## 2 Potential of Wind Energy Resources in Magallanes Region
The Magallanes region, in the far south of Chile, stands out for its exceptional wind potential, thanks to its intense and constant winds, influenced by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean and the Drake Passage, one of the windiest areas on the planet. These geographic and climatic conditions allow wind farms in the region to achieve remarkably high plant factors, above global averages. Some of the main characteristics of the wind conditions in the Magallanes region are the following:  
* High plant factor: In Magallanes, plant factors for wind projects typically range between 45% and 60%, figures much higher than the world average (30-35%) and even other regions of Chile. This is due to the high and persistent wind speed, with average annual speeds that can exceed 9-10 m/s in optimal areas (Figure 3). * Seasonality and consistency: Unlike other regions, winds in Magallanes are relatively constant throughout the year, although they intensify somewhat in the spring and  
Figure 2: Occupation of the 13 largest future wind farms related to GH2 production projects in the North, Northeast, and East of Punta Arenas City in the Magallanes region, (**a**) North zone, (**b**) Northeast zone, and (**c**) East zone. summer. The absence of major geographical obstacles (such as high mountains) in certain areas favors laminar wind flow. * Adaptive technology: Given the intensity of the winds, robust wind turbines are required, capable of operating efficiently in extreme conditions, with regulation systems for strong winds. Turbines typically have taller towers and longer blades to better capture low-altitude winds. * Logistical challenges: Despite the excellent wind resource, the remoteness of consumption centers and limited infrastructure increase the development and transmission costs. Extreme weather conditions (cold, snow, and storms) require increased maintenance and equipment durability. Wind speed has a spatial and temporal distribution. Its spatial distribution depends on the roughness of the terrain, for example, the presence of trees, buildings, hills, or mountains. Temporarily, wind speed can vary during the day or night, and even more so in the early morning, morning, midday, afternoon, or evening. Figure 4 shows the representative average hourly wind speed profile for the Northeast region of Magallanes, considering different wind turbine hub heights. Figure 3: Wind farm capacity factors in the Magallanes region. Figure 4 shows the hourly variation in wind speed in the Northeast region of Magallanes, where the highest speeds, around 11 m/s, are recorded between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. Wind speeds then decrease between 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., with minimum wind speeds around 6 m/s. Despite the decrease in wind speed during the afternoon, the recorded speeds are considered excellent for wind turbine performance. Furthermore, the temporal distribution of wind speeds varies seasonally throughout the year, with speeds varying from lower to higher depending on whether it is autumn, winter, spring, or summer. Figure 5 shows the seasonal variation in wind speeds in the northeastern region of Magallanes. Wind turbine performance is strongly influenced by interannual climate variability and extreme events (e.g., El Nino/La Nina phenomena: These affect wind patterns in Latin America and the Pacific, and Climate Change), which can affect both power generation and the structural integrity of wind turbines. The main impacts and associated resilience metrics are described below. 1. Impacts of Extreme Weather on Wind Turbines (a) Extreme Winds (Storms, Hurricanes, Cyclones) Effects:  
* Mechanical damage to blades, towers, and yaw systems. * Forced shutdowns due to exceeding the cut-in speed (\(\approx\)25-30 m/s). * Increased structural fatigue, reducing the equipment's lifespan. 2. Severe Winter (Ice, Snow, Low Temperatures) Effects:
* Ice buildup on blades, reducing aerodynamic efficiency (losses of 10-50%). * Failure of anemometer sensors and control systems. * Extended downtime due to unsafe conditions. 3.