# Exploring the Benefits and Limitations of Digital Twin Technology in Building Energy
## 5 Digital Twin Technology for Energy Sector Development
### Software for Energy Prediction-Actual Software Cases

Table 1: _Cont._compare the energy before and after the roof retrofitting of a residential building in Bahrain. [PERSON] et al. [104] studied a three-star green office building on the thermal performance and carbon sequestration of the building. The results of the study showed that the case building with a green roof and green facade could save energy during the cooling season. The energy-saving effects were simulated with the green area index and height domains included. [PERSON] et al. [53] used DesignBuilder to conduct a study on energy retrofitting of residential buildings in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The study included villas and apartment buildings. The study methodology involved implementing and evaluating various energy efficiency measures and using conducting energy, economic, and environmental analyses. The results of the study show that the annual energy consumption of villas and apartment buildings can be effectively reduced through the implementation of energy retrofit programs. The study concluded that although energy retrofitting can significantly reduce energy consumption in dwellings, it is not economically viable in the current situation. [PERSON] et al. [48] used EnergyPlus software to evaluate energy-efficient designs for tropical residential buildings, focusing on the choice of building materials. The study was conducted on a typical single-story row house in Kuala Lumpur. The study methodology included BIM energy performance simulations and assessed the impact of noise factors. The results show that an appropriate selection of ceiling, window, wall, roof, and floor components can significantly improve energy efficiency. Simulation of the field of service equipment in a building using Energy Plus includes an in-depth analysis of the energy performance of a service building in the district of Aveiro, Portugal by [PERSON] et al. [51] The article analyzes in detail the building's characteristics, equipment, and HVAC systems. It reveals that lighting and air conditioning are the main sources of energy consumption. The importance of considering different factors when analyzing energy consumption is emphasized, including lighting, air conditioning, and building-specific usage. [PERSON] et al. [79] conducted a thermal analysis and building energy modelling (BEM) study of 3D-printed homes in two climate zones in the USA. The study methodology included modelling the 3D printed homes using Building Information Modelling (BIM) followed by an energy analysis using EnergyPlus. The results of the study showed that a properly designed all-electric 3D-printed residential building can reduce energy use intensity and CO2 emissions. In addition, common 3D-printed wall systems do not meet the energy requirements of cold climate zones. [PERSON] et al. [95] investigated ways to create a zero-emission zone using a combination of control methods, including the application of control algorithms, environmental footprint considerations, solar energy utilization, and the modification of HVAC systems, retrofitting of HVAC systems, and the use of hybrid energy resources. EnergyPlus was used to validate the combination of control methods, apply optimized controllers to simulations, and compare the effects of different controllers on the efficiency of the building's hybrid HVAC system. Cooling system performance under different weather conditions. An evaluation of the use of the new EnergyPlus plug-in Spawn is discussed. The research methodology focuses on numerical simulations to compare the performance of CO2 cooling systems under different weather conditions. It is concluded that the implementation of clean refrigerants such as CO2 is a promising solution to mitigate global warming. [PERSON] et al. [106] carried out an energy performance analysis of two models of Air Conditioning Systems for a building of 511 m2 under composite weather conditions. [PERSON] et al. [52] conducted a study on energy efficiency and energy use efficiency (PUE) of a data center in an educational building in Heraklion, Crete, Greece.