esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Implication of SIF and Meteorological Factors Observation at Finer Temporal Scales  
Current canopy transpiration models are mostly driven by empirical relationships among observed meteorological factors [44]. The transpiration estimated under water stress has used an empirical factor based on the soil moisture and stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, mesophyll conductance and/or carboxylation rate relationships [45; 46]. These empirical relationships in models introduce uncertainties to the finer scale evapotranspiration estimates. Previous studies have shown that LSM underestimates daily ET by up to 20% in the fall and about 25% across the entire season for evergreen needleleaf forest [9]. To improve T prediction, SIF has been applied for constraining ecosystem transpiration in models under the assumption of carbon and water cycle coupling at weekly and monthlytime scales [12; 13; 14]. [PERSON]'s research also showed that SIF explained the most variance of T at daily scale based on the SCOPE model [13]. However, our results showed that the relationships of SIF and T varied across different months with SIF and T being significantly linearly correlated at hourly and daily timescales only in the October. SIF explained lower variance compared with the air temperature and PAR across hourly and daily scales in the fall. This probably occurred as SIF from the light reaction is not synchronous with the T regulated by stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation when ENF undergo physiological dynamics and light-use efficiency shifts in the fall. Future research is needed to fully understand the response lag between SIF and T and the related mechanisms at both hourly and daily scales in season transition of ENF.  
Our results underscore the dynamics of the SIF-T relationship in the fall transition at hourly and daily scales and the effect of meteorological and soil factors on the SIF-T relationship. This implies that when constraining T by SIF at an unprecedented temporal resolution, meteorological and soil factors should be involved. Continuous tower-based measurements of SIF combined with meteorological factors, especially soil moisture and soil temperature observation, are expected to improve the T estimates at finer spatiotemporal scales for forest ecosystems [47].
## 4 Discussion
* Finally, the manager receives a recommendation to choose an area of AM technology to apply (results of experiment 1) along with a specific type of technology (results of experiment 2). Advantages of the use of obtained models based on results of experiment 1 and experiment 2:  
* Possibility for managers to assess the decision vis-a-vis the implementation of AM technologies, based on the knowledge gained from literature and the knowledge received through empirical study. * Ease with which the model can be adapted to the needs of a given company by adding a response from the given experts to the database. * Possibility of defining the recommended AM technology to be implemented within a company. The secondment (results of experiment 3a and 3b) presents the need to analyse customer expectations for our products in the decision-making process regarding the purchase of AM technology. Research results indicate that recent research into AM technologies should cover the needs of customers of manufacturing companies. Therefore, the proposed model (results of experiments 3a and 3b) makes it possible to indicate an area that is the main motivation for making a decision vis-a-vis implementing AM technology. These models (results of experiments 3a and 3b) are also useful for enterprise managers in the context of the implementation of AM technology, because the manager receives a recommendation about the main motivation for implementing AM technology. The procedure for using these models is identical to models resulting from experiment 1 and experiment 2. The limitation of our approach is that this study focuses on the limited number of articles that were reviewed and Polish manufacturing industries. It would be unwise to generalize the findings too broadly to other enterprises. However, the advantage of the proposed approach is that it is possible to automatically define the demand for AM technology based on the knowledge gained from literature and knowledge received through empirical study to help mangers to take the decision to implement AM technologies. The presented results require further work to improve the operation of the algorithm and the reliability of the effects. The proposed BNs models are dedicated to the metal and automotive industries--especially production companies struggling with the implementation of new technologies. The dedicated algorithm could also be used in other branches of industries, but this requires additional empirical research, particularly proposals of newly dedicated rules describing the node relations of the Bayesian network. Additionally, it is planned to implement the developed models as part of IT decision support system.
# Use of SMAP Soil Moisture and Fitting Methods in Improving GPM Estimation in Near Real Time
###### Abstract  
Satellite-based precipitation products have been widely used in a variety of fields. However, near real time products still contain substantial biases compared with the ground data. Recent studies showed that surface soil moisture can be utilized in improving rainfall estimation as it reflects recent precipitation. In this study, soil moisture data from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite and observation-based fitting are used to correct near real time satellite-based precipitation product Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) in mainland China. The particle filter is adopted to assimilate the SMAP soil moisture into a simple hydrological model, the antecedent precipitation index (API) model; three fitting methods--i.e., linear, nonlinear, and cumulative distribution function (CDF) fitting corrections--both separately and in combination with the SMAP soil moisture data, are then used to correct GPM. The results show that the soil moisture-based correction significantly reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute errors (BIAS) of the original GPM product in most areas of China. The median RMSE value for daily precipitation over China is decreased by approximately 18% from 5.25 mm/day for the GPM estimates to 4.32 mm/day for the soil moisture corrected estimates, and the median BIAS value is decreased by approximately 13% from 2.03 mm/day to 1.76 mm/day. The fitting correction method alone also improves GPM, although to a lesser extent. The best performance is found when the SMAP soil moisture assimilation is combined with the linear fitting of observed precipitation, with a median RMSE of 4.00 mm/day and a BIAS of 1.69 mm/day. Despite significant reductions to the biases of the satellite precipitation product, none of these methods is effective in improving the correlation between the satellite product and observational reference. Leaf area index and the frequency of the SMAP overpasses are among the potential factors influencing the correction effect. This study highlights that combining soil moisture and historical precipitation information can effectively improve satellite-based precipitation products in near real time.  
Keywords:SMAP; GPM; precipitation; soil moisture; correction; assimilation +
Footnote †: journal: remote sensing
# Evaluation on Radiometric Capability of Chinese Optical Satellite Sensors
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.3.3 Evaluation Method
A low standard deviation indicates that the elements tend to be close to the mean of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the elements are spread out over a wider range of values. The standard deviation can be calculated using the Equation (8): \[\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}\rho_{abs(i)}-\overline{\rho_{abs}}}\] (8) where \(i\) represents serial number of the selected images, \(\overline{\rho_{abs}}\) is the mean value of the TOA reflectance, and \(\rho_{abs(i)}\) is the value of the TOA reflectance difference.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of Harvesting Conditions for M. Oleifera Seed Powder
#### 3.3.1.1 Effect of flocculation Speed and Coagulation/Flocculation Duration  
The harvesting process occurs when coagulation and flocculation events complement each other. The coagulation process requires a fast and short mixing process for the algal cells and flocculants to come in contact and interact in the suspension, whereas a slow but long mixing process is required for the aggregated particles to come together and settle [43]. Therefore, the speed and mixing time used for these two phases was investigated to optimize the harvesting efficiency of the _M. oleifera_ powder.  
Initially, a slower flocculation rotation speed of 30 rpm was compared to the previously used 70 rpm, resulting in an improvement of 12% in the harvesting efficiency (data not shown). The reduction in flocculation speed would also result in energy savings in the process, so the new flocculation speed of 30 rpm was chosen, and different coagulation and flocculation durations were tested to improve the harvesting efficiency. It was observed that the shorter time of 10 min, instead of 20 min, at the reduced flocculation speed of 30 rpm was sufficient for achieving maximal flocculation efficiency when coagulation time and speed were kept the same, i.e., 5 min and 150 rpm (Figure S6). Longer coagulation times were detrimental to the overall harvesting efficiency, possibly due to perturbation of floc formation, while the duration of the flocculation phase did not seem to affect the process.  
Figure 2: Effect of different pH values on the harvesting efficiency of a mixed culture of _Desmodesmus_ sp. and _C. vulgaris_ (500 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) with (Culture + MP) and without (Culture) MP after a 60-min sedimentation time (seed powder concentration: 500 mg L\({}^{-1}\)). Different letters indicate significant differences between the pH values after a one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test (\(p<0.05\)). The rotation speed and time used were 150 rpm for 5 min, followed by 70 rpm for 20 min in an orbital shaker. Columns represent the average values, and error bars represent the standard deviations of triplicates.
# Telerehabilitation--A Viable Option for the Recovery of Post-Stroke Patients
## 9 Innovation in Telechabilitation  
Numerous technologies and devices were recently developed in order to assist rehabilitation in hospital setting or at home [46]. In Table 2, we list the technologies that successfully addressed the challenges of TR by trying to minimize its shortcomings compared with face-to-face rehabilitation.  
The continuous feedback of the therapist during in-clinic training of a spastic limb is missing during classical home training. The visual information provided by EMG or sensor assessment helps the patient to perform the movements correctly and efficiently while also increasing their motivation [6; 17; 47].  
The stimulation of the sense of touch, usually done by the therapist during in-person sessions by touching the patient at key moments in order to rectify, explain or encourage patient's movement, is also missing during teletherapy, and patients perceive this as a limitation. [PERSON] et al. addressed this limitation by using vibrations generated by a wearable device [44].  
Aphasia can accompany acute stroke symptoms in 20-40% of cases, and although there is an important number of patients that recover due to early neuroplasticity, speech impairment remains one of the challenges of chronic stroke rehabilitation [48]. It has a significant impact on patient's life, contributes to social isolation, makes communication with family and caregivers harder, increases disease = related frustration and represents an important factor in depression onset [49]. Speech and language therapy, the traditional techniques used in the management of aphasic patients, is meant to restore the communication abilities of post-stroke patients. It is one of the conventional therapies where novel technologies such as video chat, virtual reality and computer games can be successfully implemented, and it can be included in telerehabilitation services [48; 49].  
Last but not least, post-stroke patients usually lack sufficient physical activity. The American Stroke Association stated that the consequences are further loss of functional capacity and increased risk of secondary complications. Furthermore, there is scientific evidence which sustains aerobic exercise for improving cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke in order to obtain important benefits in both physical and psychosocial health [50]. Continuous home cardiorespiratory training was addressed through TR by [PERSON] et al. [51].
# Adaptive Multi-Channel Clustering in IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks +
## 4 The CHaChA Clustering Approach
### Online Cluster Adaptation
#### 4.4.2 Node Isolation and Fault Detection
Analogous to the CM-side isolation detection, two possible situations are distinguished on the CH side: In the first case, there is no link at all on the primary interface, which is relevant for CHaChA coordination. Here, the state of the secondary interface is irrelevant. The second case, which affects only the secondary interface on the cluster channel, may arise for various reasons. On the one hand, CMs may fail so that links to nodes of neighboring clusters exist exclusively on the base channel. On the other hand, CMs may become disconnected from their CH due to the lack of intermediate nodes on the cluster channel, so that they too are only accessible via nodes of other clusters on the base channel. Since the CH loses its suitability as a coordinating reference node in each case, the situation must be handled accordingly. For this purpose, the CH jumps back to phase 0 as CFN. Here, the attempt is to reintegrate into the network, as described in Section 4.4.1, or alternatively, a new cluster formation takes place. In turn, the disconnection is also handled by the CMs of the cluster. They detect the loss of path information to the CH and also attempt to switch to a new cluster in phase 0. Moreover, independent of the isolation and failure handling, the CH-side initiation of a new cluster formation is conceivable. In Section 4.4.5, scenarios and conditions that could motivate such a re-clustering are discussed.
## 3 Proposed Control Methodology  
A fixed-gain LQI controller has various drawbacks in UAV longitudinal motion control owing to its inability to adapt to changing flight conditions. Since it operates with fixed state feedback gains, the typical LQI controller has difficulty dealing with wind disturbances, payload variations, and changes in actuator dynamics and other aerodynamic parameters [33]. Parametric uncertainties caused by variations in both payload and actuator dynamics affect key system parameters, modifying the UAV's dynamics. The fixe-gain LQI controller generally results in suboptimal performance, where high-gain settings result in excessive control effort and actuator saturation, while a low-gain design compromises tracking precision and disturbance rejection. Furthermore, the fixed-gain LQI controller does not dynamically modify its reaction to exogenous disturbances during a given flight phase, resulting in slow response speed, forceful oscillations, overshoots, or even instability since the controller lacks real-time adaptation to overcome unanticipated perturbations. To overcome these limitations, an LCA was investigated in this study.
## 4 Summary and Conclusions  
Summarizing the analysis of the results obtained for emulsion systems stabilized with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, it was found that they were characterized by varying stability and properties. The obtained values of the determined parameters were influenced both by the type of fatty phase of the emulsion used and the amount of HPMC introduced. Of all the emulsions analyzed, the systems that were characterized by the far-least advanced destabilization processes were E1 and E2. These formulations were the only ones to qualify for category B (satisfactory system stability). They also showed the most favorable microstructures and the smallest differences in droplet diameter values after storage. On the other hand, limiting it to the best-formed emulsion taking into account its stability, and at the same time not overlooking economic aspects (HPMC content), emulsion E1 should be pointed as the most favorable. With the introduction of 0.6 g of HPMC, the system was characterized by the required stability. Therefore, a higher addition of this thickener is not advisable. In the opinion of the authors, the production of emulsions on the basis of the above-mentioned fat and the determination of the amount of a given thickener allowed us to indicate a certain base (emulsion model system), which can be used especially in such industries as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food, especially since the proposed product is based mostly on natural ingredients. It seems that such systems remain free of any allergens. In addition, it should be noted that the proposed technique for obtaining the new fats used for emulsion is compatible with sustainable development due to the use of biocatalysts in the process of modifying fats. This is equivalent to the absence of waste for this technique.  
Conceptualization, M.K. and M.W.; methodology, M.K. and M.W.; software, M.W.; validation, M.W. formal analysis, M.K.; investigation, M.W.; resources, M.K. and M.W.; data curation, M.W.; writing--original draft preparation, M.W. and M.K.; supervision, M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Figure 8: Viscosity of E1–E15 systems determined 48 h after their manufacture.
# A Study of 5G Edge-Central Core Network Split Options
## 3 Edge-Central Split Models
### Locally Administered Edge Split Option  
The locally administrated edge network split option, presumes that the edge network includes the essential functionality necessary to adopt specific local policies in access control, mobility, and session management. For this, AMF and SMF are deployed locally next to the UPF from the previous option. The central network assists with authentication and authorization based on the subscription profile as well as with additional subscriber related policies from the PCF and with its own SMF for the sessions which have a data path passing through the central node too. The edge SMF may be responsible only for the local offload sessions or may be responsible also for the sessions which are forwarded to the central network. For both options, the amount of signaling between the edge and the central entities is highly reduced, being limited only to the authentication and authorization, respectively to the session management for sessions which pass also through the central node.  
In this functional split, we propose to move the mobility and the session management to the edge of the network. In case a UE is moving out of the coverage range of the edge network, then a handover with AMF and SMF reselection must be executed. This procedure was already included in the 3 GPP architecture for enabling distributed systems. It involves more network functions and procedure steps. Thus, it should be rarely used. This is possible by proper splitting of the subscribers, specifically by camping at the edge of the network the UEs which are rarely or never mobile. Furthermore, when two devices of separate edges need to communicate, then the session would involve two distinct AMFs and SMFs. However, for the single AMF and SMF case, two distinct sessions must be established, one for each of the UEs.  
Such a split alternative is viable for deployments where a local set of policies must be enforced, while at the same time the subscribers are part of larger networks such as in the case of national roaming where the Non-Public Networks (NPNs) are bound to a larger network operator. It is also suitable for distributed enterprise networks with different edge deployments with their own administration and interconnected using own or third party backhauls with a centralized management, for example at the company's headquarters. Furthermore, it could be potentially used as a roaming model for a large number of NPNs to provide interconnectivity between different entities such as the different parts of a production chain.
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Characteristics_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_n (\%)_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Age_} & \(<55\) years & \(65\) (\(45.1\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \(\geq 55\) years & \(79\) (\(54.9\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Sex_} & Male & \(27\) (\(18.8\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Female & \(117\) (\(81.2\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Diameter_} & Small (\(<\)\(5\)mm) & \(109\) (\(75.7\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Large (\(\geq\)\(5\)mm) & \(35\) (\(24.3\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Multifocality_} & No & \(93\) (\(64.6\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Yes & \(51\) (\(35.4\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Variants_} & Follicular & \(110\) (\(76.4\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Conventional & \(19\) (\(13.2\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Tall cell/hobnail/columnar & \(15\) (\(10.4\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Local invasion_} & Extracapsular & \(21\) (\(14.6\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Vascular & \(1\) (\(0.7\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Perineural & \(8\) (\(5.6\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Lymphatic emboli & \(13\) (\(9.0\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Positive lymph nodes_} & Yes & \(8\) (\(5.6\%\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Baseline disease (including multiple lesions on same patient)_} & Multinodular goiter & \(106\) (\(73.6\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Hashimoto Thyroiditis & \(25\) (\(17.4\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Adenoma & \(36\) (\(25.0\%\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Basedow disease/hyperthyroidism & \(7\) (\(4.9\%\)) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Concomitant primary hyperparathyroidism} & \(11\) (\(7.6\%\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Correlations**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Positive Lymph Nodes**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Extracapsular**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Lymphatic**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Perineural**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Vascular**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Age**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Male**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Female**} \\ \cline{3-3}  & Pearson Correl & \(1.00\) & \(0.597\)** & \(0.558\)** & \(0.603\)** & \(-0.020\) & \(-0.023\) & \(-0.039\) & \(0.039\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Fantecapsular invasion (Table 3). No correlations were found between the histological variant and any of the markers of aggressiveness (extracapsular invasion, vascular invasion, lymphatic emboli, or neural invasion). Also, the presence of lymph node metastasis was not correlated with the histological variant of PTMC (seven cases of follicular and one tall cell variant). Logistic regression analysis (Table 4) identified the most influential variables associated with positive lymph nodes. On multivariate analysis, large tumors (Odds Ratio/OR 28.25; \(p<0.05\)), perineural invasion (OR 73.88; \(p<0.05\)), and the presence of lymphatic emboli (OR 55.28; \(p<0.05\)) were independent predictors of lymph node metastasis located in the central compartment.