esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effect of Waste Engine Oil and Waste Cooking Oil on Performance Improvement of Aged Asphalt
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Properties  
#### 4.5.1 Four Components  
Compared with 7-h-aged asphalt and VA, the components composition results of rejuvenated asphalt with 3% WEO and 2% WCO are shown in Table 5. Correspondingly, for the components of aged asphalt, VA had higher saturates and aromatics, but less resins and asphaltenes which was the same with changing rule of aged asphalt. It also illustrated that the percentages of components composition of aged asphalt could be slightly changed by WEO and WCO. Moreover, compared with common aged asphalt, the waste oils could slightly reduce the asphaltenes and increase aroma components in aged asphalt the result was drawn from the 7-h-aged asphalt; similar conclusions could be speculated with longer aging time.  
On the macrolevel, penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity of aged asphalt showed a decrease in varying aging degrees. Therefore, the different changes of the four components were consistent with asphalt physical properties. From the view of decreasing asphaltenes and aromatics content and increasing resins and saturates content of rejuvenated asphalt, waste oil had an obvious effect on recycled aged asphalt, which made it possible to use it as a regenerator. In addition, WCO could achieve better regeneration effect than that of WEO with less content as proven earlier.
# Connectivity Maintenance Based on Multiple Relay UAVs Selection Scheme in Cooperative Surveillance
## 3 Multiple Relay UAVs Selection Scheme Based on Fuzzy Optimum Selection  
In multi UAVs cooperative surveillance, since some UAVs are gradually away from ground station for detection scope expansion, it is essential to construct UAV-to-UAV communication links for preserving connectivity. With surveillance range expansion, UAVs are appropriately allocated three proposed roles to balance surveillance payoff and network connectivity, and a multiple relay UAVs selection scheme consisting of two consecutive stages is developed. Multiple relay UAVs are chosen according to membership degrees to the optimum alternative, which are assessed based on fuzzy optimum selection with four relevant attributes representing the feature of network topology with ground station. Besides, according to relationship among UAVs, role conversion stage is designed to dynamically adjust communication links with the surveillance scope change.
# Mobile Broadband Performance Evaluation: Analysis of National Reports
## 3 Case Studies
### Evaluation Report: Korea
The results indicate that all MNOs provide a great quality of service in Korea both in terms of data and voice. In addition, the results and claims are verified instead of being accepted as is.
## 4 Satellite Platform Vibration Spectrum Model
### Power Spectral Density  
The characteristics of the satellite platform vibrations can be studied using the power spectral model used by the European Space Agency (ESA) during the SILEX program, as given below [49; 50; 51]:  
\[S(f)=\frac{160\ \upmu\text{rad}^{2}/\text{Hz}}{1+f^{2}}, \tag{65}\]  
where \(f\) represents the vibration frequency. As depicted in Figure 7a, the spectrum of the vibrations is concentrated in the low-frequency range, with high amplitudes at lower frequencies and lower power at higher frequencies. Figure 7b shows the corresponding time-domain signal of the pointing error between the transmitter and the receiver satellite, obtained after applying random phases to the power spectral density (PSD) components with a standard deviation of \(10\ \upmu\text{rad}\). The PSD can be used to generate infinite time-domain signals for simulation studies.
# A New Online Service for the Validation of Multi-GNSS Orbits Using SLR
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Capabilities of GOVUS with Respect to the Critical Issues of SLR and Multi-GNSS
GOVUS enables the users to evaluate the orbit quality in the context of both integrity of satellite bus and correctness of used orbit models (e.g., SRP, albedo).
## 3 Results  
The model has been evaluated using data from two sites, namely Sutton Bonington, a predominantly rural site, and another on the outskirts of the town of Loughborough. Both sites are within the East Midlands region of the United Kingdom.  
Figure 1 shows the scatter plots of predicted versus observed solar irradiance data for both sites, for each of the two versions of SOLAR, i.e., Model 1 and Model 2. The correlation coefficient is within the range of 0.58-0.61, while the slope of the resulting linear regression analysis is in the range of 0.80-0.93, implying model overestimation.  
It is evident from Figure 2 that both versions of the model work better for long sunshine duration and high daily solar flux. This is not surprising since such conditions are equivalent to less cloud cover, reducing the uncertainty in cloud cover estimation. Hence, one can conclude that the model works better for clear-sky conditions.  
Figure 3a-c shows a time series of observed and model solar irradiance data for a representative selection of days chosen from different months of the year for each of the two sites. The results can be considered good when one takes into account the simple modelling approach adopted.  
Figure 1: Scatter plots of modelled (predicted) against observed (measured) solar irradiance at Sutton Bonington and Loughborough. Results of linear regression analysis are shown in the graphs. For each site, two sets of modelled results are plotted; one set is generated by the first version of the solar radiation model (Model 1) and the other set by the second version (Model 2).  
Figure 3: Time series (on daily basis) of modelled (curves) and measured (data points) solar irradiance at the following: (**a**) Sutton Bonington site on 3 April, 27 February, 4 July and 29 June 1996 (in no particular order); and Loughborough site on (**b**) 27–30 September 1996 and (**c**) 14–17 November 1993. In each case, two sets of modelled results are plotted; one set is generated by the first version of the solar radiation model (Model 1), corresponding to the full-line curves, and the other set by the second version (Model 2), which corresponds to the dotted-line curves.  
Figure 2: Plot of the difference between modelled (predicted) and observed (measured) solar irradiance against sunshine hours for Sutton Bonington and Loughborough sites taken together.
## 2 Field Experiment  
### Wind Speed Monitoring  
The test section of Wuhai-Maqin Expressway is located in the hinterland of Tengger Desert, along which the dune chains are intricately distributed and the terrain is obviously undulating so that abundant sand sources, strong wind environment, and variable wind direction make drifting dunes a great threat to the highway (Figure 1). Through the field investigation, it was found that the depth of highway sand accumulation was more than 40 cm in 6 months and its distribution area was wide.  
In the field investigation, the observation point was set on the west side of the highway in the test section (Figure 2). The height of wind cups is 2 m; the range is 0-70 m/s (resolution 0.1 m/s), and the wind direction range is 0-359\({}^{\circ}\). The data, including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and rainfall, were collected every minute and the observation time was from January 2021 to December 2021. According to the existing research results [20; 21], the sand-driving wind speed at 2 m height (\(U_{t}\)) in Tengger Desert is about 5 m/s. According to scholars, grits can reach equilibrium state within 2 min after starting [22; 23]. Therefore, this paper adopts the average wind speed within 2 min as the essential parameter of wind-sand environment evaluation.  
Assessment of non-directional wind speed change and wind speed probability distribution (b) are shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, in this region, the average annual wind speed (\(\bar{U}_{2}\)) in 2 min is 3.28 m/s and the average annual sand-rising wind speed is 7.18 m/s. The number of sand-rising days is more than 280 d, accounting for 77.3% of the total number of days in the whole year and the highest instantaneous wind speed is 18.6 m/s. Among them, strong winds with force greater than a strong breeze (wind  
Figure 1: Picture of sand-accumulation environment in drifting sand dunes areas: (**a**) desert route and (**b**) aeolian landform environment.  
Figure 2: Remote Weather Monitoring Station.  
speed \(\geq\) 10.8 m/s) lasted for 48 days, accounting for 14.1% of the total observed days. The frequency distribution of wind speed in this region is shown in Figure 3b, in which the frequency curve increases first and then decreases with the increase of wind speed, and the static wind frequency is 10.78% where the wind speed of 3-4 m/s reaches the peak value of the frequency curve, accounting for 16.5% of the total observed amount while the cumulative hours of sand-driving wind above 5 m/s were more than 1400 h, accounting for 17.8% of the total observed amount. Figure 3 indicates that the annual sand-driving wind is frequent and lasts for a long time, and the sand-wind activity is strong in this region.
# GRU Neural Network Based on CEEMDAN-Wavelet for Stock Price Prediction
## 3 GRU Neural Network Based on CEEMDAN-Wavelet
### Lstm  
As a special type of recurrent neural network, LSTM was first proposed in 1997 by [PERSON] et al. [9]. It adds a gate structure based on RNN consisting of three gate structures: input gate, output gate, and forget gate. Figure 3 illustrates the methodology followed to construct architecture for LSTM. The input gate is used to decide whether to input information to the memory cell at each moment, the output gate is used to output information every moment, and the forget gate is used to decide whether to forget the information in the memory cell, or we can say whether some information in the past is valid for future prediction. If the answer is not, then we forget it. Briefly, LSTM can reduce the memory burden by forgetting the information.  
Figure 2: Wavelet transform.  
The LSTM transition equations are as follows:  
\[i_{t}=\sigma\big{(}\widetilde{i}_{t}\big{)}=\sigma(W_{xx}x_{t}+W_{ht}h_{t-1}+b_{ i}) \tag{10}\]  
\[f_{t}=\sigma\big{(}\widetilde{f}_{t}\big{)}=\sigma\Big{(}W_{xf}x_{t}+W_{hf}h_{t-1 }+b_{f}\Big{)} \tag{11}\]  
\[g_{t}=\tanh(\widetilde{g}_{t})=\tanh\Big{(}W_{xg}x_{t}+W_{hg}h_{t-1}+b_{g}\Big{)} \tag{12}\]  
\[o_{t}=\sigma(\widetilde{o}_{t})=\sigma(W_{xx}x_{t}+W_{ho}h_{t-1}+b_{o}) \tag{13}\]  
\[c_{t}=c_{t-1}\otimes f_{t}+g_{t}\otimes i_{t} \tag{14}\]  
\[m_{t}=\tanh(c_{t}) \tag{15}\]  
\[h_{t}=o_{t}\otimes m_{t} \tag{16}\]  
\[y_{t}=W_{yh}h_{t}+b_{y} \tag{17}\]  
where the \(i_{t}\) is the input gate and \(o_{t}\) denotes the output gate, \(f_{t}\) is the forget gate, \(c_{t}\) is the long memory cell, and \(h_{t}\) is the hidden state.
## 4 Discussion
This was expected, due to the digital spacing (100 \(\upmu\)m) applied in the CAM phase among axial walls of the preparations. Within the marginal area, where no spacing was applied, the gap values were comparable to those in prior studies conducted on chairside CAD/CAM conventional ceramic restorations [42, 43]. [PERSON] et al. 's meta-analysis about ceramic crowns fit reported no significant difference between digital and conventional impression techniques, with values ranging from 63.3 \(\upmu\)m in vitro and 56.1 \(\upmu\)m in vivo for the digital workflow, to 58.9 \(\upmu\)m in vitro and 79.2 \(\upmu\)m in vivo for the conventional workflow [44]. The present study results suggest that adhesive restorations might have similar marginal gap behavior compared to conventional crowns, even if the margin design is deeply different. It must be highlighted that all data, for both adhesive restorations and conventional crowns, confirmed that both conventional and digital protocols are able to provide manufacts with clinically acceptable (100-150 \(\upmu\)m) interfacial gap [45]. A fact obtained in the present study that deserves attention is the discrepancy between surface trueness and fit analysis. No significant differences were reported in terms of surface deviation between gypsum casts and 3 DC, but the fitting of the same restoration was significantly different between the two models. It is reasonable to assume that surfaces might be very similar overall, but even a small variation in a single area can affect the correct fit of the restoration. Thereafter, it is presumable that surface analysis alone might not be a reliable analysis method to determine the quality of a model. The present study had some limitations. Extraoral scanners have been proved to be able to provide a reference for evaluating tooth preparation in vitro [46, 47]. However, the present ex vivo model does not allow the scan of prepared teeth on patients with reference scanners. For this reason, IOS and 3 DCS files can only be compared with the gypsum model scan (RS). Moreover, modern polyp and polyurethane resin casts could also be analyzed, as their performances seem higher than type IV conventional gypsum [48]. Another limitation was that measuring trueness only of master casts might be not enough to predict the restorations fitting. The addition of more parameters should be considered, in order to compare different methods of producing working casts effectively. In spite of that, it is useful to compare direct digital workflows to conventional impressions as a reference, as analog impressions are still regarded as a gold standard in the field of fixed prosthodontics [38].
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this study established the intra- and inter-rater reliability of well-used and less-used IsoMed 2000 dynamometers for knee flexion and extension peak torque of athletes in a concentric test. We found that maximal knee flexor and knee extensor tests performed in concentric contraction at 60\({}^{\circ}\)/s and 180\({}^{\circ}\)/s in IsoMed-2000 dynamometers with different usage time present similar PT values, and as a result of this study, the hypothesis that the muscle strength measurement of isokinetic dynamometers will change with the usage time has not been accepted. The IsoMed-2000 isokinetic dynamometer is suitable for evaluating muscle strength and muscle strength changes in athletes, and even though there are measurements errors, it is appropriate to use two different IsoMed-2000 dynamometers with different usage times interchangeably. This study provides useful information about the use of isokinetic dynamometers in physiotherapy and rehabilitation clinics to evaluate and develop muscle strength. It is also beneficial for athletes in terms of injury risk analysis and development of muscle strength following this development.  
Conceptualization, T.K. and B.A.; methodology, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; software, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; validation, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; formal analysis, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; investigation, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; resources, T.K. and B.A.; data curation, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, T.K., B.A., A.E.Y. and B.K.; writing--review and editing, T.K., B.A., T.R. and B.K.; visualization, T.K., B.A. and A.E.Y.; supervision, T.K., B.A., A.E.Y. and B.K.; project administration, T.K. and B.A.; funding acquisition, T.K. and B.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
There is no any funding and any support.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ankara Yildirim Beyazt University Ethical Committee (protocol code 19 and date: 5 February 2020).  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data of this study can provide from Department of Health Services, Sports General Directorship, The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Center of Athletic Training and Health Research, Ankara, Turkey.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors express sincere gratitude to the athletes who participated in this trial; without them, this research would not have been possible.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** There is not any conflict of interest
## 1 Introduction  
The demands for the interconnected data-center (DC) have been experiencing an urgent growth of larger bandwidth (BW) and higher optical access density [1]. Thus, many new special cables and connecting technologies have been proposed for short-reach optical interconnects (OI) between DC buildings or floors, such as reduced-coating high-density cable, spiderweb ribbon cable, spatial multiplexing division (SDM) technology and so on [2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. In particular, compared with the conventional single-core single-mode fiber (SC-SMF), the SDM technology over MCFs containing several fiber cores within common cladding enables the MCF cable to be applied to overcome the physical-space constraints of the pathway [7]. To date, a 1152-core outdoor cable suitable for a metro network, a 2304-core outdoor cable employing a 200 \(\upmu\)m 4-core fiber and a 96-core outdoor cable using an 8-core fiber have been reported to achieve a breakthrough in capacity limits in the existing optical fiber communication infrastructure [1; 3; 7]. However, these methods need to use numerous SC-SMF SXCs or ribbon cables to achieve the OI between thousands of conventional optical modules and fan-in/fan-out (FIFO) devices, which will cause space congestion in DC [1; 7; 8]. By using an MCF-SXC and combining it with an MCF connector and MCF optical transceiver [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15], it can provide an optimal solution to further release the space pressure, save power consumption and increase the access density on OI in DC [12; 13]. But there are few studies on the manufacture process and transmission characteristics of the MCF-SXC.  
In our work, by optimizing refractive index profile (RIP) design, drawing and cabling processes, we fabricated an optimized ultra-bend-resistant 4-core SXC employing a 4-core MCF in the O-band used for short-reach DSDM optical transmission. Then, the characteristics of transmission loss, macro-bending loss and XT between adjacent cores due to the cabling were firstly presented. These experimental results show that the 4-core SXC has an excellent bending resistance for short-reach OI in narrow space. Finally, the optical transmission with low BER in the O-band was demonstrated using a 100 GBASE-LR4 (Zhongtian Technology Group, Nantong, China) transceiver over a 1.2 km long 4-core SXC. These experimental results indicate that the prepared ultra-bend-resistant 4-core SXC would have potential applications to further release the space pressure, reduce power consumption and improve the transmission capacity on short-reach DSDM optical transmission.
# Research on Interval Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Virtual Power Plants with Electric Vehicles
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we construct a multi-objective scheduling model for a virtual power plant incorporating electric vehicles, in which uncertainties such as wind power, photovoltaic power generation, and residential load are expressed as interval numbers, and use the improved NSGA-II algorithm to solve the scheduling problem and obtain the optimal scheduling scheme by hierarchical analysis. The results of the algorithm analysis show that  
Figure 18: Optimal solution. (**a**) Scheduling results of each power supply; (**b**) Interactive power dispatch results with the grid. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Economical Target (Yuan)** & **Environmental Target (kg)** & **Peak-Shaving Target (kW)** \\
**Median of the Interval** & **Median of the Interval** & **Median of the Interval** \\ \hline
6456.11 & 9860.01 & 2402.56 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Median objective function of the optimal solution. 1. The most economical scenario, in which the gas turbine power is elevated during periods of low PV output and periods of high electricity prices, seeks to maximize the difference between the virtual plant's revenue from electricity sales to the grid and the virtual plant's own operating costs, resulting in the highest virtual plant revenue. 2. In the most environmentally friendly scenario, since conventional power plants still use coal-fired power generation and gas turbine operation also emits CO\({}_{2}\), the only way to achieve a reduction in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions is to reduce the share of coal-fired power generation, i.e., to reduce the power purchased from the grid and the power of gas turbine operation; conversely, the power-to-gas equipment absorbs CO\({}_{2}\) and this scenario can appropriately increase the duration of power-to-gas equipment operation. 3. The optimal scheme of grid load smoothing, in which load fluctuations are smoothed by orderly regulation of EV charging behavior, as well as regulation of each output power and virtual power plant power sales, to smooth out peak-to-valley differences. 4. The optimal solution using hierarchical analysis can better balance the three objectives and can effectively improve the economic benefits of virtual power plants and ensure environmental friendliness and grid load smoothing requirements are met. **Author Contributions:** Proposed the original idea, T.L. ; performed the main research tasks and translated the original manuscript, J.A. ; checked the results of the whole manuscript, W.L. and C.L. ; double-checked the results and helped to improve the full manuscript, D.Z. and X.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Electric Vehicle Charging/Battery Swap grant number No. YDB51202101507. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. All individuals included in this section have consented to the acknowledgement. **Abbreviations/Nomenclature**  
A.