# Evaluating the Metabolomic Profile and Anti-Pathogenic Properties of _Cannabis_ Species
## 4 Conclusions and Recommendations  
_Cannabis_ has proven to be a very potent plant known to have a diverse range of valuable secondary metabolites (phytochemicals). Therefore, its medicinal features, including untested molecules, should not be neglected nor overlooked. Many studies focused mostly on antibacterial properties, resulting in fewer studies analyzing antiviral, antifungal, anti-acaricidal, and anti-insecticidal properties. In addition, many studies analyzed the medicinal properties of _C. sativa_, thus neglecting possible medicinal properties that other _C. sativa_ could possess. Furthermore, due to environmental issues associated with pesticide use and human health risks, many studies nowadays focus on finding alternatives \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline _Cannabis_ & **Target/Mechanism of Action** & **References** \\ \hline n-hexane fraction of _C. sativa_ & Inhibit the growth and development of & [125] \\  & _Cryptococcus neoformans_ known to be responsible & \\  & for lung infection in humans with an IC50 value & \\  & of 33.15 \(\upmu\)g/mL. & \\ _Cannabis_ petroleum & Possess strong antifungal activity against & [126] \\  & ether extract & _Candida albicans_. & \\  & n-butanol leaf extract of & Inhibit the growth of _Aspergillus versicolor_ & [127] \\  & _C. sativa_ & \\ _Cannabis_ inflorescence & Possess antifungal activity against & [131] \\  & _Alternaria_ species & \\ _C. sativa_ leaf extracts & Significant reduction in number of galls, egg & [159] \\  & masses, nematode fecundity, and build. & \\  & Dried flowers and leaves & Effective in killing or repelling plant & [160] \\  & of _Cannabis_ & pathogenic nematodes. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the antifungal and antinematicidal activity of _Cannabis_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Cannabinoids/Compounds** & **Virus** & **Target/Mechanism of Action** & **References** \\ \hline CBD & HIV & Reduce extracellular vesicle & [137] \\  & & release from HIV-infected & \\  & & monocytic cells and their & \\  & & viral cargo. & \\ CBD & Hepatitis & Exert cytotoxicity effect on the & \\  & & liver cell line against hepatitis & \\  & & B and hepatitis C. & \\ CBD & Kaposi sarcoma & Affect the proliferation and & \\  & & viability of Kaposi sarcoma & \\  & & through the VEGFR-3 & \\  & & signaling pathway & \\ CBDA and CBGA & SARS-CoV-2 & Interact with the SARS-CoV-2 & [144] \\  & & spike protein S1 subunit and & \\  & & prevent the entry of several & \\  & & live viral variants into human & \\  & & epithelial cells & \\ \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC & SARS-CoV-2 & Inhibits viral 3 CLpro & [144] \\  & & (IC50 3.62 \(\upmu\)M) & \\  & & Molecular modeling predicts & [149] \\  & & the inhibition of human ACE2 & \\ CBGA & SARS-CoV-2 & Binds orthosterically and & [144] \\  & & allosterically to the & \\  & & SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 & \\  & & subunit (Kd = 5.6 \(\upmu\)M) and & \\  & & prevents cell entry of human & \\  & & epithelial cells and Vero cells & \\  & & by SARS-CoV-2 and & \\  & & early variants. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of the antiviral activity of _Cannabis_. to synthetic disease-control chemicals. _Cannabis_ extracts and their phytochemicals have so far been demonstrated to be a solution. Therefore, more research studies investigating medicinal properties against diseases affecting livestock animals, poultry, and fish farming should take priority in a quest to discover alternative therapeutic agents instead of focusing on the same model organisms. In addition, the standard non-phytotoxic concentrations of these _Cannabis_ extracts should be determined using MCSP to prevent any possible toxicity to the crops. Furthermore, _Cannabis_ byproducts must be tested against the levels of cannabinoids, which will also contribute largely to the drug industry.