## 3 Kinetic Modeling Details  
However, there are concerns arising from literature studies that highlight crucial inconsistencies between kinetic simulations and experimental results. These inconsistencies suggest that the prediction of laminar burning velocity (LBV) for ammonia-methane mixtures shows better agreement compared to ammonia-hydrogen mixtures, which requires further investigation. This indicates that there is no single model for ammonia oxidation capable of accurately predicting a wide range of ammonia blending with different fuels, emphasizing the need for comprehensive further research. Furthermore, the existing models cannot precisely cover a broad range of equivalence ratios and various initial pressures simultaneously. Lastly, the models fail to simultaneously predict both flame speed and NO\({}_{x}\) emissions, with some models performing well in predicting NO formation but failing to accurately predict flame speed [27]. [PERSON] et al. [33] developed a reduced chemical model to estimate the combustion chemistry of hydrogen/ammonia/methane mixtures. Initially, the Aramco 2.0 model, Tian model, and Shrestha model were utilized to construct a detailed chemical model consisting of 128 species and 957 reactions. The compact reaction models were then derived through the directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP) method, combined with sensitivity analysis reduction. Ultimately, 2 reduced models were obtained: one comprising 51 species and 420 reactions, which included ammonia, hydrogen, and methane, and another with 28 species and 213 reactions, utilizing only hydrogen and ammonia. Both the detailed and reduced models exhibited good performance in terms of ignition delays, but they exhibited an over-prediction of laminar burning velocity (LBV) under fuel-rich conditions for both single ammonia fuel and mixtures. Laminar flame speeds of ammonia with oxygen-enriched air and ammonia-hydrogen-air mixtures were experimentally studied by [PERSON] et al. [31] using a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiments were conducted at a wide range of elevated initial pressures (1-10 bars) and elevated initial temperatures (298-473 K). The experimental data obtained from various setups, including freely propagating combustion chambers, burner-stabilized premixed flames, rapid compression machines (RCMs), shock tubes, and a jet-stirred reactor, were used to develop a newly validated kinetic prediction model for the oxidation of both neat ammonia fuel and ammonia-hydrogen-blended fuel. Increasing the initial temperature, hydrogen content in the fuel (ranging from 0 to 30% in volume), or the concentration of oxygen in the oxidizer resulted in an increase in the laminar flame speed. Conversely, increasing the initial pressure led to a decrease in the laminar flame speed. The suggested kinetic model accurately predicts the same trends as the experiments and demonstrates excellent agreement with the data across a wide range of conditions. The LBV of premixed methane-ammonia-air mixtures was investigated both experimentally and numerically by [PERSON] et al. [20] across a wide range of equivalence ratios and ammonia concentrations. The ammonia concentration in the fuel varied from 0 to 30% in volume, represented as the heat fraction of ammonia in the fuel. The experiments were conducted in a constant volume chamber at a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. As the concentration of ammonia increased, the laminar burning velocity exhibited a non-linear decrease. The experimental results were utilized to develop a detailed reaction model, employing the GRI Mech 3.0 [48] and the model constructed by [PERSON] et al. [22]. Looking ahead, there is a crucial demand for a greater extent of supplementary experimental data on the LBV of ternary blending fuels to scrutinize the leftover uncertainties of ammonia oxidation. This study examined the detailed models by [PERSON] et al. [33] (51 species), [PERSON] et al. [21], and [PERSON] et al.