esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Location-Aware Deep Interaction Forest for Web Service QoS Prediction
## 3 Proposed Approach  
### Problem Description  
In order to be easily understood, the notation definitions are shown in Table 1:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline
**Notation** & **Descriptions** \\ \hline \(U\) & the set of all web service users \\ \hline \(U_{i}^{k}\) & the \(k\)-th feature of the \(i\)-th user \\ \hline \(U_{i}\) & the feature of user \(i\) (\(U_{i}^{1}\), \(U_{i}^{2}\ldots U_{i}^{k}\) ) \\ \hline \(S\) & the set of all web services \\ \hline \(S_{j}^{k}\) & the \(k\)-th feature of the \(j\)-th web service \\ \hline \(S_{j}\) & the feature of service \(j\) (\(S_{1}^{1}\), \(S_{2}^{2}\ldots S_{j}^{n}\) ) \\ \hline \(Q\) & the QoS set \\ \hline \(Q_{ij}\) & the QoS value between user \(i\) and service \(j\) \\ \hline \(X\) & the form of data (\(U_{i}^{1}\), \(U_{i}^{2}\ldots U_{i}^{k}\), \(S_{1}^{1}\), \(S_{2}^{2}\ldots S_{j}^{n}\), \(Q_{ij}\)) \\ \hline \(D\) & the maximum depth of layer \\ \hline \(A\) & the Matrix \(A\) \\ \hline \(l\) & the highest order of feature interaction representation in single-dimensional SIS layer \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Notation and descriptions.  
In the real world, the relationship between users and services is a many-to-many type, where a user can invoke multiple services, and a service can also be simultaneously invoked by multiple users. When users invoke services, the current QoS is recorded to represent the performance of the service as observed by the user. QoS is predicted by the known user and service information (service function information, user and service location and network information) and the observed QoS. As defined in Table 1, in \(X\), \(U_{i}\) represents a user, \(S_{j}\) represents a service, and \(Q_{ij}\) represents the QoS value that the user feeds back to the service. Ultimately, users can select services that meet their needs based on the predicted QoS list. Figure 1 is the overall flow chart of the service recommendation approach.
# An Enhanced Belief Propagation Flipping Decoder for Polar Codes with Stepping Strategy
## 5 Conclusions  
To reduce the average number of iterations in the BP flipping algorithm, this paper proposes a BP flipping algorithm with the stepping strategy. To narrow the search space, the reliable bits are skipped by the stepping strategy to improve the accuracy of flipping bits. The magnitude of LLRs are used to determine whether the bits are reliable or not, skip over the reliable bits in the FS, and flip the unreliable bits to reduce the average number of iterations. Furthermore, to make the algorithm more robust, we propose the threshold \(\beta\) to reduce the BLER. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm with one-bit flipping and two-bit flipping can achieve BLER for CA-SCL decoder with list size 4 and 8, separately. Compared with the BPF decoder and the GBPF decoder, the EBPSF-\(\Omega\) significantly reduces the average number of iterations.  
Conceptualization, X.Z., Y.L. and C.C.; Software, X.Z. and Y.L.; Validation, X.Z., Y.L. and C.C.; Supervision, Q.Z.; Writing-original draft preparation, X.Z., Y.L. and C.C.; Writing-review and editing, H.G. and Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Joint Fund for Smart Computing of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.ZR2019 LZH001), the Shandong University Youth Innovation Supporting Program (No.2019 KJN020, No.2019 KJN024) and Shandong Chongqing Science and technology cooperation project (No.cstc2020)scx-lyjsAX0008).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
# A Simplified Analysis Method for Seismic Response of
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the seismic analysis methods of upper and underground structures, this article proposes an EBSM-RAM for the seismic design of pile foundations with the goal of peak shear stress at the pile top in the time history analysis results. The proposed method can accurately describe the shear stress and distribution characteristics of the pile body of a pile raft foundation under seismic loads, especially in situations where there are soft and hard layers within the pile length range that may lead to pile fracture and have high computational efficiency and accuracy. The following conclusions are drawn:  
1. The results of the corner pile and the center pile by EBSM-RAM are closest to the time history analysis results when the reduction coefficient is around 0.35.
2. When the reduction coefficient is between 0.35 and 0.4, the quasi-static calculation results of the shear stress distribution at the top of the pile group are most similar to the results of the time history analysis, and the error of the peak shear stress at the top of the pile is less than 10%.
3. When conducting seismic design comparative analysis on multiple different pile raft foundations, only a reduction coefficient corresponding to the upper structure of the model needs to be calculated through time history analysis. This coefficient can be used for seismic calculation of other foundation schemes with the same upper structure. Avoiding multiple time history analysis calculations improves analysis efficiency.  
Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing original draft, Y.X.; supervision, writing--review and editing, C.Y.; supervision, writing--review and editing, methodology, W.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Scientific Research Project of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power (Grant No. 202104009); Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Construction and Safety of Water Engineering of the Ministry of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Grant NO. 202110; IWHR Research & Development Support Program (No. SM0145B042021); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51679092, No. 52179132); Henan Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 232300421016); and Henan Provincial Key Young Teacher Training Program (No. 2021 GGJS074).
## 3 Classification
### Communication Technologies
#### 3.6.1 802.11p  
IEEE 802.11p, which operates in 5.9 GHz frequency, has been specifically designed for V2X communications. It can support the exchange of safety messages reliably and with low latency even under the typical high vehicular mobility conditions. However, it requires VRU devices to be equipped with 802.11p. Although Reference [3] has shown the feasibility of equipping smartphone with 802.11p, we are not aware of any smartphone or other VRU device that supports 802.11p off-the-shelf. This may pose deployment problems. 802.11p based systems typically support a communication range up to 1 km which may be enough even at high speeds e.g., 40 m/s. 802.11p-based systems may be deployed with infrastructure [37; 39] or without [3; 26; 36]. Due to its reliability and low latency, 802.11p technology is a good candidate for V2P safety applications.
# A Physical-Layer Watermarking Scheme Based on 5G NR
## 4 Conclusions  
Based on the existing 5G physical-layer protocol, we designed a suitable watermarking scheme which can be used to transmit identity authentication information and enhance the physical-layer security in communication. The watermarking scheme proposed in this paper introduces channel coding into the watermark generation scheme, which can improve the success rate of watermark transmission. At the same time, the watermark signal is embedded into the demodulation reference signal, which avoids the interference of the watermark signal with the user's signal as much as possible by satisfying the symmetry of the watermark. Finally, the watermark is generated by the pseudo-user-bits instead of the user bits, which improves the success rate of watermark authentication. In this paper, the performance of the proposed watermarking scheme was tested in the Gaussian channel and fading channel. Generally speaking, the watermarking scheme proposed in this paper has good anti-noise and anti-frequency-offset performance and has good feasibility for both channels.  
Conceptualization, X.X.; methodology, X.X. and Z.X.; investigation, W.C.; writing--original draft preparation, W.C.; writing--review and editing, Z.X.; project administration, Z.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Shape Optimum Design by Basis Vector Method Considering Partial Shape Dependence
## 2 Partial Shape Subordination Problem  
Here, it will be described using a simple example shown in Figure 1. The initial shape is shown in Figure 1a, where we let the design variable \(x\) be the width of the rectangular plate, the diameter of the hole in the center is \(d_{0}\), the distance from the hole to the left boundary is \(a_{0}\), and the distance to the right boundary is \(b_{0}\). Shown in Figure 1, when changing the design variable \(x\) to \(x+\Delta x\), the shape of the holes inside is considered to be four change patterns from Case1 to Case4.  
Figure 1: Control of inside form in the topological optimization problem. (**a**) Initial design, (**b**) Final design.  
Case1: The ratio of the lateral length of the hole to the side length is made constant, and the hole changes from a circle to an ellipse.  
\[a_{0}:D_{0}:b_{0}=a_{1}:D_{1}:b_{1} \tag{1}\]  
Case2: Positions of holes which are always fixed regardless of changes in the design variables; the holes are fixed in the center.  
\[D_{0}=D_{2}\text{ and }a_{0}:b_{0}=a_{2}:b_{2} \tag{2}\]  
Case3: The distance from the hole to the left boundary is made constant, and the hole and the left boundary are fixed.  
\[D_{0}=D_{3}\text{ and }a_{0}=a_{3} \tag{3}\]  
Case4: The distance from the hole and the hole to the right boundary is made constant, and the hole and the right boundary are fixed.  
\[D_{0}=D_{4}\text{ and }b_{0}=b_{4} \tag{4}\]  
According to the change of shape design variables described above, there are many subordinate problems during the partial shapes change; this problem actually exists in the shape optimization problem of machine parts, which has a great influence on practical use.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Using FT-IR Spectra  
PCA is used to separate major component spectra from multiple component spectra and to identify components (principal components: PC) that characterize the differences in the spectra. Therefore, a PCA was performed using the IR spectra shown in Figure 4. In the PC1-PC2 plot, A, B, and C were found to cluster differently with PC2 at a value of 10 on the PC1 axis. In the PC2-PC3 plot, A = 0.2, B, and C = \(-\)0.1 were distributed around the PC3 axis, confirming the separation of A, B, and C plots by PC2. In the PC1-PC3 plot, no separation of A, B, and C plots was observed in PC1, but in PC3, B and C showed similar clusters; however, the separation was different from that of A. The FT-IR spectra of PC1, PC2, and PC3 are shown (Figure 4Z) to infer which of PC1, PC2, and PC3 were derived from the difference in functional groups. For PC1, a water-derived peak was observed at 3304 cm\({}^{-1}\), and sugar-derived peaks were observed at 1048, 1094, 1075, and 1013 cm\({}^{-1}\). In the FT-IR results for sugar alone, these peaks were consistent with those of glucose and raffinose. These findings suggest that although PC1 showed peaks derived from glucose and raffinose, the samples were not separated because of the large influence of water, which is common to all samples. PC2 showed peaks at 3363 cm\({}^{-1}\) derived from the -OH group, 3203 cm\({}^{-1}\) derived from the -NH group, and 1646 cm\({}^{-1}\) derived from the -OH due to water content. Thus, the separation of samples by PC2 in the principal component plot may represent differences in the amino acids and aromatic compounds. PC3 peaks derived from the -CH group were observed at 2973 and 2887 cm\({}^{-1}\); peaks derived from the C=O group of carboxylic acids were observed at 1739 and 1720 cm\({}^{-1}\); and peaks derived from sugars were observed at 1151, 1086, 1040, 937, and 879 cm\({}^{-1}\). The sugar chromatogram confirmed the presence of carbohydrates other than glucose, allose, and raffinose, suggesting the presence of carbohydrates and structures other than glucose, allose, and raffinose in PC3. Foods are mixtures containing a wide variety of substances. Therefore, each component not only has its own taste, texture, etc., but they also interact with each other. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain an \"exhaustive\" understanding of the characteristics of a food by repeated target analysis, which is the mainstream of food analysis. However, we believe that the combination of FT-IR and PCA presented in this study provides a means to evaluate some of the characteristics of rice wine.  
Figure 4: Principal component analysis of A, B, and C using FT-IR spectra score plot of (**W**) PC1 vs. PC2, (**X**) PC2 vs. PC3, (**Y**) PC1 vs. PC3, and FT-IR spectra of (**Z**) PC1, PC2, and PC3. (a) PC1 (b) PC2, (c) PC3.
# A Novel ASIC Implementation of Two-Dimensional Image Compression Using Improved B.G. Lee Algorithm
## 2 Methodology
### B.g. [PERSON] DCT Algorithm Optimization
#### 2.2.2 Multiplication Using the Proposed Fixed-Point Multipliers and Shifters  
The multiplication operations involved in the DCT algorithm are achieved using the proposed fixed-point multiplier, as shown in Figure 4. The n-bit multiplicand is stored in the M register, and the multiplier is stored in the N register. The product register is initially set to 0. The signed Modified CSLA Selector-Based Error-Tolerant Adder (SBETA) proposed in our work [23] is used for partial product addition. The selector block decides whether to select the error-tolerant adder output or the accumulator register output depending on whether the multiplier bit in the N register is a 0 or 1. The shift and add controller logic checks whether the multiplier bit is a 0 or 1. If the multiplier bit is 0, the addition operation does not occur. The accumulator register stores the result, reducing the switching activity when the multiplier bit is 0. The error-tolerant adders are used to perform the addition operation between the multiplicand, which is shifted to the left, and the previous product accumulated in the accumulator register when the multiplier bit is 1. The first bit of the product is obtained in the product register after the first clock cycle. Each bit of the product is obtained per clock cycle. After obtaining the first bit, the remaining bits are shifted to the right and stored in the accumulator register for the next clock cycle.  
The switching activity is reduced here due to the elimination of the addition operation when the multiplier bit is 0. The shift and add control logic selects the bit positions of the multiplier and the product register. The multiplier bit is then shifted to the right by a one-bit position to obtain the second bit of the product. The multiplication process continues until the product's last bit is obtained.
# Mobile User Connectivity in Relay-Assisted Visible Light Communications
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we investigated an OOK half-duplex-based VLC link with a mobile unit-based relay node used to improve the link availability and coverage area in a typical office environment. For the first time, the real mobile was considered with two photodetectors on both sides of mobile phone (utilising spatial diversity) and a perpendicular placed transmitting LED array. We considered the case where the receiver was positioned close to the corner of the room and we investigated the optimal position of the relay node based on its azimuthal and elevation orientation. The results showed significant improvement in the link performance using cooperative schemes when compared to direct NLOS transmission. In addition, we derived analytic model that compared DF and AF relay techniques. The results showed that DF outperforms the AF relaying scheme for different irradiance angles. The power penalties at a BER of 10\({}^{-3}\) were 0.8 and 0.75 dB for \(\theta\) = 30\({}^{\circ}\) and 50\({}^{\circ}\). Numerical results also illustrated that the DF relay-based system offered a wider coverage area compared with the AF scheme.  
**Acknowledgments:** The work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation project GACR 17-17538S, SGS 279 CTU (SGS17/182/OHK3/3T/13) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded MARVEL project (EP/P006280/1).  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] conceived the idea and developed the simulation model, [PERSON] supervised the work, [PERSON] and [PERSON] derived the analytic model and revised the paper, [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed in the revision of the paper. All authors contributed equally to writing the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Development of Dialogue Management System for Banking Services
## 7 Conclusions  
In the work, the main two components of dialogue management systems--NLU and Dialogue Manager--have been investigated. In the first step of NLU, we utilized the Language Identification component for language detection. We investigated both built-in LI methods such as fastText and custom ML models trained on the domain-based dataset. Experiments show that the accuracies of the custom models trained on the bank domain dataset are much higher (98-99%) than fastText language identification. The second step of the work was the comparison of the classic ML classifiers (logistic regression, neural networks, and SVM) and DIET architecture for the user intention detection. Four different ML algorithms (LR, SVM, NN, and DIET) with nine various features (CountVec Word, CountVec ngram, TF-IDF word, TF-IDF ngram, TF word, TF ngram, fastText TF-IDF + ngram, fastText + ngram, fastText ngram + CountVec) are trained with 36 different models. It was found out that the transformer-based algorithms with CountVectorizer + ngram features show the best performance (89%). The Dialogue Management module trained by transformer embedding dialogue policy shows 83% accurate next action prediction and 50% full conversation prediction.  
Future research is expected to be performed on a larger dataset with different input features and model selections. Adding PoS tagging and spell correction components for feature extraction, the development of a multi-language chat-bot system by applying language identification to recognize more languages could be considered as potential future work for us.  
Conceptualization, S.R. and E.A.; methodology S.R. and A.B.; software, A.B. and S.R.; validation, A.B., E.A. and S.R.; formal analysis, A.B.; investigation, S.R.; resources, E.A.; data curation, A.B.; writing--original draft preparation, E.A., A.B. and S.R.; writing--review and editing, S.R. and E.A.; visualization, A.B.; supervision, S.R.; project administration, E.A.; funding acquisition, E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.
## 3 Methods for the Characterisation and Evaluation of the Skid Resistance of Asphalt Pavements
### Effect of Microtexture on Skid Resistance of Asphalt Pavements  
#### 4.2.1 Dry Pavement  
When vehicles are travelling at low speeds (travelling speeds below 30-50 km/h), the microtexture of the asphalt pavement plays a decisive role in the anti-slip properties, which mainly depend on the roughness of the aggregate surface [110]. The influence of microtexture characteristic parameters on the skid resistance of pavements depends on three main points: height parameter, density, and sharpness. Good microtexture feature parameters can increase the contact area between the tyre and the road surface and improve the skid resistance of the road surface. As such, the microtexture of the pavement ensures the safety of driving cars in bad weather. The microconvex bodies of smaller sizes on the pavement will form microcutting effects on the tread under driving loads, and the resistance generated during microcutting constitutes part of the friction between the tyre-road surface [111]. When the road microtexture touches the tyre surface, the interaction force between the two is generated by the energy loss from tyre adhesion and microcutting, and the adhesion friction can be derived from Equation (9).  
\[\text{F}_{\text{A}}=\text{K}_{1}\text{K}_{2}\sigma_{\text{m}}\frac{\text{N}}{ \text{H}}\text{tan}\,\delta \tag{9}\]  
where \(\text{K}_{1}\) is the adhesion coefficient, \(\text{K}_{2}\) is the microcutting coefficient, \(\sigma_{\text{m}}\) is the maximum stress at the tip of the microconvex body, N is the vertical load, H is the hardness of the rubber tyre, and \(\delta\) is the hysteresis angle. H and \(\delta\) are determined by the properties of the tyre material. Accordingly, the greater the height parameter and sharpness of the microtexture of the road surface, the greater the depth of the tyre embedded in the microconvex bodies. The greater the density of the microtexture, the greater the number of points of contact between the road surface and the tyre. This results in a larger \(\sigma_{\text{m}}\) and an increase in the friction between the tyre and the road surface [112]. Consequently, an increase in the height, density, and sharpness of the microtexture of the pavement is beneficial for improving the skid resistance of the pavement.