# Robust Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems for Environmental Monitoring on Construction Sites
###### Abstract
However, they ignore the important fact that CPS are technology-social systems, and their robustness characterizes the joint action of technology, management, and personnel elements. It is important to mention that the influencing factors and mechanisms of the E-CPS robustness are crucial. However, uncertainty is a critical issue that should be paid attention to regarding E-CPS, and there is a lack of studies on the robustness design, simulation, and evaluation of the E-CPS. This cannot address the environmental monitoring issues on construction sites. Within this context, this study aims to build up a comprehensive E-CPS model characterizing the joint action of technology, management, and personnel elements, to handle the aforementioned environmental monitoring problems. This study aims to handle the environmental monitoring problems. Ontology can be regarded as a formal description that can be represented, understood, and utilized by computers. It is characterized by conceptual clarity, machine readability, and formal representation. Currently, ontology and semantic web technologies have been widely employed to realize the integration and sharing of domain knowledge through creating domain ontology [20]. The ontology-based model can build a unified semantic model and realize the integration and interaction of physical space, cyberspace, and social space, handling heterogeneous information issues to conduct semantic collaboration [21]. Furthermore, the formal language of ontology can describe the logical relationship among ontologies and realize the sharing and reuse of knowledge, so that the system can still make effective decisions in face of unanticipated events. Considering that low reliability exists when E-CPS interacts with construction sites, ontology is used to construct an E-CPS model to conduct environmental monitoring and evaluation, which characterizes three main functions: early warning, remote control, and the auxiliary evaluation of construction sites. The E-CPS robustness simulation is also performed on construction sites. This offers guidance for the robustness design of the E-CPS and the accurate environmental management of construction sites, which can deepen one's understanding of the E-CPS robustness. Moreover, the proposed model can further expand the understanding of information management and aid project managers to conduct information management on construction sites. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. To proceed, Section 2 reviews the literature on the application of the E-CPS and system robustness. Section 3 demonstrates the methodology, including the establishment of evolution models of stakeholders involved in the ecological compensation of rail transit projects, as well as the replicator dynamic analysis of multi-stakeholders, and the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) of tripartite mainstay. After that, Section 4 conducts E-CPS modeling and uncertainty-factor identification, and then Section 5 carries out uncertainty detection and processing. Finally, Section 6 discusses the results of three uncertainty detection algorithms. Section 7 draws the conclusions in this study.