## 1 Introduction  
T timber, a material with a rich history in construction dating back to early human societies, offers a multitude of advantages including its widespread availability, affordability, aesthetic appeal, ease of processing, low thermal conductivity, robust mechanical properties, acoustic insulation, durability, and reduced life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions when compared to counterparts such as concrete, steel, and glass [1]. To align with the objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement aimed at limiting global warming to below 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C by 2100, the construction industry must transition to carbon-neutral or carbon-negative practices by 2030 [2, 3]. Timber exhibits a low net carbon emission (NCE), expressed in kilograms of carbon per ton (kg C/t), approximately one-fifth that of glass and one-nineth that of concrete [4]. The drive to minimize the environmental footprint of the construction sector has reignited interest in timber-based architecture. Given the longevity of buildings, integrating timber construction can establish a significant carbon sink, counterbalancing carbon emissions from construction activities with sequestration potential upon demolition [1]. Timber construction offers inherent energy efficiency, sustainability, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and supports sustainable forestry practices. Moreover, timber serves as a means of carbon sequestration, with wood products containing approximately 2.5 billion tons of carbon [4]. However, timber architecture presents notable challenges, particularly regarding fire safety. Throughout history, there have been instances of extensive fires resulting in the destruction of predominantly wooden cities. In addition to adhering to the International Building Code [5] and relevant national regulations, enhancing the fire resistance of construction materials is imperative. Thus, mitigating the fire hazard associated with wooden structures emerges as a primary obstacle to expanding timber's utilization in construction [6]. During fires, timber structures experience diminished load-bearing capacity compared with non-combustible materials such as steel, accompanied by decohesion attributable to carbonization and the thermal breakdown of biopolymers including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The strength of timber begins to deteriorate at temperatures of approximately 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with lignin and hemicellulose undergoing decomposition within the range of 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C and cellulose experiencing thermal degradation above 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C [6]. Primary wood-feeding pests, including large wood-boring beetles (_Coleoptera_) and termites (_Blattodea_), cause significant damage. They tunnel, fragment wood, and facilitate fungal and bacterial growth through nitrogen fertilization and enzymatic digestion, often mediated by symbiotic partners. Termites, eusocial detritivorous insects, consume dead plant matter, wood, and cellulose, with some engaging in fungiculture. Classified as earth-dwelling, wood-dwelling, or arboreal, invasive species such as _Reticulitermes flavipes_ (now found in Ontario, Canada; parts of Western, Southern, and Central Europe; as well as the Macaronesian archipelago) pose significant threats to buildings, with a global economic damage estimate of approximately USD 32 billion in 2010 [7; 8]. There are different ways to harden and make wooden material more stable against pathogens, pests, and fire [9; 10]. Most of the methods involved in making wood additionally fire-resistant do not use green methods, but rather toxic chemicals [9; 10]. Some modern methods even use materials such as silicon carbide or graphene oxide, which have excellent efficiency, but high price [11]. Common wood preservatives, including creosote, PCP, CCA, CCB, copper, and boron compounds, are effective against biological damage but may not be suitable for finished products due to leaching or exudation issues. They are highly toxic, necessitating hazardous waste treatment for end-of-life disposal.