esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Seismological Results
For M0 we found values in the range (0.2-10.7) \(\times\) 10\({}^{12}\) Nm, in line with the value generally found for Mt. Vesuvius [13,14,21,22] for MD \(\geq\) 2.0. Assuming a constant rupture velocity \(\beta\)r and no directivity effects, the linear dimension of the source can be estimated as L = (0.37 * \(\beta\)r/fc) (Brune radius), and we obtained values from a minimum of 24 m to a maximum of 157 m. To estimate the net slip on the fault we used the Equation (2), where E, the Young's modulus, varies from 10 GPa at shallower depth to about 80 GPa, and \(\sigma\), the Poisson's ratio, varies between 0.246 and 0.250 [37]. For our analysis, considering a rectangular fault, the net slip ranges in 0.02-0.40 m.  
Coulomb software performs the calculations in the (x, y, z) Cartesian coordinate system, which we defined according to Table 2, so that the origin of the system, (0,0,0), coincides with the vertex of the Mt. Vesuvius crater, at an elevation of 1 km a.s.l. The friction coefficient is left at 0.4 standard value. The input _DEPTH_ parameter refers to the depth (positive downward) at which the deformation is estimated. In our case, it is set to the tiltmeter location (Figure 1). For each VT, we inserted the estimated geometrical and kinematic parameters associated with the relative source fault. With a fixed depth value, the software provides an ascii file containing the coordinates of the grid and the corresponding values of displacement components Lv, Uy and Uz. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Grid Parameters** & **Value (km)** \\ \hline Start-x & \(-\)6.5 \\ Start-y & \(-\)5.0 \\ Finish-x & 6.5 \\ Finish-y & 5.0 \\ x-increment & 0.2 \\ y-increment & 0.2 \\ \hline Size Parameters & Value \\ \hline Plot size & 2.0 \\ Shade/Color increment & 2.0 \\ Exaggeration for disp.\& dist. & 5,000,000.00 \\ \hline Cross section default & Value (km) \\ \hline Start-x & \(-\)6.5 \\ Start-y & \(-\)5.0 \\ Finish-x & 6.5 \\ Finish-y & 5.0 \\ Distant-increment & 0.5 \\ Z-depth & 5.0 \\ Z-increment & 0.25 \\ \hline Map info (\({}^{\circ}\)) & value \\ \hline min. lon & 14.3482406 \\ max. lon & 14.5016126 \\ zero lon & 14.4248700 \\ min. lat & 40.7751370 \\ max. lat & 40.8659860 \\ zero lat & 40.8205900 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Coulomb grid parameters used to estimate static ground displacement [24]. Since the selected earthquakes are small magnitude (MD < 3.0), we manually applied vertical exaggeration factors on the vertical displacement of the graphs for a better rendering (Figure 4). Figure 4: Example of 3D displacement estimated with Coulomb. Static displacement generated for (**a**) the 2018/04/26 and (**b**) the 2019/05/18 VT earthquakes in correspondence with IMB tiltmeter depth. The tiltmeter is indicated by a golden diamond. The yellow triangle indicates the vertex of the Mt. Vesuvius crater. The color bars specify the displacement values, to which a magnification was applied to better visualize the vertical displacement spatial pattern.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Receptor Prediction Model
(2013) also reported that water-soluble and exchangeable levels of metal(loid)s contributed to the BCF [16; 36]. Additionally, correlation and prediction models show that the influences of physical and chemical properties on BCF in corn and wheat are different, which may be related to the variation in species. Moreover, the effects of the mobility of metal(loid)s from soil to crop grains are still worthy of further study. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Corn**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Wheat**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **CuBCF** & **ZnBCF** & **AsBCF** & **CuBCF** & **ZnBCF** & **AsBCF** \\ \hline PH & 0.039 & \(-\)0.104 & \(-\)0.443 ** & 0.234 ** & 0.097 & \(-\)0.117 \\ CaO & \(-\)0.027 & \(-\)0.071 & \(-\)0.225 ** & 0.077 & 0.019 & \(-\)0.085 \\ MgO & \(-\)0.437 ** & \(-\)0.501 ** & \(-\)0.281 ** & \(-\)0.260 ** & \(-\)0.309 ** & \(-\)0.221 ** \\ Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & \(-\)0.513 ** & \(-\)0.524 ** & \(-\)0.130 & \(-\)0.630 ** & \(-\)0.505 ** & \(-\)0.362 ** \\ K\({}_{2}\)O & \(-\)0.233 ** & \(-\)0.174 ** & 0.136 * & \(-\)0.406 ** & \(-\)0.297 ** & \(-\)0.081 \\ Mn & \(-\)0.465 ** & \(-\)0.523 ** & \(-\)0.220 ** & \(-\)0.555 ** & \(-\)0.476 ** & \(-\)0.445 ** \\ P & \(-\)0.122 & \(-\)0.046 & 0.148 * & \(-\)0.155 * & \(-\)0.123 & 0.218 ** \\ N & \(-\)0.250 ** & \(-\)0.217 ** & 0.144 * & \(-\)0.383 ** & \(-\)0.310 ** & 0.152 * \\ F & \(-\)0.380 ** & \(-\)0.418 ** & \(-\)0.323 ** & \(-\)0.352 ** & \(-\)0.310 ** & \(-\)0.276 ** \\ Mo & \(-\)0.066 & \(-\)0.042 & \(-\)0.023 & 0.042 & \(-\)0.023 & \(-\)0.016 \\ B & \(-\)0.010 & \(-\)0.112 & \(-\)0.354 ** & \(-\)0.036 & \(-\)0.077 & \(-\)0.330 ** \\ TOC & \(-\)0.331 ** & \(-\)0.284 ** & 0.063 & \(-\)0.512 ** & \(-\)0.381 ** & \(-\)0.064 \\ CeC & \(-\)0.492 ** & \(-\)0.468 ** & \(-\)0.225 ** & \(-\)0.576 ** & \(-\)0.465 ** & \(-\)0.392 ** \\ clay & \(-\)0.303 ** & \(-\)0.347 ** & \(-\)0.073 & \(-\)0.378 ** & \(-\)0.336 ** & \(-\)0.264 ** \\ available Mn & \(-\)0.235 ** & \(-\)0.158 * & 0.055 & \(-\)0.408 ** & \(-\)0.236 ** & \(-\)0.144 * \\ available Fe & \(-\)0.098 & \(-\)0.129 & 0.191 ** & \(-\)0.298 ** & \(-\)0.220 ** & 0.092 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
**Correlation is significant at the \(p<0.01\) level. * Correlation is significant at the \(p<0.05\) level.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: The relationship between BCF of crop and soil properties.
# Optical Design of the Goaly3 Multi-Mirror Telescope System with a Wide Field of View
## 2 Design of the Goaly3 Multi-Mirror Telescope System
### The Initial Configuration of the Golay3 MMT  
The design of the Golay3 MMT begins from a coaxial two-mirror system as shown in Figure 3, where M\({}_{1}\) and M\({}_{2}\) are the primary and secondary mirror, and their semi-diameters are represented by \(h_{1}\) and \(h_{2}\), respectively. The obstruction ratio \(\alpha\) and the magnification of M\({}_{2}\)\(\beta\) are defined as [12]:  
\[\alpha=\frac{h_{2}}{h_{1}}=\frac{-f^{\prime}{}_{1}+\Delta}{f^{\prime}{}_{1}( \beta-1)} \tag{5}\]  
\[\beta=\frac{f^{\prime}{}_{1}}{f^{\prime}{}_{1}} \tag{6}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Specification** \\ \hline Angular resolution (arcsecond) & 0.6 \\ Diameter of the surrounding aperture (mm) & 300 \\ Diameter of the sub-mirror (mm) & 46.2 \\ Focal length (mm) & 2100 \\ F/number of the system & 7 \\ F/number of the primary & 3.5 \\ Full field of view (degree) & 1.5 \\ Spectral range (\(\mu\)m) & 0.486–0.656 \\ Pixel size of the CCD (\(\mu\)m) & 6.2 \\ \hline MTF & diffraction limited \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The parameters of the Golay3 MMT.  
Figure 2: The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the Golay3 aperture.  
In Equation (5), the parameter \(-f^{\prime}{}_{1}\) is the focal length of M\({}_{1}\). The image working distance \(\Delta\) is chosen to make sure the obstruction ratio \(\alpha\) is minimum and the CCD detector has enough working space.  
According to the paraxial optical theory, the radii of curvature of the two mirrors \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}\) can be obtained by:  
\[R_{1}=2f^{\prime}{}_{1} \tag{7}\]  
\[R_{2}=\frac{\alpha\beta}{\beta+1}R_{1} \tag{8}\]  
\[d=f^{\prime}{}_{1}(1-\alpha) \tag{9}\]  
where \(d\) is the distance between M\({}_{1}\) and M\({}_{2}\). Finally, the monolithic primary mirror is substituted by three sub-mirrors as arranged in Figure 1. The configuration of the Golay3 MMT is shown in Figure 4 and its parameters are listed in Table 2. The conic constant of M\({}_{2}\) is obtained by optimizing the system using the ZEMAX program. Figure 5 shows the diffraction-limited MTF of the initial configuration of the Golay3 MMT.
# An End-of-Line Test System for Pneumatic ABS Controllers in Commercial Vehicles
## 1 Introduction  
The end-of-line (EOL) test for pneumatic anti-lock braking system (ABS) controllers refers an operation logic test for ABS valves at the end of the production line. It is especially designed for the rapid function verification of assembled pneumatic ABS controllers and to verify the quality traceability of controller products. At present, most EOL test equipment for pneumatic ABS controllers is set up on platforms such as dSPACE or IPG/TruckMaker [1; 2], which mainly provide the simulated wheel speed. [PERSON] et al. used a servo motor to simulate wheel rotation and integrated the real ring gear and wheel speed sensor into a pneumatic ABS hardware-in-the-loop system, improving the dynamic response capability of the wheel speed signal and simulating the rapid changes in the wheel speed [3]. [PERSON] et al. used the V/F board to send simulated wheel speed signals to a pneumatic ABS controller that was based on the wheel speed simulated by a vehicle braking model and improved the pneumatic ABS controller test system [4]. [PERSON] et al. designed a hardware-in-the-loop platform for the fault diagnosis and fatigue testing of pneumatic ABS controllers based on open-loop and closed-loop testing methods [5]. [PERSON] added a vehicle control mechanism and a steering feedback mechanism to the pneumatic ABS hardware-in-the-loop system that improved the authenticity of the hardware-in-the-loop system [6]. [PERSON] established a vehicle braking model based on TruckSim and ran it through the LabVIEW real-time simulation system, and the system can interact with an ABS controller to conduct the hardware-in-the-loop test [7]. [PERSON] et al. completed the development and testing of three types of ABS, where vehicle acceleration, velocity, and longitudinal slip were controlled by a PID-based Simulink model, and the testing was carried out through a hardware-in-the-loop system [8].  
Due to the high cost of equipment procurement and complex testing processes [9], the ABS test systems mentioned above are mainly designed for model verification and not for batch production. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a special and efficient pneumatic ABScontroller EOL test system for commercial vehicles. In this paper, a prototype of the EOL test system has been built to meet batch production requirements.  
In order to standardize the EOL testing process of pneumatic ABS controllers, the mechanism of the EOL test was investigated in this paper as well as the relationship among ABS valve operation logic, test conditions, and wheel speed. A test workflow was proposed based on the unit integration test mode, according to the recommended test conditions. Moreover, a vehicle wheel speed simulation model was built and coded into the embedded system. The function verification of the EOL test system was carried out through a simulated fault injection test.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Velocity Profile Measurement at Single-Phase Flow  
Figure 11a,b show the results of averaging data of 5000 instantaneous velocity profile in single-phase liquid flow at the \(U_{L}\) of 200 and 300 mm/s. The horizontal axis indicates the distance from the wall (r) nominalized by the pipe radius (R). The measurement results of Developed-UVP were calibrated with PIV and Original-UVP. The velocity distributions measured by Developed-UVP, PIV, and Original-UVP, were almost in agreement. However, the velocity distribution of UVP near the vicinity of the wall showed small fluctuations due to some parts of the ultrasonic measurement volume is located within the wall which is the overlapped regions between the ultrasonic wave and pipe wall [32; 33]. The echo data is not only affected by the particle. Hence, the measurement result at that zone is influenced by moving particles and the pipe wall. Figure 12a,b illustrate the accuracy evaluation represented by the discrepancy of results between Developed-UVP, Original-UVP, and PIV methods. The deviation between these methods was within the acceptable range of \(\pm\)10% at a radius ratio of <0.8. However, a few points at the near-wall zone were out of the acceptable range. Therefore, it can be concluded that Developed-UVP efficiently measured the velocity profile on a single-phase flow since it appeared to be in good agreement with the measurement results obtained using PIV and Original-UVP methods.
## 1 Introduction  
The Baltic Sea is a unique ecosystem, and due to its inland character, large drainage area, and limited exchange of sea water with the Atlantic it is very sensitive to ongoing natural and anthropogenic (climate change, pollution, eutrophication, and overfishing) changes. The coastal zone is especially vulnerable, and in similarity to other regions of the Baltic Sea, exhibits little variety in the number of animal species, which is the result of eutrophication and the degradation of the environment. Despite this, it is considered among the marine habitats with the highest biological productivity. It plays an important ecological role by offering a variety of habitat types for many species, giving shelter to animals, and functioning as nursery areas and feeding grounds for many marine fishes and crustaceans.  
In marine pelagic food webs, zooplankton plays a key role as an important link in energy transfer between primary producers and higher tier consumers, strongly influencing fish production. Zooplankton of the Gulf of Gdansk typically consist of eurlyhaline and eurlythermic taxa, among copepods mainly species from genera Acartia and _Temora longicornis_, as well as the less abundant, but ecologically important, _Pseudocalanus acuspes_. They are preferred prey items for commercially important fishes like sprat and herring as well as larval cod.  
In order to properly asses the role of zooplankton in the marine food web, zooplankton secondary production and mortality rates need to be estimated. It is a useful tool to obtain knowledge of marine productivity, quantifying, behavior, distribution, migration patterns, and transfers between food web components [1; 2; 3]. Many studies have focused on vital rates of copepods in the laboratory [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10], yet only few studies exist on its population dynamics in the field [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17].  
The aim of this study was to describe the secondary production and mortality rates of three dominant calanoid copep species--_Acartia_ spp., _Temora longicornis_, and _Pseudocalanus acuspes_--in the southern Baltic Sea with relation to hydrographic water conditions. The data will be used for upgrading the copep population model for the Baltic Sea [18; 19; 20; 10; 16].
# Wireless Communication: Applications Security and Reliability--Present and Future
## 1 Introduction  
Wireless communication is an indispensable element of our lives. We use it in many areas of telephone communications, the Internet, bank payments, and access control. New wireless technologies not only make our everyday lives easier but also have a huge impact on information security, our safety, and our health. Hence the need to carry out activities at many levels aimed at ensuring communication security and reliability by using solutions resistant to electromagnetic infiltration, in particular sources of sensitive emission related to graphic information, cybercrime, and cryptographic attacks. In each case, there are devices that should ensure the secure transmission of information. However, the development of the used technologies and their unlimited implementation in newer devices increase their sensitivity to external factors. These factors may be intentionally generated electromagnetic fields, disturbing the operation of devices, or even destroying them.  
This Special Issue titled \"Wireless Communication: Applications, Security, and Reliability\" covered all the above-mentioned topic areas. This made it possible to present, from a broad perspective, in one place most issues related to the use of wireless communications [1; 2], possible threats [3; 4], proposed solutions to increase the level of information [5], and biological safety [6].
# Big Data Integration in Remote Sensing across a Distributed Metadata-Based Spatial Infrastructure
## 4 Spatial Organization and Management of Remote Sensing Data  
In order to achieve the rapid retrieval of integrated massive remote sensing data, we propose the LSI model for scene-based remote sensing data: First, based on the global segmentation grid, the logical partition index of each scene-based remote sensing data can be calculated. Then, the virtual mapping between the logical partition index and the scene parameters of each remote sensing data can also be established easily. Finally, based on the logical partition index and virtual mapping, as well as full-text search engine Solr/SolrCloud, quick retrieval of remote sensing data becomes possible. The LSI model-based data retrieval not only improves data query efficiency with the help of the global subdivision index encoding, but also avoids generating small files caused by the actual data subdivision. This section will describe the LSI model and SolrCloud-based remote sensing metadata management in terms of the LSI model, full-text index construction, and distributed data retrieval, etc.
# Organic Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Leading of Silver from End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels
###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was the hydrothermal leaching of silver from waste monocrystalline silicon (m-Si) and polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) photovoltaic panel (PV) cells using organic acids, namely oxalic acid (OA) and citric acid (CA). Before leaching, two different pretreatment procedures were applied. First, the fluoropolymer backsheet was manually removed from the panel pieces and, then, the samples were subjected to high-temperature heating for the thermal degradation of the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer. When removal by hand was not feasible, the second pretreatment procedure was followed by toluene immersion to remove the EVA and backsheet and separate the cells, glass, and films. After pretreatment, 4 M HCl leaching was applied to remove the aluminum layer from the cells. The remaining cells were subjected to hydrothermal leaching with organic acids to extract the silver. Several hydrothermal parameters were investigated, such as acid concentration (1-1.5-2 M), processing time (60-105-150 min), and temperature (150-180-210 \({}^{\circ}\)C), while the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio was fixed at 30 mL: 1 g, based on preliminary tests. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the hydrothermal leaching parameters. The optimized parameters were 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 95 min, 2 M CA or 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 60 min, 1 M OA. OA was more effective in Ag leaching than CA. The results were compared to HNO\({}_{3}\) leaching. The green leaching of silver from end-of-life PV panels with organic acids is an environmentally beneficial route.  
silicon PV panel; silver; recycling; organic acid; response surface methodology +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article
# Image Watermarking Scheme Using LSB and Image Gradient
## 2 Preliminaries
### Least Significant Bit (LSB) Embedding  
The LSB is the simplest method available for watermark insertion in spatial-domain watermarking. In the LSB method, operations are directly performed on pixel values, resulting in minor changes in pixel values. By changing the LSB of the host image, a watermark is applied. The insertion and extraction principles are simple and effective. This LSB method has high perceptual quality and is mostly used in fragile watermarking. Figure 1 shows the embedding through message bytes.
## 3 Methods
### Evaluation of Spatial Performance  
To demonstrate the rationality of the spatial distribution of GPP products, we compared the spatial distribution of our product with other GPP products. In this study, the SPAtial Efficiency (SPAEF) was used as a metric to evaluate the consistency of two spatial pattern maps. SPAEF is a bias-insensitive spatial performance metric, which improved the structure of the Kling-Gupta efficiency [78].  
\[\text{SPAEF}=1-\sqrt{\left(r-1\right)^{2}+\left(\beta-1\right)^{2}+\left(\gamma -1\right)^{2}} \tag{27}\]  
where \(r\) is the Pearson correlation coefficient between the two spatial pattern maps, \(\beta\) is the ratio of the coefficient of variations (CV) of the two spatial pattern maps, and \(\gamma\) is the percentage of histogram intersections of the two spatial pattern maps after normalization to a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 (z score).
## 2 Technical Architecture and Solution
### RAG Integration  
The framework is constructed based on two pipelines: the indexing pipeline and the query pipeline. These pipelines enhance their modularity through multiple applications in different contexts. Starting with the indexing pipeline, it is responsible for indexing documents into the vectorized database after the files are acquired. Before the indexing process itself, various preprocessing steps are applied to prepare the files in the correct form. The main components of the indexing pipeline include setting up the vectorized database, preprocessing steps before indexing (such as dividing documents into smaller parts), and indexing using embeddings. We utilized multiple data sources, which will be detailed in the following subsections.  
The query pipeline is responsible for generating responsive answers to user queries. We employed RAG to generate answers based on the retrieved documents. Additionally, we introduced different agents, each dedicated to specific indexed sources. We also incorporated conversational memory capabilities into our system. When the passage with the retrieved documents is delivered to the model, memory generated by another LLM is included. Lastly, by utilizing the query pipeline, RAG, conversational memory, and agents, users can access a pipeline tailored to their needs. This setup makes the \"steps of thought\" of the system visible, including the \"Thought\" and \"Observation\" tabs, allowing users to understand the reasoning behind the agents' actions and the steps before and after providing the definitive answer.  
The performance evaluation of the proposed architecture is based thoroughly on the components used. The vectorized database should be configured according to the performance requirements, with advice from the provider documentation. The data must be of sufficient quality to be processed by the modular preprocessor, which should be configured according to its characteristics. The performance of the embeddings and retrieval process depends on the chosen embedding retriever; the better-performing the embedding model, the more precise the retrieval process. Finally, the Q&A and reasoning processes in the conversational and RAG performance depend on the selected GAI models. Each actor should consult the provider's documentation to select the appropriate model based on the requirements. Therefore, for component selection, the actor should refer to the provider's performance evaluation documentation and make decisions based on the specific needs of the use case.