## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
In this study, with the BTHUA as the case study area, urban ecological resilience and its spatial pattern are assessed to quantify the ecological impacts of urbanization. The results of the ecological resilience assessment show high ecological resilience areas are mainly in ecological land with forest and grassland as the main landscape. Therefore, it is important to protect key ecological resources to improve resilience through the provision of ecosystem services [54]. The current \"Planning for major ecological protection and restoration projects in the northern sand control belt\" in this region should be duly implemented. In addition, as the results indicate the difference in spatial resilience pattern, with the overall spatial pattern \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ecological Resilience** & **Coef.** & **Std. Err.** & **T Value** & **P \textgreater{} l t l & **[95\% Conf.]** & **[Interval]** \\ \hline Temperature & \(-0.0389109\) & \(0.0003445\) & \(-112.94\) & \(0\) & \(-0.0395862\) & \(-0.0382357\) \\ Precipitation & \(-0.0089104\) & \(0.0006421\) & \(-13.88\) & \(0\) & \(-0.010169\) & \(-0.0076518\) \\ Elevation & \(0.0093375\) & \(0.000271\) & \(34.46\) & \(0\) & \(0.0088064\) & \(0.0098687\) \\ Slope & \(0.0030164\) & \(0.0004737\) & \(63.99\) & \(0\) & \(0.0293879\) & \(0.0312449\) \\ Population & \(-0.0001872\) & \(0.0000214\) & \(-8.76\) & \(0\) & \(-0.000229\) & \(-0.0001453\) \\ GDP & \(0.0000187\) & \(1.56\times 10^{-6}\) & \(11.98\) & \(0\) & \(0.0000156\) & \(0.0000218\) \\ Carbon emission & \(7.94\times 10^{-6}\) & \(0.0000128\) & \(0.62\) & \(0.536\) & \(-0.0000172\) & \(0.0000331\) \\ Percentage of built-up land & \(-0.2533065\) & \(0.0072481\) & \(-34.95\) & \(0\) & \(-0.2675127\) & \(-0.2391003\) \\ Constant & \(0.5158112\) & \(0.0004737\) & \(1088.84\) & \(0\) & \(0.5148827\) & \(0.5167396\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Regression results of the resilience impact factor analysis. being characterized by high resilience in the northwest and relatively low resilience in the southeast, future development in the BTHUA region should adhere to the spatial orientation of regional coordinated development, which position Hebei as the ecological support area and Beijing as the ecological restoration demonstration area. This also indicates that the use of geospatial information on resilience could provide effective management references [55]. The resilience impact factor analysis integrates both natural-physical and socio-economic indicators. From the physical side, climate and topographical factors are found to have a significant impact on urban ecological resilience. From the human side, the economy, population and land use are also correlated with urban resilience. The empirical case in the BTHUA region indicates that along with urbanization, ecological resilience is negatively related to population and built-up land expansion and positively related to GDP growth. To explore the reasons for such an impact, although urban expansion utilizes resources, causes pollution and reduces resilience, economic growth and technological and institutional advancement could mitigate negative ecological impact. The findings are consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve, the Porter Hypothesis, and Ecological Modernization theory and the like, which also examine the environmental/ecological impact of socio-economic development. With further economic development in this area, the environmental and ecological burden could be eased with advanced technology and stringent regulation. The carbon neutrality scheme, for example, is a case in point, as it promotes technological (e.g., energy efficiency increase, electrification, renewable energy technology, etc.) and institutional changes (e.g., carbon pricing, carbon tax, carbon market, green finance, etc.) to conserve resources and reduce pollution.