# Mode Choice Effects on Bike Sharing Systems
## 5 Results
Relatively to macadam surface, coblestones do not show differences in utility (\(\beta\) = 0.004, t-value = 0.028), while asphalt is a more preferred surface type; however, the effect is also not significant (\(\beta\) = 0.239, t-value = 1.634). For PMT and PT, the estimated ASCs show the differences in utility of a given alternative from the reference BS when everything else is equal [44]. The utility of PMT is higher than for BS (\(\beta\) = 0.669, t-value = 1.059), whereby the direction of the effect changes when comparing mandatory trips (\(\beta\) = \(-\)1.677, t-value = 1.389) to leisure trips (\(\beta\) = 0.980, t-value = 1.233). This can be explained with the high share of commuters and students mainly using the system for trips to work and education. For these people, BS has a higher utility as PMT. This interpretation is also supported by the negative sign for mandatory trips in the overall (total) model (\(\beta\) = \(-\)0.608, t-value = \(-\)3.739). In addition, PT has a higher positive utility than BS, too (\(\beta\) = 0.756, t-value = 1.552), whereby there is no change in sign between mandatory and leisure trips. Influences from the spatial typology are limited to PMT, where the utility for PMT decreases with an increasing size of the home municipality. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Model Indices** & **Initial Model** & **Final Model** \\ \hline n estimated parameters & 12 & 33 \\ LL(0) & \(-\)2399.37 & \(-\)2399.37 \\ LL(final) & \(-\)1639.5 & \(-\)1468.97 \\ Adj. Rho-square & 0.312 & 0.374 \\ AIC & 3303 & 3004 \\ BIC & 3371 & 3192 \\ Likelihood ratio test & & 336.62; \(p<0.01\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Model fit comparison between the initial and the final model. For PT, a mode-specific effect results from capacity utilization. An increasing utilization results in a decreasing utility for PT. In terms of socio-demographics, the effect of age and age-squared shows a u-shaped distribution of utility for both, PMT and PT (see Figure 6). Choosing PMT has a negative utility from 18 to 64 years, whereby the smallest value is reached between 32 and 33 years. From this age on the utility of PMT increases again. A somehow similar picture is observed for PT, where PT has a negative utility in comparison to BS between 18 and 55 years. The lowest utility is calculated for an age of 28 years. From this age on the utility of PT increases in comparison to BS. For women, PMT has a higher utility than BS (\(\beta\)= 0.745, t-value= 4.976). This effect is different for PT, where the utility for women is negative (\(\beta\)= \(-\)0.109, t-value= 0.840). This pattern fits the results of other studies, which show that women appreciate the privacy of cars (for a general discussion on car use and gender see, e.g., Ref. [48]) and perhaps BSS in comparison to PT. Furthermore, in comparison to BS, having a car always available increases the use of PMT (\(\beta\) = 0.627, t-value = 3.056), while owning a PT season ticket increases the utility of PT (\(\beta\) = 0.433, t-value = 3.241) and decreases the utility of PMT (\(\beta\) = \(-\)0.494, t-value = \(-\)2.897). In winter, both, PMT (\(\beta\) = 0.360, t-value = 2.230) and PT (\(\beta\) = 0.643, t-value = 4.322) are more preferred than BS. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & **Total** & & & **Mandatory** & & **Leisure** & \\ \cline{3-10}  & **Parameter** & \(\mathbf{\beta}\) & **s.e. ** & **t-Value** & \(\mathbf{\beta}\) & **s.e. ** & **t-Value** & \(\mathbf{\beta}\) & **s.e. ** & **t-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{**Test**} & travel time [min] & \(-\)0.108 & 0.009 & \(-\)11.637 & \(-\)0.127 & 0.017 & \(-\)7.674 & \(-\)0.105 & 0.012 & \(-\)9.039 \\  & access and egress [min] & \(-\)0.199 & 0.017 & \(-\)11.938 & \(-\)0.211 & 0.026 & \(-\)8.250 & \(-\)0.205 & 0.023 & \(-\)8.733 \\  & travel costs [EUR] & \(-\)0.689 & 0.054 & \(-\)12.778 & \(-\)0.880 & 0.091 & \(-\)9.652 & \(-\)0.586 & 0.068 & \(-\)8.557 \\  & street type (Ref.