esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Background of Nanostructured Materials for Gas Sensors
### Fabrication Techniques for 1D Nanostructures  
The development of techniques for fabricating one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures has been a central focus in nanotechnology and nanoscience [10]. Numerous methods have been explored to create 1D metal oxide nanostructures for gas sensing applications. These include conceptually different approaches, that is, bottom-up techniques and top-down techniques: hydrothermal synthesis [11], ultrasonic irradiation [12], electrospinning [13], anodization [14], sol-gel processing [15], molten-salt methods [16], carbothermal reduction [17], solid-state chemical reactions [18], thermal evaporation [19], vapor-phase transport [20], aerosol techniques [21], RF sputtering [22], molecular beam epitaxy [23],chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [24], nanocarving [25], UV lithography, and dry plasma etching [26].  
Each of the mentioned fabrication routes and subsequent treatments results in distinct nanostructures with varying surface morphologies. Some examples include nanorods [5; 7], nanotubes [14], nanowires [17], nanofibers [13], nanobelts [22], nanoribbons [27], nanow whiskers [28], nanoneedles [29], nanopushpins [30], fiber mats [21], urchin-like structures [31], and lamellar or dendritic architectures [32]. These diverse morphologies have exhibited different levels of success in detecting various reducing and oxidizing gases, such as H\({}_{2}\), H\({}_{2}\)S, NH\({}_{3}\), CO, NO\({}_{2}\), O\({}_{2}\), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol, methanol, xylene, propane, toluene, acetone, and triethylamine.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Different Working Conditions on the Optimum Filling Rate
#### 3.2.2 The Influence of Different Air Volume Flow Rate on the Optimal Filling Rate  
The experiments of air volume flow rate (1800 m\({}^{3}\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\)) and air volume flow rate (1000 m\({}^{3}\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\)) under standard conditions are compared. Figure 6 shows the influence of liquid filling rate on cooling capacity under different air volume flow rates, and Figure 7 shows the influence of refrigerant filling rate on air outlet temperature of backplane under different air volume flow rates.  
Figure 4: Relationship between cooling capacity and refrigerant filling rate under different temperature conditions.  
Figure 5: Relationship between liquid filling rate and backplane outlet temperature under different temperature conditions.  
It can be seen from the Figures 6 and 7 that under two different air volume flow rate conditions, the change trend of heat exchange and air outlet temperature of the back plate is consistent with the increase of the liquid filling rate. When the refrigerant filling rate FR \(<\) 65%, the heat transfer increases rapidly with the increase of the refrigerant filling rate, and the air temperature of the evaporator side decreases rapidly. When the refrigerant filling rate FR = 65-79% (the optimal filling rate), the heat exchange and the air outlet temperature of the backplane are basically stable. At this time, the heat exchange of the whole system is the largest, the air outlet temperature of the backplane is the lowest, and the system is in the optimal working condition. When the refrigerant filling rate FR \(>\) 80%, the heat exchange begins to slow down, and the air temperature slowly increases. It shows that the change of air volume flow rate has little effect on the range of optimal filling rate of the backplane heat pipe system.  
To sum up, when the external environment conditions change, the optimal filling rate range of the backplane heat pipe system will not change and will always remain at about 65-79%. This property of the backplane heat pipe is also of great significance for its practical engineering application. As long as the backplane heat pipe is filled to the optimal refrigerant filling rate range, the bottom plate heat pipe is filled to the optimal refrigerant filling rate range.  
Figure 6: Relationship between cooling capacity and refrigerant filling rate under different air volume flow rate conditions.  
Figure 7: Relationship between refrigerant filling rate and backplane air temperature under different air volume flow rate conditions.  
pipe is always in optimal operation regardless of external environmental conditions such as intake air temperature and inlet water temperature.
# Traffic Noise Reduction Strategy in a Large City and an Analysis of Its Effect
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Noise Barriers on the Populations Exposed to Traffic Noise  
As discussed above, it is obvious that the application of noise barriers has significant impacts on the quality of the sound environment. To be more precise, it will be of interest to evaluate the effects of noise barriers on the populations exposed to traffic noise. As the area of Panyu District (about 530 km\({}^{2}\)) is too large, the computational cost of accounting for the exposed populations in Panyu District is tremendous. Therefore, as an alternative, the University Town, which is an isolated island in the north of Panyu District, was taken as the studied area to investigate the influence of noise barriers on the exposed population. As shown in Figure 13, the location and geographic information of the University Town in Panyu district are illustrated. According to data from the seventh census of Panyu District (45), the permanent population of the University Town was 142,550 by 2021. To realize the population distribution in the numerical model, the total population was assigned to each residential building in the University Town following the guidelines of (46), and then the populations exposed to different noise quality levels were calculated according to the developed noise map, as shown in Table 6. The final results of the populations exposed to different noise quality levels are summarized in Table 7. Therein, the classifications of noise quality levels follow the national standard (47), as shown in Table A2 in Appendix A. It could be found that the existence of noise barriers could significantly reduce the populations living in \"light pollution\", \"moderate pollution\", and \"heavy pollution\" areas during the daytime by 14.40%, 25.76%, and 26.42%, respectively. As a result, the populations living in areas that were under the noise quality rating of \"good\" were increased by 59.59%. Furthermore, the number of people living in the areas that were \"heavily polluted\" in the nighttime could be significantly decreased by up to 22.32% by applying noise barriers, while the number of people living in the \"quite good\" areas could be increased by as much as 85.07%. Hence, it is suggested that the installation of noise barriers is quite effective in improving the sound environment quality of residential areas, and thus, the detrimental impact of traffic noise on the health of residents can be alleviated.
# A Distributed Multicast QoS Routing Construction Approach in Information-Centric Networking
## 3 System Design
### Algorithm Analysis  
This paper assesses the scalability of the distributed routing algorithm from two key perspectives: message quantity and message processing frequency. Our evaluation focuses on examining the algorithm's performance in terms of the number of messages exchanged among nodes and the frequency of message processing events. These metrics serve as crucial indicators to gauge the algorithm's efficiency and load-handling capabilities in a distributed environment. Concerning message quantity, our algorithm requires two messages for each receiver: one JOIN message for probing status information and one GRAFT message for constructing the path. Consequently, each join request from a receiver necessitates the processing of two messages. If the number of receivers is defined as'm', the message complexity is O(2 m). Regarding message processing frequency, given that each routing node is required to handle messages, the processing frequency for each message depends on the number of hops the message propagates in the network. Assuming the average number of hops a data packet experiences in the network is represented by 'H'. Under normal circumstances, one request corresponds to 2H message processing events. The message processing complexity is O(2 mH). In a worst-case scenario, where messages require feedback from tree nodes to the root node, additional H message processing events are required. Thus, in the worst-case scenario, the message processing complexity is O(3 mH).
# Experimental Performance Analysis of Wi-SUN Channel Modelling Applied to Smart Grid Applications
## 5 Measurement Setup
Furthermore, the out-of-bound measurement of RSSI values are eliminated by the bias function in Equation (8); therefore, the RSSI approximations of 2 FSK Wi-SUN channel become more accurate, which are closed to the RSSI measurement values.
# Design and Construction of Oblique Prestressed Concrete Payement: A Case Study in China
## 3 Stress Analysis of Oblique Prestressed Concrete Slabs
### Longitudinal and Transverse Stress  
Figure 2 shows an example of the oblique prestressed concrete slab. Both transverse and longitudinal compressive stresses will be applied on the concrete due to the prestressing. The longitudinal and transverse stresses can be expressed as:  
\[\sigma_{pL}=\frac{2(\sigma_{con}-\sigma_{l})A_{p}cos(\alpha)}{h\cdot l\cdot tan (\alpha)} \tag{6}\]  
\[\sigma_{pT}=\frac{2(\sigma_{con}-\sigma_{l})A_{p}sin(\alpha)}{h\cdot l} \tag{7}\]  
where, \(\sigma_{pL}\) = the longitudinal prestress; \(\sigma_{pT}\) = the transverse prestress; \(\sigma_{con}\) = the controlled design strength of tendons; \(A_{p}\) = the cross section area of the prestressed tendons; \(l\) = the spacing between neighboring tendons along the road direction; \(h\) = the thickness of the concrete slab.  
According to Equations (6) and (7), the cross-sectional area of tendon (\(A_{p}\)), thickness of concrete slab (\(h\)), the distribution angle (\(\alpha\)), and the spacing (\(l\)) are the main influential factors affecting the  
Figure 2: A sample concrete slab with transverse and longitudinal stress under oblique prestressed reinforcement.  
stress distribution and level within the concrete slab. Thus, a parametric study was carried out to quantify the effect of these factors on the stress in the concrete slab. The once-at-a-time method was used to analyze the effect of individual factors. Some tentative values for the factors were selected based on the specification and the typical local concrete design. The slab thickness was set as 20 cm according to the typical local experience. A tendon diameter of 12.7 mm and tendon spacing of 0.8 m were tentatively used. A tentative distribution angle of 30\({}^{\circ}\) was used.
## 3 Design and Fabrication of the Prototype FSM  
### Design of the VCM and Magnetic Suspension  
The VCMs have to be compact and generate a sufficient force. Figure 5 shows the dimensions of the designed VCM, which consists of two ring-shaped and two column-shaped magnets, an inner and an outer coil, and magnetic cores. The ring and disk cores are sandwiched between the upper and lower permanent magnets to increase the lateral magnetic flux from the permanent magnets to the coils. The inner and outer coils effectively use the lateral magnetic flux from the permanent magnets to generate an axial Lorentz force. The gap between the coil and the core was set to be large so that there would be no possible contact due to the tip-tilt motion of the mirror.  
The column-shaped magnets are made of NdFeB (N45), and the ring-shaped ones are N35 UH. The number of coil windings on the inside and outside is 83, respectively. The diameter of the coil wire is \(\phi\)0.4 mm. The core material is electromagnetic soft iron (SUY). The magnets and the cores were assembled with epoxy adhesive. The shape of the high output VCM was analyzed using magnetic field  
Figure 4: The proposed magnetic suspension mechanism. The lateral movement is controlled by electromagnets. The other motion is supported by the magnetic coupling.  
Figure 5: The design and dimensions of the VCM. The inner and outer coils effectively use the lateral magnetic flux from the permanent rings.  
analysis software (ANSYS Maxwell, Ansys). The NdFeB magnet's residual flux density and coercive force were set to be at 1.26 T and 907 kA/m, respectively.  
In the simulation, the current-force coefficient of the VCM at the center position was 1.26 N/A, which was verified by measurement, as shown in Figure 6a. As shown in Figure 6b, the reduction in force is about 9.9% for displacement by 1 mm, achieved by applying a current density of 5.4 A/mm\({}^{2}\) through the VCM coil. This reduction is acceptable for the positioning controller.  
The final dimensions of the designed magnetic suspension are shown in Figure 7. The NdFeB magnet in the rotor is N40 and the cores are made of electromagnetic soft iron (SUY). The number of turns in each magnetic suspension coil is 144, and the diameter of the coil wire is \(\phi\)0.315 mm.  
The simulated stiffness of the magnetic suspension in the tip-tilt and axial directions were 3.1 Nm/rad and 4.2 N/mm, respectively. This stiffness of the magnetic suspension was determined by considering the maximum force achieved with the designed VCMs. Simulation of the negative stiffness and current-force coefficient in the lateral direction found them to be 10.3 N/mm and 1.3 N/A, respectively.
# Simulation of Fidelity in Entanglement-Based Networks with Repeater Chains
## 6 Case Study: Analysis of a Repeater Chain
```
1:Input:\(\textbf{Class}\): \(\textbf{Swap}\)Protocol
2:\(\textbf{Class}\): CorrectProtocol
3:functionrepeater_protocol(network, mem_pairs)
4:RepProtocol = LocalProtocol(network.nodes)
5:
6:\(\textbf{\emph{/}}\)parent protocol comprising all nodes
7:for node in network:nodes do
8:\(\triangleright\) DistillProtocol can be included here, after or before swapping
9:RepProtocol.add_subprotocol(SwapProtocol(node,...,mem_pairs))
10:endfor
11:RepProtocol.add_subprotocol(CorrectProtocol(lastnode))
12:return protocol
13:endfunction
14:
15:functiondatacollector(network, protocol)
16:functioncalc_fidelity(evexpr)
17:qubit_a, = nodes[0].qmemory.peek([final_initialpos])
18:qubit_b, = nodes[-1].qmemory.peek([final_endpos])
19:fidelity =ns.qubits.fidelity([qubit_b, qubit_a], ks.b00, squared=True)
20:return fidelity
21:endfunction
22:dc = DataCollector(calc_fidelity)
23:dc.collect_on(protocol, SUCCESS)])
24:return dc
25:endfunction
```  
**Algorithm 3** Repeater Protocol  
Figure 4: Implementation architecture of the relay network in NetSquid. In the software architecture depicted in Figure 4, node node_A and node_B include a set of quantum memory positions to queue communications requests, these are the memory positions \(M_{0}\) to \(M_{2}\) for the information qubits. Also, every node \(QR\) from 1 to \(n\) is equipped with two memory positions \(M_{A}\) and \(M_{B}\) and two EPR sources linked to these positions, one for the left and one for the right. The two memory positions \(M_{A}\) and \(M_{B}\) are used for swapping the qubits at the repeater. Although \(QR_{n}\) is also equipped with 2 EPR sources, just one is needed to establish a unidirectional virtual link from source to destination. Classical links that assist in quantum communication are created according to the virtual path--in this case, just one path for a fully linear chain of repeaters. On the other hand, one instance of swapping and correction protocols is executed for each communication request from [PERSON] (node_A) to [PERSON] (node_B); see the suffix request 1 in the figure. We have used this module to simulate variable-length repeater-chains and variable-capacity quantum memories at the repeater. The decision about how to overcome the physical restrictions to quantum communication should be a trade-off between the number of repeaters and the memory positions in the path.
# Detection of Transmission Line Insulator Defects Based on an Improved Lightweight YOLOv4 Model
## 4 Case Study of Transmission Line Insulator Defect Detection
### Result Analysis
#### 4.3.2 Detection Results with Different Width Multipliers  
The influence of width multiplier \(\alpha\) on detection accuracy was also analyzed. The test results with different values of \(\alpha\), namely, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0, were compared, and the performance indexes are shown in Figure 11.  
It can be seen from Figure 11 that the \(P\), \(R\), and \(AP\) of defective insulators have upward trends with the increase in the width multiplier \(\alpha\). The \(R\) and \(AP\) of normal insulators also show upward trends, while the values of \(P\) decrease slightly, but they are all above 94% and the overall \(mAP\) also shows an upward trend. When \(\alpha=1.0\), except for the value of \(P\) for normal insulators, the other performance indexes have the maximum values. According to the requirements in practical applications, the width multiplier \(\alpha\) of the lightweight model can be adjusted flexibly to realize insulator defect detection with superior precision and high real-time performance.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of CRD Combustor Axial Length on Pressure Gain Performance  
As the oblique shock wave moved to the downstream region of the CRD combustor, the axial length of the CRD combustor \(L\) had an important influence on the oblique shock wave. This is a crucial factor affecting CRD combustion characteristics, including propagation stability, wave characteristics, and outlet parameters.  
Figures 14 and 15, respectively, present detonation wave characteristics and CRD combustor thermodynamic parameters as a function of \(L\). The results in Figure 14 indicate that with constant inlet parameters, \(t_{rot}\) and \(v_{rot}\) showed no obvious change as \(L\) decreased, and had values of 448.0 \(\upmu\)s and 1785.7 m/s, respectively. Additionally, it can be seen from Figure 15a that when \(L\) decreased from 200 mm to 125 mm, \(\overline{T}_{t,out}\) and \(\eta_{r}\) were approximately 2497.6 K and 99.797%, with only little fluctuation. However, at the \(L\) of 100 mm, \(\overline{T}_{t,out}\) and \(\eta_{r}\) decreased to 2491.1K and 99.474%. This was because for the CRD combustor with \(L\) of 100 mm, the mixing region for detonation and deflagration was close to the combustor outlet, which can cause this part of the injection fuel to not combust fully due to the limited space. Analyzing the curves in Figure 15b, it can be seen that, unlike the above parameters, both \(\overline{P}_{t,out}\) and \(\pi\) increased linearly with the decrease in \(L\). One of the most important reasons for this phenomenon was the decrease in oblique shock wave height (as shown in Figure 16). According to the temperature contours and streamline distribution that appeared in Figure 16, we found that for the region \(\Delta x\), which was the origin width of the streamlines passing the detonation and oblique shock waves, it decreased as \(L\) decreased. This further led the inlet mass flow ratio of the working fluids \(w_{\Delta x}\) (the inlet mass flow rate of \(\Delta x\) divided by that of the whole combustor) to decrease, as shown in Figure 17. For example, when \(L\) changed from 200 mm to 100 mm, the decrement in \(w_{\Delta x}\) was about 14%. In addition, it should be mentioned that the different axial lengths had little change on the average mass flux of the CRD combustors, as all were about 4.75 kg/s.  
Figure 14: Variations in \(t_{rot}\) and \(v_{rot}\) with different axial lengths.  
Figure 13: Variations in \(\Delta G\) increment along the three typical streamlines in an axial direction.  
Figure 16: Temperature contours of CRD combustors with different axial lengths: (**a**) \(L=200\) mm; (**b**) \(L=175\) mm; (**c**) \(L=150\) mm; (**d**) \(L=125\) mm; and (**e**) \(L=100\) mm at time of 6920 \(\upmu\)s.  
On this basis, \(\Delta S\) and \(\Delta G\) were also calculated to analyze the available energy loss of CRD combustors with different \(L\). As shown in Figure 18, due to the decrease in the oblique shock wave height, loss of the CRD combustor decreased. This explains the variation trend in \(\pi\) above and demonstrates greater potential with smaller axial lengths.
## 4 Discussion  
The online automatic feedback system has been proven to be effective in ensuring the quality of the XAS experiments carried out under the optimal X-ray flux for an extended period of time at the BL08U1A beamline of the SSRF. This has been achieved via the online monitoring of the four blade-edge voltage signals of Slit 2 of the beamline and by adjusting the M2 motor in real-time. The feedback system significantly improves the data quality and does not interrupt user experiments. Therefore, it has been running online at the BL08U1A beamline in order to assist users. For the special case of BL08U1A, M2 is the core optical device with the highest adjustment frequency during the beamline operation and user experiments. The optimization logic is also relatively simple and clear.  
However, for other beamlines, the optical devices and control parameters that affect the maximum X-ray flux may be more complex and diverse, resulting in an oversized parameter optimization space. Additionally, if the optical devices and control parameters are coupled with each other, the development of an automatic feedback system becomes ever more challenging, but also more valuable. The development concept of such a system should be consistent with that of this work, which aims to include all devices and control parameters that affect the X-ray flux in a unified framework, and rely on the experience of senior beamline scientists or artificial intelligence/machine learning algorithms to quickly optimize the system in a large parameter space. Moreover, it should be noted that artificial intelligence methods, which are represented by deep neural networks, have great applicative potential regarding the online automatic optimization of complex beamlines. We believe that in the next few years, breakthroughs will continue to emerge.  
The detailed demonstrations of hardware composition, system implementation, feedback logic, function and software design, system optimization and commission presented in this work will be beneficial for similar studies on various beamlines in synchrotron sources in the future.  
Conceptualization, H.L., C.W. and X.Z. (Xiangzhi Zhang); Data curation, C.Z. and Z.X.; Formal analysis, C.Z. and H.L.; Funding acquisition, H.L. and C.W.; Investigation, Z.G.; Methodology, C.Z. and H.L.; Project administration, R.T.; Resources, X.Z. (Xiangzhi Zhang) and X.Z. ([PERSON]); Software, C.Z.; Supervision, Y.W. and R.T.; Validation, Z.G.; Visualization, H.L.; Writing--original draft, C.Z.; Writing--review & editing, C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant nos. 2022 YFA1603703, 2021 YFA1600802), the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant nos. 12175297, U2032126), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS (Grant no. 2022290).  
Not applicable.  
For the source code of feedback program, please contact [EMAIL_ADDRESS]. And for the test results shown in figures, please contact [EMAIL_ADDRESS].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.