## 3 Results and Discussion
### Management Practices  
The nature of management regimes for bamboo forests significantly affects their carbon sequestration potential. Most of the literature that covers management practices can be grouped into aboveground and belowground interventions. Soil is the primary substrate for bamboo growth, and suitable soil fertility conditions can lead to a larger soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and promote the aboveground plant carbon sink [60]. Thus, soil is a crucial part of bamboo management strategies. Fertilizer application is a common approach to boosting soil productivity; bamboo forests with a lower aboveground biomass standing are often observed in poor-quality sites with no fertilization [28]. [PERSON] et al. [73] demonstrated that adding biomass charcoal significantly enhanced the total ecosystem carbon stock, including soil greenhouse gas emissions, SOC stocks, and vegetation carbon stocks of a Moso bamboo forest, but the effect varied when using medium (486.3% increase) and high (252.9% increase) application rates. Indeed, increasing the amount of fertilizer does not always result in an increase in biomass. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [34] reported that a moderate fertilization (900 kg/ha biannually) treatment resulted in a higher increase in the average DBH of new Moso bamboo in Zhejiang compared with heavy fertilization (1800 kg/ha biannually) and no fertilization treatments. Still, a large amount of fertilization can boost the growth of bamboo shoots, increasing also the aboveground carbon sink with a simultaneous decrease in SOC content [34]. Also, intensive management of Moso bamboo in Zhejiang, combining high fertilization and high-intensity harvesting, diminishes the soil carbon storage in the 0-50 cm soil layer [34]. Fertilization applied in different seasons also affects bamboo carbon sequestration. In the winter, fertilization input causes a decrease in NEP in Zhejiang's Lei bamboo forests due to accelerated decomposition and respiration; in contrast, fertilization application in the autumn positively affects NEP due to the efficient nitrogen consumption during the carbon fixation process [48]. Also, [PERSON] et al. [48] found that fertilization advances the starting date of the growing season by about a month, from April to March. The other soil factor directly affecting bamboo carbon sink function is soil thickness. A high soil thickness can store enough nutrients and water, reflecting better performance in aboveground biomass accumulation [28]. SOC content decreases with decreasing soil thickness [72], and there is usually less SOC content in deeper soil because topsoil contains more organic matter [56]. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are all positively correlated with SOC since the amount of these three elements affects soil humus [56]. Winter mulching application, usually with rice straw and rice husks, aims to increase the soil temperature by 4-5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and preserve moisture, leading to enhanced bamboo shoot production in spring [74; 75]. [PERSON] et al. [38] measured the SOC storage, phytolith concentration, and PhytOC storage in a Lei bamboo forest in Zhejiang before and after mulch application. They found that the SOC storage in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers and the phytolith concentration and PhytOC storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer showed an apparent increasing trend after mulch application, but there was no evident change in the PhytOC storage and phytolith concentration in the 20-40 cm soil layer. Notably, the PhytOC accumulation rate (79 kg C/ha/yr) of 86% came from mulch application, significantly surpassing the global mean (24 kg C/ha/yr) [38]. Harvesting intensity and harvesting methods are critical for the bamboo ecosystem's function as a carbon sink. For instance, moderate harvesting and medium-density retention modes effectively promote an increase in aboveground carbon storage in new Moso bamboo in Zhejiang compared with intensive harvesting or no harvesting [34].