## 3 Results and Discussion
### Identification of Metallic/Bimetallic Nanoparticles
#### 3.1.2 FTIR Spectral Analyses  
The FTIR spectral analyses were intended for the characterization of the major functional groups in _Beta vulgaris_ L extract such as phenolic, flavonoid components, _iso_-betanin, betanin, and vulgaxanthin, as well as the study of the role of these groups in the biosynt  
Figure 1: (**a**) UV-visible spectroscopy of the plant extract and nano solutions; (**b**) a photograph of the prepared nano-solutions: (1) Ag-TiO\({}_{2}\) bmNPs; (2) Ag-SeO\({}_{2}\) bmNPs; (3) Ag NPs; (4) _Beta vulgaris_ L. aqueous extract.  
thesis of metallic/bimetallic nanoparticles. Most of the functional groups served as capping/stabilizing agents and participated in the bio-reduction process of Ag\({}^{+}\) ions into stable zero-valent ones (Ag\({}^{0}\)), as well as selenium and titanium ions into the corresponding oxides. The results (Figure 2 and Table S1) indicated various frequencies owing to stretching vibrations of the distinctive functional groups, supporting the formation of metallic/bimetallic nanoparticles. Accordingly, the numerous stretching vibrations at \(\
u\) = 3327.81, 2105.13, 1635.99, and 421.49 cm\({}^{-1}\) were perceived in the FT-IR spectrum of silver nanoparticles. The broad and strong absorption bands within wavenumbers at \(\
u\)= 3303.81-3327.81 cm\({}^{-1}\) are attributed to the stretching vibrations of O-H groups, namely, phenolic hydroxyl groups. The shift in the values of these groups reinforced their involvement in proton dissociation with the aid of accomplishing the bio-reduction of the metal ions in the solution. A new absorption band in the analysis of Ag-SeO\({}_{2}\) bmNPs at \(\
u\) = 3853.16 cm\({}^{-1}\) attributed to the O-H stretching group was also estimated for the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles. The absorption bands that appeared within the range of \(\
u\) = 2104.77-2193.92 cm\({}^{-1}\) were related to the stretching vibrations of ketene, carbodiimide, or weak vibrations of alkyne. The stretching vibrations of the amidic carbonyl groups were found within \(\
u\) = 1635.81-1636.08 cm\({}^{-1}\). The shift in these values of the carbonyl group revealed the role of these groups in the formation of nanoparticles. Our results agree with those previously reported [36] concerning the characterizations and interpretations of the functional groups. The absorption bands at \(\
u\) = 1507.38 and 1457.14 cm\({}^{-1}\) are attributed to the medium bending frequencies of the C-H groups. The analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of an absorption band at \(\
u\) = 1045.30 cm\({}^{-1}\), owing to the strong stretching vibration of C-O-C or C-N of aliphatic amines. This absorption band disappeared in the FT-IT analyses of the metallic/bimetallic nanoparticle solutions, indicating the participation of these groups in the biosynthesis of these nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the absorption bands at a lower frequency, e.g., bands with wavenumbers lower than \(\
u\) = 500 cm\({}^{-1}\), are attributed to the metal-metal or metal oxide bands, confirming the biosynthesis process with the patronage of the betanin of the plant extract.