# Modeling of the Accidentality Phenomenon in the Construction Industry
## 2 Literature Review  
High accidentality in the construction industry is noticeable in many countries around the world. This is confirmed by numerous publications and reports of organizations and offices that deal with issues related to occupational safety [7; 8; 9; 10]. In order to reduce unfavorable trends in occupational safety, scientists from around the world analyze the accidentality phenomenon, while at the same time look for causes and mechanisms of the occurrence of occupational accidents [11; 12; 13; 14]. The construction industry is characterized by a high variability of work implementation conditions that result from the number of used technologies, types of executed building structures, carried out construction works, continuous changes in the location of works, and also the possibility of using different solutions in the field of applied organization methods and construction machines. Therefore, accidents that happen in the construction industry are generated in various circumstances and proceed according to different scenarios. Research carried out in many countries has shown, among other things, that the most common events that cause accidents to employees were falls from height, and also being hit by a moving or falling object [15; 16]. The most common result of falls from height is the death of an employee or severe injury [17; 18]. The authors analyzed accidents in which falling factors were a source of hazard. The most numerous groups of material factors were beams and columns, large mechanical equipment, and pipes. The most dangerous operation was the lifting of a material factor. In turn, on the basis of the analysis of accidents that took place in Great Britain, Denmark, and the Netherlands [19], it was found that in the construction industry, an event that causes an injury to an employee was most often: Contact of a victim with the moving and rotating parts of a machine, the falling of a victim from height, the falling of a victim from a ladder, being hit by a falling object, collision of a victim with a moving object, or the falling of a victim from scaffolding. Understanding the mechanisms of occupational accidents is the first step in the process of preventing accidents and improving workplace safety. For this purpose, detailed analyses of the circumstances and causes of occupational accidents are carried out, which form the basis for the construction of various models. The aim of research conducted on models is to identify long-lasting and significant features of the accidentality phenomenon. This knowledge enables preventive activities and trainings in the field of occupational safety to be properly targeted towards the improvement of working conditions, as well as labor law regulations to be formulated or modified. Many different models of occupational accidents, which were proposed by subsequent researchers, can be found in the subject literature. The following groups of models can be distinguished: General models of the accident process (including, among others, sequential models, energy transfer models,or systemic models), human error and dangerous behavior models, and also models that present the mechanisms of the occurrence of human injury [20]. [PERSON], the American pioneer in the field of occupational safety, is considered to be the creator of the first model of an accident. In the domino model proposed by [PERSON] [21], an accident is a sequence of five factors: the working environment, the human being, the hazard, the accident and the injury [12]. Researchers, such as [PERSON] [22] and [PERSON] [23], based on the [PERSON] model, later made changes and modifications to it. The models proposed by subsequent researchers are based on various assumptions regarding the accident process. For example, in energy transfer models, it is assumed that in order for an occupational accident to occur, a person must be exposed to energy that can occur in a workplace in a variety of forms. Energy is anything that can cause human injury or damage to an object or machine [24].