## 4 Simulation Results  
In this section, the experimental evaluation of the proposed MOOA-WAVLCN was simulated by utilizing the MATLAB (2018a) software tool with the system requirements: 8 CB RAM, Intel core i7 processor, windows 10 operating system, and 4 TB hard disk. In this scenario, the WAVLCN is used as a communication channel to support data transmission between the nodes, and MOOA is applied as a routing protocol to find the dynamic routing between source and destination nodes. The number of nodes deployed in the network area are varied as 50, 100, 250, and 500, where the range of network area is \(300\times 300\) m\({}^{2}\) with the transmission range of 15 m, and the maximum transmission distance is 20 m in the real-time scenarios. The parameter specification of MOOA-WAVLCN is stated in Table 2. The performance of the proposed MOOA-WAVLCN is investigated by means of throughput, PDR, routing overhead, and end-to-end delay. Moreover, the performances of the MOOA-WAVLCN is compared with the DYRP-VLC [16]. The description about undertaken performance metrics is given below,  
The PDR is determined as the ratio of data packets transmitted successfully to the destination nodes and the total data packets generated for those destination nodes. In addition, PDR effectively determines the packet loss rate that limits the network throughput. The high PDR represents better routing protocol performance and the mathematical expression of PDR is denoted in Equation (11).  
\[PDR=\frac{Received\ data\ packets}{Sent\ data\ packets}\times 100 \tag{11}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Area & \(300\times 300\) m\({}^{2}\) \\ Number of nodes & \(50\), \(100\), \(250\), and \(500\) \\ Transmission range & \(15\) m \\ Communication channel & WAVLCN \\ Routing protocol & MOOA \\ Packet size & \(4000\) bits \\ MAC protocol & CSMA/CA \\ Maximum transmission distance & \(20\) m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameter specification of MOOA-WAVLCN.  
Throughput is determined as the ratio of the total number of data packets successfully reached at the receiver and the time consumed by the receiver to collect the data. In addition, throughput is expressed either by bites per second (bit/sec) or bytes per second (byte/sec). The factors that affect the throughput are limited energy, limited bandwidth, high topology changes in the network, and unreliable communication between the nodes. The efficient network has a higher throughput, which is computed by using Equations (12) and (13).  
\[Throughput=\frac{File\,size}{Transmission\,time\,\,(bps)} \tag{12}\]  
\[Transmission\,time\,\,(bps)=\frac{File\,size}{Bandwidth\,\,(seconds)} \tag{13}\]  
The routing over-head is determined as the ratio of the data packets successfully received at the receiver end and the number of control packets. The routing overhead is mathematically denoted in Equation (14). In addition to this, end-to-end delay is defined as the total time needed to transfer the data packets from the source to the destination node, which is mathematically indicated in Equation (15).  
\[Routing\,\,overhead=\frac{Amount\,of\,data\,packets}{Amount\,of\,data\,packets\, successfully\,received\,at\,the\,receiver} \tag{14}\]  
\[End\,\,to\,end\,delay=\frac{Time\,needed\,to\,transfer\,the\,data\,packets}{ Amount\,of\,data\,packets\, successfully\,received\,at\,the\,receiver} \tag{15}\]