## 2 Theoretical Background  
### Logistics 4.0  
Logistics 4.0 is a set of technical and organizational solutions designed to improve material and information flows and adjust them to meet the requirements of Industry 4.0 solutions. Logistics are meant to support manufacturing processes; as manufacturing processes shift towards intelligent, autonomous solutions, logistics should follow that shift [1]. Therefore, Logistics 4.0 is inspired and based on the concept of Industry 4.0 [2]. Logistics 4.0 definitions are vague as the concept is not homogenous, being at its initial stage of development [3]. Publications on the subject aim to present Logistics 4.0 as a trend important in logistics [4], solutions within it [5], the role of lifelong learning [6], key competences development [7], and knowledge management. They also refer to the challenges of contemporary markets that logistics have to face, such as information exchange, automation [8], and real-time big data analysis and link Logistics 4.0 to contemporary management paradigms such as sustainability [9]. Additionally, analysis of the literature on the subject brings forth further questions such as which paradigm changes will emerge from the fourth industrial revolution and how to address them proactively together with a balanced review of the variety of approaches considered among professionals in the field of Physical Internet. As a result, the goal for researchers and practitioners is to identify the biggest challenges (technological, societal, business paradigm) of proposed new logistics paradigms as a practical solution in supporting Industry 4.0 emerges [10]. The literature gives some examples of implementation of Logistics 4.0 solutions, elucidates some key aspects of ongoing development and conveys a view of Logistics 4.0, giving examples of some basic technical components. Technological innovation and requirements of modern production are introduced as determinants of the transformation of logistics [11]. Accompanied by decision and information systems with an increasing degree of autonomy, new challenges arise in modelling and implementing autonomous logistics, i.e., Logistics 4.0 [12]. Thus, sophisticated simulation approaches are required, capable of representing both material flow and automation systems as well as autonomous software systems and human actors [13]. Although the systems have autonomous status, they still need to communicate with each other. Communication technologies (i.e., 5G network) play a pivotal role as the key tool that enables the interconnection among isolated business processes, making the most of them and resulting in more powerful business-level applications and decision-making [14]. In Industry 4.0, manufacturing systems go beyond simple connection to also communicate, analyze, and use collected information to drive further intelligent actions. 5G promises to be a key enabler for Factories of the Future, providing a unified communication platform needed to interact with new business models and to overcome the shortcomings of current communication technologies [15]. For 5G mobile communication, five requirements are considered: high data rate and reliability, low latency, increased capacity, increased number of devices, and long battery life. Some of these five requirements are closely related to each other (capacity and the number of devices), and some have a trade-off relationship between each other (reliability and latency) [16]. From an operational perspective, the Logistics 4.0 status is presented in the reports by research centers and logistic services providers [17]. Hence, the list of methods and tools constituting Logistics 4.0 includes sources of data such as smart low battery consuming sensors, GPS, RFID tags, as well as the Internet of Things, drones, and innovative applications, making logistic processes smarter, more connected, automated and robotized, which undoubtedly improves logistic system performance and contributes to improved performance of supply chains.