# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 2 Literature Survey
(2017) implemented a model for counteracting selfish nodes using a reputation-based system in MANETs to detect and mitigate malicious and selfish nodes against Type-I and Type-II attackers. However, their proposed approach does not address post-quantum data security aspects. [PERSON] et al. (2018) proposed a secure WSN topology protocol called \(TLES\) that is trust-aware and has low energy consumption. The authors explain that the nodes construct the network topology by considering their neighbour's trust value, residual energy, and distance to the base station. However, while the nodes are not mobile, each node knows the location of peer nodes. The authors claim that the cluster head node determines the next hop by considering the residual energy cost, distance, and degree, aiming to establish a safe, reliable, and energy retaining network. Moreover, the model identifies malicious and selfish node attacks by combining trust factors. However, the model does not address lattice or post-quantum-based location encryption. [PERSON] et al. (2019) proposed an algorithm for Selfish Node Removal using Reputation Model (_SNRRM_). Calculation of the reputation, current node energy level, and communication ratio are considered during the routing operation. However, the authors do not discuss the data security aspect during communication in such an environment. A prediction-based trust management model framework was proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2019) to facilitate nodes' construction of a trustworthy route and reliable data delivery in MANET-IoT. To calculate the direct trust, Node A monitors the traffic of all neighbour nodes of Node B in a particular period. Network nodes are categorized as good or bad based on their behaviour. After collecting the trust information from the nodes, a final resultant trust is calculated using the ARMA/GARCH likelihood function. The model addresses various attacks, namely, address spoofing, selfish attacks, byzantine/blackhole/DoS attacks, and sleep deprivation attacks. However, the proposed trust management framework does not replace cryptography, instead adding an extra layer of security to the MANET-IoT. A quantitative investigation performed by [PERSON] et al. (2019) considered mobility, density, proportion, and a combination of selfish nodes, with the goal of evaluating the impact of dynamic node selfishness due to energy consumption in MANETs in terms of packet loss, round-trip delay, and throughput. However, this work did not explore the characteristics of data security by employing any post-quantum-based encryption techniques. A performance evaluation performed by [PERSON] et al. (2019) explains a cooperative reputation system for vehicular delay-tolerant networks (_VDTNs_) that can allow network nodes to detect, identify, and mitigate contacts with selfish or misbehaving nodes by applying a reputation system. In the control phase, the control information, namely, node type, geographical location, route, speed, supported link technology properties, energy status,and buffer status are all considered. Finally, the reputation system accepts or discards a node's contact based on a comparison of the node's reputation score against the network reputation threshold. Hence, a reputation score is used to categorize nodes as accepted, denied, or blacklisted. However, the model is insufficient when handling post-quantum data security aspects and blackhole attacks. [PERSON] et al. [53] developed an Incentive and Punishment Scheme (_IPS_) mainly focused on the participation of the nodes in network operations. An elected node supervises the other nodes' behaviour by considering their active participation status, i.e., the sending and receiving of messages in the network. Selfish nodes have a chance to cooperatively participate in the network; if a node repeatedly shows selfish behaviour, it is removed from the cluster and a node removal message is broadcasted within the cluster. However, this scheme is insufficient for post-quantum-based data security and blackhole attacks. [PERSON] et al.