## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Investigation
#### 3.3.1 Characterization and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC-DAD
The content ranged from 24.12 to 87.85 g/kg DW in the stem and from 14.64 to 55.95 g/kg DW in the secondary flower head, with caffeoylquinic acids being the predominant phenolic compounds in both plant parts (Table 17). [PERSON] and coworkers [2], through the analysis of several clones selected from the two Sicilian landraces \"Spinoso di Palermo\" and \"Violetto di Sicilia\", reported total phenolic content values for stem methanolic extracts, measured by HPLC-DAD, ranging from 2.05 to 12.70 g/kg DW. These values were significantly lower than those that were obtained in this study for the same tissue across all three analyzed genotypes. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [2] reported very low phenolic content values in methanolic extracts from the edible parts of mature infloresences of six varieties, ranging from 3.01 to 6.6 g/kg DW, if compared to those observed in this study for the secondary flower heads. Additionally, although the edible parts of mature infloresences in most varieties contained a notable amount of caffeoylquinic acids, the predominant phenolic compounds were flavonoids, primarily apigenin and its derivatives. These qualitative and quantitative differences may be attributed to the diversity of genotypes analyzed, the varying environmental conditions in which they were grown, and the different extraction conditions used for recovering the phenolic compounds. In this study, an ultrasound-assisted method was employed, in contrast to conventional techniques that involve shaking plant material with alcoholic solvents. Ultrasound treatment typically enhances the extraction of bioactive compounds by leveraging the cavitational effect, which facilitates the release of extractable compounds and promotes mass transport through diffusion and disrupts plant cell walls [2]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**One 14 TeV F10**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**One 2 F F2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Grade 1**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Seen**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SFH**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Seen**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SFH**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Seen**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SFH**} \\ \hline \hline
1-C/Conteflow/Equile acid & 14.50 \(\pm\) 7.18 & 274.92 \(\pm\) 3.42 & 123.66 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 226.65 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 225.04 \(\pm\) 0.75 & 301.94 \(\pm\) 4.88 \\
3-C/Conteflow/Equile acid & 306.78 \(\pm\) 0.73 & 141.99 \(\pm\) 3.67 & 161.16 \(\pm\) 0.57 & 151.49 \(\pm\) 0.47 & 225.03 \(\pm\) 0.65 & 135.55 \(\pm\) 1.09 \\
5-C/Conteflow/Equile acid & 943.91 \(\pm\) 6.93 & 245.31 \(\pm\) 27.10 & 675.45 \(\pm\) 28.34 & 700.65 \(\pm\) 272.25 & 453.65 \(\pm\) 1.98 & 763.25 \(\pm\) 3.85 \\ Caffe acid & 275.53 \(\pm\) 9.10 & 171.56 \(\pm\) 1.40 & 134.92 \(\pm\) 14.26 & 96.56 \(\pm\) 0.64 & 198.15 \(\pm\) 29.55 & 105.37 \(\pm\) 4.03 \\
1-3-C/Conteflow/Equile acid & 312.5 \(\pm\) 1.40 & 35.81 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 46.70 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 35.44 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 29.83 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 2 nd \\
3-Sid-C/Conteflow/Equile acid & 392.92 \(\pm\) 17.20 & 640.53 \(\pm\) 6.58 & 2307.41 \(\pm\) 75.02 & 1970.01 \(\pm\) 34.04 & 3420.1 \(\pm\) 29.87 & 74.26 \(\pm\) 11.31 \\
1-3-C/Conteflow/Equile acid & 14,907.07 \(\pm\) 4.08 & 112.58 \(\pm\) 7.384 & 524.843 \(\pm\) 7.418 & 2860.03 \(\pm\) 32.49 & 212.09 \(\pm\) 5.64 & 68123.2 \(\pm\) 155.61 \\ Total Offflow/Equile acid & 287.16 \(\pm\) 73.91 \(\pm\) 25.92 & 253.09 \(\pm\) 69.76 & 87.693.21 \(\pm\) 65.33 & 5581.68 \(\pm\) 384.19 & 212.55 \(\pm\) 183.62 & 146.07 \(\pm\) 18.16 \(\pm\) 16.66 \\ \hline apignOn the other hand, methanolic extracts from the edible primary heads of two globe artichoke varieties, namely \"Spinoso Sardo\" and \"Romanesco Siciliano\", exhibited higher phenolic content values (64.77 and 108.46 g/kg DW, respectively) than those observed in this study for the secondary flower heads of the three genotypes analyzed [? ].