# Abdominal Adiposity Increases Lordosis and Doubles the Risk of Low Back Pain
## 3 Results
### Association between Adiposity and Vertebral Curvatures with Vertebral Pain  
The variables associated with cervical, dorsal, and lumbar pain (Table 3) show that WC and the angle of lumbar curvature are predictive variables of lumbar pain, controlled for the effects of sex, age, educational level and physical activity. People with abdominal obesity were twice as likely to suffer from lower back pain as people without abdominal obesity (OR = 2.172, 95% CI = 1.067-4.419, \(p<0.05\)), regardless of sex, age, education level, and physical exercise. In addition, an increase in the lumbar angle was associated with an increased risk of suffering from low back pain (OR = 1.031, 95% CI = 1.007-1.055, \(p<0.05\)). Neck pain has been associated with W/HT, and W/HT risk values acted as a protective factor against neck pain (OR = 0.552, 95% CI = 0.307-0.993, \(p<0.01\)). Dorsal pain has not been associated with body composition or vertebral angle.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Cervical Curvature** & **Dorsal Curvature** & **Lumbar Curvature** \\  & \(\beta\) (95\% CI) & \(\beta\) (95\% CI) & \(\beta\) (95\% CI) \\ \hline BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 0.376 (0.136–0.617) ** & 0.599 (0.274–0.924) *** & 0.336 (0.003–0.670) * \\ \hline BF\% & 0.260 (0.072–0.448) ** & 0.459 (0.206–0.712) *** & 0.175 (\(-\)0.086–0.435) \\ \hline WC (cm) & 0.187 (0.100–0.274) *** & 0.264 (0.146–0.382) *** & 0.143 (0.021–0.265) * \\ \hline WHR & 17.192 (6.058–28.325) ** & 21.525 (6.354–36.697) ** & 3.324 (\(-\)12.228–18.877) \\ \hline W/HT & 0.298 (0.151–0.446) *** & 0.447 (0.247–0.646) *** & 0.215 (0.008–0.422) * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} All models were adjusted for sex, age, educational level, and physical activity measured in METs. * \(p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\), *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table}
Table 2: Linear regression models for the evaluation of the effect of body composition variables on the degrees of the cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebral angles.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Neck Pain** & **Dorsal Pain** & **Low Back Pain** \\  & **OR (95\% CI)** & **OR (95\% CI)** & **OR (95\% CI)** \\ \hline  & BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) (ref: normal) & & \\ overweight & 0.659 (0.376–1.157) & 0.855 (0.4817–1.520) & 0.864 (0.483–1.546) \\ obesity & 0.544 (0.262–1.132) & 1.466 (0.710–3.026) & 1.507 (0.662–3.428) \\ \hline  & BF\% (ref: normal) & & \\ limit & 1.319 (0.552–3.150) & 1.434 (0.596–3.451) & 1.646 (0.683–3.966) \\ obesity & 0.889 (0.425–1.860) & 1.433 (0.675–3.042) & 1.761 (0.826–3.757) \\ \hline  & WC (cm) (ref: normal) & & \\ abdominal obesity & 0.595 (0.326–1.085) & 1.139 (0.621–2.088) & 2.172 (1.067–4.419) * \\ \hline  & WHR (ref: normal) & & \\ Risk & 0.932 (0.532–1.616) & 0.840 (0.481–1.467) & 0.995 (0.554–1.787) \\ \hline  & W/HT (ref: normal) & & \\ Risk & 0.552 (0.307–0.993) * & 1.082 (0.670–1.747) & 0.923 (0.505–1.687) \\ Cervical curvature (rad) & 0.998 (0.968–1.028) & 1.004 (0.974–1.035) & 1.002 (0.971–1.034) \\ Dorsal curvature (rad) & 0.990 (0.969–1.012) & 1.009 (0.987–1.032) & 1.004 (0.981–1.028) \\ Lumbar curvature (rad) & 1.006 (0.985–1.028) & 0.997 (0.975–1.019) & 1.031 (1.007–1.055) * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} All models were adjusted for sex, age, educational level, and physical activity measured in METs. * \(p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\), *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Logistic regression models for the evaluation of predictive variables of cervical, dorsal, and lumbar pain.