## 6 Results and Discussion  
### Magnetic Results  
The TMI map exhibits a variety of anomalies with low and high intensities that are dispersed over the investigated site (Figure 6a), according to the visual inspection. These anomalies have magnetic values ranging from 42,056 to 42,072 nT. These geometric shapes of the magnetic features are rectangles, elongated, and square shapes. These features may indicate the presence of tombs, chambers, and walls. These objects have diameters that range from 5 to almost 15 m. These measures correspond very well with the excavations conducted at this archaeological site [74], where multichambered mud-brick tombs of varied sizes and shapes were found. These tombs have dimensions ranging from 3 to 12 m.  
TMI map was processed to separate the shallow sources of the residual magnetic component which represent the archaeological features in the current site from the regional magnetic component of the deeper objects of geological interests. For this purpose, Butterworth high pass filter was used to produce a residual map (Figure 6b). A closer look at this map reveals that positive and negative anomalies are plainly visible, with magnetic valuesranging from \(-4.59\) nT to \(3.28\) nT, and higher resolution than those on the TMI map. These anomalies have short-wavelength and high-frequency with rectangular, elongated, and square geometrical shapes. Based on their geometric shapes and magnetic values, these anomalies may be attributed to potential archaeological targets. The contrast between the magnetic values of the outer margins and the inner core of the geometric anomalies may be related to the disturbance of these buried as the mud-brick floor or roof may be replaced by sands or other materials of low magnetic intensity features as explained by [PERSON] et al. [27].  
Figure 6: Shaded color relief maps of: (**a**) the total magnetic intensity (TMI), (**b**) the high-pass filter, (**c**) the first vertical derivative (FVD) filter, (**d**) the analytical signal (AS) filter, and (**e**) the source parameter imaging (SPI) technique. The magnetic anomalies that may be archaeological objects are shown by the black circles (1–8), which were validated using the GPR technique.  
FVD map of the site (Figure 6c) explains the contact between the magnetic sources by zero contour lines, which also provides a definite illustration of the dispersion of magnetic anomalies. Positive values can be as high as 2.202 nT/m, while negative values can be as low as \(-\)3.421 nT/m. Small anomalies on the map could be attributed to shallow short-wave sources. The anomalies have diverse shapes at different sites, including square, elongated, and rectangular ones, and the results are consistent with the high pass map results.  
Analytical signal values range from 0.014 up to 3.79 nT/m, as can be seen from a critical analysis of the analytical signal map (Figure 6d). The analytical signal map displays distinct gradient peaks that line up with Butterworth high pass filter estimates. Most of high analytical signal values are square or rectangular in shape, with an average radius of 5 to 10 m; nevertheless, some of these values are more than 25 m in length. It is a process for automatically calculating source depth from TMI data (Figure 6e). The maximum depths for magnetic sources in this map range from 1.03 to 2.28 m.  
Finally, it can be stated that the comparison between all maps shows a great similarity in shape and position of most of the enhanced features such as boundaries of the geometric shapes and their positions. The depths to magnetic features range from 1.03 m to \(\approx\) 3 m in maximum depths which mean that all features are shallow and corresponding with other excavations in nearby sites.