## 3 Results
### Typology of Laryngeal Articulations  
Several movements of the larynx were registered in all participants, which were designated as laryngeal articulations (LA). Therefore, we sought to justify these articulations by testing the hypothesis of them being part of a Valsalva manoeuvre. As a first test of this hypothesis, we asked a 24-year-old female Speech and Language Therapist (SLT), a member of our research laboratory, to perform laryngeal movements equivalent to those used during a Valsalva manoeuvre. The signals were collected using the same system and under the same conditions described in the Methods section. The resulting EGG signal can be observed in the segment shown in Figure 6.  
Two laryngeal articulations (LA1 and LA2) corresponding to an elevation of the larynx (increased impedance corresponding to an increase in EGG signal amplitude) during inspiration (LA1) and expiration (LA2), as indicated with ellipses, were observed.  
Figure 7 shows the audio and EGG signals of participant DO (trumpet player) at the end of a musical phrase.  
Figure 6: EGG signal during a Valsalva manoeuvre produced by a SLT.  
Figure 7: Audio signals (**top**) and EGG (**bottom**) during the first repetition by male participant DO.  
Two laryngeal articulations (LA1 and LA2), which correspond to an elevation of the larynx during inspiration (LA1) and expiration (LA2), are also highlighted with ellipses in Figure 7. The two articulations are observed only in the intervals of silence, during which the participant breathes in a great amount of air to continue the interpretation of the piece. There is no audible inspiration; i.e., the amplitude of the audio signal during this interval is zero.  
The EEG waveforms shown in Figures 6 and 7 are quite similar, but they could not correspond to a Valsalva manoeuvre because the duration of both laryngeal articulations was less than 1 s, much less than the 10 s required for a Valsalva manoeuvre to occur ([PERSON], 2019) (p. 139). SpO2 and HR were also measured with a pulse oximeter (see Table 2), which corroborated these results.  
In Figure 8, the audio and EGG signals for participant DO can be observed for the first repetition, during the production of 3 short notes.  
Two laryngeal articulations (LA3 and LA4) which correspond to an elevation of the larynx are indicated with ellipses in Figure 8. The participant probably moves his tongue to the most anterior region of the vocal tract, which results in a raised tongue and increased air volume in the oropharynx, blocking the air in the vocal tract. This can happen if only the consonant [t] is articulated and not a CV syllable, contracting the abdominal region.  
Figure 9 shows the 11 laryngeal articulations of participant DO, during his first repetition of the musical passage.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**SpO2 (\%)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HR (bmp)**} \\ \hline
**ID** & **MIN** & **MAX** & **MEAN** & **STD** & **MIN** & **MAX** & **MEAN** & **STD** \\ \hline DM & 96 & 100 & 99 & 1 & 82 & 126 & 101 & 9 \\ DO & 90 & 100 & 97 & 3 & 72 & 116 & 94 & 8 \\ FM & 95 & 99 & 97 & 1 & 67 & 155 & 88 & 9 \\ IR & 89 & 100 & 97 & 2 & 98 & 147 & 135 & 11 \\ JR & 93 & 99 & 97 & 1 & 87 & 146 & 109 & 9 \\ LC & 96 & 98 & 97 & 1 & 66 & 128 & 104 & 12 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR).  
Figure 8: Audio (**top**) and EGG signals (**bottom**) during the production of 3 short notes by participant DO.  
On the y-axis of Figure 9, the amplitude of the EGG signal (arbitrary units) is shown, and the time in seconds from the beginning of the annotated articulations is represented on the x-axis. It is possible to observe that the slow movements of the larynx are constantly occurring throughout the performance.