## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Dose\(-\)Response Graphs
#### 3.2.2 Dose\(-\)Response
This study conducted thermal cleaning across a temperature range from 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 336 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with increments of 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The sample, irradiated with a dose of 70 Gy, underwent preheating to 336 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a temperature corresponding to the high-temperature tail of the third glow peak, also recognized as the main peak. After the sample had been cooled back to room temperature, the residual glow curves were meticulously recorded during gradual reheating of the sample. This controlled procedure not only purified the material but also  
Figure 8: (**A**) Glow curves of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\): Mn for TL measurements with fading at different times (s). (**B**) Thermal cleaning of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\): Mn with preheating at 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 336 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**C**) (**a**) Shows the values of TL versus dose (Gy); (**b**) shows a relationship between the TL intensity and variable heating rate; (**c**) shows a graph of TL intensity vs. fading. allowed for an improved and detailed analysis of its thermoluminescent behavior, highlighting the remarkable stability and enhanced performance of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\):Mn nanopowders. The graph in Figure 8C(a) depicts the relationship between TL intensity and radiation dose for ZnZrO\({}_{3}\):Mn. At lower doses, the intensity increases linearly with radiation dose, suggesting a proportional relationship. This behavior is attributable to the uniform filling of trapping centers within the material's crystal lattice, where a higher dose introduces more trapped charge carriers, directly enhancing the TL intensity. However, at higher doses, the graph deviates slightly from linearity. This non-linearity arises due to competing processes such as radiative and non-radiative recombination. At higher doses, a saturation effect may occur, where the trapping centers are nearly full and additional radiation leads to losses through non-radiative pathways. The graph shows that as the radiation dose increased in increments of 5 Gy, the TL intensity grew correspondingly by 50 a.u., highlighting the material's sensitivity to radiation. This sensitivity is vital for dosimetric applications, where precision in dose detection is paramount. In Figure 8C(b), the graph illustrates how TL intensity varied with changes in the heating rate. The TL intensity decreases as the heating rate increases, showing an inverse proportionality. This phenomenon occurred because a higher heating rate rapidly releases trapped charge carriers, leading to incomplete or inefficient recombination at luminescent centers. At slower heating rates, the thermal energy allows trapped electrons to recombine radiatively, leading to higher TL intensity. Conversely, with faster heating rates, non-radiative processes become more dominant, reducing TL intensity. The data reveal that as the heating rate increased in increments of 0.5 K/s, the TL intensity decreased by 25 a.u. This relationship is essential in optimizing experimental conditions to maximize the material's luminescence output. Figure 8C(c) presents the relationship between TL intensity and fading over time for ZnZrO\({}_{3}\): Mn. Fading is defined as the gradual loss of TL intensity due to the escape of trapped charge carriers from defect centers within the crystal structure. The graph in Figure 8C(c) shows a clear inverse relationship, where the TL intensity diminishes as fading time increases. This behavior highlights the instability of trapped charge carriers over extended periods, when thermal or environmental factors contribute to their release. The fading rate provides critical insights into the storage and long-term usability of the material. ZnZrO\({}_{3}\): Mn demonstrates a trend of declining TL intensity with increasing fading time, underlining the need for proper handling and usage timelines in applications like dosimetry and luminescent devices.