## 1 Introduction  
Cartography is the science, technology, and art of studying and creating maps. All types of drawings, diagrams, and 3D models that depict the earth at any scale are considered drawings [1]. New technologies that emerged in the 20 th century, such as geoinformatics, remote sensing, 3D modeling, multimedia, and the internet, came to change the cartographic process and to reshape the definition of cartography [2]. Cartographic visualizations act as an interdisciplinary tool as they can represent information and data from various scientific fields [3]. In addition to the new technological tools that provide digital geographic data and spatial information to cartography and GIS science, another important contribution to the above was the science of information visualization [4]. Information visualization acted synergistically with the above sciences, creating the field of geovisualization [5]. Geovisualization is defined as the visualization of geospatial data [6], and more specifically the use of visual representations to interpret spatial patterns and relationships in complex data [7]. Geovisualizations can be achieved through spatial-related tools and algorithms when applied to data with spatial, temporal, and semantic value [6]. Geovisualization gave a new impetus to cartography by incorporating the part of interaction into it [8]. Where technological means, such as multimedia, analytical and computational methods, and web mapping, were used to achieve the interaction. Multimedia refers to the combination of media and information with an interactive form of connection. It uses different media to interactively convey information, such as text, sound, graphics, animation, and video [9]. Thus, new tools and means are needed to communicate the information and transfer knowledge efficiently to the audience when illustrating spatio-temporal phenomena. Essential elements that serve both needs are computers and mobile devices, which are nowadays accompanied by the internet and fast mobile networks. In addition, the integration of \"multimedia technologies\" with GIS allow the provision of more realistic 3D representations of the temporal dimension of spatial objects and phenomena [10]. The adaptation of multimedia technology in cartographic products provides a different way of displaying and better understanding geographic phenomena. The means used to achieve multimedia cartography change and evolve over time [11]. Therefore, cartographic creation and design have adapted the new visualization tools in order to improve a user's spatial information communication and interaction [7; 12]. One of the factors contributing significantly to cartography science in recent years was the development of new geospatial data-collection tools [13; 14; 15]. One of these tools was the unmanned aerial system (UAS), which transformed the collection process of high-resolution images in a time-efficient, highly repetitive, and safe way over hard-to-reach and dangerous areas [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Several recent publications have described methods and techniques for the 3D mapping of spatio-temporal phenomena using UAVs [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. Currently, UAVs are a viable option for high-resolution, remote-sensing data collection, applicable in a wide range of scientific, agricultural, and environmental fields [18; 29; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. UASs can bridge the gap from local observations to regional mapping using earth-observation (EO) data [39], UASs can provide high-quality information as well as time and cost-efficient monitoring of spatio-temporal phenomena at a local scale [40; 41; 42]. Along with UASs as data-collection tools, data processing algorithms have also evolved. Algorithms such as structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo (MVS) were developed [43; 44], helping in automatically processing a large number of high-resolution UAS images to create 3D information [45; 46; 47; 48].