## 4 Results
### Best Practices for Successful Inclusion of Users with Disabilities in User Testing
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**ID** & **Best Practice** & **Short Explanation** \\ \hline BP1. Best practices before user testing & Providing information in an accessible format about user testing activities before starting the test will motivate participants to increase their assurance, self-confidence, and self-efficacy [52; 56]. Failing to do so, participants will not fully understand what is expected of them or what they can expect from the testing process, endangering the user experience of participants as well as the final results. \\ \hline BP1.2 & Collecting consent from participants & Providing the user’s ethical approval and informed consent enables fair, transparent, and accurate research, minimizing harm [59; 61]. Participants should also be allowed to withdraw consent during testing, ensuring their privacy will be respected and no adverse consequences can come from testing activities. \\ \hline BP1.3 & Training for participants & Providing the opportunity for training the participants before they start with user testing increases self-confidence, self-efficiency, and motivation, and also reduces stress. [61; 62; 63]. This activity ensures participants fully understand how to use the product so they can provide more effective feedback. In some cases, a demonstration of how to use the product or service gives participants a better understanding of how it works and what they need to do during the testing process. \\ \hline BP1.4 & Preparing clear instructions for participants & Providing clear and concise instructions increases the success rate of testing [19]. It ensures participants understand what they need to do during the testing process by using simple language, breaking tasks down into manageable steps, clarifying expectations, and providing examples so that participants can give effective feedback that will improve the tested product. \\ \hline BP1.5 & Using accessibility standards & Ensuring all documents are accessible and standards-compliant to ensure compatibility with assistive products increases testing effectiveness and accessibility for all participants [19]. By following established accessibility guidelines, the involvement of individuals with disabilities is more feasible, ensuring that a wider audience can use the product or service. \\ \hline BP1.6 & Design led by people with disabilities & Moving from design for disabled people to design led by disabled people involves a fundamental shift in the approach to inclusive design and brings people with disabilities into the design process as active and equal partners [64]. Including people with disabilities in user testing ensures that products are accessible and meet the needs of people with disabilities and can lead to more innovative and creative designs that benefit all users, not just those with disabilities. \\ \hline BP2. Best practices during user testing & Allowing participants to perform user testing activities in their homes reduces stress, increases their well-being and relaxation, and avoids costs [33; 53]. Remote testing is, however, possible only if instructions are provided clearly, technical support is established, and a variety of communication methods are set to communicate efficiently with the participants during the testing process. A more significant level of flexibility is also required. \\ \hline BP2.2 & Enabling accompanying persons during the testing & Allowing participants to be accompanied by their caregivers, friends, or family members increases their safety, comfort, self-confidence, and self-efficiency [36; 40; 62; 65]. Informing participants of this option, providing them with instructions, and organizing space according to the needs of one additional person increases the chance participants with impairments will participate in testing activities. \\ \hline BP2.3 & Enabling participants to repeat the tasks & The possibility to repeat each task for participants during the user testing activities increases positive user experience and motivation and reduces stress [61]. Connected to providing clear instructions, a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the user experience can be gained, and new issues can be identified that may have been missed during the initial attempt. Sometimes, using a different approach or method while repeating the tasks (different devices or software) will help identify various issues. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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