# Statistical Modeling of Cultural Differences in Adopting Autonomous Vehicles
## 2 Models for Public Opinion about AVs
### Hypotheses  
As mentioned before, collectivists are more cooperative and emphasize the group's goals. People in nations with a collectivistic nature are dependent on others and show high levels of conformity. In fact, in a collectivistic culture, positive attitudes toward the adoption of technologies that are beneficial to society have been confirmed [50; 51; 52; 54]. Autonomous driving is a technology that governments are also interested in, and people tend to follow it in collectivistic cultures. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis:  
**Hypothesis 1**.: _INDV has a negative correlation with concerns._  
The degree to which enjoyment is pursued is related to INDU. People are more likely to be involved in leisure activities or sports in indulgent cultures. They are free to satisfy basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life. If innovation threatens these desires, they will be reluctant to adopt the innovation. In contrast, if innovation helps them pursue enjoyment of life, they will easily adopt it. Autonomous driving will allow drivers to engage in various nondriving related tasks instead of tedious driving [17; 57]. Therefore:  
**Hypothesis 2**.: _INDU has a negative correlation with concerns and WTP._  
PDI is a dimension that indicates how inequality is regarded. In low PDI cultures, inequality is unacceptable. In contrast, people in high PDI cultures accept inequality and tend to follow the opinions of powerful leaders. Thus, PDI and INDV will have opposite effects on the adoption and diffusion of innovation:  
**Hypothesis 3**.: _PDI has a positive correlation with concern._  
Next, UAI is a value that indicates how much uncertainty is tolerated, and countries with high UAI feel discomfort with uncertainty. UAI will have a significant impact on technology adoption, as the benefits and disadvantages of using the novel technology are not yet clear. In cultures with high UAI, the adoption of novel technologies will be considered as uncertainty, and they will be reluctant to adopt them:  
**Hypothesis 4**.: _UAI has a positive correlation with concerns and WTP._Masculine values such as assertiveness and competitiveness distinguish societies with high MAS, while feminine values, such as nurturing, cooperation, and quality of life, distinguish feminine societies. Feminine societies are more interested in societal and environmental problems [39; 40; 47]. Therefore, people in feminine countries will be more prone to having concerns about the issues caused by adopting technologies. In addition, adopting autonomous driving is likely to improve quality of life and solve environmental problems, which are stressed in feminine society:  
**Hypothesis 5.**_MAS has a negative correlation with concerns and WTP._  
High LTO means that the society values thrift and effort as ways to prepare for the future, whereas low LTO means that the society prefers to maintain traditions and norms. Cultures with high LTO take a more pragmatic approach and focus on future rewards [39; 40; 49]. Given the future benefits of adopting AVs, people in a long term oriented culture are likely to purchase AVs. In addition, people in a short term oriented culture are sensitive to social trends in consumption and want to purchase AVs because of their recent popularity [47]:  
**Hypothesis 6.**_There is no relationship between LTO and WTP._