# Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Results of Elemental Analysis Using ICP-MS Technique for Food Simulants
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sample** \\ **Code** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Elements Concentration (\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g)**} \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & **Al** & & **Fe** & & **As** & & **Cd** & & **Pb** \\ \cline{3-13}  & & *** AVE** & *** SD** & **AVE** & **SD** & **AVE** & **SD** & **AVE** & **SD** & **AVE** & **SD** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} Reference \\ Sample \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{3}{*}{R0} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0067} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0005} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0363} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0025} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0014} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00008} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00009} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.000011} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0009} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00010} \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} OM4 Test \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{3}{*}{R0} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0067} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0005} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0363} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0025} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0014} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00008} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00009} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.000011} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0009} \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} OM5 Test \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{3}{*}{AC-FS} & \multirow{3}{*}{11.75} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.2930} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.9413} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0317} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0072} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00060} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00032} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00028} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0011} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00009} \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} OM5 Test \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{3}{*}{AC-FS} & \multirow{3}{*}{117.6} & \multirow{3}{*}{2.0345} & \multirow{3}{*}{4.050} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.1794} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0175} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00172} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00018} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00024} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0017} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00009} \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-13}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} ACP-FS \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{3}{*}{249.6} & \multirow{3}{*}{3.3540} & \multirow{3}{*}{9.868} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.1886} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0151} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00103} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00008} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00011} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.0016} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.00021} \\ \cline{3-Based on the obtained results, it was observed that aluminum is the primary element that migrates from the pots to the cooked food and food simulants. Iron was also detected in significant quantities. The major factors affecting the migration of elements in the present study were food acidity [2], pot quality (manufacturer), the temperature and duration of the cooking process, and the type of pot (traditional pot or pressure cooker), with pressure cookers significantly affecting element migration. The impact of acidity on  
Figure 4: The content of iron migrated to food simulant when applying OM4 and OM5 tests using aluminum cooking pots. Figure 3: The content of aluminum migrated to food simulant when applying OM4 and OM5 tests using different aluminum cooking pots. the migration of metal ions can be explained by considering electrode reactions and the tendency for ionic migration, which is influenced by the solution's pH, determined by its acidity [30]. Metal ion solubility is influenced by the acidity of the medium, which affects the concentration gradient and the driving force for ionic migration. The coordination of metal ions with water molecules can also be influenced by the medium's acidity, which in turn affects Bronsted acidity and the release of protons from hydrated metal ions [31].