# The Varieties of Agency in Human-Smart Device Relationships: The Four Agency Profiles
## 3 Results
### Background Variables and Their Relationship with User Agency  
In our sample, the mean of user agency was 2.44, which indicates a moderate level on the scale of 1-5, where 5 denotes the highest agency level. [PERSON]'s test was used to analyze whether the variances of the subgroups created using the segmenting variables differed from each other significantly [49]. The [PERSON]'s F test revealed that in terms of (1) _age_, the homogeneity of variance assumption was not met (\(p<0.05\)). Hence, [PERSON]'s adjusted F ratio was used. According to the one-way ANOVA, age did not have a significant effect on user agency ([PERSON]'s \(F_{4223.77}=2.30\), \(p>0.05\), est. \(\varphi^{2}=0.01\)). Figure 3: The four agency profiles according to Sentiment Analysis. The one-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant effect of the (2) _respondent_'s _sex_ (\(F_{2584}\)= 0.662, ns, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.002) on user agency. Since we had only six respondents not identifying as either male or female, we also conducted an independent sample \(t\)-test with only those who identified as either male or female. In this way, we obtained the same result: _sex_ does not affect user agency (t (579) = 0.614, \(p\) < 0.05, r = 0.03). Subsequent ANOVA analyses showed that (3) _educational level_ (\(F_{5581}\) = 0.7, ns, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.006), (4) _professional field_ (\(F_{8578}\) = 1.287, \(p\) > 0.05, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.018), (5) _length of working experience_ (\(F_{7579}\) = 0.897, ns, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.01), and (6) _working situation_ (\(F_{3583}\) = 0.770, ns, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.004) did not have significant effects on user agency. The (9) _category of device_ had a significant effect on user agency as shown through a one-way ANOVA (\(F_{8578}\) = 8,025, \(p\) < 0.01, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.10). More specifically, the respondents who chose a household cleaning device when responding to the questions scored highest on user agency (M = 2.83, SD = 0.83). The respondents choosing to focus on a personal assistant device had the lowest user agency (M = 1.99, SD = 0.81). We conducted post-hoc analyses to investigate which differences in user agency in terms of the category of device were significant. We used [PERSON]'s test because of the differences in sample sizes [PERSON] (2018). Table 6 presents the significant differences in user agency. The plot shows how many respondents chose a particular device category (n), the mean score on user agency (M), the standard deviations (SD), all the significant differences between device categories with the significance levels indicated, and the 95% confidence intervals. According to the post-hoc tests, respondents choosing a personal assistant device (M = 1.99, SD = 0.81) had a significantly lower user agency than those choosing a smart watch/bracket (M = 2.58, SD = 0.79), \(p\)= 2.1472 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\), with a [PERSON]'s effect size of \(-\)0.7328 at a 95% CI [\(-\)0.9022-- 0.2676]. The respondents who chose a personal assistant device when taking the survey, scored significantly lower on user agency than those participants who focused on a household cleaning device (M = 2.83, SD = 0.83), \(p\) = 1.3608 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\), with an effect size of \(-\)1.0332 at a 95% CI [\(-\)1.2678-- 0.4194]. The personal-assistant device owners also had a significantly lower user agency compared to those who focused on other household devices (M = 2.73, SD = 0.74), \(p\) = 0.000013, with an effect size of 0.9480 at a 95% CI [\(-\)1.1911-- 0.2776]. These differences all hold at the Bonferroni-adjusted Bonferroni (2018) alpha level of \(p\) = 0.00625. The respondents taking the survey with a personal assistant device in mind had a significantly lower user agency than those focusing on a personal hygiene device (Mean = 2.72, SD = 0.72), but this \(p\) = 0.009 does not hold valid after the Bonferroni correction. The effect size was 0.9459 at the 95% CI [1.3586- 0.0921]. In addition, the respondents choosing a personal health device (M = 2.59, SD = 0.82) differed from those choosing