## 1 Introduction  
The demand for orthodontic treatment has recently increased among people of all [1, 2, 3, 4]. This trend is driven by aesthetic concerns and the recognized importance of proper dental alignment for enhancing quality of life [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. It is known that malocclusions, which represent deviations from ideal dental alignment, can adversely impact oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) by causing functional limitations as well as psychological and social discomfort [11, 12, 13], ultimately affecting overall patient well-being [14, 15, 16, 17]. Although considerable attention has been paid to the clinical correction of malocclusions, emerging evidence suggests that successful orthodontic outcomes extend beyond physical alignment to include psychological factors. A wealth of research in general health has underscored the influence of personality on treatment outcomes. Personality traits, defined as enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, guide how individuals perceive and respond to various situations, including healthcare interventions [18,19]. The well-established Big Five personality model, comprising extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism [20, 21, 22], has emerged as a valuable framework for understanding these dynamics [23]. Individuals with high extraversion--characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and a tendency to experience positive emotions--tend to engage in proactive healthy behaviors [24, 25, 26]. Similarly, those with high agreeableness, marked by altruism, empathy, and cooperation, are more likely to follow medical recommendations [27, 28, 29, 30]. People with high openness, intellectual curiosity, creativity, and a willingness to explore new experiences [31, 32, 33], are more likely to consider different treatment options, facilitating better health management [34,35]. Conscientious individuals, recognized for their organization, dependability, and strong sense of duty [36, 37], tend to engage in behaviors that promote well-being, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adherence to medical guidelines. Conversely, they are less likely to engage in harmful behaviors like smoking or substance abuse [38, 39, 40]. In contrast, individuals with high levels of neuroticism--characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, and a tendency to experience negative emotions such as fear, sadness, and irritability [41]--are more prone to maladaptive behaviors and adverse health outcomes, including poor health literacy and impaired decision-making [42, 43, 44]. Furthermore, heightened neuroticism can hinder the development of effective coping strategies, leading to increased stress and unhealthy behaviors [45]. Integrating the Big Five model into the orthodontic context provides a more nuanced framework for understanding patient experiences beyond the purely clinical aspects of treatment. In orthodontics, psychological factors may influence a patient's orthodontic treatment experience by affecting compliance, satisfaction, pain perception, and overall treatment attitudes. Despite the growing research on the psychological aspects of orthodontic care, there remains a lack of comprehensive synthesis regarding the role of personality traits in influencing orthodontic treatment experiences. Previous studies have explored aspects of the psychological determinants of orthodontic outcomes, but they did not systematically integrate personality traits within the orthodontic context or address the interplay between personality and clinical outcomes comprehensively. The present study is designed to address this gap by systematically reviewing the literature on how personality traits relate to key orthodontic outcomes such as compliance, pain perception, satisfaction, and treatment attitudes. For this review, the null hypothesis is that no significant relationship exists between personality traits and orthodontic treatment outcomes.