esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Raman Analysis
As already reported the literature (see as an example [51]), the overall SERS intensity in plasmonic nanostructures is strongly dominated by only few positions where the highest electric field enhancement is achieved (hot spots). By comparing the signal intensities at 1361 cm\({}^{-1}\), we observed a SERS ratio of approximately 3 between the opal and the peacock feather samples. On the other hand, by comparing the maximum enhancement factors of the electric fields obtained with the FDTD simulations, the same SERS ratio was approximately 36 between the opal and peacock samples (taking into account that SERS signal scale up like the fourth power of the electric field). However, it should be considered that the spatial pitch (1D) of the opal structures was double that of the pitch of the peacock feather, and consequently the opal sample had a number of hot spots per surface unit that were four times smaller than those of the peacock feather. As a conclusion, the FDTD simulations provided an SERS ratio of approximately 9 between the opal and peacock samples. The further disagreement between the FDTD and experimental values was likely due to the structural variations intrinsically expected in natural nanostructures. Finally, even though the maximum enhancement factor of the electric field in the diatom hot spots was similar to that of peacock feather, the number of hot spots per unit surface was much smaller in diatoms, thus explaining the low SERS intensity observed in the experiments. In conclusion, the positive performance shown by the opal allowed a greater decrease in the Rhodamine-6G concentration. Using this sample, Rhodamine-6G was detected at a value of 10\({}^{-12}\) M (Figure 4).
## 6 Discussion  
The relationship between the AUV and the target object was defined by identifying the contour to mark the center point and area of the fitted circle in the visual coordinate plane. Coordinates of the target object in the Earth-fixed coordinate system were considered to be (Ox, Oy, Oz), whereas the image coordinates of the target in the visual coordinate system were (Vx, Vy). Vsize was the size of an approximate circle in the visual coordinate. The fuzzy rule base was used for fuzzy control by calculating the orientation and distance between the AUV and the target object, for example, (Vx, Vy, Vsize). Because of the design of the cruciform rudder, it could be easily decomposed into Vx to affect yaw angle and into Vy to affect pitch angle. Moreover, Vsize represents the relative distance as a judgement for controlling propeller revolution speed.  
Figure 16a,b present time histories of the object-tracking test for Vx against the vertical rudder plane angle and for Vy against the horizontal rudder plane angle, respectively. Both of the rudder plane angles have immediate responses to variations in the visual coordinate. In addition, Figure 17a-c depict the trajectories of the AUV, visual coordinates, and rudder angles in water, respectively. The AUV performed the object-tracking task completely in the towing tank by using the UVRTS.  
Figure 18a-d illustrate the variations in AUV attitude during object-tracking tests performed by towing the tank carriage to change the speed of the target. One experiment with target speeds of 0.1 and 0.3 m/s and two experiments with a target speed of 0.5 m/s were conducted. The figure plots the  
Figure 14: Visual-recognition display from Bigeye Barracuda and object information.  
Figure 15: Schematics of the visual, body-fixed, and Earth-fixed coordinate systems.  
Figure 17: Trajectories of (**a**) AUV in the towing tank, (**b**) visual coordinates, and (**c**) rudder angles.  
Figure 18: _Cont._  
Figure 19 plots variations in AUV heading angle during object-tracking tests performed by towing the tank carriage to change target speed. Experiments with target speeds of 0.1 m/s, 0.3 m/s, and 0.5 m/s (twice) corresponded to AUV initial heading angles of 19\({}^{\circ}\), 16\({}^{\circ}\), 17.4\({}^{\circ}\), and 25.6\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, wherein the target on the AUV heading of 19.7\({}^{\circ}\). The figure plots the relationship between target speed and attitude control during the tests. The dynamic response of the heading angle increased with target speed. Therefore, Bigeye Barracuda achieved real-time visual recognition and tracking control for a target moving at different speeds.
## 4 Results
### Economic Analysis of Irrigation Techniques
#### 4.4.1 Scenario 1  
This scenario is applied to the three irrigation techniques where the only source of energy to supply the electrical demand for irrigation is a diesel generator, whose tank capacity is approximately one gallon with an estimated autonomy of two hours. This scenario is used since diesel generators is currently used in many rural areas with crops, because the electrical grid does not supply energy to different crop areas in the rural regions.  
To determine the costs for diesel generation in the three irrigation techniques, the value of diesel fuel in Ecuador is used, with a value of USD 1.90 per gallon. The number of gallons to be used in each technique is determined by using Equation (27) and the cost generated by diesel consumption by Equation (28)  
\[\text{number gallons}=\frac{\text{total irrigation time}}{\text{autonomy}} \tag{27}\]  
\[\text{Costo}=\text{number gallons-gallon price} \tag{28}\]  
Table 7 summarizes the cost generated by each irrigation technique, considering the irrigation times during the 60 days of the crop, the total time in the traditional irrigation is 60 h, in the technified irrigation the total irrigation time is 83 h, while in the smart irrigation method proposed the irrigation time is 37 h, as determined by Equation (10), the irrigation time resulting from the quotient between the gross lamina \(L_{b}\) and the average rainfall of the sprinkler irrigation system \(Pms\).  
Analyzing the costs generated in Table 7 for each irrigation technique, it is shown that the traditional irrigation would generate a cost of USD 57, the technified irrigation generates a cost of USD 78.85, while the proposed smart irrigation cost is USD 35.15 during  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Irrigation** & **Type Crop** & **Time Irrigation** & **Gallons** & **Cost** \\ \hline Traditional & 60 days & 60 h & 30 & \$57 USD \\ \hline Technified & 60 days & 83 h & 41.5 & \$78.85 USD \\ \hline Smart proposed & 60 days & 37 h & 18.5 & \$35.15 USD \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Cost of generation Scenario 1.  
the cultivation time. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cost for technified irrigation and traditional irrigation is high compared to the proposed smart irrigation, which is the most economical and also allows the compliance with the best technical characteristics, regarding irrigation.
## 3 System Overview
### Threat Model  
We focus on the model of three-party servers with an honest majority, which has been used in different real-world applications [32]. In this system, two servers are expected to behave honestly, i.e., it means that they follow the protocol and keep the contents of the agreement strictly confidential, one party is expected to follow the protocol but might try to extract information. The major advantage of the honest majority setting is that protocols can be obtained only with light-weight arithmetic operations to provide securely outsourced computation and achieve information-theoretic security. However, the architecture information of the model, such as the size and number of layers of the weight, cannot be hidden.
## 4 Analysis Conditions
### Vehicle Parameters  
As can be seen from Equations (5)-(7) and (13)-(15), the geometries of the continuous track and grouser and the weight of the vehicle are required to evaluate the total soil thrust of a continuous track. In this study, the soil thrusts on the crawler excavators EC145E and EC380E manufactured by Volvo Construction Equipment were evaluated. EC140E weighs 14.1 tons and uses a pair of continuous tracks with 600-mm wide and 3000-mm long bases to drive. EC380E weighs 38.5 tons and has a pair of continuous tracks with a base of 600 mm in width and 4200 mm in length. As shown in Figure 5, the continuous tracks of EC145E and EC380E receive vertical loads of 7.05 tons and 19.25 tons, respectively, which are half the weight of the vehicles.  
To evaluate the effect of grouser shape ratio on soil thrust, twenty-one types of grousers were applied to each vehicle (i.e., EC145E and EC380E). Each type had a different height  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Soil Type** & **Shear Behavior** & \(c\) **(kPa)** & \(\phi^{\circ}\) & \(K\) **(cm)** & \(K_{w}\) **(cm)** & \(K_{h}\) **(cm)** & \(K_{r}\) \\ \cline{3-8} \multirow{2}{*}{LETE sand} & \multirow{2}{*}{Hardening} & 0.96 & 27.3 & 1.14 & - & - & - \\ \cline{3-8}  & & 1.39 & 30.6 & 1.13 & - & - & - \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sandy loam} & \multirow{2}{*}{Softening} & 3.3 & 33.7 & - & 9.3 & - & 0.835 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & 2.2 & 39.4 & - & 6.1 & - & 0.659 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Muskeg mat} & \multirow{2}{*}{Hump} & 5.9 & 45.3 & - & - & 16.4 & - \\ \cline{3-8}  & & 2.3 & 54.9 & - & - & 14.4 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Soil parameters for the evaluation of soil thrust of continuous tracks obtained by [PERSON] [3].  
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the soil-track contact area of Volvo EC145E **(left)** and Volvo EC380E **(right)**.  
and shape ratio (ratio of grouser height to the spacing). The difference in weight of the grouser was not considered, as it was judged to be insignificant compared to the weight of the vehicle (14.1 tons and 38.5 tons). The heights (25 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm) and shape ratios of the grouser applied in the evaluation (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5) were based on the height (about 25-70 mm) and shape ratios (about 2.3-3.9) of commercial grousers from Hyundai steel and ArcelorMittal, the representative grouser manufacturers.
## 1 Introduction  
Hybrid organic-inorganic materials have been produced by many methods, such as sol-gel. The influence of siloxane composition on properties of polyimide-silica hybrids has also been known. The piezoelectric transducer encouraged researchers to explore better piezoelectric materials. Then, the coupling agent went into public view. This paper carried out various research into two kinds of coupling agents.  
As an engineering material, poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) had been extensively applied in many areas such as electric industries, microelectronics, acoustic impedance underwater, and so on [1]. During the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to the PVDF organic-inorganic composite materials, and it has been proved that the mechanical and electrical properties of PVDF hybrid films can be improved by incorporation of fillers such as carbon nanotube [2], silica [3; 4; 5], and titania to the pristine PVDF matrix [6; 7].  
Among these inorganic materials, piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) power is often chosen as a filler to improve electric properties of the polymer materials due to its extremely high electric qualities [8; 9; 10]. These PZT/PVDF composites could be widely applied in microelectronics devices fields. However, due to the lack of mechanical resistance and no flexibility, the combination of PZT particles with PVDF in micro scale is very difficult [11; 12; 13]. One of the most important key points of PZT/PVDF hybrid composites is to improve the interface of PZT in the polymer matrix.  
The coupling agents connected organic with inorganic materials and improve the compatibility between the two phases effectively [14; 15]. However, little attention has been focused on the effects of different coupling agents on structure and properties of PZT/PVDF hybrid composites.  
In this paper, two different coupling agents (silane coupling agent KH-570 and titanate coupling agent NDZ-101) were used to improve the surface state of the PZT particles. The PZT/PVDFcomposites appear to be a good alternative for applications as sensors and actuators because they are capable of combining the better properties of ceramic and polymer. This work shows some results of preparation, characterizations and electric properties of composites, consisting of PVDF and PZT, with 0-3 connectivity.
## 2 Theory of Method
The Teager-Kaiser energy operator can measure the instantaneous energy change of non-linear and unstable signals. For any signal \(h\ (t)\), the Teager-Kaiser energy operator \(\Psi\) is defined as [63; 64; 65]:  
\[\psi[h(t)]\ =\ \left[\dot{h}(t)\right]^{2}-h(t)\ddot{h}(t) \tag{31}\]where \(\dot{h}(t)\) and \(\ddot{h}(t)\) are the first and second derivatives of the signal \(h(t)\), respectively. For discrete time signal \(h(t)\), the Teager-Kaiser energy operator is:  
\[\psi[h(n)]\ =\ [h(n)]^{2}-h(n-1)h(n+1) \tag{32}\]  
The Teager-Kaiser energy operator can separate the instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous frequency of a single-component AM-FM signal, that is [66; 67]:  
\[\left|a(t)\right|\ =\ \frac{\psi_{c}[h(t)]}{\sqrt{\psi_{c}\left[\dot{h}(t) \right]}} \tag{33}\]  
\[w_{i}(t)\ =\ \sqrt{\frac{\psi_{c}\left[\dot{h}(t)\right]}{\psi_{c}\left[h(t) \right]}} \tag{34}\]  
The planetary gearbox has a special structure and complex internal and external excitation, which makes the vibration signal spectrum show strong nonlinear, asymmetric and time-varying characteristics. In this paper, a new fault detection method for the planetary gearbox is proposed by combining compressed sensing, 2D-VMD, full-vector spectrum technology and energy operator demodulation. The specific process is as follows:  
1. Signal extraction: firstly, several vibration acceleration sensors are arranged in the key position of the planetary gearbox, and the state signals of the planetary gearbox are collected synchronously. 2. Signal preprocessing: The original signals collected by multiple sensors are preprocessed, and the signals that can be sparsely represented are subsampled with compressed sensing technology. Then, the atoms in the sensing matrix that have the greatest correlation with the residual are selected through greedy iteration to achieve signal vector approximation and complete signal deposition. 3. State information enhancement: the noise reduction signal is decomposed adaptively into multiple sets of feature scale components by the 2D-VMD technique, and Renyi entropy is used to measure the linear correlation of information as an optimization index of 2D-VMD performance, improve the signal-to-noise ratio, enhance the state information, and extract the fault features contained in the effective target IMF component. 4. Vibration signal fusion: using the full-vector spectrum technique, the homologous information collected by multiple sensors is data layer fused in the spatial domain and the time domain to increase the comprehensiveness and certainty of the fault information. 5. Fault detection: the envelope spectrum of amplitude modulation and frequency modulation signal is demodulated by the energy operator, and then the frequency characteristic of low-frequency signal is restored by Fourier transform. The flow chart of the proposed method is shown in Figure 1.
## 2 Broadband System
### Wireless Fidelity  
Wi-Fi is a wireless networking protocol that can be viewed as a considerably confined version of MMDS in which LOS is not required. It is the Wi-Fi Alliance trademark and a wireless LAN protocol that is established on the IEEE 802.11x network standard. Moreover, Wi-Fi works in the low-frequency area of UHF in a PtMP manner and transmits in the unlicensed spectrum at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio bands. Besides, mm-wave-based Wi-Fi can also operate at 60 GHz (IEEE 802.11 ad). Furthermore, there has been growing Wi-Fi signal penetration with its adoption in various areas. This enables the Wi-Fi transmitters to operate at low power while still attaining ranges of about 30 and 450 meters in the door and outdoor applications, respectively. Wi-Fi is primarily intended for delivering localized wireless radio access to the end user equipment such as PCs, TV, and phones that are close to the access point (AP). Currently, some devices like smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and tablets are being equipped with Wi-Fi chips. This makes them capable of sending and receiving media-rich content from any location within the signal reach of Wi-Fi AP. In general, the devices should be within 300 m efficiency range [16,170,171].  
As shown in Table 4, there are various categories of Wi-Fi networks with capabilities for supporting different data rates that are shared between multiple subscribers. Besides, Wi-Fi is very effective for in-building applications. Note that Wi-Fi service providers have been expanding and pervasively setting up multiple sites for delivering a 'wireless cloud' that covers hot-spot areas. The resulting Wi-Fi hot-spot access network with several APs can offer Wi-Fi connectivity to private/public enterprises such as airports and hospitals over a considerable range. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the precise coverage area dimensions vary and depend on the equipment power specifications and environmental conditions [16,172].  
Note that an increase in the number of Wi-Fi APs will increase the network capacity. Nevertheless, the capacity may be hindered by the associated mutual interferences between the contending APs. The problem can be addressed with cooperative transmission and effective interference cancellation. In [170], the distributed cooperative APs primary challenges and viable means of addressing them are presented.
## 4 Discussion
### Influence of Segmentation Factor  
The larger the segmentation factor, the smaller the number of superpixels; therefore, the larger the size of the superpixels, the more they can preserve larger objects and suppress more noise. Conversely, the smaller the segmentation factor, the larger the number of superpixels; therefore, the smaller the size of the segmentation map obtained, the more smaller objects which can be preserved and noise which can be contained.  
In order to investigate the influence of the number of superpixel blocks on the performance of the FCGN, in this section, the segmentation coefficients were set to 50, 100, 150, and 200, and the influence of different segmentation factors on the classification accuracy of the FCGN was tested on the three datasets, as shown in Figure 10. It can be seen that the classification accuracy of the FCGN on the IP dataset decreased with the increase in the segmentation coefficients, which was due to the fact that the samples in the IP dataset were of a smaller scale. The size of the superpixel was too large, which missed the sample detail information. The OA of the PU dataset was similar when the segmentation factor was 50 and 100, and the highest accuracy was achieved when the factor was 100. The sample scale on the SA dataset was much larger, so as the size of the superpixels increased, the classification results did not decrease. Instead, more noise effects were removed, increasing the accuracy. However, when the segmentation factor reached a certain size, the classification accuracy was bound to decrease gradually. In order to prevent the classification map from being smooth and missing too much detailed information, the segmentation factor was set to 100 in this chapter.
## 1 Introduction
The heat transfer between adsorbent bed and regenerating fluid is one of the most challenging issues to deal with for zeolite adsorption storage. In fact, the indirect contact between the adsorbent bed and the thermal fluid (HTF), together with the zeolite low thermal conductivity (in the range of 0.1-0.2 W/m-K), lead to a deterioration of heat transfer capabilities and consequently to lower process efficiency and longer regeneration time [25]. For this reason, different heat exchanger geometries and adsorbent bed configurations were designed in the recent past [25]. The drawbacks are obviously the technological realisation and the high cost of such systems. In this work, a novel all-in-one adsorption thermal storage based on steam vapour and 13X zeolite is presented and its performances are evaluated using both an experimental and modelling approach. The novel concept is characterised by simplicity of design and use, satisfying thermal storage performances. The innovative feature of this system is obtained thanks to a single configuration, where the steam condenser/evaporator for the desorption/adsorption of the zeolite are within the same reactor, filled with 13X zeolite spheres. The zeolite is heated and cooled by a U-tube finned heat exchanger, and hot water (up to 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C), together with ambient temperature water, are provided to the reactor in order to simulate the connection with a thermal solar system and an end-user. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the validity of the energy performances of the novel adsorption thermal storage. Consequently, both experimental and numerical tests were performedusing an in-house facility together with the Matlab code. The features of the prototype are studied, and particular attention is dedicated to thermal efficiency of the charging and discharging phases. The structure of the paper is organised as follows. The experimental facility adopted is described in the first part of Section 2, while the Matlab mathematical model is analysed in the second part. In the following section, the experimental and numerical procedures are described. In Section 3, a description of the experiments performed is reported together with the obtained numerical and experimental results. Finally, Section 4 is dedicated to the general discussion of the outcomes, highlighting advantages of the novel all-in-one adsorption thermal storage. Possible improvements are proposed according to results obtained and future works are suggested.
# Cattle Weight Estimation Using Fully and Weakly Supervised Segmentation from 2D Images
## 1 Introduction
We propose a method to estimate cattle weight using an image-based approach. Figure 2 shows a flow chart of the cattle weight estimation system. After extracting the cattle area from the image, features that are highly correlated with weight are extracted, and the weight is estimated using a deep neural network. Two methods were used to create the segmentation mask. The first is a precise but fully supervised segmentation method that requires a large amount of labor to generate the ground truth mask. The second  
Figure 1: (**a**) Number of Korean beef farms producing more than a 100 head of cattle per year; (**b**) trends in world beef production and consumption; (**c**) trend of global beef prices. segmentation method is relatively less precise but is weakly supervised; its advantage is that it requires few human resources to generate the ground truth. The results obtained in this study show that the image-based method, which does not induce stress on animals, is effective, reduces the amount of repetitive manual effort needed to weigh cattle using scales, and can therefore improve the productivity of large livestock farms.