# Autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems Enabling Smart Positive Energy Districts
## 3 Emerging Technologies Enabling Positive Energy Districts
### Internet of Things
[32] proposed the use of _\"energy-aware architectural models and edge/cloud computing technologies to design next-generation, AI-enabled (and, specifically, deep-learning-enhanced), self-conscious IoT-extended distributed CPSs\"_. The IoT provides modularity and interoperability in the implementation of smart buildings by improving energy efficiency and indoor climate quality based on sensing, automation, and management [57]. The deployment of IoT-enabled sensors creates interconnected systems that constantly monitor environmental parameters in real time, offering important insights that are critical for decision-making and environmental management. IoT challenges include data security, privacy, and a lack of standardized communication protocols. Blockchain and advanced analytics are proposed to address these challenges. Practical application cases for IoT in PEDs include the following:  
1. _Smart Energy Management Systems_: Real-time monitoring and optimization of energy production, consumption and storage across the PED. * IoT-enabled meters and sensors track electricity, heating, and cooling usage. * AI-powered controllers adjust building systems (HVAC, lighting) based on occupancy and weather forecasts. * Integration into renewable sources (e.g., solar panels) and batteries to store excess energy and release it during peak demand. 2. _Building Automation and Optimization_: Dynamic control of building systems to improve efficiency and comfort. * IoT devices regulate temperature, ventilation, and lighting based on occupancy data. * Predictive maintenance alerts for HVAC systems. * Smart blinds and windows optimize natural light and thermal gains/losses. 3. _Energy Sharing and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading_: Facilitation of energy exchange between buildings and prosumers within the PED. * IoT sensors measure energy production and consumption in real time. * Blockchain enables automated and transparent transactions. * Smart contracts manage energy pricing and distribution. 4. _Demand Response and Load Balancing_: Adjusting demand to match supply and reduce peak loads. * Smart appliances and EV chargers respond to dynamic pricing signals or grid status. IoT platforms manage demand in real time, shifting non-essential loads to off-peak hours. * _Integration with Mobility Systems_: Reduction of emissions and integrating energy use across transport and buildings. * IoT-integrated EV charging stations optimize charging based on grid status and renewable availability. * Connected bike-sharing or car-sharing systems reduce dependency on fossil-fuel transport. * _Environmental Monitoring and Adaptation_: Monitoring and responding to environmental conditions that affect energy performance. Application: Sensors track air quality, humidity, temperature, and solar radiation. Data used to adapt building behavior or alert residents about pollution or heat stress. Integration into green infrastructure (e.g., smart irrigation for green roofs). * _Citizen Engagement and Behavioral Insights_: Promoting energy-saving behaviors through real-time feedback. IoT dashboards or mobile apps provide feedback on energy usage. Users receive tips, comparisons, or incentives based on their energy habits. Community-wide challenges to encourage reduced energy consumption. * _Urban Infrastructure Monitoring_: Monitoring and managing energy-related urban infrastructure for improved performance. Street lighting that adjusts based on pedestrian/cyclist presence and ambient light. Smart grids that detect and respond to outages or inefficiencies. Condition monitoring of district heating and cooling networks.