# Direct Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide: Laboratory, Pilot and Industrial Tests
## 22 Facility for the Purification of Gases Caused by Blowing-off Sour Crude Oil
### Conclusions  
An overview of various technologies based on the direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to obtain elementary sulfur is given. Such technologies, primarily their gas-phase version, have obvious advantages, including:  
* continuity of the process that allows simultaneous gas purification and the production of a commodity, i.e., elemental sulfur;
* \"soft\" conditions for implementing the process (T = 220-280 \({}^{\circ}\)C) due to the use of a highly active catalyst.  
Data on the Claus process and its modern modifications, as the dominant technology for the conversion of hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, are given. The results of research on the development of various catalysts for a direct oxidation process are described. It is shown that catalysts based on transition metal oxides are the most promising.  
Oxide catalysts have indisputable advantages over other potential systems, including high thermal stability, low cost of raw materials, and potential for large-scale production,  
Figure 31: Schematic diagram of the alternative direct oxidation plant.  
Figure 30: Schematic diagram of the Claus plant operating at the Minibay GPP.  
making them optimal in terms of the quality/price ratio, which is a significant indicator for the technical and economic efficiency of commercial processes. This observation is confirmed by the widespread use of Jacobs iron catalysts in SuperClaus installations.  
This review also described the results of fundamental studies of the direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide, carried out at the Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, on the basis of which industrial installations for hydrogen sulfide removal from gas streams were created.  
The industrial facility in the Bavlinskiy gas shop of the PJSC Tatneftegazpererabotka is now in continuous operation.  
Several other facilities have been developed and constructed and are now beginning operations:  
* An installation for the purification of blow-off gases of high-sulfur crude oil
* An installation for the direct oxidation of hydrogen sulfide as an alternative to the conventional Claus Process
* An installation for the direct oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the composition of oil-associated gases  
The developed technology, in combination with amine treatment, provides:
* The production of commercial products, i.e., fuel gas and sulfur that correspond to technical standards (GOST 5542-87 and GOST 127.1-93, respectively)
* Extended operational range by H\({}_{2}\)S content in comparison with Claus units
* Substantial improvement of the environmental situation by avoiding hazardous emissions and the production of waste materials.  
Conceptualization, methodology and formal analysis, S.K.; writing, original draft preparation, S.K., M.K., and A.S.; writing, review and editing, S.K., M.K., and A.S.; supervision, Z.R.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work was carried out with financial support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of RF within the State Assignment for the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS (Project No. AAAA-A21-121011390010-7).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.