## 3 Thermal Aspects for Improving Energy Performance
### Water Resources in Greenhouses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study Title** & **Purpose of the Study** & **Methodology Used** & **Main Results** \\ \hline Hybrid and Organic & Exploring the potential of new PV technologies for shading and energy production in greenhouses & Literature review, analysis of simulation studies and experimental work & The potential of innovative PV technologies due to the possibility of adjusting their spectral characteristics to optimize the use of solar energy and create suitable conditions for crop growth, especially in hot and tropical regions. \\ \hline A Photovoltaic Greenhouse with & Present the potential of photovoltaic greenhouses & Analysis of solar radiation throughout the year, considering clear and partially cloudy skies & It showed that the variation in shading allowed the regulation of internal radiation, choosing the minimum value of radiation required, compatible with the needs of the cultivated plant species. \\ \hline Testing Organic Photovoltaic & Examining the feasibility of & Measurement of measurement of radiometric and thermal & It concluded that OPV modules are suitable for shading and generating electricity in greenhouses, but are currently expensive and have a relatively short life span. \\ Methodwise Cover or Shading & photovoltaic modules as shading material & modules under different angles of incidence & It found that greenhouses equipped with photovoltaic panels provide more favorable climate conditions during the summer season, which can balance crop production and PV electricity production. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} Climate Assessment of \\ Greenhouse Equipped with \\ South-Oriented PV Roofs [198] \\ \end{tabular} & Understanding the effect of shading induced by south-facing photovoltaic panels on the greenhouse internal climate & Experimental and numerical simulation study using CFD & It found that greenhouses equipped with photovoltaic panels provide more favorable climate conditions during the summer season, which can balance crop production and electricity production. \\ \hline Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) & Evaluate the effectiveness of \\ Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) & DSSC as a sustainable alternative in greenhouses, and explore its benefits for crop growth and simultaneous electrical & Literature review and analysis of photovoltaic technologies. & DSSCs are economical, flexible and efficient in low light conditions, outperforming silicon solar cells. DSSC allows the use of light for photosynthesis while generating electricity, and performs well at high temperatures. \\ \hline The effect of different levels of shading in a photovoltaic greenhouse with a north-south orientation [134] & Identify the limit of shading by photovoltaic panels in greenhouses that do not harm the yield of tomato crops. & Numerical simulation study using CFD & The use of photovoltaic panels in greenhouses, reducing internal solar radiation, affecting the yield and quality of tomatoes. Shades above 15\% negatively impact fruit color, and shading greater than 30\% harms overall quality, without affecting pH. \\ \hline Smart and solar greenhouse covers: Recent developments and future perspectives [133] & Examine smart and solar materials covering greenhouses & Literature analysis and case studies & The implementation of smart roofing materials, especially semi-transparent photovoltaics, presents significant economic and energy advantages for greenhouses, although commercializing these innovations remains a challenge. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Recent Investigations on the Influence of Shading Technologies in Agricultural Greenhouses on Energy Performance. Efficient management of water resources is essential for the sustainability of greenhouse agriculture, given the growing demand for food and water scarcity. The adoption of efficient irrigation systems and appropriate management practices can optimize water use, maximizing crop productivity with minimal environmental impact [199].