# Towards Climate Smart Farming--A Reference Architecture for Integrated Farming Systems
## 3 MiFarm-CSA Architecture
### Mixed Farming as a Service
These resources are associated with certain triplets; for example, users can associate the triplet \"wheat\", as \"can be attacked by\": \"aphids\" in a web page presenting knowledge about wheat. Furthermore, the W-KES intends to include a knowledge search service, which allows users to query web pages by keyword, string or sentence matching. For example, a user may search for manure quality management for MFS and the W-KES web-based application will propose related web pages, material content from the PLN and best practices--extracted from the SECF layer. Lastly, the W-KES web-based application incorporates a forum, which allows any user to share his opinion; or ask the community about information or a new topic that he cannot find in another source. The innovation behind this service lies in the fact that it can also enable direct and indirect exchange of resources like feed and manure. Based on the information collected by the IDCON, The APED and the IIFA are envisaged as smart services for in-field operations and data analysis. According to the characteristics of plant pathogens, efficient plant disease management requires a high density of spatial and temporal information regarding the condition of any parameter related to the crop growth [99]. Hyperspectral images combined with ground sensors can identify host-pathogen interactions at an early stage. This fact can simplify the complexity of the identification and the quantification of different kinds of stress factors that may result in crop anomalies [100]. Moreover, data mining techniques [101] (ML methods like artificial neural networks or support vector machines (SVM)) can be leveraged since they have proved to be superior for distinguishing in between more than one type of stress factors and different diseases [102]. The integration of ground sensor data provided by SST and image data provided by ASSM in combination with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and data mining techniques will constitute the core of APED services. IIFA services besides the integration between ground sensor data provided by SST and image data provided by ASSM will also incorporate data from WCCF. This holistic integration of drought-causative information (precipitation) and drought-responsive information (vegetation condition, crop anomaly) aim to develop specialized variations of well known vegetation indexes (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index) (i) for superior drought monitoring and (ii) for early indication of any decrease in crop production associated with drought or lack of nutrients [103]. A dashboard will be the human-machine interface for delivering the information coming from the WCCF, and to make suggestions and recommendations based on the captured satellite, meteorological and climate-related information. Concurrently, the dashboard could also digest the information stemming from the meteorological stations, which are installed at the field, in order to provide short-term predictions and suggestions. Recent political priorities in Europe aim to rationalize agricultural production, reduce pollution, upgrade the environment, maintain rural infrastructures and meet new societal concerns, such as product quality and animal welfare. For example, soil testing has been proven to be a valuable tool for evaluating the available nutrient status of soil. The soil investigation is exceptionally useful for cultivators to discover which sort of harvests to be developed in a specific soil condition and helps to determine the proper amount of nutrients to be added to a given soil based on its fertility and crop needs. The intensification of livestock operations in the last few decades has resulted in increased social concern over the environmental impacts of livestock operations, and thus making appropriate manure management decisions is increasingly important. Animal manure is a valuable resource if handled responsibly but a source of serious challenges and public health concerns if managed inappropriately.