# Extreme Climate Events and Energy Market Vulnerability: A Systematic Global Review
## 4 Impacts and Adaptation Strategies to Natural Events: A Review of Global Studies
### North America
The study cited examined the potential capacity of the electric grid in ERCOT to withstand, adapt, and recover from extreme events like Uri. The paper highlights the need to shift the approach towards power grid planning and operation to be more interdisciplinary to effectively respond to the challenges posed by VLSWEs. With more resilience metrics incorporated into system operations and planning, preparedness and response would improve immunity against such extreme events. Furthermore, other interesting work investigates the coupling of electrical power systems (EPS) and water distribution systems (WDS) during severe drought events, along with the effects on resiliency in the systems. This is achieved by establishing a completely coupled model characterizing the energy uses of the WDS pumping systems alongside the cooling water uses of the thermoelectric systems located within the EPS. Once this is completed, the study concludes that strategies such as adjusting cooling water demands and reconfiguring power generation dispatch must be incorporated to extend operational capacity during events of this type. Therefore, these can extend the dispatch availability of conventional power plants by up to 25% during severe droughts [49]. In addition, geoelectric vulnerability in power transmission systems is also assessed in Canada, where researchers study the effects of geomagnetic storms on power transmission lines in the Alberta region. The authors use magnetotelluric (MT) impedance data, which are measured one by one, to then punctually estimate the geoelectric field generated during a magnetic storm on 8 September 2017, after which they compare the results with one-dimensional (1-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) terrestrial conductivity models [50]. The study found that the geoelectric field is stronger in northeastern Alberta, where the Canadian Shield is located. Resistive causes high voltages to be induced in the transmission lines up to 120 V higher than those estimated by the 1-D models, which means that the results obtained by the 3D models are more representative. Infrastructure resilience is examined in the context of the impact of climate change on levee-hydraulic systems that support electric power networks. This multidisciplinary perspective integrates climate science, hydrology, and electric power analysis within a common framework to assess system resilience [51]. The study utilizes a resilience index for the power system to assess system performance and compares the probabilities that the power network components will no longer function due to a range of flood events in the baseline, historical flooding, and projected future flooding scenarios. Through this comparison, the framework assesses to what extent resilience loss of the system occurs with time and how climate increasingly introduces more risk to the given system. Findings showed a totally diminished resilience in the system projected during future flooding scenarios riding on an uptake of higher flooding hazards from climate change. The results support a much-needed emphasis on improving power network resilience through the adoption of climate-adaptive infrastructure planning strategies that could involve redesigning levees, setting new engineering standards, and strengthening power grid components in order to withstand greater flood hazards  
Continuing this line of research, recent developments evaluate the vulnerability of electrical networks to hurricanes. A digital twin (DT) framework combines physics-based models and real-world data using a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) to monitor and predict, in near real-time, the failure states and performance of components in the power system.