## 4 Discussion  
The most important observation from this study is that the upper limb sway test performed on the force plate with eyes open and with eyes closed for most variables demonstrated good to excellent reliability. It was also observed that the test was similarly reliable when performed on the right as well as on the left upper limb. The stability of the shoulder depends on a complex interaction between static structures, such as joint capsules and ligaments, and dynamic elements, including the scapular and rotator cuff muscles, all coordinated through the sensorimotor system [1, 3]. Incorporating advanced tools and techniques, including those addressing painful syndromes through pharmacological and rehabilitative means, highlights the need for reliable assessment tools like the sway test to refine therapeutic strategies [21]. Disruptions in any of these stabilizing components can impair the flow of afferent sensory and efferent neuromuscular signals, as well as central processing, leading to deficits in sensorimotor control, which is essential for the development of motor programs and feedback adjustments during complex shoulder movements [2, 3]. Deficits within the afferent, central, and efferent components of the sensorimotor system--as well as in strength and muscle coactivation--are reflected by \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Outcome** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Side**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Mean \(\pm\) SD**} & **SEM** & **CV** & \(p\) & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **SEM** & **CV** & \(p\) & \multirow{2}{*}{**r**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ICC**} \\ \cline{3-3}
**Measure** & & & & & & & & **2 nd** & & & \\ \hline Total & R & 280 \(\pm\) 124 & 34 & 44 & & 290 \(\pm\) 99 & 27 & 34 & & 0.72 \({}^{*}\) & 0.82 \\ length & L & 316 \(\pm\) 120 & 45 & 47 & 0.25 & 321 \(\pm\) 142 & 39 & 44 & 0.27 & 0.84 \({}^{*}\) & 0.89 \\ \hline Length x & R & 166 \(\pm\) 94 & 26 & 56 & & 191 \(\pm\) 68 & 18 & 35 & & 0.68 \({}^{*}\) & 0.78 \\ (ML) & L & 191 \(\pm\) 153 & 42 & 80 & 0.29 & 221 \(\pm\) 115 & 32 & 52 & 0.20 & 0.94 \({}^{*}\) & 0.95 \\ \hline Length y & R & 204 \(\pm\) 89 & 25 & 43 & & 186 \(\pm\) 78 & 22 & 42 & & 0.42 & 0.58 \\ (AP) & L & 226 \(\pm\) 70 & 31 & 48 & 0.31 & 186 \(\pm\) 74 & 21 & 40 & 0.66 & 0.55 & 0.62 \\ \hline Velocity x & R & 7.64 \(\pm\) 6.1 & 1.71 & 80 & & 7.66 \(\pm\) 2.7 & 0.75 & 35 & & 0.68 \({}^{*}\) & 0.78 \\ (ML) & L & 6.64 \(\pm\) 3.7 & 1.04 & 56 & 0.29 & 8.87 \(\pm\) 4.6 & 1.28 & 52 & 0.20 & 0.94 \({}^{*}\) & 0.95 \\ \hline Velocity y & R & 7.91 \(\pm\) 3.5 & 0.99 & 45 & & 7.36 \(\pm\) 3.0 & 0.84 & 41 & & 0.60 \({}^{*}\) & 0.60 \\ (AP) & L & 8.77 \(\pm\) 4.3 & 1.20 & 49 & 0.27 & 7.64 \(\pm\) 2.9 & 0.81 & 38 & 0.51 & 0.65 \({}^{*}\) & 0.70 \\ \hline Area 95\% & R & 2032 \(\pm\) 812 & 335 & 61 & & 2711 \(\pm\) 650 & 305 & 52 & & 0.71 \({}^{*}\) & 0.73 \\ L & L & 2428 \(\pm\) 790 & 425 & 73 & 0.25 & 2005 \(\pm\) 459 & 244 & 46 & 0.39 & 0.65 \({}^{*}\) & 0.70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)—_p_ value \(\sim\)0.05; SD—standard deviation; CV—coefficients of variation; SEM—standard error of measurement; ICC—Intraclass Correlation Coefficients; r—Pearson correlation coefficient; R—right; L—left.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Test–retest reliability with eyes closed.