# Augmented Reality for PCB Component Identification and Localization
## 2 Literature Review and Technical Framework  
Augmented reality (AR) has shown significant promise across various industrial domains, particularly in improving productivity, accuracy, and training outcomes during complex assembly tasks. For instance, [12] demonstrated how AR reduced task completion times and errors in shipyard environments--insights directly applicable to electronics manufacturing, where minor errors can lead to costly disruptions. AR has been widely adopted for industrial training, offering immersive and interactive environments that improve knowledge retention and reduce learning curves. [PERSON] [PERSON] [8] and [PERSON] et al. [9] demonstrated that AR significantly accelerates the training of assembly-line workers through intuitive digital overlays and real-time guidance. In the context of PCB manufacturing, where training new technicians is challenging, AR can provide step-by-step visual cues that reduce onboarding time and enhance learning outcomes. Reliable performance in augmented reality (AR) systems is fundamentally dependent on robust and accurate tracking technologies. Among these, marker-based tracking methods have proven particularly effective, especially in precision-driven applications like electronics manufacturing. Studies on AR-assisted manual printed circuit board (PCB) assembly demonstrate that marker-based approaches enable highly precise alignment of virtual elements with physical components [13; 14]. This alignment is critical in high-density environments, such as PCB layouts, where even minor deviations in component placement can lead to assembly defects, functional failures, or costly rework. By leveraging distinct visual markers, these systems maintain spatial coherence between digital overlays and real-world objects, facilitating accurate guidance for assembly operators. This precision not only improves component positioning accuracy but also streamlines workflow by reducing cognitive load and error rates during assembly tasks. The work of [PERSON] et al. [13] underscores these benefits, highlighting how AR-enhanced debugging processes can directly contribute to higher assembly efficiency and quality control. Accurate tracking technologies, especially marker-based methods, are fundamental to the reliable performance of AR systems in intricate environments like PCB layouts. Theyensure precise integration of virtual and physical elements, thereby enhancing efficiency and reducing errors in manufacturing and assembly processes [13; 14]. Spatial contextualization in augmented reality (AR) enhances user interaction by providing context-aware information that dynamically adapts to the spatial environment. This functionality overlays digital data relevant to the user's immediate physical context, thereby improving situational awareness and supporting more intuitive interactions. Recent studies have demonstrated that such spatially contextualized AR systems significantly enhance task performance while reducing cognitive load. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [15] found that AR assistance improved assembly performance and decreased cognitive load across various stages of assembly tasks. Similarly, [PERSON] & [PERSON] [16] compared different AR approaches and confirmed that marker-based and markerless AR effectively support spatial visualization while minimizing cognitive load in complex technical tasks. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [17] provided neurophysiological evidence that AR interactions reduce mental strain during industrial maintenance and assembly operations. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of spatial contextualization in AR applications, particularly in environments requiring high precision and cognitive efficiency. Augmented reality (AR) is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of Industry 4.0, facilitating the integration of cyber-physical systems for more intelligent and adaptive manufacturing processes.