# Reconstruction of Land and Marine Features by Seismic and Surface Geomorphology Techniques
## 1 Introduction
Morphometry includes:  
* Height, defined as the vertical distance within a sediment conduit from its base to spill point;
* Top width, defined as the horizontal distance between two spill points;
* Base width, defined as the horizontal distance between two points in its floor;
* Cross-sectional area (CSA), defined as the area of a sediment conduit perpendicular to its axis;
* Aspect ratio, defined as the ratio between width and height of the sediment conduit's CSA;
* Sinuosity, defined as the ratio between a reference point and the sediment conduit's axis;
* Gradient, calculated from depth changes along the sediment conduit. Moreover, surface geomorphology is the study of earth's physical land-marine surface features: its forms, processes, origin, development, and evolution that finally form a land-marine feature [54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61]. Nevertheless, shallow subsurface processes, other than surface and atmosprics processes, also play an important role on shaping the earth's land-marine forms (the evolution of topography). This subsurface process is mainly related to the geological processes including tectonics, volcanic activity, earthquakes, sedimentation, groundwater activity, sea-level changes, etc. Furthermore, surface geomorphological data acquisition techniques, such as:  
1. Quantitative geomorphology approaches have shown a great potential for identifying the location of geomorphological boundaries [62; 63; 64], the distance, surface, and the volume of geomorphological processes evolution [62; 65; 66; 67]. 2. Remote sensing techniques from space using radar sensors for supporting geomorphological interpretation of slow-moving coastal geohazards [68; 69] or for monitoring subsurface deformation for interferometric analysis on a regional [70; 71] or continental scale [72]. 3. In situ and proxy geomorphological mapping techniques using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) photogrammetry, optical survey (for fine-scale topographic data), LIDAR(Light Detection and Ranging), and any geographic information systems whose mapping provides reliable surface geomorphology data [73; 74]. Apart from techniques and approaches used for data acquisition, surface geomorphology data processing algorithms and software have recently been developed and improved. Most of the earth observation satellite images available in Google Earth Engine (GEE) can be analyzed based on algorithms and a software interface of GEE Python application programming interface [75]. [PERSON] et al. [76] used SAR images available in GEE to assess the potential of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)-based deformation tracking; the authors demonstrated that the deformation could be detected on at least 91% of the global landslide-prone slopes. Other open-source software such as QGIS and SNAP desktop have been developed for the analysis of Optic and Radar images. The development of aerial photogrammetry technology has been accompanied by the launch of powerful Geographic Information System (GIS) software [77; 78] such as Pix4D Mapper [79], Agisoft PhotoScan [80], and ArcMap for LiDAR and orthophoto quantitative analysis and geobody extraction. Recent advances in technology (especially remote sensing) have provided a wider and larger area coverage of the earth's surface with high spatial resolution and free access (with term and conditions). In addition, near-surface or deep-surface acquisition data tools like seismic reflection data could provide results of deeper and wider areas (compared to other subsurface data) when it comes to depth of penetration (km scale) and lateral area (km\({}^{2}\) scale), respectively. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review seismic and surface geomorphology techniques already existing in the energy industry and academia and relate them to 3D earth subsurface imaging, reconstruction, sedimentary architecture, and geomorphological feature extraction from seismic reflection and surface geomorphology data.