## 1 Introduction  
Guizhou Province serves as the main coal production hub in the karst areas of south-western China, where atmospheric precipitation stands out as a crucial water supply source during coal mining [1; 2; 3; 4]. A clear correlation exists between mine water inflow and atmospheric precipitation, particularly evident in coal seams proximate to shallow outcrops. However, as mining operations extend into deeper coal seams, the intensity of atmospheric precipitation recharge diminishes significantly, resulting in a less pronounced correlation [5]. Notably, the Xinhua mining area features extensive surface outcrops of the Changxing Formation limestone, facilitating direct replenishment from atmospheric precipitation and indirect water-filling within the mining area. The Changxing Formation limestone area, characterized by a weakly rich (permeable) water-bearing layer, enhances high water content in local structures as well as the proliferation of karst gaps and caves. Thus, it serves as a conduit for channeling atmospheric precipitation to supply deep mining areas. Notably, mines near coal seam outcrops have not experienced water-inrush incidents during the mining process. However, with the expansion of goat areas and mining intensity, certain mines operating in deep coal seams have encountered roofwater-inrush incidents, resulting in the flooding of working faces and casualties. Several studies have analyzed the correlation between mine water inflow and atmospheric precipitation, indicating that atmospheric precipitation is the source of mine water inflow in shallow coal seams in southwestern karst mining areas [3; 6]. However, there seems to be a lack of research concerning water inflow due to deep coal seams during mining operations. Researchers such as [PERSON], [PERSON], and others [7] conducted inorganic and organic hydrochemical analysis in the Xiaotun mining area, focusing on utilizing atmospheric precipitation as a mine recharge water source. Furthermore, this method accurately analyzes the water source for mine recharge, but its complex application impedes broader application by on-site engineering and technical personnel. Different scholars have explored drilling [8; 9], researched supply channels [5; 10], and employed various methodologies to study the water source for mine roofs, offering guidelines for mitigating atmospheric precipitation recharge in mines. However, the engineering complexity or high technical difficulty associated with these methods inhibits the mastery of on-site engineering and technical personnel, thus limiting practical applications. Certain scholars have proposed water separation methods to supply mines by studying the separation space between Changxing Formation limestone and Longtan formation strata [11; 12]. Despite clear reasons for mine water inrush, no research has delved into the continuous water inflow source from the working faces. This study investigated the spatiotemporal relationship between different water-inrush mines, water-inrush working faces, and goaf within the Xinhua mining area. Furthermore, employing comprehensive methodologies such as hydrochemical analysis coupled with the assessment of atmospheric precipitation recharge timing and intensity, existing hydrogeological data from mines were collected and analyzed to design recharge channels and water storage spaces originating from atmospheric precipitation. The results were instrumental in determining the hydrochemical relationship between atmospheric precipitation and mine water, as well as the correlation between mine water inflow and atmospheric precipitation. Interestingly, this study analyzed atmospheric precipitation as the water source for inrush incidents in the deep mining face of the area. For the first time, the rapid replenishment mechanism of atmospheric precipitation in deep mines situated within weak aquifers and weakly conductive aquifers of the Changxing Formation limestone was studied.