## 2 Selection of Communication Technology  
The smart grid consists of three major components: electrical generation sources, transmission system, and distribution system, where communication plays an important role in providing reliable, efficient, and secure power transfer. The distribution system consists of all the facilities and equipment connecting a transmission system to the customer's equipment and typically consists of distribution transformers, switches, distribution feeders, and substations [2]. The substation's main function is to receive the energy transmitted from the generating station at high voltage, reduce it to an appropriate local distribution level, and provide switching facilities. This substation includes isolators, lightning arresters, step-down transformers, circuit breakers, and capacitor banks [3]. Communication systems allow information to be exchanged between monitoring systems, and data management systems, all of which necessitate fast and reliable communication. With the advent of distributed energy sources and energy storage systems closer to the consumer's side, the importance of timely and dependable communication grows exponentially. The initial step for this research starts with finding the potential communication technologies for the electrical distribution substations. The typical communication technologies for the smart grid consist of wired and wireless communication. Wired communication relies on a physical medium (cables) that exists between the transmitter and the receiver in a wired communication system, through which the signal is transferred. The cables can transmit and receive data depending on the capability of the cables themselves. Transmission of information over a distance without wires, cables, or any other electrical conductors is called wireless technology. The data transmission is transferred using electromagnetic waves such radio frequencies, infrared, and satellites. In wired technology, power line communication (PLC) is widely used in smart grid applications, such as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). PLC offers a wide range of technologies from the transmission grid to the distribution grid and home automation, such as ultra narrowband, narrowband, and broadband PLC [4]. Narrowband power line communication (NBPLC) is capable of handling and identifying equipment faults and is preferable on the distribution side of the power grid by participating in and supporting \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Acronyms** & **Definition** \\ \hline AMI & Advanced Metering Infrastructure \\ \hline EV & Electric Vehicle \\ \hline HAN & Home Area Network \\ \hline IoT & Internet of Things \\ \hline k-NN & k-Nearest Neighbor \\ \hline LoS & Line of Sight \\ \hline LTE & Long-Term Evolution \\ \hline ML & Machine Learning \\ \hline M2M & Multipoint-to-Multipoint \\ \hline NB-IoT & Narrow-Band IoT \\ \hline NBPLC & Narrowband Power Line Communication \\ \hline P2M & Point-to-Multipoint \\ \hline P2P & Point-to-Point \\ \hline PLC & Power Line Communication \\ \hline SATCOM & Satellite communication \\ \hline UHF & Ultra-high frequency \\ \hline WAN & Wide Area Networks \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Acronyms and definition. distributed generation (DG), microgrids, and consumer participation based on two-way communication [5]. Another wired communication technology that is commonly employed is fiber optics, which is used to provide backbone communication for various smart grid applications, such as substation automation and transmission domain communication, and to provide a long-term smart grid solution [6]. Fiber optics communication consists of several standards, such as AON (IEEE 802.3 ah), BPON (ITU-T G.983), GPON (ITU-T G.984), and EPON (IEEE 802.3 ah). Each standard possesses a different data rate and distance it can cover [7].