## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, biofilms were successfully prepared using industrial waste. Orange and ginger residues from the juicing industry were used as a primary raw material for film production. Ultrafine grinding was used to produce fine particles from the organic waste derived from orange and ginger juicing. The grinding process had a significant effect on the processing and on the resulting films. The particle size affected the viscosity and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Biofilm** & **Tensile** & **Transile** & **Elongation (\%)** & **Maximum Decomposition** & **Glass** & **Max** & **Storage** & **Peak of tan \(\delta\)** & **Reference** \\
**Type** & **(MPa)** & & **(°C)** & **Temperature** & **Modulus** & **(°C)** & **(°C)** & **(°C)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Orange waste & & & & & & & & \\ oven-dried & 27.3 & 11.5 & 251.89 & 83.29–88.12 & 10/1400 & 98 & [3] \\ \hline Orange waste & & & & & & & & \\ incubator-dried & 36 & 12.7 & 253.20 & 83.29–88.12 & 10/1000 & - & [3] \\ \hline Starch, passion fruit & 8.1 & 33.9 & - & - & - & - & [25] \\ \hline Wheat gluten & 48.9 & 53.2 & - & - & 13/7500 & 135 & [26] \\ \hline Orange peel & 7.38 & 25.33 & 172 & - & - & - & [27] \\ \hline Citrus pectin & & & & & & & \\ glycerol & 9.9 & 12.8 & - & 45–50 & - & 85 & [15] \\ \hline Carrot & & & & & & & \\ bioplastics & 37 & 6.2 & 200 & - & - & - & [12] \\ \hline Avocado peels & & & & & & & & \\ and seeds & 17.9 & 16.8 & 290 & - & - & - & [23] \\ \hline Potato peels & 8.5 & 21.6 & 307 & - & - & - & [24] \\ \hline Banana peels & 7.36 & 4.69 & - & - & - & - & [5] \\ \hline Apple pomace & 16.49 & 10.77 & - & - & - & - & [22] \\ \hline Orange waste & & & & & & & \\ (OW) & 17.01 & 4.82 & 237.66 & 75–100 & 30/1450 & 122 & Present work \\ \hline Ginger waste & & & & & & & \\ (GW) & 15.34 & 3.35 & 175.42 & 75–100 & 30/1032 & 88 & Present work \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of each experimental datum obtained in this research with data from other researchers.  
the mechanical properties of the resulting films. Results from the tensile test show that a 17 MPa tensile strength and about 5% strain can be obtained. Thermal testing and DMTA indicate that these biofilms are stable at room temperature and until about 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The results go hand-in-hand with the literature. However, the properties of these films should be improved to meet the industrial requirements for packaging films.  
Over time, the color of the films started to change, and the smell of orange or ginger grew stronger, indicating the biodegradability of the films. Finally, employing orange and ginger waste for the production of biofilms paves the way for generating eco-conscious materials, thus addressing issues related to plastic pollution and waste disposal simultaneously.  
Conceptualization, A.Z.; methodology, A.Z., S.K.R. and R.M.; validation, R.M., M.G. and S.K.R.; formal analysis, R.M., M.G., P.S. and S.K.R.; investigation, R.M., M.G., P.S. and S.K.R.; writing--original draft preparation, R.M. and S.K.R.; writing--review and editing, R.M., M.G. and S.K.R.; supervision, S.K.R.; project administration, S.K.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.