## 5 Experimental Results
### Changes Analysis for DMUs Using MPI
#### 5.2.3 MPI Change  
Table 9 shows the year-on-year MPI changes for the 17 DMUs from 2013 to 2017. Figure 4 shows the diagram. From 2013 to 2014, 7 countries are found to have improved productivity. They are Austria, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Switzerland (with a greater-than-1 MPI change score). Among the 7 countries, France improved productivity the most (6.05%). 10 countries are found to have recessed productivity. They are Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Switzerland (with MPI change score \(<\) 1). Among them, the Netherlands recessed the most (\(-\)5.6%). In this time period, the 17 countries as a whole recessed 0.2%. Figure 4: Year-on-year productivity changes (Malmquist Productivity Index–MPI) from 2013 to 2017. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**DMU** & **2013–2014** & **2014–2015** & **2015–2016** & **2016–2017** & **Average** \\ \hline Austria & 1.036 & 0.961 & 0.987 & 0.985 & 0.992 \\ Belgium & 0.970 & 0.987 & 0.981 & 0.985 & 0.981 \\ Czech Republic & 0.976 & 0.970 & 0.998 & 1.011 & 0.989 \\ Finland & 1.034 & 0.965 & 0.988 & 0.984 & 0.993 \\ France & 1.060 & 0.924 & 0.998 & 0.996 & 0.994 \\ Germany & 0.992 & 0.986 & 0.992 & 0.987 & 0.989 \\ Greece & 1.012 & 1.057 & 1.004 & 0.925 & 0.999 \\ Hungary & 1.008 & 0.977 & 1.001 & 0.990 & 0.994 \\ Italy & 1.056 & 0.947 & 0.972 & 0.997 & 0.993 \\ Netherlands & 0.944 & 0.974 & 0.988 & 1.001 & 0.977 \\ Norway & 0.979 & 0.906 & 0.992 & 1.001 & 0.970 \\ Poland & 0.989 & 0.982 & 0.978 & 1.000 & 0.987 \\ Portugal & 0.985 & 0.971 & 0.972 & 0.979 & 0.977 \\ Spain & 0.996 & 0.991 & 0.992 & 0.988 & 0.992 \\ Sweden & 0.985 & 0.928 & 0.994 & 0.996 & 0.976 \\ Switzerland & 1.038 & 1.000 & 1.004 & 0.998 & 1.010 \\ United Kingdom & 0.982 & 0.953 & 0.999 & 0.999 & 0.983 \\ _Average_ & 1.002 & 0.969 & 0.991 & 0.990 & 0.988 \\
**Max** & 1.060 & 1.057 & 1.004 & 1.011 & 1.010 \\
**Min** & 0.944 & 0.906 & 0.972 & 0.925 & 0.970 \\
**SD** & 0.032 & 0.034 & 0.010 & 0.019 & 0.010 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Year-on-year MPI changes for the 17 DMUs from 2013 to 2017. From 2014 to 2015, 1 country is found to have improved productivity, down from 7, a big dip. It is Greece with an improvement of 5.7%. The country, Switzerland, kept no change. Another 15 countries, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom recessed. Among them, Norway recessed the most (\(-\)9.4%). In this time period, the 17 countries as a whole recessed 3.1%. From 2015 to 2016, 3 countries are found to have improved productivity, increased from 1. They are Greece, Hungary and Switzerland. Among the 3 countries, Greece improved productivity the most (+0.4%). The remaining 14 countries are with recessed productivity. They are Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Among the 14 countries, Italy recess the most (+2.8%). In this time period, the 17 countries as a whole recessed 0.9%. From 2016 to 2017, 3 countries are found to have improved productivity. They are Czech Republic, Netherlands and Norway. Among them, Czech Republic improved the most (+11%). Poland kept no change. The remaining 13 countries had recessed productivity. They are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Switzerland. Among them, Greece recessed the most (\(-\)7.5%). In this time period, the 17 countries as a whole recessed 0.1%. In summary, the overall average MPI change score (0.988) shows a minor of 1.2% regression in total productivity for these 17 countries as a whole. The year-on-year productivity changes from 2013 to 2017 are found quite stable. From 2014 to 2015 the overall average productivity dipped and the number of improved countries decreases to 1 from 7.