## 5 Case Study
### Sewage System Calculation  
The sewage network implementation methodology starts with a similar approach as for drinking water networks. Modelling considerations for sanitary drainage must cover all implications of gravitational flow. As defined in traditional methods and by code requirements, system routing must be constructed to ensure continuous operation and discharge of waste flow. The modelling process starts by assigning all plumbing fixtures a discharge route and assigning pipe segments throughout the construction plan, from the fixture outlets to the public collector, assuming initial slopes match the minimum values allowed by regulations. Manhole positioning must then be considered when routing pipes, as they must be placed on the outer part of the building and ensure continuity for every discharge. Three-dimensional model geometry data information and parameters are extracted from plumbing fixtures and piping elements. This model is obtained by generating a system grouping and filtering according to sanitary classifications, at which point the relevant data are stored and distributed for further analysis. All drainage system piping elements are taken downstream from each fixture discharge sequentially, with the exception of manholes, as defined by the flow direction. This system is described in terms of the HEUs that every \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Segment**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Material**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Type**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Length (m)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Diameter**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Speed**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total Loss**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Final Pressure**} \\ \hline MAP & RAP & Copper & Cu L & 11.93 & 25 & 0.76 & 0.73 & 13.60 \\ RAP & A & Copper & Cu L & 2.06 & 25 & 0.76 & 0.11 & 13.49 \\ A & B & Copper & Cu L & 41.92 & 25 & 0.76 & 1.54 & 11.95 \\ B & C & Copper & Cu L & 0.43 & 19 & 0.92 & 3.32 & 8.63 \\ C & D & Copper & Cu L & 3.16 & 19 & 0.92 & 0.25 & 8.39 \\ D & E & Copper & Cu L & 0.33 & 19 & 0.92 & 0.10 & 8.29 \\ E & F & Copper & Cu L & 0.15 & 19 & 0.68 & 0.05 & 8.24 \\ F & BOLL & Copper & Cu L & 1.23 & 13 & 0.94 & 2.13 & 6.11 \\ F & LO & Copper & Cu L & 1.56 & 13 & 0.81 & 1.03 & 7.21 \\ E & WC & Copper & Cu L & 1.29 & 13 & 0.94 & 0.67 & 7.61 \\ B & CAL & Copper & Cu L & 1.46 & 19 & 0.68 & 1.50 & 10.46 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 20: Losses in the cold potable water system for type 2 retail store. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Segment**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Material**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Type**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Length (m)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Diameter**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Speed**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total Loss**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Final Pressure**} \\ \hline CAL & G & Copper & Cu L & 3.16 & 19 & 0.68 & 3.94 & 6.51 \\ G & H & Copper & Cu L & 0.76 & 19 & 0.68 & 0.09 & 6.42 \\ H & BOLL & Copper & Cu L & 1.13 & 13 & 0.94 & 2.12 & 4.30 \\ H & LO & Copper & Cu L & 1.43 & 13 & 0.81 & 1.02 & 5.40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 21: Summary table for hot potable water system losses for type 2 commercial premises. pipe must discharge in accordance with [26]. The application of the workflow described in Figure 2 for a sewerage system is detailed in Figure 14.  
Figure 14 shows the sewerage system process verification. This process is composed of three steps. Each step is also composed of activities. The activities, supported by Dynamo, are related to the number of scripts used, which contain the programming code. These scripts are available in Appendix A to allow for the replication of the process and are as follows. (1) BIM modelling: this step, undertaken in Revit, involves the sewerage system layout and fixture description. (2) Parametric programming: Dynamo software is used to calculate the discharge slopes and pipe diameters in a first design. This design is divided into different pipes and sections in order to carry out the verification according to the design standard.