# Mycoremediation as a Potentially Promising Technology: Current Status and Prospects--A Review
## 5 Comparative Analysis and Application of Bioremediation Technologies  
The degradation of PAHs from soil can be accomplished in three phases as follows:  
1. Inspection of the PAH-contaminated site and its associated risk assessment involves examining the extent of PAH contamination based on their permissible levels. 2. Selection of cost-effective, feasible, and environmentally friendly soil PAH degradation techniques. Based on recent research, Table 5 lists some of bioremediation techniques' influencing parameters, merits, and demerits. To date, laboratory-scale treatment methods have been implemented successfully [145; 146; 147]. Several important factors must be considered when applying bioremediation techniques at the field scale, including (a) the physical and chemical properties of the contaminated soils, including their composition, temperature, water-to-soil ratio, environmental conditions, and oxygen availability [145]; (b) the activity, diversity, microbial community, resistance, and interaction; (c) the mass trajectories, toxicity, PAH concentration and interaction [146]. To optimize these parameters for field-scale applications, they must be adapted appropriately. 3. A PAH-contaminated site requires a pretreatment and posttreatment assessment. This phase examines the biochemical conversion of PAH compounds after treatment, e.g., their removal or conversion to non-toxic compounds [147]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **Influencing** & **Merits** & **Demerits** & **Applicability** & **Duration** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Rhizoremediation} & Soil type, texture, particle size, nutrients and organic & High production of biomass. & & & & \\  & & Root exudation in the rhizosphere provides better nutrient uptake for rhizosphere microbiome & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: A comparison of remediation techniques based on their influencing parameters, benefits, and drawbacks. The field applications of the aforementioned bioremediation strategies have only been the focus of a small number published studies. According to [PERSON] et al. (2015), differences in bioavailability persist after bioremediation in agricultural and industrial soils with PAH contamination. _Mycobacterium_ sp. and _Mucor_ sp. were injected into agricultural soils and manufactured gas plant (MGP) soils to study PAH biodegradation. The bioavailability of PAH before and after biodegradation was estimated using Tenax-TA extraction and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), respectively, to determine the bioavailability and chemical activity of the compounds. During biodegradation in MGP soil, only PAHs with three and four rings were degraded. MGP soils and agricultural soils degrade PAHs differently. The use of earthworms to extract Tenax-TA from agricultural soils was found to be more  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **Influencing Parameters** & **Merits** & **Demerits** & **Applicability** & **Duration** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Phytoremediation} & Root zone, characteristics of plant species, characteristics of PAHs, characteristics of PAHs, characteristics of environmental conditions. & Increased soil fertility through the release of organic matter. & Time consuming, particularly in moderately and highly contaminated sites due to slow growth rate and low production of biomass. & Time consuming, particularly in moderately and highly contaminated sites due to slow growth rate and low production of biomass. & Large scale (long term) & Longer degradation (149) \\  & Chemical structure, microbial composition (GEMs) & Low-technology equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment. Depending on the soil condition, in situ and ex situ methods can be employed. & A volatile organic compound (VOC) cannot be controlled effectively using the ex situ method. & Longer degradation time.