esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Stability of the Tablets during Storage  
Figure 1 shows the survival of lactobacilli in different kinds of lactobacilli effervescent tablets after storage at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 days. After storage for 15 days, the number of lactobacilli cells was reduced by 1.20, 1.79, 2.08, and 2.35 logarithmic cycles for the control, L-group, M-group, and H-group, respectively. This result demonstrated that the viability of lactobacilli decreased significantly with the increase of the content of the herbs in tablets in the early stage of storage (0-15 days). Nevertheless, in the later stage of storage (15-60 days), the viability of lactobacilli in the tablets supplemented with the herbs was similar to that in the control (Figure 1). Considering the diversity of drug-resistance ability of microorganism cells to antimicrobial substances, we speculated that some sensitive cells in the tablets may be inactivated by the herbs in a dose-dependent manner in the early stage of storage, while the cells that can tolerate the herbs could maintain their viability throughout the storage period. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] had also reported that the number of _L. acidophilus_ in effervescent probiotics tablets decreased from 5.18 to 2.91 logarithmic cycles after storage for 60 days at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In this study, the number of viable lactobacilli cells was about 5.80 logarithmic cycles in all kinds of tablets at the end of storage (Figure 1). In order to obtain more probiotic properties, it should be considered to add protectants for lactobacilli viability to the formula.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Tablets** & **Control** & **L-Group** & **M-Group** & **H-Group** \\ \hline Control & - & 1 \({}^{\text{ns}}\) & 10 \({}^{\text{ns}}\) & 23 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ L-group & & - & 11 \({}^{\text{ns}}\) & 24 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ M-group & & - & 13 \({}^{\text{ns}}\) \\ H-group & & & - \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\ast}\) Significant critical difference (5%) minimum of 21, for four samples and 20 panelists, according to the Friedman test. \({}^{\text{ns}}\) non-significant.  
\end{table}
Table 8: Results of the preference ranking test of the lactobacilli effervescent tablets supplemented with different contents of Chinese ginseng and _Polygonatum sibricum_.  
Figure 1: Viability of lactobacilli in different kinds of lactobacilli effervescent tablets stored for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. All data show the means \(\pm\) SD. At the same storage period, different letters indicate a significant difference.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Fall Detection  
The criteria for evaluation of our method utilizes well-known metrics in the fall detection study [45].  
Figure 14: (**a**) Overall indicators for fall case; (**b**) Normal and Fall Indicator for sitting motion; (**c**) Normal and Fall indicators for squatting motion. (**b,c**) indicate normal cases. When the normal indicator is ‘ON’ and the fall indicator is ‘OFF’, it is interpreted as the ‘Normal State’ in case of sitting and squatting motion.  
\[\begin{array}{l}Sensitivity=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}\\ Specificity=\frac{TN}{TN+FP}\\ Accuracy=\frac{TN+TP}{TN+TP+FN+FP}\\ Error=\frac{FP+FN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}\end{array} \tag{23}\]  
True Positive (TP): A fall occurs, the device detects it.  
False Positive (FP): The device announces a fall, but it did not occur.  
True Negative (TN): A normal movement is performed, the device does not declare a fall.  
False Negative (FN): A fall occurs but the device does not detect it.
# Extended L-Band InAs/InP Quantum-Dash Laser in Millimeter-Wave Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Limitations and Future Directions  
The present work relied on a single locked mode of a QD-LD, obtained via an SIL-assisting scheme and consequently realized a dual-wavelength laser source via DWG. Unfortunately, the output power of the QD-DWL was limited by the insertion losses of various components besides a high SMF butt-coupling loss. Furthermore, owing to the inferior performance of several optical components at \(\sim\)1610 nm, in particular EDFA, the system power budget was affected, thereby limiting the sub-link lengths of WL, hybrid-WL, and hybrid-FSO transmission channel configurations. Nevertheless, as a proof of concept, the maximum possible lengths were selected for all channel configurations, demonstrating error-free transmission. In the future, high-power QD-DWLs could be realized by exploiting dual-mode SIL and customized tunable fiber Bragg gratings, thus negating the use of optical components in Figure 1, including a DWG, rendering the source to be compact, simple, and cost-effective. The investigation of this source as a potential MMW optical source would further strengthen the prospects of QD-LDs in MMW applications wherein field-trial demonstrations with outdoor FSO links and WL channels could be investigated, providing valuable information on environmental effects on the system performance. Lastly, demonstrating a high-quality multiwavelength QD-LD source in the L-band employing injection locking [17] or mode-locking as those reported in the C-band [13; 19] could provide a paradigm shift by eliminating several optical MMW laser sources in RoF-WDM systems, similar to recent demonstrations in the typical optical fiber-based WDM system employing a mode-locked QD-LD at 1550 nm [27]. In this case, a standalone multiwavelength source could provide the required several dual optical carriers for the realization of MMW beat-tone carriers at different channels in RoF-WDM-PON operating in the mid- and extended L-band wavelength window. This would be a step towards energy-efficient next-generation flexible heterogeneous optical networks.
## 1 Introduction  
Because of the influence of natural environment, the construction of desert highway inevitably faces the problem of wind-sand disaster, so that clarifying the wind-sand environment and the formation mechanism of sand damage along the highway is the premise of the construction and safe operation of the highway [1, 2]. Wind-sand activity will cause wind erosion of roadbed structure, sand buried around roadbed and pavement, etc. The accumulation of blown sand will also have many impacts on the highway, such as damage to the road and an increase of economic costs, damage to the guardrail, and an impact on the anti-skid performance of asphalt pavement [3, 4, 5]. For the safe operation of highway in the desert, many scholars have carried out a large number of studies on highway wind-sand damage by means of field observation [6], wind tunnel experiment [7; 8], numerical simulation [9; 10], and other means. [PERSON] [11] studied the wind speed variation and the range where grits deposit easily on Liuyuan-Golmud Expressway when a sandy air current flows through field observation and wind tunnel test. Based on CFD numerical simulation, [PERSON] [12] described the aeolian sand transport process of sand rising, suspension, diffusion, deposition, and space-time concentration in the early entrainment stage. On the basis of these achievements, [PERSON] [13] analyzed the process of grit transport and sediment when sandy air current flows through the subgrade section through the method of numerical simulation. In the underwater environment, sand movement is closely related to seabed shear stress threshold [14]. The studies on sandy air current mentioned above are mainly limited to the highway on flat terrain while the actual environment around desert highways is complex, with intricate dunes on both sides and variable wind direction. At present, there are few studies on the formation mechanism of highway sand damage in drifting sand dunes areas and in different terrain environments.  
The wind field on the leeward slope of the dune is extremely complex and is one of the main factors affecting the movement of sediment. [PERSON] [15] pointed out that the backflow zone of wind field on the leeward slope of the dune is the main influencing factor of dune formation, and there are mixed layers and strong turbulent erosion zones on the leeward side of the dune [16; 17]. At the same time, some scholars focused on the microscopic process of interaction between turbulence and grits, confirming that instantaneous turbulence plays an important role in wind-sand activity [18; 19].  
In view of this, taking the test section of Wuhai-Maqin Expressway at Tengger Desert hinterland as the study object, on the basis of the sand accumulation measured along the highway and the wind data, this paper studies the change of highway sand accumulation and the formation mechanism of highway sand hazard in the drifting dunes area, which is for purposes of providing references for the construction and improvement of highway sand prevention systems in drifting dunes areas and providing guidance for future similar projects.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Reinforcement-Learning-Based Algorithms
```
1:Initialize the critic networks \(Q_{\theta_{1}},Q_{\theta_{2}}\) and the actor network \(\pi_{\phi}\) with random parameters
2:Initialize the target networks \(\theta_{1}^{\prime}\leftarrow\theta_{1},\theta_{2}^{\prime}\leftarrow\theta_{2}\)
3:Initialize the temperature parameter \(\alpha\) and the replay buffer \(\mathcal{D}\)
4:for each time step \(t=1\) to \(N\)do
5: Select action \(a_{t}\sim\pi_{\phi}(\cdot\mid s_{t})\) using stochastic policy \(\triangleright\) Sample an action from the actor's probability distribution
6: Execute the action \(a_{t}\) in the environment and observe the reward \(r_{t}\) and the next state \(s_{t+1}\)
7: Store transition \((s_{t},a_{t},r_{t},s_{t+1})\) in \(\mathcal{D}\) \(\triangleright\) Save experience to the replay buffer
8: Sample mini-batch \(\{(s_{i},a_{i},r_{i},s_{i}^{\prime})\}_{i=1}^{M}\) from \(\mathcal{D}\) \(\triangleright\) Batch size \(M\)
9: Compute the target value \[y_{i}=r_{i}+\gamma\left(\min_{j=1,2}Q_{\theta_{j}^{\prime}}(s_{i}^{\prime},a_{ i}^{\prime})-\alpha\log\pi_{\phi}(a_{i}^{\prime}\mid s_{i}^{\prime})\right)\] with \(a_{i}^{\prime}\sim\pi_{\phi}(\cdot\mid s_{i}^{\prime})\) \(\triangleright\) Soft Q-target with the entropy term
10: Update the critic networks \(Q_{\theta_{j}}\) by minimizing \[\mathcal{L}_{Q}(\theta_{j})=\frac{1}{M}\sum_{i=1}^{M}\bigl{(}Q_{\theta_{j}}(s_{ i},a_{i})-y_{i}\bigr{)}^{2}\] \(\triangleright\) Mean squared Bellman error
11: Update the actor policy \(\pi_{\phi}\) by minimizing \[\mathcal{L}_{\pi}(\phi)=\frac{1}{M}\sum_{i=1}^{M}\bigl{(}\alpha\log\pi_{\phi}(a _{i}\mid s_{i})-Q_{\theta_{1}}(s_{i},a_{i})\bigr{)}\] \(\triangleright\) Encourage exploration (entropy) while maximizing the Q-value
12: Update the temperature \(\alpha\) using \(\mathcal{L}_{\alpha}=\frac{1}{M}\sum_{i=1}^{M}-\alpha\bigl{(}\log\pi_{\phi}(a _{i}\mid s_{i})+H\bigr{)}\) \(\triangleright\) Adjust the entropy weight automatically
13: Soft-update the target networks: \(\theta_{j}^{\prime}\leftarrow\tau\theta_{j}+(1-\tau)\theta_{j}^{\prime}\), \(\quad j=1,2\)\(\triangleright\) Ensure stable target estimates
14:endfor
```  
**Algorithm 1** Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm
# Near to Mid-Infrared (1.3-5 um) Widely Tunable, High Power Picosecond Pulsed Laser
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Output Beam Profiles  
The spatial distributions of the OPO output beams were recorded by a Spiricon pyroelectric camera III. Depicted in Figure 2a-c are the spatial distributions of the signal field at 1.352 \(\upmu\)m, 1.579 \(\upmu\)m, and 2.015 \(\upmu\)m, respectively, and Figure 2d-f are the spatial distributions of the idler output at 2.254 \(\upmu\)m, 3.262 \(\upmu\)m, and 4.992 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. These images indicated that the OPO outputs oscillated with a Gaussian spatial distribution across the whole wavelength tuning range. The beam quality factor (M\({}^{2}\)) of the mid-infrared idler beam at 3.262 \(\upmu\)m was measured as 1.3 horizontally and 1.3 vertically, respectively.
## 1 Introduction
Two different country groups were selected in this study. In the first group, neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, and Albania were taken into account, while in the second group, neighboring Turkiye and Iran were taken into account. Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Greece are located between these two groups of countries. Earthquakes that occur in both groups of countries also affect other countries within the group. Therefore, seismic and structural parameters were obtained for two different country groups. For this purpose, five different earthquakes were selected for each country. The earthquakes whose data can be accessed were taken into account in the selection of these earthquakes. First, the measured and suggested PGA values were compared for selected earthquakes. Information is provided about the seismicity and the selected earthquakes for each country, respectively. Structural analyzes were made for a sample reinforced concrete (RC) structure to reveal the effect of PGA values. In order to make the structural results more understandable, the RC building has been taken into account with three different numbers of stories, including four, six, and eight-storeys. In order to reveal the effect of different structural conditions, four different variables, namely: the number of storeys, local soil class, building importance class and concrete class were selected. Within the scope of this study, regular mid-rise RC building models were taken into account. In addition, the natural fundamental periods obtained with the empirical formulas used in the earthquake regulations for each country were compared with the period values obtained from the structural analysis. The target displacement values used to determine the performance level and damage estimation of the structures were obtained separately for each number of storeys and each earthquake. In addition, information is given about the building stocks of these countries at the point of the earthquake-structure relationship. The main purpose of this study is to reveal if the suggested PGA values for the building design in seismic design codes and earthquake hazard maps meet the measured PGA values. The novelty of the study is the detailed comparison of both seismic parameters and structural analysis results for six different countries. This study will contribute to the development of seismic hazard maps and seismic design codes for the selected countries. This study will make important contributions to this and similar studies in many different countries and earthquakes.
# Resource Management in Cloud Radio Access Network: Conventional and New Approaches
### Contributions of This Survey  
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no recent survey exists that explicitly and dedicatedly describes the resource management techniques for C-RAN, proposed in recent years. This survey paper seeks to provide a holistic perspective of resource management techniques for C-RAN. Specifically, it focuses on the recently proposed (i.e., from 2016) resource management mechanisms categorized in terms of radio resource management (RRM) and computational resource management (CRM) techniques. The aim of this study is to fill the research gaps in the literature. The contributions of this paper are summarized below:  
* A concise review of the existing surveys related to the topic of our interest.
* The evolution of C-RAN architecture and the components of a C-RAN are overviewed so that new researchers can gain a fundamental understanding of this architecture. The advantages of C-RAN are discussed, and a short description of Heterogeneous C-RAN and Fog RAN are presented by mentioning the challenges in C-RAN.
* A comprehensive survey of the resource management techniques for C-RAN is provided by categorizing the techniques into CRM and RRM techniques. The CRM techniques cover the RRH clustering techniques in C-RAN, which includes location-aware, load-aware, interference-aware, QoS-aware, and throughput-aware RRH clustering. The RRM techniques include power control, joint optimization, and sum-rate optimization techniques.
* The problem formulation and techniques used in the reviewed papers and the goal of the papers are presented together with a description of each approach. The evaluation techniques and performance metrics used in the reviewed approaches are also discussed separately by presenting a comparison among all the schemes. This allows for a better comprehension of the validation techniques considered in C-RAN resource management techniques.
* We highlight the challenges and future research directions in C-RAN resource management, such as user mobility, QoS and QoE requirements, dynamic traffic load, demand forecasting, and NB-IoT.
# A Full-Duplex LED-to-LED Visible Light Communication System
###### Abstract  
We experimentally demonstrated full-duplex light-emitting diode (LED)-to-LED visible light communication (VLC) using LEDs as the transmitter and receiver. Firstly, we investigated the performance dependency on the wavelengths of the LED transmitter and receiver by measuring the rise time and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Through the investigation, we were able to choose the optimal LED color set for LED-to-LED VLC using Shannon's channel capacity law. The bit error rate (BER) results of full-duplex and half-duplex LED-to-LED VLC systems with the optimal LED sets are shown to compare the performance. Furthermore, we discuss major distortions and signal losses in the full-duplex LED-to-LED VLC system.  
**Keywords:** visible light communication; LiFi; LED-to-LED; LED as a receiver
# Enhancing IoT Data Dependability through a Blockchain Mirror Model
## 3 The Mirror Model
### The Vertical Trust  
Real-world entities are subjected to events that alter their states. Correspondingly, objects in the Representation domain have to undergo transformations that keep their states in synch with their real-world counterparts:  
This chain of object transformations may be reduced to:  
\(\bullet\)\(o_{0}\), an initial object state,  
\(\bullet\)\(<\)\(t_{1}\), \(t_{2}\), \(t_{3}\),..., \(t_{n}\)\(>\), an ordered sequence of valid transformations where each transformation \(t_{i}\) is a member of:  
_Transf:_\(R\to R\)  
Each transformation is valid if it preserves the _o.id_ in the application of the transformation. The chain of valid transformation could be rewritten as follows:  
\(o=t_{1}(o_{0})\); \(t_{2}\); \(t_{3}\);... ; \(t_{n}\).  
It is now convenient to introduce a new function named _history()_:  
\(history:\ R\times R\times Transf^{n}\to R^{n}\)  
\(history(o,\ init,\ t)\equiv\langle init,o_{1},o_{2},\ldots,o_{i},\ldots,o_{n}=0 \rangle:R^{n}\bullet o_{i}=t_{1}(init);t_{2};\ldots;t_{i}\)  
\(i:\ [1..n]\).  
\(history()\) is aimed at computing the sequence of the versions of a given object, \(o\), starting from an initial version, \(init\), and a sequence of transformation, \(t\).  
The property of \"vertical trust\" may now be conveniently defined as:  
is_v_trusted:_\(R\times R\times Transf^{n}\times P(T)\to B\)  
is_v_trusted(\(o\), \(init,\ t,\ L\))\(\equiv\forall i:[1..n]\bullet\exists\big{|}a_{i}:L\bullet a_{i}=m(history(o,init,t)_{i})\)  
In other words, for each version in the history of a given object, there exists a corresponding \"mirror asset\" in the ledger \(L\), i.e., there is a corresponding history of mirror assets in \(L\) (Figure 2).  
The concept of vertical trust may be informally defined as the property of an object that is initially trusted and that keeps being trusted throughout its life cycle, that is in all of its state transitions. As a consequence, the concept of horizontal trust may be considered as the property of a set of objects to be currently trusted while vertical trust is the property of a single object to stay trusted over time. Of course, both properties are desirable in a model--we would like to have all objects trusted now and forever.
# Automatic Watershed Segmentation of Cancerous Lesions in Unsupervised Breast Histology Images
## 4 Conclusions and Future Work  
There is a huge potential use of CAD systems on breast histology images, specifically, work targeting cancerous lesions segmentation and detection. Segmentation is one key aspect of deducing important information from the analysis of medical images, explicitly human histology images. Several computer-aided diagnosis systems have emerged that aid the extraction of ROIs that identify objects of similar features and characteristics on images for exploration purposes. These systems allow medical practitioners to interpret medical human-related images and thus improve the efficacy of diagnosis and treatment tasks. Segmentation is made quite elementary and faster with the introduction of these automatic diagnostics systems.  
This study discusses implementing the automatic watershed segmentation method of cancerous lesions in unsupervised BC (normalized H) histology images. It breaks it  
Figure 13: Validation Loss and Accuracy graph curve.  
down into, pre-processing, data augmentation, image enhancement, and segmentation steps. Data augmentation is used to increase the size of the limited image dataset provided herein. Stain normalization removes color inconsistencies and irregularities resulting from the data augmentation process. Thresholding and morphology operations enhance and highlight BC lesions with their edges on histology images, the connected components method groups components with similar characteristics into binary masks. The binary masks are then used within the RNN to separate overlapping and non-overlapping objects. Lastly, the watershed filling is used to segment, maintain, and topographically distinguish nuclei and their edges in different image regions namely; background, and foreground.  
Accuracy performance evaluation protocol is used to gauge the efficiency of the proposed model in meeting its segmentation task. From the reviewed literature, our study has made several observations that are key in the segmentation and detection of breast cancer lesions in histology images. Pre-processing images through data augmentation is important in cases of limited or lack of publicly available datasets to increase dataset size. Stain normalization depending on the stain procedure used on images is necessary in removing color irregularities on images caused by data augmentation and assists in nucleus identification. Thresholding and morphological operations are needed to improve the quality of the image by highlighting and accentuating nuclei objects, and opening and closing operations are preferred. Notably, the image pre-processing and morphology operations used in a study will decide the segmentation method to use thus offering a ripple effect on the ultimate performance of the model.