## 2 Overview of IoT Applications Used for AIS and Fire Detection
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **TUBIN** & **Spire Nanosat** & **Lume-1** & **FIREBIRD** & **CSIROSat-1** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Operator or**} & Technische Universitat Berlin [30] & OroraTech [31] & I’Université de Vigo [32] & DLR [33] & Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) [34] \\ \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{2}{*}{17} & \multirow{2}{*}{9} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.1} & \multirow{2}{*}{15} & \multirow{2}{*}{4} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Nanosatellite** & & & & & & \\
**Mass (kg)** & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Size** & - & 6 U & 2 U & two 1.5 U CubeSats & 3 U \\ \hline
**Power Consumption** & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline
**Launch date** & 2017 & 2021 & 2018 & 2012 & Not launched, but expected in 2022 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Payload**} & Infrared microbolometer & Thermal-infrared camera & Software-defined radio (SDR) and HUMPL & Imaging multi-spectral radiometers (vis/IR) & Detector of invisible infrared light \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Operational fire detection payload embedded on nanosatellites. to an autonomous ground station for nanosatellite-based IoST applications utilized for fire detection. The SN is made up of sensor nodes, each of which has sensors for measuring the environment's temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and CO\({}_{2}\) level (smoke and gas sensors). When a fire is present, the ground computer (microcontroller unit) compares the measured data to certain thresholds, performs the release of an alarm, and collects some pertinent data. The sensor node's coordinates (GPS position) are then linked to these data so that the autonomous ground station can communicate them to the space segment. Sending pertinent data, such as an estimate of the fire's position, the speed, and direction of the wind, the temperature, and the CO\({}_{2}\) level, is then required for agents and forest authorities to intervene and conduct the emergency plan. The effective design of the contingency plan requires the preparation of a flight plan for additional dedicated and suitable satellites (Earth observation) at the target position. Figure 3 shows the functional organization and architecture of the SN connected to the autonomous ground station. The amount of data that can be transferred will certainly be limited by the power available at the sensor nodes, which are likely to be deployed and located in remote areas. Considering the use of low-power wireless communication protocols (WiFi, Zigbee, and LoRa) with omnidirectional antennas, the deployment of the sensor network should be optimally designed. The computer on the autonomous ground station uses an orbitography-based software algorithm to identify the precise times the nanosatellite passes. The three elements required for this identification to be aware of and perform its calculations by this specialized software are the geographic location of this autonomous ground station, the UTC, and the NORAD-Keplerian elements. The built-in GPS receiver provides the first two components. The third component, which can be regularly updated and adjusted, is an assessment of the NORAD-Keplerian Elements of the nanosatellite.