf{B}\) using \(\mathbf{Y}_{i}^{(L)}\), \(i=1,\ldots,n\), which are related by a linear system. From this perspective, we obtain an upper bound on the decoding performance [23]:  
\[K\leq\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{rank}(\mathbf{H}_{i}^{(L)}).\]  
When used as a block code with a fixed number \(n\) of batches, the (_outer_) _coding rate_ defined as \(K/n\), together with the decoding success probability, is used to measure the outer code performance. When used as a rateless code, decoding allows more batches to be used until all the message packets are decoded, and the (_outer_) _coding overhead_ defined as \(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\text{rank}(\mathbf{H}_{i}^{(L)})-K\) is used to measure the decoding performance.  
As \(\mathbf{B}\) and \(\mathbf{Y}_{i}^{(L)}\), \(i=1,\ldots,n\) are related by a linear system, Gaussian elimination is the optimal algorithm to solve \(\mathbf{B}\). However, Gaussian elimination incurs a computational complexity linear in \(K\) when decoding one message packet on average, which is not tolerable when \(K\) is slightly large. In the remainder of this section, we introduce several approaches that can achieve \(O(1)\) complexity in decoding one message packet. In the following, we first discuss two decoding algorithms without inactive packets and then discuss inactivation decoding.
## 1 Introduction
### Contribution of the Study  
* This paper presents a novel image encryption method that combines the Hill Cipher, sigmoid logistic map, and Kronecker xor product matrix techniques. The sigmoid logistic map was modified in this method to generate complex pseudo-random numbers that are effective in encrypting images. By integrating these three techniques, the proposed image encryption method offers a new approach to digital encryption that has not been explored previously. The combination of the Hill Cipher, sigmoid logistic map, and Kronecker xor product matrix brings together a range of strengths to provide robust security for images. This contribution is expected to be a valuable addition to the field of image encryption.
* One contribution of this paper is the use of the Kronecker bitwise exclusive OR operation to make the image pixels more obscure and increase the size of the image. The Kronecker product of matrices is a well-known technique that is often used for digital watermarking, encryption, and compression. In this study, we adapted the Kronecker product approach by replacing the product operator with the xor operator, which generates extremely large and complex keys. These keys are then combined with the complex keys generated by the modified sigmoid logistic map through the xor operation. This contribution represents a new application of the Kronecker product and xor operator for image encryption and adds to the growing body of knowledge in this field.
* It is important to note that the Kronecker product used in this paper is the Kronecker xor product, not the Kronecker tensor product. The Kronecker xor product can significantly increase the size of the data being stored when used for encryption. While this additional storage space may be a consideration, it is essential to weigh this against the importance of protecting the sensitive information being stored. The Kronecker xor product is an effective method for ensuring that data is secure and not accessible to unauthorized parties.
* Another contribution of this paper is the thorough testing and evaluation of the encrypted image, which was performed and compared to other similar studies. The results of these tests suggest that the proposed image encryption method meets all the criteria for good encryption. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through comparison with other techniques, providing confidence in its ability to secure images against potential threats.  
The structure of this study can be summarized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the basic concepts and background information necessary for understanding the proposed image encryption method. In Section 3, the details of the encryption process and its implementation are described and illustrated. Section 4 presents the simulation results, analysis, and evaluation of the proposed encryption scheme, as well as a comparison with other studies. Finally, the conclusions of the study are presented in the last section.
## 3 Proposed Solution to Predict the AoA
### Beamforming and Precoding Strategy
#### 3.4.5 Robustness to Prediction Error  
Given the presence of prediction uncertainty, robustness is ensured through the following:  
* Fallback AoA estimation: When prediction confidence falls below the threshold, or an AoA jump is detected (as per DE-ACSW-R logic), the O-RU triggers a localised or full MUSIC scan, restoring alignment using direct subspace estimation.
* Beam width adjustment: Upon low confidence, the beam pattern is widened via tapering (e.g., Taylor window), sacrificing some gain to improve coverage and avoid mis-steering.
* SNR and SINR monitoring: Continuous monitoring of received SNR/SINR informs both prediction window size and beam pattern adaptation, increasing system resilience in rapidly changing conditions.  
By integrating predictive modelling (LR, SVR with clustering, adaptive fusion) with subspace estimation, the DE-ACSW-R-enabled beamforming and precoding framework delivers low-latency accurate directional transmission that is adaptable to O-RAN Split 7-2x deployments and robust in dense high-mobility scenarios, without relying on continuous CSI feedback or centralised optimisation.
###### Abstract  
Phytoplankton such as diatoms or desmids are useful for monitoring water quality. Manual image analysis is impractical due to the huge diversity of this group of microalgae and its great morphological plasticity, hence the importance of automating the analysis procedure. High-resolution images of phytoplankton cells can now be acquired by digital microscopes, which facilitate automating the analysis and identification process of specimens. Therefore, new systems of image analysis are potentially advantageous compared to manual methods of counting for solution identification. Segmentation is an important step in the analysis of phytoplankton images. Many standard techniques like thresholding and edge detection are employed in the segmentation of diatoms and other phytoplankton, which are crucial organisms in microscopy images. However, in general, they require several parameters to be fixed beforehand by the user in order to get the best results. This process is usually done by comparing results and looking for the best parameters. To automatize this process, we propose an automatic tuning method to find the optimal parameters in an iterative procedure, called Parametric Segmentation Tuning (PST). This technique compares successive segmentation results, choosing the ones that gets the maximal similarity. In this paper, tuning is formulated as an optimization problem using a similarity function within the solution space. This space consists of the set of binary images that are generated by the segmentation technique to be tuned, where these binary images are seen as a function of the original images and the segmentation parameters. The PST technique was tested with two of the most popular techniques employed to segment phytoplankton images: the Canny edge detection and a binarisation method. The results of the thresholding technique were validated by comparing them to those of the Otsu method and the Canny method with a ground truth. They show that PST is effective to find the best parameters.  
Keywords:diatom; segmentation; tuning; thresholding; phytoplankton +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 5 Discussion
In particular, it can be seen in the results obtained for A2C (Figure 16b,c) and PPO (Figure 11c,d), where, already, in the middle of the training process, the trend of the reward gradually converges to the highest value, indicating that the model training is completed. Furthermore, RL agent training and verifying the learned model in the simulation-based DT and RL agent combination architecture proposed in this paper allows for a simple and fast reconfiguration of the environment with which the agent interacts. Compared to architectures based on non-simulation environments, a brief overview of which is presented in Section 1, changing the components or performance indicators of the system on which the reward function is based, which, in the case of analytical models, would involve the need to construct new formulas or mathematical models, does not constitute any problem and it is quick and simple. This is due to the fact that, in the proposed approach, the values of the reward function can be directly linked to the statistics of the components of the simulation model and the modification of the reward function comes down to indicating them in the communication modules (see Figure 9). In addition, using simple predefined conditional blocks, it is possible to create dynamic functions that activate various statistics depending on the adopted conditions. Similarly, changing the structure of the simulation model in response to changes in the real production system can be done automatically or semi-automatically by connecting the model to enterprise information systems or automation devices. The limitations of the presented architecture are mainly related to the scope of the digital representation of real objects. Most modern advanced simulation software contains extensive libraries of predefined objects, covering manufacturing, assembly, and logistics subsystems. However, due to the wide variety of technologies and production organization in different industries, some model objects still have to be created from scratch. Similarly, current simulation systems have not transferred all the communication protocols used in industrial automation to the digital layer. The key challenge remains to transfer the discussed solutions as quickly as possible into industrial practice. Partial challenges, including providing a framework for data transfer and real-time communication capabilities, and developing common data models and guidelines for implementation are related to it. The challenges in the closely related aspects of cybersecurity and explainable AI should also be mentioned. Furthermore, there is an important future need to ensure compliance of the designed industrial solutions with the legal requirements to which solutions used in industrial practice based on AI methods will be subject, especially in the context of the ongoing work on the AI Act [58].
## 1 Introduction
They reported that for the Stokes flow the transient velocity reduces due to wall slip while transient effects are minimum for Couette flow. This is obtained only for higher and lower estimation of the wall slip and the gap thickness, respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] discussed the result of slip condition analytically and numerically. The numerical solution for Newtonian liquid flow over an impermeable stretching sheet with slip velocity, variable thickness, and power-law surface velocity was discussed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19]. [PERSON] et al. [20] observed the slip effect with mixed convective boundary layer flow induced by a flat plate. The idea of porous media is employed in many areas of engineering and applied science such as mechanics, filtration, petroleum engineering, construction engineering, hydrogeology, geophysics, petroleum geology, biology, and biophysics. [PERSON] [21] investigated the MHD nanoliquid flow inside the porous cavity. He employed the control-volume finite element method (CVFEM) to simulate the behavior of a magnetic field. Entropy generation under the effect of MHD nanofluid through porous media is also reported by [PERSON] [22]. Some more researches about porous media are given at [23; 24; 25]. The phenomenon of melting heat has gained the attention of scientists and researchers due to its ample applications in innovative industrial and technological processes. In the last few years, scientists have focused on developing more sustainable, competent, and cheap energy storage technologies. Such technologies are connected to unwanted heat recovery, solar energy, heat plants, and power. The behavior of melting heat transfer in a warm air stream of ice slab was first portrayed by [PERSON] [26]. The effect of melting heat transfer and mixed convection in the flow of Maxwell fluid generated by linear stretching surface debated by [PERSON] et al. [27]. [PERSON] [28] examined the deformation of MHD flow of viscous fluid produced by a moving surface with melting effect and thermal radiation. The effect of the boundary layer with melting heat transfer nanofluid flow due to a stretching surface with the magnetic field is analyzed by [PERSON] [29]. As the above-referred survey discloses, there are abundant studies available discussing the flow of nanofluids in varied scenarios with different geometries; however, less material exists conversing the nanofluid flows over thin needles. This channel becomes even narrower when we talk about nanofluid flow over a thin needle with the simultaneous impacts of melting heat and nonlinear chemical reaction in permeable media. The layout of the subject mathematical model consists of, firstly, the erection of the mathematical model. Secondly, the detail of the numerical scheme concerns the presented model. Thirdly, the results and discussion section and, lastly, the conclusions.
# Low-Temperature Dielectric Response of Strontium Titanate Thin Films Manipulated by Zn Doping
## 4 Conclusions  
Zn doping was successfully performed in \(\sim\)320 nm thick sol-gel-derived ST films deposited on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates, as confirmed by EDS and XRD analysis, and found to have a significant effect on the dielectric response of SrTi1-xZnxO3-\(\delta\) films with x = 0.01 and 0.05. The observation of Zn peaks by EDS and the increase in lattice parameter with Zn content confirmed the substitution of Ti4+ by Zn2+ ions. Due to such substitution, the relative tunability was found to increase compared to that of undoped ST film at low temperatures, reaching a value of up to 32.9% under a DC electric field of 125 kV/cm. Although the low-\(T\) tunability was the highest for SrTiO0.95 Zn0.05O3\({}_{3-\delta}\) thin film, the hysteresis-free electric field dependence of the permittivity together with the dissipation factor below 0.6% observed in SrTi0.99 Zn0.01O3\({}_{3-\delta}\) film make the latter film more relevant for tunable device applications.  
Conceptualization, P.M.V.; methodology, O.O.; validation, O.O.; formal analysis, O.O., A.T. and P.M.V.; investigation, O.O.; resources, P.M.V.; data curation, O.O.; writing--original draft preparation, A.T. and O.O.; writing--review and editing, A.T., O.O. and P.M.V.; visualization, A.T. and O.O.; funding acquisition, P.M.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was developed within the scope of the CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials projects UIDB/50011/2020 and UIDP/50011/2020, FLEXIDEVICE project PTDC/CTMCTM/29671/2017, as well as projects UIDB/00481/2020 and UIDP/00481/2020, financed by national funds  
Figure 4: DC electric field dependence of the real part of dielectric permittivity \(\varepsilon^{\prime}\) (top panel) and relative tunability \(n_{r}\) (bottom panel) for SrTi1-xZnxO3-\(\delta\) thin films with x = 0 (**a**), 0.01 (**b**) and 0.05 (**c**) at 10 kHz and selected temperatures.  
through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/MCTES, and CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083--Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Centro2020), under PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding authors.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.