## 3 Results and Discussion
### Carotenoids
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Ripening Stage**} \\ \cline{2-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Samples**} & **I** & **II** & **III** & **IV** & **V** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Total carotenoids} \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 20.16 \({}^{\text{c,d}}\) & 21.76 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 28.41 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 39.83 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 107.15 \({}^{\text{k}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ & 13.45 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 13.09 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 15.22 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 29.26 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 69.14 \({}^{\text{j}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 12.18 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 13.57 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 14.37 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 16.81 \({}^{\text{b,c}}\) & 34.84 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Rubra’ & 19.02 \({}^{\text{c,d}}\) & 22.19 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 19.50 \({}^{\text{c,d}}\) & 28.060 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 65.19 \({}^{\text{h}}\) \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 5.05 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 5.59 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 6.13 \({}^{\text{d,e}}\) & 7.05 \({}^{\text{e,f}}\) & 9.19 \({}^{\text{f,g}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ & 5.10 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 4.03 \({}^{\text{b,c,d}}\) & 5.24 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 6.57 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 6.58 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 3.72 \({}^{\text{c,d}}\) & 4.25 \({}^{\text{c,d}}\) & 3.96 \({}^{\text{b,c,d}}\) & 1.93 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 1.44 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Rubra’ & 4.89 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 5.02 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 6.51 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 9.35 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 11.26 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{Zexanthin} \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 0.19 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.21 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.24 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.23 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ & 0.19 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.21 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.21 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Rubra’ & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.20 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{Chlorophyll b} \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 6.21 \({}^{\text{h}}\) & 4.62 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 3.49 \({}^{\text{a,b,c,d,e}}\) & 3.32 \({}^{\text{a,b,c,d}}\) & 3.17 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ & 4.31 \({}^{\text{g}}\)g & 3.86 \({}^{\text{c,d,e,f}}\) & 3.11 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 3.03 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 3.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 3.84 \({}^{\text{c,d,e,f}}\) & 3.96 \({}^{\text{d,e,f}}\) & 3.32 \({}^{\text{a,b,c,d}}\) & 3.26 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 3.05 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Rubra’ & 4.16 \({}^{\text{g}}\)g & 4.13 \({}^{\text{e,f}}\)g & 3.74 \({}^{\text{b,c,d,e,f}}\) & 3.34 \({}^{\text{a,b,c,d}}\) & 3.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{Chlorophyll a} \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 2.75 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 4.18 \({}^{\text{e,f}}\)g & 5.71 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 15.63 \({}^{\text{j}}\) & 53.11 \({}^{\text{m}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ & 0.75 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.85 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.84 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 10.43 \({}^{\text{h}}\) & 33.11 \({}^{\text{1}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 1.14 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 1.51 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 1.84 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 2.54 \({}^{\text{b,c,d}}\) & 3.63 \({}^{\text{d,e,f}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Rubra’ & 3.09 \({}^{\text{c,d,e,f}}\) & 4.47 \({}^{\text{f,g}}\)g & 1.67 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 2.80 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 31.10 \({}^{\text{k}}\) \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.04 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 0.05 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.21 \({}^{\text{b,c}}\) & 0.50 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.87 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ _Rosa cantina_ & 3.73 \({}^{\text{a,b,c,d}}\) & 4.24 \({}^{\text{b,c,d,e}}\) & 9.32 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 9.16 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 14.10 \({}^{\text{h}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ & 2.15 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 3.38 \({}^{\text{a,b,c}}\) & 3.57 \({}^{\text{a,b,c,d}}\) & 6.17 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 18.54 \({}^{\text{j}}\) \\ _Rosa rugosa_ cv ’Alba’ & 1.50 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 1.61 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 2.60 \({}^{\text{a,b}}\) & 4.90 \({}^{\text{c,d,e}}\) & 18.56 \({}^{\textAs shown in Table 2, the amounts of the xanthophylls, chlorophyll and caroten, varied substantially.