## 2 Materials and Methods  
Standards. \(\beta\)-caryophyllene (CAS 87-44-5, \(\geq\)98.0%) and C8-C20 alkane mix (\(\sim\)40 ppm in hexane, diluted 10\(\times\)) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Standards of caryophyllene were prepared in hexane at different concentrations for peak confirmation and quantification. Pentadecane (CAS 629-62-9, \(\geq\)98.0%) was used as an injection control standard at a concentration of 10 ppm in hexane. Insects. For all experiments, female carob moths were used, reared from larvae that had been collected in commercial pomegranate orchards located in Chandab, Iran (35\({}^{\circ}\)25\({}^{\circ}\)13\({}^{\prime\prime}\) W, 51\({}^{\circ}\)56\({}^{\prime}\)04\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E, 1141 m elevation), during 2013 and 2014. Plants. Pomegranate, _Punica granatum_ L. (Lythraceae), fruits and flowers in various stages (Supplemental Materials S2) were obtained from the cultivar Galu-Barik and picked from the same orchard in Chandab (Iran) as the insects. Pistachio (_Pistachia vera_ L. (Anacardiaceae)) fruits were collected from cultivar Akbari, grown in a commercial pistachio orchard in Qazvin, Iran (35\({}^{\circ}\)54\({}^{\prime}\)07\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N, 50\({}^{\circ}\)03\({}^{\prime}\)06\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E and 1201 m elevation). Collection of Plant Volatiles. Headspace volatiles for behavioral, electrophysiological, and chemical analysis were collected from 2 kg of pomegranate fruits, 300-400 g of pomegranate flowers, or 1 kg of pistachio fruit placed in 4 L glass jars. Charcoal-filtered air was pulled through the jar with a vacuum pump (22 h at 0.5 L/min), and the headspace was collected on an adsorbent trap (60 mm L \(\times\) 6 mm L.D. ), containing 50 mg of Tenax-GR 60/80 (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Control samples were collected using an empty jar. Tenax traps were conditioned at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min under a stream of N2 before use. After sampling, traps were extracted with 2 mL of n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples were sealed and stored at \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C prior to chemical analysis. Bioassays. Sensory and analytical data from insects can only be interpreted in light of associated behavioral responses. We, therefore, conducted both wind tunnel experiments (to measure attraction behavior) and oviposition experiments (to measure acceptance behavior). Details of the assays can be found in Supplementary Materials S3. Coupled Gas Chromatography-Electroantennogram Detection (GC-EAD). To determine which volatile compound(s) in the plant extracts is detected by the carob moth, GC-EAD experiments [31] were conducted. A 2- to 3-day-old mated female carob moth was mounted in a plastic pipette tip and its antenna was immobilized with a small strip of parafilm, pressing the antennal base against the head. The amplitude of the EAD was measured using an IDAC-4 amplifier equipped with a high-impedance (>10\({}^{9}\) Ohm) head stage and captured with GC-EAD/2014 software (Syntech, Kirchzarten, Germany). See Supplementary Materials S4 for details. Gas Chromatography-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap MS). Confirmatory analyses on cracked pomegranate extracts were carried out using a Thermo Scientific Trace 1300 GC, again equipped with an instant-connect Cold-On-Column injector, but now hyphenated to a Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS (Interscience, Breda, The Netherlands). Separation was achieved using a 30 mL \(\times\) 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 um df Rxi-5 Sil MS capillary column (Restek), preceded by a 2 mL \(\times\) 0.53 mm I.D. retention gap. Injection volume was 1 \(\upmu\)L. Helium was used as a carrier gas at 1.2 mL/min in constant flow mode. The GC oven was programmed from 55 (1 min) to 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C (1 min) at 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, and subsequently to 165 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to achieve separation of all target analytes. Finally, the oven was heated to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to regenerate the column.