esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Versatile Shared-Aperture Antenna for Vehicle Communications
## 3 Results
### Radiation Performance  
The various radiation performance of the proposed antennas in the aperture plane is provided in Figures 16-18. The microstrip antenna exhibits approximately 8 dBi gain in the GPS L1 band and maintains good axial ratio performance within \(\pm 50\) degrees, which indicates that the antenna has the capability for GPS. In addition, due to the rotational symmetry of the antenna structure, the phase center of the microstrip antenna is located at the central axis \(\mathrm{z}=-47\) mm and is stable within the operating bandwidth. The gain of the circularly polarized S-band antenna remains at around 10 dBi within the operating frequency band. We can also infer from Figure 17 that the radiation pattern of the cross-dipole antenna in the S-band is sidelobe, which can provide satellite communication services for vehicles. As shown in Figure 18, the pattern-reconfigurable antenna can be controlled in all four states (each of the four PINs is on) within the V2V band, and these four beams can connect the car with surrounding vehicles to achieve V2V communication.  
Figure 16: Radiation performance of microstrip antenna. (**a**) Radiation pattern; (**b**) axial ratio.  
Figure 15: Simulated and measured iso-frequency port isolation at (**a**) GPS L1 band; (**b**) S band; (**c**) V2V band.
# Evaluation of Keratin/Bacterial Cellulose Based Scaffolds as Potential Burned Wound Dressing
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cytocompatibility Tests and Cells Seeding  
For the cytocompatibility assessment, the direct contact method was used. Adipose stem cells isolated from rabbit have been obtained using the protocol described by [PERSON] et al. [48]. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-neomycin-streptomycin (P/N/S), in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO\({}_{2}\) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. When the cells reached sub-confluence, they were trypsinized with 0.25% trypsin containing 1 mM ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The stem cells (5000 cells/well) were seeded on the culture media, using DMEM + 10%CFS (cal fetal serum) + 1% P/S/N (mixture of penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin), then incubated for 24 h (5% CO\({}_{2}\), 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C). After the procedure, the culture medium was changed and the scaffolds were distributed in direct contact with the cells.  
The MTT test was performed after 24, 48, and 72 h of direct contact between scaffolds and cells. For test, the culture medium was replaced with MTT solution 5% and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 3 h. The viable cells reduce tetrazolium bromide-MTT in a colored compound, called formazan. The formazan was solubilized using isopropyl alcohol. The absorbance of formazan solution was spectrophotometrically measured at \(\lambda\) = 570 nm using a plate reader (Tecan SunRise Plate Reader, Tecan Ltd., Mannedorf, Switzerland). The spectrophotometrically reading results from the experimental wells were compared with the control wells (culture cells incubated with a same volume of PBS, with no materials included) and the cells viability was calculated with the following equation:  
\[Cell\ viability=\frac{Abs_{sample}}{Abs_{control}}\times 100\qquad(\%) \tag{1}\]  
where \(Abs_{sample}\) is the absorbance from the wells with scaffolds and \(Abs_{control}\) is the absorbance in wells without scaffold.  
In the aim to obtain cell seeded scaffold, a cell suspension (5000 cells, DMEM + 10% CFS medium) was incubated with scaffold (\(\Phi\) = 6 cm) for 48 h and used as obtained.
# Research on Micro-Vibration Analysis of Segmented Telescope Based on Opto-Mechanical Integration
## 4 Opto-Mechanical Integration Analysis
### Imaging Quality of Optical Systems Under Micro-Vibration
The higher the resolution, the sharper the main peak of PSF and the smaller the secondary peak, which indicates that the optical system is more effective in imaging. Take the secondary peak value and the main peak value to do the ratio, and get the ratio results as shown in Table 3.  
From the table, it can be concluded that for the section along the X-axis, the ratio of the secondary peak to the main peak value is 0.4490 at an exposure time of 0.25 s, and 0.4628 at an exposure time of 2 s. For the section along the Y-axis, the ratio is 0.6077 at an exposure time of 0.25 s, and 0.6207 at an exposure time of 2 s. For both X-axis and Y-axis, the longer the exposure time, the greater the ratio of secondary peak to main peak, this result indicates that the more severe the effect of micro-vibration on image quality. Figure 14: PSF distribution at the initial moment (taking log values).
## 6 Simulation Results and Discussions
### Simulation Scenarios and Results
#### 6.3.2 Simulation Scenario 2: Alive Nodes Evaluation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Seenalios** & **Metric** & **PSO-EEC** & **LDIWPSO** & **OFCA** & **NPSOP** & **Proposed Protocol Without** \\ \hline Scenario 91: Number of SNs: 100 & HND & 276\% & 33\% & 284\% & 272\% & 3\% \\ Network:area: 100 \(\times\) 100 m\({}^{2}\) & LND & 299\% & 264\% & 306\% & 249\% & 29\% \\ \hline Scenario 92: Number of SNs: 300 & HND & 672\% & 825\% & 738\% & 652\% & 77\% \\ Network:area: 500 \(\times\) 500 m\({}^{2}\) & LND & 447\% & 72\% & 1140\% & 384\% & 83\% \\ \hline Scenario 93: Number of SNs: 600 & HND & 654\% & 579\% & 537\% & 482\% & 100\% \\ Network:area: 500 \(\times\) 500 m\({}^{2}\) & LND & 1297\% & 1162\% & 1051\% & 987\% & 71\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Improvement ratios in the network lifetime for the proposed protocol with multi-hop routing compared to counterparts across different network sizes. significantly higher than those in other protocols across various network sizes. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed protocol compared to other protocols, Table 12 presents the improvement ratios across HND and LND scenarios. Figure 11: Number of alive nodes vs. number of rounds: A comparison with counterpart protocols for Scenarios 1 and 2 (PSO-EEC [39], LDIWPSO [40], OFCA [41], and NPSOP [42]). (**a**) Scenario #1: Network area: 100 \(\times\) 100 m\({}^{2}\) with 100 nodes, 10% DFHs. (**b**) Scenario #1: Network area: 100 \(\times\) 100 m\({}^{2}\) with 100 nodes, 5% DFHs. (**c**) Scenario #2: Network area: 500 \(\times\) 500 m\({}^{2}\) with 300 nodes, 10% DFHs. (**d**) Scenario #2: Network area: 500 \(\times\) 500 m\({}^{2}\) with 300 nodes, 5% DFHs.
_Algorithms_**2012**, \(5\), 56-75; doi:10.3390/a5010056  
_Algorithms_  
**ISSN 1999-4893**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/algorithms  
**Application of Genetic Control with Adaptive Scaling Scheme to Signal Acquisition in Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver**  
**[PERSON] 1,* and [PERSON] 2**  
1 Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, Taiwan 91201, ROC  
2 Department of Avionics Communication & Electronics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan 82047, ROC; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +886-8-7703202 ext. 7586; Fax: +886-8-7740420.  
_Received: 10 December 2011; in revised form: 6 February 2012 / Accepted: 9 February 2012 / Published: 17 February 2012_  
**Abstract:** This paper presents a genetic-based control scheme that not only utilizes evolutionary characteristics to find the signal acquisition parameters, but also employs an adaptive scheme to control the search space and avoid the genetic control converging to local optimal value so as to acquire the desired signal precisely and rapidly. Simulations and experiment results show that the proposed method can improve the precision of signal parameters and take less signal acquisition time than traditional serial search methods for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals.  
**Keywords:** GNSS; synchronization; genetic control
# Activation-Based Pruning of Neural Networks
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis
#### 5.4.1 Activation-Based Pruning Methods  
We analyzed activation-based pruning methods including both global and local pruning, as well as the influence of importance scores assigned to Neurons and Neurons & Weights. A thorough discussion of these results is presented in Sections 5.1 and 5.2.  
Tables 8 and 9 demonstrate the superior performance of local pruning in achieving significantly higher pruning percentages while simultaneously preserving test accuracy at an equivalent level compared to global pruning. The importance score computed for Neurons & Weights consistently yielded better results compared to considering only Neurons in both global and local pruning scenarios. The combination of the local pruning strategy with the importance score Neurons & Weights significantly outperformed other combinations.
# Recombination of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Radicals in Acidic Aqueous Solutions: A Pulse Radiolysis Study
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physicochemical Properties of the Studied Systems
#### 3.1.2 pH and Degree of Dissociation of Carboxylic Groups  
Since our intent is to study recombination of radicals randomly located at the chains of non-ionized poly(acrylic acid), appropriate pH should be chosen. It should be low enough to provide a nearly complete protonation of carboxylate groups, but, on the other hand, too low pH is known to cause aggregation of PAA resulting from the formation of mutual hydrogen bonds between two protonated groups [45]. Based on literature data and our own experience, pH 2 still provides molecular dissolution of PAA. It is of interest to estimate the degree of dissociation of our polyelectrolyte at this pH.  
While pK\({}_{\text{a}}\) for the low-molecular-weight model of PAA, propionic acid, is 4.9 [71], due to the known effects exerted by one dissociated carboxylate group on the dissociation of the neighboring groups, the average pK\({}_{\text{a}}\) of the polymer is considerably shifted and has been determined to be about 6.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 [72; 73]. The same effects do not allow the standard form of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to be used to corelate the dissociation degree \(\alpha\) to the solution pH. Instead, for polyelectrolytes, a modified version of this equation is recommended (Equation (1), where \(n\) is a constant) [73; 74].  
\[\text{pH}=\text{pK}_{\text{a}}+n\text{log}\frac{a}{1-a} \tag{1}\]  
For PAA, the \(n\) has been found to be 2.0 [46; 73]. While Equation (1) provides most precise data in the medium alpha range, we use it here to estimate the dissociation degree of PAA at pH 2. The obtained value was 0.008; therefore, we consider this fraction of dissociated groups as sufficiently low to have a very limited influence on the recombination kinetics. Moreover, the average hydrodynamic radius of our long-chain PAA at this pH was only 29 nm. If we compare this value to the expected average contour length of these chains, which, based on \(M_{n}\), can be estimated at 630 nm, it is clear that PAA chains at pH 2 were in the coiled state, in contrast to the rod-like conformation expected when the negative charges of dissociated groups exert strong Coulombic repulse forces on each other, forcing the macromolecule to stretch. We will therefore neglect the presence of dissociated groups in our considerations related to PAA at pH 2.
# An Extremely Close Vibration Frequency Signal Recognition Using Deep Neural Networks
###### Abstract
The proposed configuration system consists of a tunable laser (TL) that functions as a broadband source, emitting light through the fiber. The optical circulator (OC) directs the light to the FBG, which is linked to a vibration generator (VG) powered by a signal generator (SG) for precise frequency adjustments. The FBG, sensitive to strain, senses vibration signals corresponding to the frequency set by the SG. The photodetector (PD) captures the vibration signal, which is then directed to the oscilloscope (OSC) for analysis in the time domain. The personal computer (PC) analyzes the experimental vibration signal for testing and produces simulation vibration signals for both training and testing purposes. This achievement validates the efficacy of the proposed image-based vibration signal recognition system embedded in DNN and positions it as a precise yet streamlined method for vibration signal detection to identify the frequency of each vibration motor. Beyond theoretical contributions, the research extends to practical implementation, exemplified by successfully applying the proposed methodology in simulation and specific experimental settings. This dual-validation approach enriches the theoretical framework and establishes the practical viability of the proposed image-based vibration signal recognition system embedded in DNN, offering a more accessible and accurate approach to vibration signal detection in electric motors. Consequently, the study contributes substantially to advancing state-of-the-art condition monitoring and fault detection techniques within electric motor systems. The remainder of the article is arranged as follows. Section 2 explains the vibration signal recognition using signal analysis methods. Section 3 discusses the proposed image-based vibration signal recognition system embedded in DNN. The results and discussion are validated in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is provided in Section 5.
###### Abstract  
Advances in technology have enhanced the ability to detect leakages in boiler tube components in thermal power plants. As a specific issue, the interaction between the coal fuel stream and the boiler tube membrane generates random and high-amplitude impulses, which negatively affect the measured acoustic emission (AE) signal from leakages. It is essential to detect and practically handle these kinds of impulses. Based on the object detection concept, this paper proposes an impulse detection methodology that employs deep learning flexible boundary regression (DLFBR). First, the shape extraction (SE) preprocessing technique is implemented to yield the shape signal, which contains intrinsic information about the impulse from the raw AE signal. Then, DLFBR extracts and generates both the feature map and the confidence mask from the shape signal to regress a boundary box, which specifies the position of the impulse. For illustration purposes, the proposed algorithm is applied to an experimental leakage detection dataset recorded from a subcritical boiler unit with a tube membrane. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for detecting impulses of leakage in a boiler tube testbed, providing 99.8% average classification accuracy.  
boiler tube leakage diagnosis; impulse detection; acoustic emission; boundary regression; deep convolution neural network +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass: The Influence of Surface Area and Structure of a Layer
## 1 Introduction  
### The Prospects for the Use of Biomass as an Energy Source  
The rapid growth of industry and technology requires more and more energy [1]. According to forecasts for the development of the world economy [2, 3], annual energy consumption will be 1.000-1.500 EJ by 2050. Currently, at least 85% of the world's energy consumption is provided by traditional fuels [4]. The limited reserves of non-renewable resources [5] as well as climate change [6], caused by greenhouse gas emissions, motivate the transition to bio-renewable raw materials [7]. In this regard, renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tides and biomass are of growing interest all over the world [1]. Biomass has a wider application and, in addition to generating energy, can also be used for the production of chemicals and materials [8].  
One of the promising methods of biomass recovery is thermochemical conversion [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], which includes pyrolysis [10, 11, 12, 13], combustion [14, 15], gasification [16, 18] and advanced combined methods such as plasma gasification [19, 20]. Pyrolysis has received much attention over the past decades, both on a laboratory and industrial scale [6, 21, 22]. Microwave pyrolysis has been considered a promising technology for waste recovery [23, 24] that processes biomass, various agricultural wastes [6, 21, 25], sewage sludge [26, 27], municipal solid waste and plastic [28, 29], algae [30] and car tires [31].  
Microwave heating has the following advantages compared to traditional pyrolysis [23]: uniform non-contact heating of raw materials; high energy efficiency and output; inexpensive and simple equipment; more flexible process control; high-quality final product (gas, bio-oil or semi-coke). The results of studies [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34] substantiate these advantages.  
However, additional studies are still required to expand the current understanding of the characteristics of microwave pyrolysis.
## 5 Conclusions  
The present paper puts forward kinematic analytical solutions for assessing seismic 3D two-step slopes subjected to non-linearity in soils that couples the modified pseudo-dynamic method with the upper bound theorem. The 3D horn-like rotational failure mechanism is employed to solve internal energy dissipation and external force work, in which seismic work is considered in addition to soil weight work and obtained by the layer-wise summation method. Based on the force-increase technique, the safety factor of 3D two-step slopes can be derived more readily, and the results of this derivation can be applied to geotechnical engineering.  
To verify the reliability of the approach in this paper, the results of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] are extrapolated for the calculation of \(FS\), which are extremely close to one. Additionally, the modified pseudo-dynamic solutions are compared to the original pseudo-dynamic solutions in order to evaluate the modified pseudo-dynamic method's efficacy in the seismic stability analysis of 3D two-step slopes.  
In this paper, the sensitivity tests are performed to investigate the impacts of various factors on slope stability. Among nonlinear parameters, the initial cohesion \(c_{0}\) has a larger magnitude of influence on \(FS\). When the nonlinear coefficient \(m\) is small, \(FS\) varies more with the initial cohesion \(c_{0}\) and axial tensile strength \(\sigma_{t}\). Among the geometric parameters, \(\beta_{2}\) has a stronger effect on slope stability compared with \(\beta_{1}\). This has some significance for the design of two-step slopes. When the value of \(B/H\) is changed from 2 to 4, there is a significant drop in \(FS\). With a rising \(B/H\), the \(FS\) falls slowly and gravitate to 2D solutions. It is significant to mention that \(FS\) varies slightly with the pseudo-dynamic parameters. The above conclusions have a certain meaning for the design, construction, and stability evaluation for 3D two-step slopes subjected the seismic effects.  
In the future, the authors will further study the stability of the 3D two-step slope in the following aspects: (1) The support methods of the 3D slope affected by seismic effects, such as prestressed anchor cable, anti-sinking pile reinforcements, etc.; (2) Special conditions of slope medium and complex engineering conditions, for instance, non-uniformity of soils, infiltration of surface water, etc.  
Conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, Y.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing, visualization, D.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Guizhou Province Science and Technology Plan Project under grant no. 2013-122-001. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The analysis data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Analysis and Implementation of a Hybrid DC Converter with Wide Voltage Variation
## 3 Operation Principle  
Two main advantages of the proposed converter are wide voltage variation operation and bidirectional power flow operation. Under forward power flow operation, three operations modes, shown in Figure 1b-d, can be operated according to the low, medium and high voltage range inputs. Under backward power flow operation (Figure 1e), power switches on the secondary side are controlled to reverse the power flow from the load side to the input side.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Experimental Setup  
We used the CelebFaces Attributes (CelebA) dataset (Figure 4) [20], which consists of 202,599 facial images of celebrities cropped to \(178\times 218\). We cropped each image further to \(170\times 170\), and then resized them to \(128\times 128\). For progressive training, we downsampled the images to \(32\times 32\) and used them in the first stage. The height and width of each training image were doubled every five training epochs. In our experiments, the coefficients of the objective functions in Equations (3) and (6) were set to \(\gamma=0.5\) and \(\alpha=0.1\). We used the ADAM [21] solver with \(\beta_{1}=0.5\) and \(\beta_{2}=0.999\), and the learning rate was set initially to \(0.0005\). \(L_{1}\) loss was adopted as the loss function for the auto-encoder. All other parameters were the same as in BEGAN. We used Tensorflow with cuDNN as the deep-learning framework and an NVIDIA GTX 1080 Ti graphics card.  
Figure 4: CelebFaces Attributes (CelebA) dataset.  
Figure 3: The facial image synthesis process for our model. The decoder takes one encoded vector from each image.
###### Abstract  
Inactivated vaccines based on cell culture are very useful in the prevention and control of many diseases. The most popular strategy for the production of inactivated vaccines is based on monkey-derived Vero cells, which results in high productivity of the virus but has a certain carcinogenic risk due to non-human DNA contamination. Since human diploid cells, such as MRC-5 cells, can produce a safer vaccine, efforts to develop a strategy for inactivated vaccine production using these cells have been investigated using MRC-5 cells. However, most viruses do not replicate efficiently in MRC-5 cells. In this study, we found that rabies virus (RABV) infection activated a robust interferon (IFN)-\(\beta\) response in MRC-5 cells but almost none in Vero cells, suggesting that the IFN response could be a key limiting factor for virus production. Treatment of the MRC-5 cells with IFN inhibitors increased RABV titers by 10-fold. Additionally, the RABV titer yield was improved five-fold when using IFN receptor 1 (IFNARI1) antibodies. As such, we established a stable IFN1-deficient MRC-5 cell line (MRC-\(\xi^{\text{IFNARI}-}\)), which increased RABV production by 6.5-fold compared to normal MRC-5 cells. Furthermore, in a pilot-scale production in 1500 square centimeter spiner flasks, utilization of the MRC-\(\xi^{\text{IFNARI}-}\) cell line or the addition of IFN inhibitors to MRC cells increased RABV production by 10-fold or four-fold, respectively. Thus, we successfully established a human diploid cell-based pilot scale virus production platform via inhibition of IFN response for rabies vaccines, which could also be used for other inactivated virus vaccine production.  
inactivated vaccine; MRC-5 cell; IFN response; IFNARI-deficient cell line; pilot scale production; rabies virus +
Footnote †: journal: Viruses