## 2 Open Government
It is also linked to citizen engagement in society, as an informed public is better placed to give input on policy questions. In spite of the overlaps, proactive disclosure will not result in a complete conflation of open access with open data. Access to information regimes will still be necessary for those seeking the release of data that is not selected for proactive disclosure, and they will also be important for enabling individuals to access their own personal information in the hands of government. From a privacy perspective, what is significant is the shift from a case-by-case assessment of the privacy impacts of the release of certain types of data towards a single upfront assessment of data sets that are designated to be open by default. Open data overlaps to some extent with the proactive release of data under \"open access\", but it encompasses much more than the proactive release of data sought by civil society groups with a view to greater government transparency and accountability [2]. [PERSON] notes that there are many similarities between open access (or the right to information) and open data, but she emphasizes as well the fact that open data embraces goals that go beyond transparency and accountability, and include those related to innovation and efficiency [3] (p. 4). Open data is thus the component of open government that best serves the goals of supporting innovation and economic development. Open data involves the publication of non-personal, non-confidential government data in reusable electronic formats and under an open licence [11]. Openness has been defined in this context, as arising where \"[a] piece of data or content is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it--subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike\" [12]. While some open data sets may be important to civil society groups seeking to hold the government to account, the open data movement has a strong innovation orientation [4], and thus it frequently includes important sets of base geographical or geospatial data, as well as other data sets with significant potential for commercial application. Ideally, the data sets are released in formats that have been developed according to standards that will facilitate their reuse in conjunction with data from other sources. The open data movement also encourages the making of data sets available through a single portal and in a way that makes them easy to locate [11]. The goal of open data is not just to make government information _public_; it is to make it as useful as possible. To some extent, it is also to push for reuse of government data by the private sector [4,13]. Governments may use competitions (app contests, hackathons) and other incentives to encourage individuals to find innovative uses for the data sets that they release [5, 11, 14]. From a privacy perspective, it is important to note that the inclusion of data sets in an open data portal generally means that the sets have been judged to be free of protected personal information. Whether this is actually the case is, as will be discussed below, sometimes contestable. The third component of open government is open engagement. Open engagement has several dimensions, some of which overlap with open access and open data. For example, the Open Government Declaration [1] includes holding governments to account and monitoring their activities as one element of citizen engagement; this form of engagement is dependent upon the ability to access information and government data. At the same time, open engagement can involve greater citizen participation in government decision-making and planning, using novel methods [15]. Some governments have experimented with the use of social media such as Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus, for interactive citizen participation in consultations and in providing feedback on government initiatives [16].