); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.A.); 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
3 Faculty of Computer Information Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah 4114, UAE 3  
[PERSON]
1 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; 1  
1 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.A.); 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
3 Faculty of Computer Information Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah 4114, UAE 3  
[PERSON]
1 Department of Computer Science, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah 4114, UAE 3  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; 1  
1 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] that electricity retailers are to serve 60% of their load with RESs by 2030 and 100% by 2045 [2]. Currently, RESs only meet nearly 15% to 20% of the world's energy demand [3]. RESs are considered as an effective and efficient option to solve energy problems in a stand-alone (SA) environment, where grid supply is costly or impractical due to geographical terrain. Photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WT) are widely studied RESs in recent years. However, these resources are intermittent by nature due to their dependency on varying climate and weather conditions like solar irradiation, wind speed, temperature, and other factors [4]. To overcome this issue, hybrid RESs (HRESs) in conjunction with energy storage systems (ESSs) are proposed to complement one another to some extent. At the time of surplus HRESs' energy, backup ESSs are charged to their maximum allowable limit. This energy is supplied back during the time slots when HRESs (wind speed, solar irradiation) are unavailable in an energy deficit situation [5]. HRESs are widely used sources to generate electricity in different regions of the world, depending on the availability of natural sources. To get an economical, sustainable, and reliable system, unit sizing of HRESs and their components is vital. Oversizing and undersizing are two available options if unit sizing of RESs is not considered. The oversizing of HRESs concurs with the unreliability issue; however, it also results in an increased total annual cost (TAC) of the electricity user. On the other side, undersizing of HRESs results in reduced TAC; however, it causes a situation, where the generation sources are unable to fulfill the user's energy demand. Thus, the undersizing option causes inconvenience and discomfort for the users. Among the other available sources, PVs and WTs are considered as the most popular RESs due to the presence of solar irradiation and wind in almost every location of the world. However, due to their intermittent nature, ESSs in the form of batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, etc., are also integrated into the system to make it more reliable during varying weather conditions [6]. Further, HRESs in addition to ESSs provide a cleaner, economical, cost-effective, and reliable power solution in an SA environment as compared to a single source [7]. Reliability in the SA environment is regarded and considered via the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) concept in studies [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. The LPSP depicts a value between zero and one. The zero value assigned to the LPSP represents that the HRESs' system is very reliable and the user's load will always be fulfilled. On the other side, one value assigned to the LPSP results in an unreliable system, where the user's load is never fulfilled. In [8], [PERSON] et al. applied the LPSP concept to obtain the optimal sizing of the PV-WT-hydrogen system in a home, located in Khorasan, Iran.