# A Global Review of PWR Nuclear Power Plants
## 3 Discussion
### Operating PWR Nuclear Power Plants  
Taking as a reference the 300 PWR nuclear reactors operating around the world in early 2020 [6], it is observed that the countries where this design has been mostly implemented are the United States, France, China, and Russia (Table 4). Besides, these countries are also the ones with the most operational nuclear reactors in their territory. According to Table 4, the PWR design is fully implemented in the cases of France and China. However, in the United States and Russia, there is greater diversification of technologies, since the PWR design accounts for approximately 60% of the operating nuclear reactors. This may be because in France and China they adapted nuclear technology later than in the United States or Russia, and consequently learned from the experience of predecessor countries in choosing their reactor design. Other countries outside the scope of this global PWR review, but with a high number of operating reactors in their territory, are Korea and Japan. On one hand, among the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Design**} & **n\({}^{*}\) loop/Steam** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fuel Assemblies**} & **Trains Emergency** & **Thermal** & **Electrical** \\  & & & **Core Cooling System** & **Capacity (MWb)** & **Output (MWe)** \\ \hline WH 4-loop & 4 & 193 & 2 & 3400 & 1200 \\ B\&W 2-loop & 2 (OTSG) & 25 & 2 & 2600–2800 & 900 \\ CES0 & 2 & 241 & 2 & 2600–2800 & 900 \\ N4 & 4 & 205 & 2 & 4250 & 1450 \\ VVER-1000 & 4 (horizontal) & 163 & 4 & 3000 & 1000 \\ ACP-1000 & 3 & 177 & 3 & 3060 & 1100 \\ ACPR-1000 & 3 & 177 & 3 & 3500 & 1150 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Main parameters of United States, France, Russia, and China final PWR Generation II designs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Design**} & **n\({}^{*}\) loop/Steam** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Passive Safety**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Core-catcher**} & **Modular** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Efficiency**} & **Electrical** & **Core Damage** \\  & & & & & **Output (MWe)** & **Frequency (Events** \\  & & & & & & **Reactor-Year)** \\ \hline AP1000 & 2 & Yes & No & Yes & 32\% & 1150 & \textless{}5\(\times\)10\({}^{-7}\) \\ FFR & 4 & Minimal & Yes & No & 36\% & 1650 & \textless{}10\({}^{-8}\) \\ VVER-1200 & 4 (horizontal) & Minimal & Yes & No & 33.9\% & 1200 & \textless{}3.37\(\times\)10\({}^{-6}\) \\ HPR1000 & 3 & Minimal & No & No & 36.6\% & 1150 & \textless{}10\({}^{-8}\) \\ CAP1400 & 2 & Yes & No & Yes & 34.5\% & 1500 & \textless{}10\({}^{-8}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Main parameters for United States, France, Russia, and China PWR Generation III designs. 24 operating reactors in Korea, 21 have PWR technology. On the other hand, Japan has a total of 33 operating reactors, and among them, 16 are PWR. Table 5 analyzes various data from the PWR designs developed in the United States, France, Russia, and China, specifically: (i) Generation, (ii) Electrical output range; (iii) number of reactors; and (iv) the parameter OF. To carry out the analysis comparing companies or countries, a new parameter is necessary. Thus, the _global operating factor_ (GOF) is defined as the sum of the OF for a specific set of designs grouped: (i) by country, (ii) by design, or (iii) by company. Among the PWR designs are those developed by the American company Westinghouse: WH 2-loop, WH 3-loop, and WH 4-loop, as well as the different series of the French PWR design: CP1, CP2, N4 and P4 and the Russian variant VVER-1000, already in Generation II+. Thus, Table 5 shows that the VVER-1000 design is the most implemented around the world, with 37 operating units (OF = 12.33%). However, the different variants of the American Westinghouse are the most implanted around the world, with GOF upper than 25%. In a second group would be the variants developed by the American companies Combustion Engineering and Babcock & Wilcox. These two variants of the PWR design achieve a GOF of 5%, assuming a GOF for American suppliers of the PWR design of over 30%.