# Sustainability in Bio-Based Edible Films, Coatings, and Packaging for Small Fruits
## 4 The Incorporation of Nanomaterials in Bio-Based Films and Sustainability  
As discussed in various paragraphs of point 3 of this article, using nanomaterials in food packaging provides several advantages, including enhanced barrier properties, increased mechanical strength, and antimicrobial activity. However, there are significant safety concerns, particularly regarding the potential migration of nanomaterials from the packaging into the food, which could pose health risks to consumers. This migration can lead to human exposure to nanomaterials, raising possible health risks [108; 109; 110]. The extent of migration and its safety implications are still under debate, necessitating further research and regulatory oversight [109].  
The presumed toxicity of nanomaterials, especially in acidic conditions, is a significant concern. There is a lack of comprehensive data from clinical trials and risk assessments, which limits the understanding of the potential health impacts of these materials [109; 111]. However, nanomaterials' unique properties, such as their small size and large surface area, may pose potential risks, including toxicity and health complications [112; 113; 114]. The potential toxicity of nanomaterials in food is a significant concern, with studies indicating risks such as oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity [112; 113]. These risks arise because nanoparticles can easily cross human anatomical barriers through various respiratory, dermal, and gastrointestinal pathways [114].  
The rapid development of nanotechnology in food packaging has outpaced the establishment of specific regulations. There is an urgent need for binding legislation to manage the risks associated with nanomaterials in food packaging and ensure consumer safety [110; 115]. Nevertheless, the regulation of nanomaterials in food applications varies globally, with some regions having more comprehensive frameworks than others. In the European Union, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) plays a crucial role in assessing the safety of nanomaterials used in food contact materials. EFSA has established guidelines requiring specific nanoparticle assessments, focusing on solubility, dissolution rate, and potential consumer exposure [116; 117]. These guidelines aim to minimize exposure to nanomaterials to prevent health risks [117]. In contrast, some countries, such as India, lack strict regulations for nanofood products, highlighting the need for more robust regulatory measures to manage the potential risks associated with nanomaterials in food [114]. The EU and Switzerland are noted for incorporating nano-specific provisions into their legislation, whereas other regions rely on general guidance for industry [118].  
While nanomaterials in food packaging offer significant advantages, such as improved preservation and antimicrobial properties, safety concerns related to their migration and potential toxicity remain unresolved. More detailed risk assessments and the development of specific regulations are needed to ensure the safe use of nanomaterials in food packaging.