## 4 Discussion
This in turn suggests that with appropriate manipulation of the environment, pluripotential cells in other adult mammalian tissues could be stimulated to increase the healing capacity of organs, even if not to regenerate them completely. The benefits of increasing individuals' own capacity for regeneration and repair are self-evident [37]. Comparisons between the healing process of the stumps of an amputated mouse limb and early regeneration of antlers suggest that the stump of a mouse limb cannot regenerate because of the limited potential of periosteal cells in long bones to proliferate [4]. Healing of the casting wound in deers typically involves no or only minor scarring, making antlers interesting subjects for researchers attempting to reduce scar formation during wound healing in humans, especially in the cornea. Additionally, despite the enormous growth rate, the antlers appear to be resistant to malignant transformation, which furthermore offers research opportunities for cancer biology [38]. Antler stem cells (ASC) effectively accelerated the rate of wound closure and improved the quality of skin wound healing in rats, which may be due to the transformation of wound skin fibroblasts into their fetal counterparts. Therefore, they could potentially be developed as a novel therapy for scarless wound healing [39]. In a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, ASCs were shown to effectively alleviate liver fibrosis and inhibit activation of hepatic stellate cells HSCs. In the future, ASCs may serve as a new source of stem cells for the treatment of liver fibrosis in the clinic [40]. The homogenate of antlerogenic stem cells has been checked by [PERSON] et al., 2020 [41]. In this study, the authors proved the acceleration of corneal healing in mechanical lesion (done with trephine) in rabbits. Additionally, the ACS weakened or arrested the development of side effects. [PERSON] et al. identify key pathways, molecular/cellular functions, and top-down regulators involved in mammalian organ regeneration. Antler regeneration is known to be initiated and sustained by neuron-derived stem cells in different states of activation. Therefore, antler stem cells can be used as a model to study the proteins and pathways involved in maintaining the stem cell niche and their activation and differentiation during organ formation. In this study, the MSC markers CD73, CD90, and CD105 were examined within the antler tip. The central role of stem cell activation in the development of this mammalian organ was confirmed by the localization of MSC markers within the antler growth center. The highest number of unique proteins (87) was found in the growth center. Antler stem cell activation has been implicated in multiple biological processes and signaling pathways, such as Hippo and canonical Wnt signaling [42]. [PERSON] et al. identified proteins that were differentially expressed between antler stem cells and somatic cells (facial periosteeum). They found activation of several molecular pathways (PI3K/Akt, ERK/MAPK, p38 MAPK, etc.) during proliferation. The transcription factors POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, and MYC, which are key markers of embryonic stem cells, were also expressed. Expression of these proteins was confirmed in both cultured cells and fresh tissues. Thus, the molecular pathways and transcription factors identified in the study are common to embryonic and adult stem cells. However, the expression of embryonic stem cell transcription factors would suggest that antler stem cells are potentially an intermediate stem cell type between embryonic cells and more specialized tissue-specific stem cells, such as those residing in muscle, fat, or derived from the haematopoietic system [2]. Recent studies have shown that rapid elongation of the main bundle and antler branches is a controlled form of tumor growth, regulated by the TP73 and ADAMTS18 genes. Osteoclastogenesis as well as osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation are also involved in this process.