## 4 5G and V2X Deployment Projects
### Central System for Supporting Automated Vehicle Testing and Operation in Hungary and Austria  
The Central System project is focusing on realizing a transport system using the highest level state of the art technology to develop and demonstrate a holistic solution to support and operate autonomous vehicles in cooperation with infrastructure elements. The project targets the implementation of the system for testing purposes in the beginning but should evolve for transport operation and control. In today's mainstream, for the operation of highly automated vehicles, the main environmental model for vehicle guidance is generated based on the ego vehicle's perception system and extending the own local sensor signals with infrastructure and other vehicle's information [91]. The proposed solution of the project builds up the global environment model externally in a cloud and supports the individual vehicles with a comprehensive world model and can even control them. The system will collect all information from both the vehicle and infrastructure side and fuse them together in a cloud-based, real-time digital twin. The cloud-based map content includes the following:  
* A static map (3D representation, vectorized data, material properties);
* Semi-static and semi-dynamic content (like weather or lighting conditions, road conditions);
* Full dynamic data (vehicles, pedestrians and all relevant dynamic information). The system properties include the following:  
* A real-time fusion of data using vehicle and infrastructure sensor data;
* An ability to record data;
* The use of applicable international standards;
* An ability to support vehicles with a real-time environment model;
* A system prepared for controlling infrastructure elements (e.g., traffic lights) or even vehicles;
* Support for future testing procedures for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs);
* Scalable, reusable, and future-proof architecture. The projected outcomes of the campaign include a real-time digital twin service that can be used for supporting test track or public road-based connected vehicle functionalities, for example, for cooperative perception-based functionalities. A low-latency and high-bandwidth special 5G network service is applied for communication. Relevant traffic situations are detected automatically and recorded for scenario-based testing, which can be used in CAV development. Besides that, a real-time mixed reality testing service for CAV testing or special testing, like vehicle in the loop and scenario in the loop methodologies, can significantly reduce test costs and reduce the development time of vehicles. The testing is mainly applicable on proving grounds; however, testing on public roads enhances the proof of functionality. The detailed objectives of the project regarding 5G communication are as follows:  
* Examine and describe the connection between UE terminals and related systems. The project presented novel scenario-in-the-loop measurements and results, where a 5G communication link provided a stable, real-time connection between the real world and its virtual representation. This means that the vehicle under testing does exactly the same thing in reality and in parallel real-time in the virtual space. It responds real-time either to real obstacles on the test track or obstacles that are generated in the virtual space, such as the dummy during the demo. * Analyze and evaluate the configuration on the 5G data network--in terms of 5G radio, IP transmission technology, and the 5G Core. A key objective of the measurement campaign is to monitor the performance not only with end-user metrics but on the mobile network side using RAN, IP, and Core statistics with the help of the mobile network operator. * Present a life cycle model specializing in 5G data transfer technology and data transfer protocols. The life cycle model should define how a cellular V2X device should be managed during the operation of the device.