esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Battery-Supplied AFE EEG Circuit Capable of Muscle Movement Artifact Suppression
## 3 Materials and Methods: A Novel Proposed EEG Analog Front-End Circuit System
### EEG Sub-Circuit Modeling the Brain and the Electrode  
The objective of this circuit element is to emulate the voltage signals generated by the human brain. The simulation incorporates voltage sources to represent brain signals across the alpha, beta, delta, and theta wave bands, with amplitudes precisely measured in \(\upmu\)V. This method enables the precise depiction of the brain's electrical activity, including a spontaneous event-related potential (ERP) with a high frequency of 2930 Hz. The investigation of such a high-frequency ERP is often conducted using intracranial electrodes, highlighting the advanced nature of our model in accurately representing a wide range of neuronal activity [54].  
The deliberate incorporation of test sources containing an extensive range of signals is a strategic decision made to verify the accuracy of our EEG circuit in extracting the specific bands of interest for the intended protocol. When quantifying the alpha, theta, and beta frequencies during complex muscle movements, it is vital to account for this variable. It is possible to integrate wet electrodes with impedances between 1 and 50 k\(\Omega\) into the circuit,  
Figure 7: EEG sub-circuit modeling the human body apart from the brain.  
modeled as a simple resistance. However, wet electrodes exhibiting impedances greater than 50 k\(\Omega\) are customarily excluded from the system as a result of the compromised signal quality. Furthermore, this EEG circuit can be utilized with dry electrodes, which have impedances between 700 k\(\Omega\) and 1400 M\(\Omega\). It must be noted that the impedance values of the electrodes, either wet or dry, are expected not to be equal. In Figure 8, the EEG sub-circuit modeling the brain and the electrode is depicted.
# Towards a Digital Twin Warehouse through the Optimization of Internal Transport
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Warehouse Features  
The additional conditions for the construction of the model were the physical dimensions of the raw material bag-pallet assembly. An ISO 2 pallet of 1200 \(\times\) 1000 mm, standardized in ISO 6780 [45] and a height of 1.9 m (sum of the height of the pallet and the bags). The average occupancy space, allowing safe handling of the bags, is established with a margin of +100 mm in width and +100 mm in depth.  
On the other hand, the bags received do not reach 900 kg in any case, so the width of the aisles required is based on the choice of a conventional forklift truck of restrained dimensions and suitable for handling the indicated load with a reduced turning radius. The technical characteristics of the chosen forklift truck require a minimum aisle width of 3327 mm. The aisle width considered in this study is set at 3500 mm, which slightly increases the maneuvering capacity (see Figure 1a).  
Therefore, the space of each of the plant locations will be defined as a rectangular area of 1300 \(\times\) 1100 mm, with an aisle width of 3.5 m (necessary for the transport of raw materials). Figure 1b shows the warehouse layout with the highest storage capacity. The two transverse aisles (accesses and connections) are necessary to access the longitudinal aisles (in the case of maximum capacity, a single aisle), which allow the loading and unloading of pallets. In this maximum capacity situation, the warehouse can hold 1392 bags, with the number of bags capacity decreasing depending on the chosen layout. For a layout with 2 central aisles (Figure 1b), the storage capacity is reduced to 1265 storage bins.  
The different warehouse layouts used will be associated with a nomenclature that refers to the number of zones provided across the width (transverse) and lengthwise. Figure 1b corresponds to a 2 \(\times\) 3 layout, and Figure 2 corresponds to a 3 \(\times\) 3 layout.  
Figure 1: Warehouse: (a) physical bags; (b) virtual layout—maximum capacity layout (2 \(\times\) 3) and layout (3 \(\times\) 3).  
Figure 2: Storage: (a) logic S1; (b) logic S2.  
The different distributions are parameterized according to the following criteria and restrictions:  
* Number of zones across [2; 3; 4; 5; 6];
* Number of zones lengthwise [3; 4; 5; 6];
* Width zones shall be evenly distributed. Since the central zones have two access corridors, these will have the number of locations per column that would correspond to two zones since, in practice, they are considered two adjoining zones, each of which is accessed only from one corridor;
* The zones adjacent to the longitudinal walls of the warehouse do not need to be crossed by transversal aisles since they do not serve as communication with any longitudinal aisle;
* A variable associated with the storage logic has additionally been defined.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
The entire testing process was performed in a field which lies in the South Jiangsu Province in China. The experimental equipment with the application rate measuring and control system was installed on a rotary filler. There were 10 seeding units and six fertilizing units installed in the seed-fertilized drill machine. The maximum capacity of the seed tank was 80 kg, and that of the fertilizer tank was 100 kg. The operation width of the seed-fertilized drill machine was 2.3 m, and the drill machine was attached to an 80 hp tractor. During the operation, wheat seeds and compound fertilizer were fed simultaneously to the rotary fluted rollers. To evaluate the performance, collection bins were placed underneath the seeding and fertilizing outlets. Figure 5 shows the actual experimental setup.  
Figure 4: Mechanical structure diagram of the application rate measuring device. **1.** Weighting sensor connection bolts, **2.** weighing sensor, **3.** spring, **4.** box connection kits, **5.** linear bearing seat, **6.** guide shaft, and **7.** support frame.  
Figure 5: Field experiment of application rate calibration.
# Internal Backpressure for Onboard Crospoint-Buffered Switches with Port Multiplexing
## 2 Related Works
When there is no crosspoint blocking, only simple distributed input and output scheduling is required. Otherwise, a special emergency matching program is required to ensure the on-time delivery of the intersection blocking unit. The results show that using the proposed algorithm, the CQ switch can provide a flow-based performance guarantee by simulating the push-in first-out output queue switch. In [34], CQ switches with a buffer size greater than one and a labor-saving random scheduling algorithm are studied under uniform Bernoulli traffic. By modeling and quantifying the effect of the crosspoint buffer state on switch performance, a new method is proposed to calculate the throughput and latency of CQ switches of a given switch size, input load and buffer size. Compared with the existing models, the calculation results of the proposed model are more simple and accurate and can provide theoretical guidance for the design of high-speed switching networks. In [35], the authors present a new approximation for the throughput calculation of CQ switches with buffers only at the crosspoints in the case of uniform traffic and derive very simple formulas suitable for matrix computations. The results show that the method is very close to a large number of simulation results, especially for large switches and long buffers. The authors of [36] study a combined-input crosspoint buffered packet switch (CIXB) that performs arbitration based on round-robin selection and employs virtual output queues (VOQs) at the input. The results show that CIXB switches can achieve 100% throughput under uniform traffic and high performance under non-uniform traffic. Another study [37] proposes a partially buffered crosspoint (PBC) switching architecture, in which each output maintains a small number of independent internal buffers. The purpose is to design a PBC switch that has the performance of a buffer bar and a cost that is comparable to that of a non-buffer bar. At the same time, a round-robin scheduling algorithm for PBC architecture is proposed. The simulation results show that when the number of input ports is \(N\) and eight buffers are used for each fabric column, the performance of the buffer bar is similar to that of the buffer bar with \(N\) buffered crossbars for each fabric output. The authors of [38] propose two CQ switch-based 100% throughput scheduling algorithms without acceleration, called SQUISH and SQUID, and demonstrate that both schemes can achieve 100% throughput at any allowed Bernoulli traffic with the required minimum crosspoint buffer size as small as a single-cell buffer. The simulation results show that the delay performance is comparable to that of OQ switches.
## 3 Propagation Model  
We consider a statistical approach for modeling the underwater channel. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive and scalable model that provides channel estimation and performance study for the three major types of water, i.e., harbor, coastal, and ocean. The model estimates the channel by considering light as a collection of photons and tracks every photon propagation from the transmitter to receiver using the Monte Carlo method.
## 7 Process Optimization Through CFD Simulations
### Limitations and Challenges in CFD of Food Processes  
Despite its powerful capabilities, the application of CFD in food engineering remains limited by several key factors. One critical issue is the lack of accurate thermophysical data for complex food matrices. Many food materials exhibit composition-dependent properties (e.g., thermal conductivity, specific heat, effective diffusivity), which vary with moisture content, temperature, and structural state. These variables are often poorly characterized, making it difficult to build reliable simulation models [143]. In unit operations such as extrusion and drying, energy and momentum equations are typically well-established, but mass transfer processes--particularly water transport--remain insufficiently addressed. Advanced CFD models must incorporate moisture sorption isotherms, non-Fickian diffusion, and evaporation kinetics, which are rarely available for real foods [144]. Moreover, phase transitions, such as the glass transition (Tg), significantly affect mass transfer, structural integrity, and product texture. However, CFD rarely includes Tg-related behavior, even though it is crucial for predicting drying-induced changes in crispness, stickiness, or collapse. In spray drying, for instance, exceeding Tg leads to wall deposition, while in extrusion, transitions around Tg influence melt viscosity and final texture [145; 146]. Finally, CFD struggles to predict sensory attributes, such as crispness, chewiness, or moisture perception, due to the lack of quantitative texture-structure-process models. While indirect correlations exist (e.g., between porosity and crunchiness), direct modeling of sensory outcomes remains a challenge [147; 148; 149; 150]. Addressing these limitations will require improved food-specific property databases, better coupling between CFD and experimental data (e.g., via in-line NIR or MRI), and integration with multiphysics models capturing chemical, mechanical, and sensory phenomena.
# Experimental Demonstration of a Multichannel Elastic Wave Filter in a Phononic Crystal Slab
## 3 Results and Discussions
In particular, a frequency swept from 250 kHz to 400 kHz is supplied to every waveguide entrance to study their response. Figure 6a shows that the waveguides provide filtering frequencies and incident waves routed into one waveguide that belongs to \(W_{3}\) channels with frequency at 275 kHz. A noticeable wave attenuation over a wide range of frequencies is successfully demonstrated in the channels \(W_{2}\) and \(W_{1}\), which respectively have filtering frequencies \(f_{W_{2}}=288-303\) kHz and \(f_{W_{1}}=275-288\) kHz. Similarly, in Figure 6b,c, both experiments and simulations show a similar selectivity profile. In Figure 6b, the incoming waves with \(f_{2}=288.4\) kHz were totally attenuated except in the middle channel for \(W_{2}\). The same filtering phenomena is observed at the frequency \(f_{3}=314\) kHz for \(W_{1}\) channel as illustrated in Figure 6c.
# Adaptive Frame Sampling and Feature Alignment for Multi-Frame Infrared Small Target Detection
## 3 Our Method  
### Adaptive Frame Sampling  
In order to solve the shortcomings of uniform frame sampling and random frame sampling, this paper proposes an adaptive frame sampling method based on mutual information. The motion changes between frames are quantified by calculating the mutual information between consecutive frames, and then the motion is accumulated according to the time axis, to obtain the distribution function of the total motion change with time, and finally adaptive frame sampling is performed based on this function. The following content explains the adaptive frame sampling method in detail.
# An Enhanced Energy Balanced Data Transmission Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Impact of Varying Network Radius on Throughput  
The total number of packets received during network lifetime is shown in Figure 10. EEBET has improved throughput than EBET, BTM and UWDAR. In EEBET, the network remains alive for relatively longer duration of time for the reception of data packets at sink as compared to EBET, BTM  
Figure 8: Comparison of network lifetime at different network radii.  
Figure 9: Comparison of transmission loss at different network radii.  
and UWDAR. In EBET, BTM and UWDAR, the sensor nodes deplete their energy at an earlier stage as compared to EEBET. Thus, leading to network partitioning in very short time. Therefore, their throughput is less than the EEBET. The EBET has high throughput as compared to BTM and UWDAR due to increased number of hops involved in data transmission. All the sensor nodes transmit data only to their one hop neighbor nodes, whereas in BTM, a distant node's direct data transmission to the sink consumes more than one energy level in sending one data packet. So, the node depletes energy earlier and network collapses. Hence no more packets can be received. Also, direct data transmission at long distance face high attenuation that increases the chances of packet(s) being dropped. BTM's direct data transmission leads to high number of dropped packets, consequently, low throughput is observed in Figure 10. The UWDAR also considers direct data transmissions for in-charge hop-grade nodes. Therefore, its throughput is also less than BTM, EBET and EEBET. The involvement of backward data transmissions in UWDAR leads to highly imbalanced energy consumption, where few nodes consume very high energy while maximum nodes have high residual energy. As a result, the sensors nodes die within short time, hindering successful packet reception at sink. Similar to the lifetime, the network throughput of all schemes decreases with increasing network radius due to rapid energy levels reduction and sensor nodes energy depletion. Thus, less throughput is observed in Figure 10 while increasing network radius.
# Ranking of Electricity Accumulation Possibilities: Multicriteria Analysis
## 2 Comparative Description of Selected Energy Storage Technologies
### Sodium-sulphur Battery  
The sodium-sulphur battery system is an energy storage system based on electrochemical charge and discharge reactions that occur between a positive electrode (cathode), usually made of molten sulphur (S), and a negative electrode (anode), usually made of molten sodium (Na). A solid ceramic material known as sodium beta alumina is used to separate the electrodes, and it also functions as an electrolyte. Sodium-sulphur batteries are designed to operate at elevated temperatures and possess a level of safety against external factors and various weather conditions. Most of the installed sodium-sulphur battery production base is in Japan and the US, and the first European projects were installed in Reunion Island (France), Germany, and the United Kingdom. The strategic significance of sodium-sulphur technology lies in its ability to address peak demand periods and meet the requirements of energy-intensive applications. More specifically, in Japan, sodium-sulphur batteries are widely used in the provision of public services, with a total of approximately 300 MW of stored energy. They are also used in the stabilization of wind farms and solar energy production equipment, peak power, and weather changes [15].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Validation of the Shielding Effectiveness Measurements  
The test set for shielding effectiveness measurements was validated before measuring the aforementioned samples. For this purpose, food-grade aluminum foil with a thickness of \(t=8.7\)\(\upmu\)m was measured in the setup described above. The conductivity of the foil measured for DC with a four-point probe was 27.7 MS/m, which is lower than the conductivity of pure aluminum (35.4 MS/m). The theoretical value of the \(SE\) for the tested foil at 9 GHz is about 140-150 dB. Therefore, the \(SE\) measurement of such a material is particularly difficult due to the need to obtain a high EM tightness of the waveguide path and ensure a low noise factor of the meter.  
The results of measurements and calculations of S\({}_{21}\) are shown in Figure 6. As can be seen, for frequencies higher than 7 GHz, the measured values are within the limits theoretically determined for conductivities of 35.4 MS/m and 27.7 MS/m, respectively. The ripples observed in the measurements are present due to the imperfections in the SMA/WR-90 transitions (T). The increase in attenuation observed for frequencies lower than 7 GHz is due to the proximity of the TE\({}_{10}\) mode cutoff frequency of 6.57 GHz. The very good agreement between the calculations and measurements obtained for the aluminum foil confirms the accuracy of the measurements in our experimental setup. Moreover, the materials considered here have relatively smaller values of \(SE\), which makes their measurement easier.
###### Abstract  
In this study, high-throughput metagenomic amplicon sequencing and physicochemical analyses were used to evaluate the structural composition and functional diversity of the soil bacterial communities at different illegal waste dump sites. Results showed that while the litter-free soil was dominated by the phylum _Proteobacteria_, dumpsite soils were enriched with phylum _Actinobacteria_, followed by _Proteobacteria_, _Firmicutes_, _Chloroflexi_, _Aicobacteria_, _Planctomycetes_, _Bacteroidetes_, and _Gemmatimonadetes_. Bacterial diversity differed significantly (\(p>0.05\)) between the litter-free and contaminated sites, with each dumpsite having distinct genera that demonstrate the impact of waste type on the bacterial community composition. Genus _Nocardioides_, a versatile organic and inorganic pollutant-degrading bacteria in the class _Actinomyctia_, was dominant in the dump site soils, raising the possibility that this genus could serve as a potential biomarker for dump site soil pollution. PICRUS functional profiling also showed the presence of genes involved in putative degradative pathways in the dump site soils. Furthermore, community-level physiological profile (CLPP) analyses revealed that the dump site soils are habitats to active bacterial communities with significant catabolic and carbon utilization capacity. Overall, this study provides a theoretical insight into the diversity and unique soil bacterial assemblages in illegal dump sites that could encode biotechnological significant genes for biosynthesis and biodegradation.  
bacterial diversity; bioremediation; catabolic potential; heavy metals; informal/illegal dump site +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
Prolonged inflammation results in chronic diseases that can be associated with a range of factors. Medicinal plants and herbs provide synergistic benefits based on the interaction of multiple phytochemicals. The dried root of _Scutellaria bacialensis_ Georgi and its compounds possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anticancer effects. Processing is a traditional method to achieve clinical benefits by improving therapeutic efficacy and lowering toxicity. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of processed _Scutellaria bacialensis_ Georgi extract (PSGE) against lipopolysaccharidebackandite (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Data using Griess assay and ELISA showed that PSGE decreased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PEG) levels against LPS. PSGE treatment up-regulated 15-hydroxy prostaglandinindind dehydrogenase (PGDH), while cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal prostaglandinE synthase (mPGEs)-1 expression did not change. Interestingly, PGE\({}_{2}\) inhibition was regulated by prostaglandin catabolic enzyme 15-PGDH rather than COX-2/mPGEs-1, enzymes essential for PGE\({}_{2}\) synthesis. Additionally, PSGE-suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-\(\alpha\) production through NF-\(\kappa\)B signaling. NF-\(\kappa\)B release from an inactive complex was inhibited by HO-1 which blocked 1k\(\kappa\)B phosphorylation. The ROS levels lowered by PSGE were measured with the H\({}_{2}\)DCFDA probe. PSGE activated NRF2 signaling and increased antioxidant _Hmox1_, _Nap1_, and _Txn1_ gene expression, while reducing KEAPI expression. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 confirmed that the antioxidant enzyme induction by PSGE was responsible for ROS reduction. In conclusion, PSGE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects due to NRF2/HO-1-mediated NF-\(\kappa\)B and ROS inhibition.  
Scutellaria bacialensis Georgi; processing; inflammation; reactive oxygen species
## 1 Introduction
CBCT in children helps in imaging such pathologies as an ectopic maxillary canine, retained second premolar, cleft palate, or dental root resorption, and most importantly, in preparation for orthodontic treatment. CBCT is also used in the imaging of malocclusion and preparation for TSAD therapy. The bone and soft tissue thickness measurements obtained facilitate the selection of an appropriate site for anchoring the appliance, and the small amounts of radiation during the examination allow frequent follow-up imaging during treatment [2]. Due to the wide use of cone tomography in dentistry, new technologies are constantly being developed to increase the effectiveness and precision of imaging. In recent years, a new direction has been the use of artificial intelligence, including convolutional neural networks and deep learning models [34; 35; 36; 37]. The use of AI significantly shortens the work of clinicians by automatically analyzing and describing structures on CBCT images. It can help prepare for malocclusion correction strategies by marking specific anatomical points or for implant placement or the attachment of temporary anchorage devices by determining alveolar bone thickness. The most important advantage of using AI in the analysis of CBCT results seems to be saving orthodontists' work and time, as well as the ability to compare data from many images at once [38; 39; 40; 41; 42]. This technology is new and under intensive development, so it will likely be used in other aspects of diagnostic imaging in the future. Further research is certainly necessary to fully exploit the potential of AI in this area. This article is a review of information available in the PubMed and Web of Science databases on the current use of temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSAD and CBCT) computed cone tomography in orthodontics, including new directions of development in their field (Table 1). This article emphasizes the importance of technological advancements, such as TSADs and CBCT, in improving orthodontic care and patient outcomes.