## 5 Water Treatment Employing Bioadsorbents
### Bioadsorbents Based on Grains and Seeds
#### 5.1.1 Nutrients and Heavy Metals
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Biowaste** & **Contaminant** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isothermal Model** \\ **Adjusted** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Kinetic Model** \\ **Adjusted** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **q\({}_{\text{m}}\)/q\({}_{\text{e}}\)** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Removal** \\ **Efficiency** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline _Argmin Spinsoa_ tree & DFC & Langmuir & Pseudo-first order & 153.8 mg/g & 100.00 & [52] \\ nutshells (TiO\({}_{2}\) & CBZ & Langmuir & Pseudo-first order & 105.3 mg/g & 85.00 & \\ composite AC) & SMX & Langmuir & Pseudo-first order & 125.0 mg/g & 67.00 & \\ \hline Cacoa pod husk & SD & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 5.53 mg/g & 93.6 & [51] \\ \hline Cacoa shell & \(\alpha\)-Lac & Toth & Pseudo-second order & 179.91 mg/g & 91.67 & [45] \\ (H\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\)-activated) & BSA & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 41.02 mg/g & 21.25 & [45] \\ \hline Cacoa shell & \(\alpha\)-Lac & Toth & Pseudo-second order & 141.69 mg/g & 70.33 & \\ (ZnCl\({}_{2}\)-activated) & BSA & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 147.84 mg/g & 86.86 & [45] \\ \hline Coffee husk & NFX & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Langmuir and \\ Redlich-Peterson \\ \end{tabular} & Pseudo-second order & 33.56 mg/g & 99.66 & [71] \\ \hline Exhausted coffee & Hg(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 31.75 mg/g & 97.69 & [55] \\ \hline Magnetic coffee waste (Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) NPs) & Pb(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 48.78 mg/g & 99.56 & [28] \\ \hline _Moringa oleifera_ seeds & Ag(I) & Langmuir & N.R & 23.13 mg/g & 99.00 & [56] \\ RR-120 & Langmuir and Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 413.32 mg/g & N.R & [57] \\ \hline Peanut husk & Phosphates & Freundlich & Elovich & 13.2 mg/g & 88.5 & [82] \\ (Magnetic husk) & & & & & & \\ \hline Peanut shell & AY-36 & Langmuir and Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 66.7 mg/g & 98.55 & [42] \\ \hline Raw tamarind seeds & Pb(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-first order & 16.0 mg/g & 99.52 & [32] \\ \hline Rice husk & NFX &
\begin{tabular}{c} Langmuir and \\ Redlich-Peterson \\ \end{tabular} & Pseudo-second order & 20.12 mg/g & 96.95 & [71] \\ \hline Rubber pod husk & Phosphates & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 39.98 mg/g & N.R & [50] \\ \hline Siriguela seeds & \(\alpha\)-Lac & Toth & Pseudo-second order & 173.05 mg/g & 87.42 & [45] \\ (ZnCl\({}_{2}\)-activated) & BSA & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 188.29 mg/g & 92.29 & [45] \\ \hline Siriguela seeds & \(\alpha\)-Lac & Toth & Pseudo-second order & 193.54 mg/g & 96.67 & [45] \\ (H\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4}\)-activated) & BSA & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 130.31 mg/g & 81.67 & [45] \\ \hline Spent coffee ground & AOY & Sips & Pore diffusion & 665.9 mg/g & 99.90 & [44] \\ (Calcium-alginate beads) & MB & Sips & Pore diffusion & 986.8 mg/g & 100 & [44] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Spent coffee waste biochar (NaOH-activated)} & \(\text{NPX}^{\text{LK}}\) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 269.01 mmol/g & \\  & DCF\({}^{\text{LK}}\) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 97.17 mmol/g & \\  & IBU\({}^{\text{LK}}\) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 76.10 mmol/g & 30.7–97.1 & [38] \\  & NPXWW & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 263.34 mmol/g & \\  & DCF\({}^{\text{WW}}\) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 97.12 mmol/g & \\  & IBU\({}^{\text{WW}}\) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 74.07 mmol/g & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Spent coffee waste biochar (Pristine-activated)} & \(\text{NPX}^{\text{LK}}\) & [PERSON] & Pseudo-second order & 107.53 mmol/g & \\  & DCF\({}^{\text{LK}}\) & [PERSON] & Pseudo-second order & 91.74 mmol/g & \\  & IBU\({}^{\text{LK}}\) & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 86.21 mmol/g & \\  & IBU\({}^{\text{WW}}\) & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 344.48 mmol/g & \\  & DCF\({}^{\text{WW}}\) & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 202.92 mmol/g & \\  & IBU\({}^{\text{WW}}\) & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 124.14 mmol/g & \\ \hline Sulfonated coffee waste & SMX & Langmuir and Temkin & Pseudo-second order & 256 mg/g & N.R & [100] \\ BPA & Temkin & Pseudo-second order & 271 mg/g & N.R & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sumflower seed hulls} & MB & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 473.44 mg/g & N.R & [31] \\  & AB-15 & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 430.37 mg/g & N.R & \\ \hline Tamarind seeds & Pb(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-first order & 18.34 mg/g & 99.52 & [32] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Tamarind seeds (H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)-modified)} & \(\text{Pb}(II)\) & Langmuir & Pseudo-first order & 18.34 mg/g & 99.52 & [32] \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}