# Relationship between Physical Factors and Change of Direction Speed in Team Sports
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Relationship between CODS and Muscle Strength and Power
These contradictory results could be due to the different CODS tests and body mass of participants in that study. While [PERSON] et al. [13] used the 505 Ability test (10 m forward running and 180\({}^{\circ}\) COD movement with a 5 m sprint), and the player's mean body mass was 98.1 kg, [PERSON] et al. [18] used a shorter CODS test (3.5 m forward running and 45\({}^{\circ}\) COD movement with a short sprint for approximately 3.5 m), and the player's mean body mass was lower by more than 20 kg. This resulted in higher relative values in [PERSON]'s football players (1.94 kg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) vs. 1.34 kg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) of [PERSON]'s rugby players). Moreover, the importance of maximal leg strength appears more in CODS tests that include longer distances than shorter distance running or change of direction at a higher angle. In addition, the deadlift can also reflect lower body strength, more specifically lower back strength. The study of [PERSON] et al. [29] showed a significant relationship between 1 RM, peak power, and RFD in relative values in the deadlift and the CODS test in male rugby players (\(r=-0.38\)* to \(-0.75\)**). This relationship was not confirmed in relation to the other parameters in relative values, like average and peak force and velocity and peak power in absolute values. On the other hand, the relative force correlated with the time in the 505 Ability test and the modified \(t\)-test in female volleyball players (\(r=-0.74\)* and \(r=-0.84\)**, respectively) [38]. However, absolute force in 1 RM correlated with the time only in the modified \(t\)-test, which also concerned lateral running (\(r=-0.73\)*). Taking these findings into account, a maximal lower back strength can potentially determine the CODS performance. Although isometric strength does not play a significant role in the change of direction speed, some authors reported a relationship between this mode of strength and CODS performance. The relative peak force in the isometric mid-thigh pull significantly correlated with the time in the \(t\)-test and the 505 Ability test in female basketball players (\(r=-0.79\)*** and \(r=-0.85\)***, respectively) [37] and with the 505 Ability test to the right side in female netball players (\(r=-0.66\)**) [17]. This relationship was significant with the relative isometric mid-thigh pull using one leg in male team sport players, but was nonsignificant in female team sport players [31]. In addition, the rate of force development (RFD) in the isometric mid-thigh pull (0-100 ms) correlated with the time in the pro-agility test (\(r=-0.52\)*), but not in the \(t\)-test in male rugby players [39]. However, the absolute peak force and RFD for a longer duration (0-250 ms) did not correlate with the time in these CODS tests [39]. In addition, toe flexor strength and toe pushing relative isometric force correlated with the CODS performance in male American football players (\(r=-0.50\)*) [40]. This indicates that relative lower body isometric strength contributes to CODS performance in female players, whereas no conclusion can be made for male players due to an absence of data or contradictory results in available data. On the other hand, maximal isokinetic strength of knee extensors and flexors did not correlate with the time in CODS tests [14; 31]. This could be ascribed to different movement patterns in comparison with natural dynamic movements in sports.