## 4 Vehicle Applications of Supercapacitors
### Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **kg** & **L** & **Wh** & **EM kW** & **Mpg \({}^{*}\) FUDS** & **Mpg \({}^{**}\) Highway** & **Efficiency \%** \\ \hline \hline
**Compact car** & & & & & 42.5 & 53.7 & \\ \hline ICE gasoline & & & & & 42.5 & 53.7 & \\ \hline Lithium battery & 16 & 6.4 & 2600 & 30 & \begin{tabular}{c} 52.3 \\ (23) \\ \end{tabular} & 50.6 & 88 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 25 & 17.9 & 205 & & \begin{tabular}{c} 58.7 \\ (38) \\ \end{tabular} & 58.2 & 95 \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 11 & 7.9 & 440 & & 56.2 & 56.8 & 90 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 8 & 5.7 & 520 & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 56.8 \\ (34) \\ \end{tabular} & 58.6 & &
\begin{tabular}{c} 58.6 \\ (9.1) \\ \end{tabular} & 89 \\ \hline
**Mid-size car** & & & & & 34.7 & 46 & \\ \hline LCE gasoline & & & & & 49 & 47 & 89 \\ \hline Lithium battery & 28 & 11.2 & 4508 & 40 & \begin{tabular}{c} 49 \\ (41) \\ \end{tabular} & 47 & \begin{tabular}{c} 47 \\ (2.2) \\ \end{tabular} & 89 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 34 & 24.3 & 279 & & \begin{tabular}{c} 54.8 \\ (58) \\ \end{tabular} & 47.5 & 95 \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 18 & 12.9 & 720 & & 52.9 & 48.2 & 90 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 12 & 8.6 & 780 & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 54.9 \\ (58) \\ \end{tabular} & 48.8 & &
\begin{tabular}{c} 48.8 \\ (6.1) \\ \end{tabular} & 94 (1/2R) \\ \hline
**Small SUV** & & & 40 & & \\ \hline ICE gasoline & & & & 35.3 & 44.7 & \\ \hline Lithium battery & 25 & 10 & 4025 & & \begin{tabular}{c} 51 \\ (45) \\ \end{tabular} & 43.3 & 87 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 34 & 24.2 & 279 & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 53.2 \\ (51) \\ \end{tabular} & 46 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 46 \\ (2.8) \\ \end{tabular} & 95 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Summary of the Advisor HEV simulation results and key inputs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **kg** & **L** & **Wh** & **EM kW** & **Mpg \({}^{*}\) FUDS** & **Mpg \({}^{**}\) Highway** & **Efficiency \%** \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 13 & 9.3 & 520 & & 52.5 & 44.8 & 89 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 10 & 7.1 & 650 & & 54.1 & 46.5 & 93 (1/2R) \\ \hline
**Large SUV** & & & & & & \\ \hline ICE gasoline & & & & 17.9 & 25.5 & & \\ \hline Lithium battery & 37 & 14.8 & 5957 & 60 & 26 & 22 & 88 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 56 & 40 & 459 & & 30.3 & 23.9 & 95 \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 22 & 15.7 & 880 & & 30 & 22.8 & 91 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 15 & 10.7 & 975 & & 32 & 23.4 & 94 (1/2R) \\ \hline
**Delivery van** & & & & & & \\ \hline ICE diesel & & & & 12.8 & 12.7 & \\ \hline Lithium battery & 53 & 21.2 & 8533 & 100 & 15.6 & 13.2 & 3.9 & 85 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 43 & 30.7 & 353 & & 19 & 16.6 & 93 \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 35 & 25 & 1400 & & 18.4 & 15.9 & 87 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 25 & 17.9 & 1625 & & 18.3 & 16.6 & 92 (1/2R) \\ \hline
**Class 7 box trk** & & & & & & \\ \hline ICE diesel & & & & 6 & 9.9 & 85 \\ \hline Lithium battery & 98 & 39.2 & 15,778 & 200 & 9.9 & 9.0 & 85 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 85 & 60.7 & 697 & & 9.0 & 10.1 & 93 \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 50 & 35.7 & 2000 & & 9.2 & 9.4 & 87 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 30 & 21.4 & 1950 & & 9.2 & 10.0 & 92 (1/2R) \\ \hline
**Long haul truck** & & & & & & \\ \hline ICE Diesel & & & & & 4.0 & 6.9 & \\ \hline Lithium battery & 135 & 54 & 21,735 & 250 & 4.9 & 6.6 & 84 \\ \hline EDLC Skeleton & 114 & 81.4 & 935 & & 4.8 & 7.3 & 93 \\ \hline Aowei 3.8 V & 74 & 52.9 & 2960 & & 5.0 & 7.1 & 88 \\ \hline Aowei 4.1 V & 44 & 40 & 2860 & & 4.8 & 7.2 & 90 (1/2 R) \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* All city driving cycles are FUDS except for HD trucks, which are HHDDT-transient. ** All highway cycles are FED-HW except for HD trucks, which are HHDDT-criuse.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._cost issue by estimating the cost of the 4.1 V hybrid capacitor. This can be done using the simple relationship [1]  
\[\text{USD/Wh}=\text{USD/kg/Wh/kg} \tag{6}\]  
using as a baseline capacitor a 2.7 V 3000 F carbon/carbon EDLC having an energy density of 4.5 Wh/kg and selling for 0.25 cents/F, with Wh = 2.28, wt. 0.55 kg, cost USD 7.5, USD 13.6/kg and USD/Wh 3.29.