# Increased Motor Time in the Lower Extremity Is Related to Fall History in Older Women
## 4 Discussion  
### Fractionaled RT and Fall Risk  
The results of this study agree with some previous findings in that fallers showed a significantly longer motor time than non-fallers among older adults, while exhibiting no \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **TA** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GN**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PL**} \\  & **PMT** & **MT** & **PMT** & **MT** & **PMT** & **MT** \\ \hline L-PEF & \(-\)0.04 & \(-\)0.44 **\(\ast\)** & 0.07 & \(-\)0.52 **\(\ast\)** & 0.12 & \(-\)0.46 **\(\ast\)** \\  & 0.821 & 0.009 & 0.693 & 0.002 & 0.493 & 0.007 \\  & 0.07 & \(-\)0.33 & 0.18 & \(-\)0.35 & 0.16 & \(-\)0.32 \\ R-PEF & 0.697 & 0.055 & 0.309 & 0.040 \(\ast\) & 0.372 & 0.069 \\  & 0.16 & \(-\)0.46 **\(\ast\)** & 0.22 & \(-\)0.47 **\(\ast\)** & 0.23 & \(-\)0.45 **\(\ast\)** \\  & 0.355 & 0.006 & 0.214 & 0.005 & 0.198 & 0.008 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* RT: reaction time; PMT, premotor time; MT, motor time. TA, tibialis anterior; GN, gastrocnemius; PL, peroneus longus. L-PEF, left-leg peak extensive force; R-PEF, right-leg peak extensive force; T-PEF, total peak extensive force. \(\ast\)_p_ < 0.05, correlation is significant; \(\ast\)_p_ < 0.01, correlation is highly significant.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Pearson correlation efficiency between fractionated RT with PEF of the lower extremity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Trial**} \\  & **Fallers** & **Non-Fallers** & **Trial 1** & **Trial 2** & **Trial 3** \\ \hline TA & 124.02 \(\pm\) 31.57 & 120.82 \(\pm\) 37.09 & 131.94 \(\pm\) 31.10 & 117.50 \(\pm\) 39.26 \(\ast\) & 117.32 \(\pm\) 32.11 \(\ast\) \\ GN & 129.4 \(\pm\) 27.24 & 128.44 \(\pm\) 33.54 & 135.21 \(\pm\) 28.79 & 125.47 \(\pm\) 29.33 & 121.71 \(\pm\) 28.76 \\ PL & 122.49 \(\pm\) 29.64 & 120.07 \(\pm\) 31.95 & 128.82 \(\pm\) 28.50 & 117.67 \(\pm\) 36.15 & 116.88 \(\pm\) 28.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* SD, standard; TA, tibialis anterior; GN, gastrocnemius; PL, peroneus longus. \(\ast\)_p_ < 0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant compared with Trial 1.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean \(\pm\) SD for PMT (ms) in TA, GN, and PL in postural control response for fallers and non-fallers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Trial**} \\  & **Fallers** & **Non-Fallers** & **Trial 1** & **Trial 2** & **Trial 3** \\ \hline TA & 1119.93 \(\pm\) 27.51 & 101.89 \(\pm\) 38.59 \(\ast\) & 109.24 \(\pm\) 39.03 & 112.23 \(\pm\) 37.95 & 109.15 \(\pm\) 30.30 \\ GN & 126.98 \(\pm\) 27.99 & 106.60 \(\pm\) 36.72 \(\ast\) & 113.35 \(\pm\) 42.88 & 113.76 \(\pm\) 31.50 & 121.09 \(\pm\) 27.81 \\ PL & 113.4 \(\pm\) 30.26 & 103.51 \(\pm\) 42.34 & 106.62 \(\pm\) 40.73 & 111.50 \(\pm\) 40.60 & 107.30 \(\pm\) 34.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* SD, standard; TA, tibialis anterior; GN, gastrocnemius; PL, peroneus longus; \(\ast\)_p_ < 0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant compared with falsers.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean \(\pm\) SD for MT (ms) on TA, GN, and PL in postural control response for fallers and non-fallers. difference in premotor time [10; 13]. This indicated that impaired neuromuscular function is associated with fall history in older women; more specifically, the longer latency of muscular activation is linked closely to falls. As is commonly observed during an unexpected loss of balance (e.g., tripping or stumbling), the human body often responds with sudden sequential counter-movements, such as quickly stepping or jerking the body upward, to regain upright equilibrium, which is known as an automatic postural response (APR) in the realm of neuroscience. This APR, governed by central nervous system (CNS) with unconscious control, is a quick neuromuscular activity in response to a sudden postural perturbation [27].