esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Conclusions  
This work has shown that it is feasible to conceive mJ-level regenerative amplification based in Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) and Yb:YAG that can be tuned between two spectral peaks (1034-1048 nm in the first case and 1032-1049 nm in the second) by changing only the pump power of the system. The simulations also show that achieving amplification at 1049 nm with Yb:YAG is harder than for Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) at 1048 nm due to the more restrictive set of parameters available, namely the need to use a low pump power near to the gain threshold, and low cavity losses. This however still results in a very high number of passes, often in excess of 1000.  
The favorable tunability properties of Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) and Yb:YAG for wavelengths around 1050 nm make them natural candidates for pre-amplifier stages of systems based in Nd:glass power amplifiers. We have explored this possibility by simulating two hybrid amplification chains for both gain media, seeded with a 12 nm signal centered at 1053 nm. Both amplifiers allow obtaining output pulse energies above the mJ range, with a bandwidth of 2-3 nm. While this is too narrow for generating ultrashort pulses, it is acceptable in energy-oriented, sub-picosecond glass lasers. Finally the last amplification stage boosts this energy by two orders of magnitude without significantly narrowing the spectrum. In conclusion, ytterbium-based regenerative amplification may prove a suitable technological option for large-scale, multi-beam, high energy Nd:glass chains where efficiency is a major requirement.  
Figure 7: Output spectra for a hybrid amplification chain with pre-amplifier based with Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\) (**left**) and Yb:YAG (**right**). The solid black line represents the initial spectrum, the black dashed line the output spectrum from the pre-amplifier and the grey line the output spectrum after the power amplifier.
# Semantically Controlled Adaptive Equalisation in Reduced Dimensionality Parameter Space +
## 3 Methodology
### Subjective Evaluation  
Using the metrics defined in Section 3.2, we are able to select an appropriate model which is capable of accurately reducing the dataset while preserving the data structure and accurately reconstructing the input parameters with minimal error. To validate this, we implement subjective user tests in which participants are asked to equalise a series of audio samples using the reduced-dimensionality interface. To do this, 10 participants were asked to apply the process to 10 input sounds using only the two-dimensional interface. Each participant was asked to achieve a _warm_ or _bright_ output sound for each stimuli. During the test, samples were presented to participants in a random order across separate DAW channels, and the equaliser parameters remained hidden. No indication was given as to the underlying distribution of datapoints. The stimuli comprised unaccompanied musical instrument samples and ranged from 20 to 30 s in length. The samples were primarily taken from electric guitars and included a variety of genres, taken from the Mixing Secrets Multitrack Audio Dataset [30]. All of the participants had normal hearing, were aged 18-35, and had varied music production experience, from 0 to 5 years.
###### Abstract  
Currently, the widely used blind source separation algorithm is typically associated with issues such as a sluggish rate of convergence and unstable accuracy, and it is mostly suitable for the separation of independent source signals. Nevertheless, source signals are not always independent of one another in practical applications. This paper suggests a blind source separation algorithm based on the bounded component analysis of the enhanced Beetle Antennae Search algorithm (BAS). Firstly, the restrictive assumptions of the bounded component analysis method are more relaxed and do not require the signal sources to be independent of each other, broadening the applicability of this blind source separation algorithm. Second, the objective function of bounded component analysis is optimized using the improved Beetle Antennae Search optimization algorithm. A step decay factor is introduced to ensure that the beetle does not miss the optimal point when approaching the target, improving the optimization accuracy. At the same time, since only one beetle is required, the optimization speed is also improved. Finally, simulation experiments show that the algorithm can effectively separate independent and dependent source signals and can be applied to blind source separation of images. Compared to traditional blind source separation algorithms, it has stronger universality and has faster convergence speed and higher accuracy compared to the original independent component analysis algorithm.  
blind source separation; bounded component analysis; Beetle Antennae Search 20232338325/10.3390/s23198325
# Comparative Analysis of Local Differential Privacy Schemes in Healthcare Datasets
## 4 Experiments
### Results
Across all \(k\)-way settings and most datasets, LASSO has the highest AVD values among the three algorithms. Figure 4 illustrates how the health datasets exhibit a rightward skew on the X-axis, with the Cirrhosis dataset having the highest AAR. This dataset contains information related to patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who participated in a clinical trial conducted by the Mayo Clinic [37]. Figure 6 shows the correlation matrix for the Cirrhosis dataset; for example, sex and ascites demonstrate a weak positive correlation (0.12), suggesting a slight tendency for one to increase as the other does. Ascites and edema show a moderate positive correlation (0.30), implying a stronger association. Bilirubin and albumin exhibit a moderate negative correlation (\(-0.25\)), meaning as bilirubin levels rise, albumin levels tend to decrease. Copper and alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos) have a moderate positive correlation (0.71), indicating a notable relationship where they increase or decrease together. SGOT (an enzyme found in the liver) and Alk Phos also display a moderate positive correlation (0.68). Finally, platelets and prothrombin have a weak negative correlation (\(-0.13\)), hinting at a slight inverse relationship between the two. We can now explore more generally the potential correlations between the attributes available in the cirrhosis disease [42]. * Sex, categorized as male or female, could be correlated with various health parameters and responses to treatment. * Ascites, hepatomegaly, and spiders are variables indicating the presence or absence of certain clinical features. Correlations with other health parameters, especially liver-related ones, may exist. * Bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin, copper, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, triglycerides, platelets, and prothrombin are laboratory measurements indicating different aspects of a patient's health. Examining correlations among these variables may unveil concealed patterns associated with physiological processes, such as liver function and blood composition. While a healthcare professional can provide a more in-depth analysis of the necessity of each variable in this dataset, it is crucial to highlight that highly correlated attributes may raise privacy concerns when sharing data with third parties. Additionally, introducing noise to one attribute can result in the propagation of noise to other attributes, leading to a further decline in data utility. This noise propagation makes it challenging to accurately estimate joint probability distributions, as depicted in Figure 4, where the results indicate that the AVD generally increases as the value of \(k\) increases.
## 1 Introduction
The result of the study raised a lot of controversy, mainly because of the method used in the research, which was very subjective. Nevertheless, it caused an increased interest among researchers in the subject of the influence of EMFs on living organisms, including humans. It should be pointed out that further tests confirmed the validity of the charges against [PERSON] and [PERSON] after examining children of Rhode Island [6], where no connection between the influence of EMFs and the increase in morbidity was observed. However, different results were obtained by researchers in France and Corsica, who found that people exposed to EMF radiation may be affected by an increased incidence of brain tumors [7]. What is more, it is suggested to be more cautious when it comes to children, as it affects the young nervous system in a more sophisticated manner than an adult one [8]. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [9] modified the method of the analysis by considering the effect of MFs on the basis of the health cards of children, instead of the methodology employed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in their study [4], which was based on death certificates. In this study, no negative effects of EMF radiation on health were observed. However, disturbing results were published by researchers from Sweden [10], who, after examining children up to 16 years of age who, in the 1960s and 1985, lived at a distance of no more than 300 m from power lines (220 kV or 400 kV), observed that the incidents of leukemia were 2.4 times greater than among their peers. Very surprisingly, at the same time, quite opposite results were obtained by researchers from Denmark [11] and Finland [12], who under similar assumptions found no such effects. A study carried out in California concentrated on the correlation between the distance from the power lines and the effect of magnetic fields on children [13]. The researchers found that neither close proximity to high-voltage lines alone nor exposure to high calculated fields was associated with childhood leukemia. As we can notice, there have been many studies from 1979 to the present reporting a raised risk for childhood leukemia and tumors with exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields. There are also suggestions that the reported risk is decreasing [14], but there have not been consistent data due to the fact that the results may have been affected by the source of funding [15]. This article considers typical values of electric and magnetic field intensities occurring in the vicinity of power infrastructure. Both direct \(E\) and \(H\) measurements and their values estimated from numerical simulations for real cases are presented. They all are compared with the limits known from standards and legal regulations in force in various countries.
# Influence of Aging Conditions on the Dynamic Stiffness of EPDM and EVA Rail Pads
## 1 Introduction
Based on the literature review, it has been established that there are existing studies addressing the aging and changes in the mechanical behavior of EPDM and EVA materials under various environmental conditions [13; 14; 15; 16; 17], as well as research identifying specific degradation mechanisms in rail pads exposed to the railway environment [7]. However, no specific study has been conducted to quantitatively measure the magnitude of these effects on real components subjected to conditions representative of the railway environment. The mechanical deterioration caused by repetitive loads was examined by applying load blocks of 250,000, 750,000, and 2,000,000 cycles. Chemical deterioration was also investigated by exposing the rail pads to ultraviolet radiation and to the presence of hydrocarbons, respectively. In both cases, exposure times of 100 and 500 h were utilized. Overall, the study encompasses 21 distinct experimental conditions (three types of pads and seven deterioration conditions), resulting in a comprehensive experimental scope consisting of 864 tests. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the rail pads that were characterized in this study. Section 3 outlines the experimental methods employed to obtain the stiffness of the pads, along with the experimental conditions that were utilized. The obtained results are presented and discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 provides a summary of the findings and presents the conclusions that can be drawn from this study.
## 5 Conclusions  
Classification of unsupervised data is a challenging due to their variability and missing of labels. The proposed work _CUIL_ overcomes these challenges by combining the methods of _uCLUST_ and _ELM++_. _uCLUST_ clusters the unsupervised metadata of the images based on which the unlabeled images are grouped. The grouped images are incrementally trained using _ELM++_ to create individual models. The test images are then classified using the incrementally created models. _CUIL_ shows better performance accuracy than individual testing results.  
Our proposed work _(CUIL)_ works better than the existing algorithm _Learn++_, because of these reasons, (1) _CUIL_ supports classification of structured and unstructured data while _Learn++_ supports only structured data, (2) _CUIL_ uses a single classifier ELM whereas _Learn++_ uses multiple classifiers and majority voting scheme to classify the data, (3) _training time decreases_ in _CUIL_ as it uses feed-forward ELM network which does not involve any iterations, whereas _Learn++_ uses neural networks which involves iterations for back propagating the errors, (4) _testing time decreases_ in _CUIL_ as _uCLUST_ clusters unstructured data with minimal time and single classifier ELM is used, whereas _Learn++_ uses multiple classifiers.  
Every model has some kind of limitation, as so _ELM++_ has these as the limitations, (1) difficulty in fixing the random weights by trial and error method until the desired accuracy is achieved for the training dataset and (2) difficulty in choosing the number of hidden neurons i.e., higher accuracy is achieved when the number of hidden neurons increases. Our proposed work addresses the problem of class-imbalance and the future work is to redesign the model removing the above said limitations, address the problem of concept drift and to test the performance of _CUIL_ for unstructured text documents.  
Conceptualization, S.M. and S.J.; Formal analysis, S.M.; Methodology, S.M. and S.J.; Software, S.M.; Supervision, S.J. and J.L.S.; Writing-original draft, S.M.; Writing-review and editing, S.J.  
This research received no external funding
# Simulation and Design of Three 5G Antennas
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Unique Performance Parameters of MIMO Terminal Antennas
#### 2.2.3 Overall Efficiency  
In MIMO antenna arrays consisting of N antenna units, overall efficiency is commonly used to represent the efficiency of the MIMO antenna array, as shown in Equation (16).  
\[\eta_{\text{total,m}}=\eta_{\text{rad,m}}\eta_{\text{(mis+coup),m}}=\eta_{\text {rad,m}}(1-|S_{\text{mm}}|^{2}-\sum_{\text{m}\
eq\text{m}}^{\text{N}}|S_{\text{ mm}}|^{2}), \tag{16}\]  
In the equation, \(\eta_{\text{total,m}}\) represents the overall efficiency of antenna unit m, while \(\eta_{\text{rad,m}}\) stands for the radiation efficiency of antenna unit; \(\eta_{\text{(mis+coup),m}}\) represents the power loss efficiency due to coupling and mismatch in antenna unit m. \(S_{\text{mm}}\) represents the reflection coefficient of antenna unit m, and \(S_{\text{mn}}\) represents the transmission coefficient from antenna unit n to m. It is evident that mutual coupling between antenna units can reduce the overall efficiency of the MIMO antenna array.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Swelling Equilibrium  
The degree of crosslinking of the obtained hydrogels was assessed by swelling equilibrium measurements. As expected, as the absorbed dose increased, both the swelling equilibrium and average molecular mass between crosslinks decreased, which was equivalent to saying that the degree of crosslinking rose at a higher absorbed dose.  
Although the density of polymers was enhanced after crosslinking, the influence of the absorbed dose on density was not significant. Thus, all irradiated polymers have densities in the range of 1.51-1.56 g/cm\({}^{3}\), being higher than those of the un-crosslinked **PAA** (1.20 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), **PAH18** (1.21 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), and **PAH9** (1.18 g/cm\({}^{3}\)). Consequently, variation of the parameters M\({}_{\rm c}\), d\({}_{\rm c}\) or \(\phi_{2}\) with the adsorbed dose may entirely be correlated with the equilibrium degree of swelling.  
Nevertheless, the gel fraction for samples **PAA**, **PAH18**, and **PAH9** was above 0.95, which indicated that the absorbed energy was not excessively high to damage the polymer chains instead of making desirable crosslinking between them.  
The influence of increasing absorbed dose on structural parameters of the prepared hydrogels is shown in Table 1.  
The data from Table 1 show that, for a certain absorbed dose, when aqueous monomer solutions were irradiated instead of polymer solutions, the resulting hydrogels had lower crosslinking degrees. Also comparing the degree of swelling and the average mass between crosslinks obtained for the same absorbed dose, one can notice a significant increase in both parameters in the case of monomer solutions. This was probably because a fraction of hydroxyl radicals generated by irradiation was consumed to start the polymerization reaction.
## 4 [PERSON]'s Finite Element Simulation Analysis
### Analysis of Simulation Results
#### 4.2.2 Time Domain Amplitude Response  
In the process of simulation experiments, it is observed that strong beating phenomena occur near the resonance frequency when vibrations occur. Without the eddy current damper, the amplitude response exhibits significant fluctuations for a 4 Hz excitation with a 100 kg load, as shown in Figure 19.  
The response without eddy current damping displays pronounced beating effects. However, when eddy current damping is applied, the response quickly reaches a steady state, eliminating the beating phenomenon and suppressing the resonant amplitude.  
As the excitation frequency moves away from the resonance band, the amplitude response of the vibration begins to decay, as depicted in Figure 20.  
For an 8 Hz excitation with a 100 kg load, the response without eddy current damping shows a superposition of forced and inherent vibrations, taking a long time to stabilize. By contrast, the response with eddy current damping weakens this effect, suppresses the vibration amplitude, and reaches a steady state more rapidly.  
Figure 19: Comparison of amplitude response with or without eddy current damping at 4 Hz.
## 3 System Design
### Transmission Mechanism  
In real-time video streaming and broadcasting systems, the choice of transmission protocol directly dictates the system's latency characteristics, reliability assurance, and security level. The traditional TCP protocol, while providing reliable data transfer, introduces unpredictable latency variations due to its inherent congestion control mechanisms and ordered delivery requirements, especially under network jitter, making it difficult to meet the stringent demands of real-time transmission [54].  
Our system strategically employs the Secure Reliable Transport (SRT) protocol as its core transport layer. SRT is built over UDP and achieves TCP-level reliability while preserving UDP's low-latency properties by implementing selective retransmission and intelligent congestion control at the application layer [16].
## 3 Model and Analysis  
### Problem Raising and Basic Assumptions  
PBSCs contain many participants, which are categorized into four types based on their roles in the supply chain operation process: the Planning and Designing Party (X), Production and Construction Party (Y), Operation and Maintenance Party (Z), and Dismantling and Recycling Party (U) [14; 15; 16; 17]. The Planning and Designing Party (X) comprises enterprises that organize, plan, finance, and design the PB construction process, including owners, design institutes, and consultants. The Production and Construction Party (Y) includes PB component manufacturers, transporters, and contractors involved in the physicalization phase of PBs, responsible for production, transportation, and assembly. The Operation and Maintenance Party (Z) comprises enterprises responsible for PB operation and maintenance after delivery, such as property and maintenance companies. The Dismantling and Recycling Party (U) is accountable for breaking down the PB at the end of its life and recycling construction waste, including dismantlers and recyclers. Their relationships are complex, and they face the dilemma of interest disputes in PBSC carbon reduction. Each agent's costs, benefits, and ability to implement emission reductions [50; 51], as well as external incentives, support, and environmental regulation, all impact the agent [51; 52; 53]. In addition, there is an interaction of interests in the implementation of emission reduction strategies: The contractual relationship between X and the other three includes penalties for non-compliance, which influences the approach of the participant from within the PBSC; the simultaneous implementation of carbon emission reduction by multiple parties enhances synergies and generates joint benefits [54]; the upstream party's implementation of carbon emission reduction has a spillover effect, from which the downstream party benefits through the \"free-riding\" effect [23; 55]. Based on the above analysis, the following basic assumptions are established, and parameters are set:  
**Hypothesis 1. ** _Agents of the evolutionary game are the Planning and Designing Party (X), the Production and Construction Party (Y), the Operation and Maintenance Party (Z), and the Dismantling and Recycling Party (U), all of which are bounded rationally. They will choose their own strategies, evolving into the optimal strategy over time._  
**Hypothesis 2. ** _Each agent has either an abatement strategy or no abatement strategy. The probability that X, Y, Z, and U implement the \"abatement\" strategy is \(x,y,z,u\), respectively, and \(x,y,z,u\in[0,1]\). The probability that they implement the \"no-abatement\" strategy is \(1-x,1-y,1-z,1-u\), respectively._  
The parameters, definitions, and detailed explanations are presented in Table 1.
# Application of Finite Layer Method in Pavement Structural Analysis
###### Abstract  
The finite element (FE) method has been widely used in predicting the structural responses of asphalt pavements. However, the three-dimensional (3D) modeling in general-purpose FE software systems such as ABAQUS requires extensive computations and is relatively time-consuming. To address this issue, a specific computational code EasyFEM was developed based on the finite layer method (FLM) for analyzing structural responses of asphalt pavements under a static load. Basically, it is a 3D FE code that requires only a one-dimensional (1D) mesh by incorporating analytical methods and using Fourier series in the other two dimensions, which can significantly reduce the computational time and required resources due to the easy implementation of parallel computing technology. Moreover, a newly-developed Element Energy Projection (EEP) method for super-convergent calculations was implemented in EasyFEM to improve the accuracy of solutions for strains and stresses over the whole pavement model. The accuracy of the program is verified by comparing it with results from BISAR and ABAQUS for a typical asphalt pavement structure. The results show that the predicted responses from ABAQUS and EasyFEM are in good agreement with each other. The EasyFEM with the EEP post-processing technique converges faster compared with the results derived from ordinary EasyFEM applications, which proves that the EEP technique can improve the accuracy of strains and stresses from EasyFEM. In summary, the EasyFEM has a potential to provide a flexible and robust platform for the numerical simulation of asphalt pavements and can easily be post-processed with the EEP technique to enhance its advantages.  
finite layer method; asphalt pavement structural analysis; EasyFEM; element energy projection; super-convergence +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences