esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Land-Use Change Results
In the Tra Vinh province, the SAR images show a decrease in the rice acreage and an increase in the aquaculture acreage as well. The classes \"Water\" and \"Urban\" did not change remarkably between 2005 and 2011. The land-use situation in 1979, 1987, 2002 and 2005, based on the Landsat and SPOT images, is presented in Figure 7. The 1998 SPOT result is not listed as the data is missing for some districts due to the image extent. The results show some decrease in the class \"all rice\" for 2005; however, the trend appears not to be very clear. The different imaging systems of the Landsat and SPOT satellites and different farming practices in the older data may also affect these results. Some water surfaces were classified into the \"Water\" class even if they actually belonged to the aquaculture areas, because the single-date images cannot distinguish these classes. Also, floods in the area may affect the results when water is covering other land-uses. In Figure 8, the SPOT results (1987, 1998, 2005) for four districts in Tra Vinh are presented. Duyen Hai is a coastal district and aquaculture has clearly increased there as rice acreage has decreased. The trend is notable in the other three districts as well. Figure 5: The relative change (%) in acreage of rice cultivation (**Left**) and aquaculture (**Right**) based on the SAR classification results. The red color denotes the decrease in acreage and green denotes the increase in acreage. Figure 6: The total averages of land-use classes in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh provinces based SAR images for 2005, 2009 and 2011. “All rice” is the sum of 2 \(\times\) irrigated, 2 \(\times\) rainfed and 3 \(\times\) irrigated rice crop. Figure 3.0 The overall land use in Tra Vinh province based on optical images for years 1979, 1987, 2002 and 2005.
## 4 Methodology
### Feature Extration  
Based on segmented data, the feature vector composed of time-domain features and frequency-domain features is extracted on each window. The features are extracted by calculating on three values of \(x\)-axis, \(y\)-axis, and \(z\)-axis of both body acceleration component and gravity acceleration component. Moreover, the signal magnitude vector (SMV) is also used to extract features since the SMV offers a measurement degree of activity intensity [39].  
The widely used time-domain features including mean, standard deviation, root mean squared, median absolute deviation and correlation coefficient, are also used in this work [40]. In addition, the signal magnitude area (SMA), which provides the energy expenditure when performing the activities [41], and tilt angle, which offers the informative knowledge of the user orientation, are also used in our study. The SMA can be used to distinguish a rest state and dynamic activity, and the tilt angle is useful for transitional activities classification. The frequency-domain features used in this study include spectral energy, spectral entropy, kurtosis, skewness, signal weighted average and largest frequency component. Both time-domain features and frequency-domain features are extracted from \(x\)-axis, \(y\)-axis, \(z\)-axis and SMV of body acceleration component and gravity acceleration component. Table 2 shows the list of 77 features extracted in this study.
## 1 Introduction
Numerous studies were performed to analyze the trajectories with obstacle avoidance made by the robot. Previous studies showed there are many methods for the controlled robot and deal with it because it has been proven useful in the required field. The objectives of this paper are as follows:  
1. To enhance linear and nonlinear contour tracking gain of PID by way of a differential evolution algorithm (DE) to tune the gain of the PID controller and show that DE gives better results than traditional methods especially in non-linear contour tracking systems. 2. Three fitness functions are used for contour tracking to find the best performance function in linear and non-linear tracking, these are integrated absolute error (IAE), integrated square error (ISE) and mean and standard deviation of absolute error (MSDAE). The artificial potential field (APF) algorithm is enhanced by utilizing a differential evolution algorithm (DE) in order to avoid obstacles in trajectory planning until arriving the target position, i.e., the APF was modified to create a collision-free trajectory by DE. Hence the APF algorithm is presented for the generation of the collision-free trajectory of UR5 manipulator. The improvements in APF will be used to optimize the repulsion constants for obstacles and improve the attraction constant of the endpoint which is directly related to the strength of the force resulting from the APF. In this paper, a six-DOF articulated robot is taken as the object to study the optimization of contour tracking and enhanced obstacle avoidance. The research consists of two parts: The first part studies the differential evolution improvement of an artificial potential field method, which lays the foundation for the optimization of contour tracking and enhanced obstacle avoidance. In the second part, methods of optimizing contour tracking and enhancing path planning of obstacle avoidance robot using improved algorithms are studied. The contribution and novelty of this paper is to use DE algorithm to modify the APF approach and tune the PDCPID controller at same time by applying it on the UR5 manipulator robot to control the (linear-nonlinear) contour tracking with obstacle avoidance. The results show that these algorithms are effective.
## 5 Conclusions
In the selection of regions, we anticipate filtering based on three criteria: the same latitude, the same longitude, and similar topographical conditions. Beyond investigating the generalizability of the model, we will further discuss potential influencing factors. Secondly, within the same region, we will use the model to perform super-resolution reconstruction on different meteorological data to evaluate its effectiveness. As mentioned previously, meteorological data exhibit physical correlations. Can the model learn this correlation by extracting feature information from the temperature field? Using a model trained on temperature data for the super-resolution reconfiguration task of humidity data, we believe this is an interesting question that merits further research. Conceptualization, H.K., Y.W. and C.-S.W. ; methodology, Z.L., H.K., Y.W. and C.-S.W. ; software, Z.L. and C.-S.W. ; validation, Z.L. and H.K. ; formal analysis, Z.L., H.K. and C.-S.W. ; investigation, Z.L., H.K. and Y.W. ; resources, Y.W., C.-S.W. and Y.D. ; data curation, Z.L., H.K. and C.-S.W. ; writing--original draft preparation, Z.L. ; writing--review and editing, Z.L., H.K. and Y.D. ; visualization, Z.L. and C.-S.W. ; supervision, H.K. ; project administration, H.K. and Y.W. ; funding acquisition, Y.W. and P.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The National Key R&D Program of China under contract No. 2022 YFC3003804 and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24K01140. Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The authors gratefully acknowledge the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing the ERA5 reanalysis data, which were invaluable to this research. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Characteristics of Summer Flash Drought and Its Effect on Maize Growth in Liaoning Province, China
## 3 Results
### Classification and Causes of Flash Drought in Typical Years  
#### 3.3.1 Classification of Flash Drought  
Flash droughts were characterized into two types: precipitation-deficit flash droughts and heat-wave flash droughts. The former is caused by a lack of precipitation, and the latter is driven by high temperature [13; 30]. Precipitation-deficit flash droughts are precipitation-driven events whereby precipitation deficit leads to a decrease in soil moisture and evapotranspiration and causes high temperatures [13]. Heat-wave flash droughts are driven by high temperatures, and a precipitation deficit creates favorable conditions for flash drought incidence [13]. According to some studies, flash droughts caused by a lack of precipitation tend to occur in dry and semi-arid regions, such as Northern China, whereas heat-driven droughts tend to occur in humid and semi-humid regions, such as Southern China.  
Figure 17: Precipitation anomaly in the summer of 2018: (**a**) July; (**b**) the first 10 days of August; (**c**) the middle 10 days of August.  
Although a precipitation deficit is a basic condition for the occurrence of flash droughs, high temperatures (greater than 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C), low relative humidity (lower than 30%), and strong wind (greater than or equal to 7 m s\({}^{-1}\)) affect the rate of development and severity of drought [31]. In the present study, in the three typical years (1989, 1997, and 2018), none of the flash droughs were preceded by a large-scale heat-wave event, whereas all experienced a precipitation deficit. However, the development of the flash drought was accompanied by high-temperature events. Therefore, the flash droughs in the three typical years were of the precipitation-deficit type and were rapidly aggravated by meteorological conditions, such as high temperatures.  
Figure 18: High-temperature duration days in the summer of 2018: (**a**) 24 July; (**b**) 25 July; (**c**) 4 August; (**d**) 11 August.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
#### 2.1.1 Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB)  
The research material constituting the composition of the two starter cultures were selected strains of acetic acid bacteria. Two _Gluconobacter oxydans_ strains (KNS31, KNS32) were used. All study microorganisms are part of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences Culture Collection and have been subjected to phenotypic and genotypic identification (of the 16S rRNA gene region) according to [PERSON] et al. [12]. DNA sequences are available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank(r) genetic sequence database (GenBank accession no: KNS31--OQ594751; KNS32--OQ597203).  
The preparation of strains for the experimental system included stages:  
1. _revival and establishment of initial bacterial cultures:_  
The study AAB strains are stored in a cryopreserved vial at \(-80\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. The process of reviving bacterial strains was carried out in accordance with [PERSON] et al. [12]. Cells of _G. oxydans_ were cultivated in a shake flask with the GC liquid medium (glucose calcium carbonate; an original mixture of ingredients dedicated to the development of AAB) intended for this group of microorganisms at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 72 h. After this time, the passage was carried out until the culture was reached at a density of approx. 7 log CFU/mL.  
Cultures were centrifuged (10.000 rpm per 5 min), and the supernatant was separated from cell biomass.  
_(b)_ _preparation of starters as technological additives in the production of the study sausages:_  
Fresh AAB bacterial culture obtained in point a) was suspended in 100 mL of NaCl solution (0.85%). Then, 0.4 mL of ethanol (70%) was added. _G. oxydans_ strains prepared in physiological saline solution were added to the meat filling. In the control samples (C and P), saline solution alone (100.4 mL) was used (Table 1). Oxidative fermentation in acetic acid bacteria (AAB) involves the incomplete oxidation of substrates, with alcohol serving as a key raw material. A minimal addition of alcohol was included to prepare AAB strains for colonizing meat products, without affecting quality, and ethanol was essential for organic acid formation.
## 2 System Model and Problem Formulation
### Problem Formulation  
In the D2D-enabled cellular networks, to prevent the CU's performance degradation due to the DT's information signals, the transmit powers of the DT, \(P_{d,\text{J}}\), \(P_{d,\text{E}}\), and the power-splitting ratios, \(\rho_{c}\) and \(\rho_{d}\), must be optimized to ensure that \(E_{c}\) in (3) and \(R_{c}\) in (4) are not less than \(E_{c}^{\text{ND}}\) in (1) and \(R_{c}^{\text{ND}}\) in (2), respectively. Given that the BS is assumed to coordinate the entire network and to know \(\rho_{c}^{\text{ND}}\) and global channel state information (CSI), the BS is responsible for carrying out this optimization. For this purpose, a D2D rate maximization problem can be formulated under constraints on \(E_{c}\) in (3) and \(R_{c}\) in (4) as follows:  
\[[\rho_{c}^{\text{opt}},\rho_{d}^{\text{opt}},P_{d,\text{J}}^{ \text{opt}},P_{d,\text{E}}^{\text{opt}}] =\arg\max_{\rho_{c}\rho_{d}\rho_{d}\rho_{d}\rho_{d}}R_{d} \tag{7a}\] \[\text{s.t.}\quad E_{c}\geq E_{c}^{\text{ND}},\] (7b) \[R_{c}\geq R_{c}^{\text{ND}},\] (7c) \[E_{d}\geq Q_{d},\] (7d) \[P_{d,\text{J}}+P_{d,\text{E}}\leq P_{d}^{\text{max}}, \tag{7e}\]  
where \(Q_{d}\geq 0\) represents the minimum required harvested energy at the DR, and \(P_{d}^{\text{max}}\) denotes the maximum transmit power of the DT.
## 1 Introduction
The solid-wall permeameter addresses the issue of low testing accuracy through thoughtful design and processing machining, but still cannot solve the problems of applying pressure, temperature control, and high fluctuation gas pressure (1.5 kPa) [28; 29]. Given these limitations, the flexible wall permeameter is proposed. Although it can measure the volume change of soil samples using a flexible wall cell and apply confining pressure, it still does not solve the problem of gas pressure fluctuation (15 kPa) [30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. Compared with the flexible wall permeameter, although the triaxial permeameter does not solve the problem of gas pressure fluctuation (3.2 kPa), it is widely used due to its high testing accuracy and the ability to apply confining pressure and principal pressure [35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. By developing a gas supply device with two Mariotte bottles [40] as the core component, [PERSON] et al. (2021) effectively addressed the gas pressure fluctuation under low pressures (20 kPa), simplified the measurement of gas flow velocity, and improved the gas pressure supply accuracy to 0.01 kPa [24]. The triaxial permeameter incorporating the gas supply equipment has also been successfully utilized in multiple published studies under low pressures, demonstrating its efficacy and scientific value [24; 32; 41]. The temperature-dependent triaxial permeameter proposed in this paper is a modification of the triaxial permeameter developed by [PERSON] et al. (2021). However, the ability to control temperature is not available in these permeameters. Furthermore, considering that temperature significantly affects gas viscosity [42; 43; 44; 45] and consequently permeability, further investigation into the influence of this variable on low-pressure gas permeability is warranted. Therefore, utilizing the current apparatus to measure gas permeability with low-level gas pressure poses a challenge. The existing permeameters suffer from the drawbacks of unstable gas supply and uncontrolled soil sample temperature under low pressure, thereby limiting their ability to investigate the impact of temperature changes on soil under low-pressure conditions. To address these limitations, a triaxial permeameter incorporating a temperature control device and a proven gas supply equipment is proposed. This device enables a series of tests to be conducted on soil gas permeability. By utilizing this triaxial permeameter, the measurement and verification of soil gas permeability under different temperatures can be achieved even at low levels of gas pressure. The subsequent section provides a detailed description of the design of this novel permeameter, followed by a series of soil gas permeability tests conducted with the osmometer. The testing procedure is then described. Ultimately, the test results are discussed to substantiate the reliability and significance of the permeameter.
# Real-Time Circuit Breaker Availability Assessment in the Transmission Network
## 6 Discussion  
The authors were unable to compare their method, i.e., studying the real-time breakers availability in the power network with other methods, because this has not been done before. Some methods determine the availability of network elements or the breaker state, but they do not use FL in the decision-making process.  
Tables 4 and 5 show the characteristics and comparison of this method with the method labeled FLDCB proposed in [17]. FLDCB uses data from monitoring systems and probability calculations based on past data and has been studied regarding this issue. The methods [18; 19; 20; 21] do not have quantitative performance indicators evaluated, which is the reason why it was not possible to compare them with the above method.  
The data source, collected from HOPS Internal Documents, are events in the Croatian regional transmission system in the period 2014-2018.  
The shown characteristics define:  
* Max alarm delay: longest time for the alarm detection;
* Correlation of trips: correlation of trips to 100 cases;
* Missed alarm rate: a ratio of missed alarms over the total number of alarms;
* False alarm rate: a ratio of false alarms over the total number of alarms detected;
* Detection accuracy average: average accuracy of the method determined by the above factors.  
Table 5 shows that the CBFL method has 12 times shorter maximal alarm delay than the FLDCB method, which is expected because the CBFL method uses real-time breaker state detection.  
When comparing all other data, especially the accuracy of the above methods, it can be seen that the accuracy of the method for detecting and determining the availability of the breaker state is the same as the method from the POST event monitoring data. The same is due to the actions themselves. It is clear that any procedure for determining an event or condition, in real time or prediction, is much more complex than detecting an event or condition.  
Therefore, this method can be used in real-time system management for complex outages and network faults to eliminate a faulty element. Upon multiple nonselectively processed events, which are very complex and undocumented, using a fuzzy regulator based on the rules of event conclusions, a list of switch failures is established, and thus, a definite conclusion can be drawn about the occurrence of a fault.  
This process is only possible with substations that communicate via the SCADA system with the operating center and where protection device data can be taken and processed. In case of other communication methods and/or protocols, those substations with their CBs cannot be taken into account, and possible wider protection and security might not be fully utilized.
# SMS-Net: Bridging the Gap Between High Accuracy and Low Computational Cost in Pose Estimation
## 4 Experimental Results
### Results
#### 4.4.1 MPII  
Table 1 presents the performance metrics of pose estimation models trained on the MPII dataset, where all models were trained using 256 \(\times\) 256 images. SMS-Net-Large achieved a [EMAIL_ADDRESS] and [EMAIL_ADDRESS] of 87.7 and 33.7, respectively, outperforming other lightweight pose estimation models with fewer parameters and comparable FLOPs. Furthermore, SMS-Net-Large had similar scores compared to models such as LMFormer-L, EL-HRNet-W32, and Greit-HRNet-30 while maintaining fewer parameters and FLOPs, highlighting its efficiency. Similarly, SMS-Net-Small achieved a [EMAIL_ADDRESS] score of 85.6, surpassing LMFormer-T, which has the same FLOPs but with slightly lower accuracy compared to Lite-HRNet-148, Dite-HRNet-18, and Greit-HRNet-18. However, SMS-Net-Small had a higher [EMAIL_ADDRESS] score of 31.6, compared to 29.5 and 31.1 of Lite-HRNet-18 and Dite-HRNet-18, respectively. These results indicate that the lightweight hourglass architecture outperforms the lightweight HRNet architectures in large models despite its lower performance in small networks. However, regarding [EMAIL_ADDRESS], the small and large models outperformed other comparable models. Notably, the small model achieved a [EMAIL_ADDRESS] score nearly identical to Dite-HRNet-30 despite having significantly fewer FLOPs and parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Params** & **GFLOPs** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** \\ \hline MobileNetV2 [22] & 9.60 M & 1.97 & 85.4 & - \\ MobileNetV3 [23] & 8.70 M & 1.82 & 84.3 & - \\ ShuffleNetV2 [18] & 7.60 M & 1.70 & 82.8 & - \\ Lite-HRNet-18 [17] & 1.10 M & 0.27 & 86.1 & 29.5 \\ Lite-HRNet-30 [17] & 1.80 M & 0.42 & 87.0 & 31.3 \\ Dite-HRNet-18 [24] & 1.10 M & 0.27 & 87.0 & - \\ Dite-HRNet-30 [24] & 1.80 M & 0.43 & 87.6 & - \\ Greit-HRNet-18 [25] & 1.10 M & 0.30 & 86.8 & - \\ Greit-HRNet-30 [25] & 1.80 M & 0.50 & 87.4 & - \\ EL-HRNet-W32 [26] & 5.00 M & 2.60 & 87.7 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Pose estimation accuracy results for the MPII dataset. Thus, SMS-Net-Large achieved the best AP50 performance compared to all other models. However, aside from AP50, its performances in all other evaluation metrics, including AP and AR, were lower than those of other models with similar parameters and FLOPs. Therefore, the lightweight hourglass model lags in other evaluation metrics compared to other lightweight architectures, despite performing well in AP50 on the COCO dataset. Table 3 presents the performance of the proposed SMS-Net models using the COCO test-dev dataset. SMS-Net-Huge demonstrated superior performance to Lite-HRNet-30 in AP and AP50. Similarly, the SMS-Net-Large model demonstrated results comparable to those of Lite-HRNet-18. Furthermore, the SMS-Net-Huge delivered slightly lower
###### Abstract
The flow caused by the external oscillations is measured at the airway opening. However, some studies have demonstrated that a high-frequency ventilator itself can be used as a generator of the pressure oscillations utilized by FOT [20; 21]. The studies used small animal models whose respiratory mechanics are consistent with neonatal patients. On the contrary, we have not found a study describing the use of the method in larger physical or animal models that correspond to pediatric or adult patients. Recently, FOT has been integrated into commercially available neonatal ventilator Fabian (Acutoronic, Hirzel, Switzerland) to determine the reactance of the respiratory system of a neonatal patient. Studies described the usefulness of reactance analysis in ventilated [22] or spontaneously breathing neonatal patients [23]. In general, there is no information about the analysis of \(R_{\text{rs}}\) in HFOV. As the method of assessing reactance of the respiratory system by FOT becomes clinically available, we suppose that monitoring of \(R_{\text{rs}}\) might have similar clinical potential and could provide an early warning to elevated airway resistance. The aim of the presented study is to verify whether it is possible, under stable and well-defined laboratory conditions, to use pressure oscillations generated by the high-frequency oscillatory ventilator to determine the resistance of the respiratory system \(R_{\text{rs}}\) from the measured proximal airway pressure and flow. We hypothesize that this method could be used to assess \(R_{\text{aw}}\) at the bedside in neonatal, pediatric, and adult patients ventilated by HFOV similarly as reactance of the respiratory system. The presented method could be used also with ventilators 3100A and 3100B.