## 1 Introduction  
Liquefaction, a phenomenon in which the bearing capacity of soil is suddenly reduced, causes catastrophic damage to buildings and infrastructure, and accounts for a large proportion of earthquake damage [1]. Diverse research on liquefaction is underway in various fields, including civil engineering, urban disaster prevention, and disaster risk management. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] identified the importance of soil compaction, soil particle size, and groundwater level as conditions for liquefaction and proposed a simple liquefaction assessment. Research on the seismic data has been conducted in Japan since 2000. For example, the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake [3], the 2011 Tohoku earthquake [4], the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake [5], and the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake [6] all caused extensive liquefaction damage. Many studies have been conducted based on these cases, contributing to improving the accuracy of liquefaction prediction models and developing effective countermeasures. One type of damage caused by liquefaction is ground subsidence. The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku caused large-scale liquefaction in many areas in Japan, resulting in road subsidence and road-surface uplift caused by sand boil and lateral spreading [7; 8; 9], which hindered the passage of emergency vehicles and reduced evacuation speed and effectiveness. In Urayasu City, Chiba Prefecture, where the damage caused by liquefaction was the most severe, unequal road subsidence and sand boils delayed restoration work, forcing overall ground improvement and reinforcement [10]. In the coastal areas of Tokyo Bay, extensive liquefaction damage occurred in many houses and facilities, with serious social consequences [11; 12]. Liquefaction was also observed during the Canterbury earthquake in New Zealand in February 2011, when subsidence and lateral flow caused damage to 60,000 homes and elements of urban infrastructure [13] causing extensive damage to key parts of the infrastructure in particular [13]. New Zealand is characterized by both seismic activity and loose, young ground deposits over a wide area, which makes it prone to concentrated damage from liquefaction [14]. However, liquefaction is a phenomenon caused by the breakdown of the physical soil particle structure based on the principle of effective stress [15; 16] and volumetric shrinkage caused by negative dilatancy, which causes soil particles in the ground and pore water to leak out of the ground surface, resulting in muddy-soil-like behaviors. [PERSON] et al. [17] proposed that liquefaction of the evacuation route or lateral ground flow, resulting in horizontal displacement of the soil, can render evacuation vehicles and even pedestrian evacuees unable to traverse the affected areas. In anticipation of major Nankai Trough earthquakes and resultant tsunamis expected to impact Kochi Prefecture in Japan before anywhere else [18], an experiment was conducted to model the liquefaction conditions that occur immediately after the earthquake to verify the effects of liquefaction of the ground surface and determine steps for evacuation behavior in the aftermath. Experiments demonstrated that walking speed was reduced on liquefied ground compared to asphalt under normal conditions. Additionally, wheelchair evacuation was virtually impossible because the wheels became stuck in muddy water, rendering them immobile. These results show that the damage caused by liquefaction is not limited to building disasters; physical and mental fatigue can easily accumulate during evacuations on liquified terrain. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism [19] published a portal site that compiles liquefaction risk maps for each municipality in Japan in preparation for such a situation. These maps categorize liquefaction susceptibility into distinct classes and use color-coding to depict liquefaction risk across the target area. This enables intuitive examination of the liquefaction risk from any vantage point, with excellent legibility and visibility.