## 5 Conclusions  
TIMESAT and phenex presented the most accurate estimates of phenological metrics for sowing and harvest dates, respectively. TIMESAT was less sensitive to changes in spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric changes, while the other methods were sensitive to changes in data input. Overall, after two decades of development, sowing and harvest dates extracted from satellite vegetation indices errors are between 10 and 20 days. Thus, its applicability is limited for precise and localized decision-making; regional assessments that can cope with such errors benefit from these methods instead of surveys, nonetheless. More studies using different algorithms and data sources can help to improve the accuracy of estimates. Despite the limitations and uncertainties, this study provides a base for future studies that can lead to new approaches and improvements in the algorithms developed so far. The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15225366/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15225366/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15225366/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15225366/s1)); Section S1: Smoothing time series tests; Section S2: Parameter calibration; Figure S3: Correlation coefficient between the data observed in the field and SD and HD estimates for the different parameters of each tested. CP (CropPhenology), DT (DEA tools), PF (phenofit), PX (Phenex), and TM (TIMESAT); Figure S4: Mean difference and standard deviation between the observed SD (left) and HD (right) field data and the different estimates made using different parameters for the packages. CP (CropPhenology), DT (DEA tools), PF (phenofit), PX (Phenex), and TM (TIMESAT); Figure S5: Distribution of each tested dataset. Black lines indicate the first and third quantiles. Red lines indicate the quantiles from field data; Figure S6: Spatial pattern of the difference between observed and estimated sowing date (a-f) and harvest dates (g-l) estimated by the different packages tested for MCD13 EVI2, with CropPhenology (a,g), DEA tools (b,h), greenbrown (c,i), phenofit (d,j), Phenex (e,k), and TIMESAT (f,l). Root meant square error (RMSE) is in days; Figure S7: Spatial pattern of the difference between observed and estimated sowing date (a-f) and harvest dates (g-l) estimated by the different packages tested for MOD09 EVI2, with CropPhenology (a,g), DEA tools (b,h), greenbrown (c,i), phenofit (d,j), Phenex (e,k), and TIMESAT (f,l). Root meant square error (RMSE) is in days; Figure S8: Spatial pattern of the difference between observed and estimated sowing date (a-f) and harvest dates (g-l) estimated by the different packages tested for MOD13 EVI2, with CropPhenology (a,g), DEA tools (b,h), greenbrown (c,i), phenofit (d,j), Phenex (e,k), and TIMESAT (f,l). Root meant square error (RMSE) is in days; Figure S9: Spatial pattern of the difference between observed and estimated sowing date (a-f) and harvest dates (g-l) estimated by the different packages tested for Sentinel-2 EVI2, with CropPhenology (a, g), DEA tools (b,h), greenbrown (c,i), phenofit (d,j), Phenex (e,k), and TIMESAT (f,l). Root meant square error (RMSE) is in days; Figure S10: Sowing and harvest dates estimates made using the CropPhenology (T_CP, threshold method) and phenofit (D_PF, derivative method) packages; Figure S11: Cycle duration estimated using the CropPhenology (T_CP, threshold method) and phenofit (D_PF, derivative method) packages; Table S1: Correlation coefficient, RMSE (days), bias (%), and standard deviation (days) for all estimates, with CP (CropPhenology), DT (DEA tools), GB (greenbrown), PF (phenofit), PX (Phenex), and TM (TIMESAT). Conceptualization, G.R., I.D.S. and J.R.; methodology, G.R., I.D.S., J.R. and M.A. ; software, G.R. and H.d.N.B. ; validation, G.R., I.D.S., J.R., R.Y.T., R.L., H.d.N.B. and M.A. ; formal analysis, G.R., I.D.S., J.R., R.Y.T., R.L., H.d.N.B. and M.A. ; investigations, G.R., I.D.S., J.R., R.Y.T., R.L., H.d.N.B. and M.A. ; resources, G.R., I.D.S. and R.Y.T.