## 1 Introduction
### Research on Situation Awareness Indicators  
Researchers have conducted comprehensive studies on the impact of eye movement markers on situational awareness (SA). [PERSON] et al. [19] looked at pilots' situational awareness (SA) using markers like fixation frequency, fixation length, and saccade entropy. They wanted to see if eye movement could be used as a way to measure SA. According to [PERSON] et al. [20] used NNI analysis to look into how drone operators' eye movements change when they are performing different tasks. They looked at how automation and workload affect eye movement strategies. [PERSON] et al. [21] used eye-tracking technology to examine changes in drivers' situational awareness throughout the takeover process in autonomous driving. [PERSON] and [PERSON] found that controllers' ability to visually search is important for staying aware of what's going on in both radar displays and airport control towers. How they focus their attention is greatly affected by things like the layout of their workstations, the environment, the system equipment, and the design of the human-machine interface. To thoroughly comprehend the influence of various designs on cognitive function, it is essential to use a holistic strategy that encompasses the assessment of human performance in distant towers [22]. [PERSON] et al. used eye-tracking technology to document and evaluate the visual scanning behaviors of remote tower controllers over 32 situations, evaluating the efficacy of operating numerous distant towers. The investigation revealed a strong correlation between controllers' visual scanning behaviors and work stress. Controllers overseeing various monitoring activities at a single distant tower exhibited significant challenges in human-machine interaction, particularly influenced by information presentation, job complexity, and operating environment [23]. Aviation traffic control (ATC) is a career defined by significant pressure due to the real-time, dynamic management of aviation traffic [24]. Individual situational awareness, behavioral states, and psychological activities often correlate, leading to extensive discussions about the use of heart rate variability indicators to assess fatigue or situational awareness among personnel. [PERSON] [25] suggested using physiological indicators such as electroencephalogram (EEG), blinking, cardiac activity, event-related potentials (ERP), instantaneous heart rate, and electrodermal activity (EDA) to gauge operators' situational awareness (SA) levels. [PERSON] et al. performed research by gathering eye movement and electrocardiographic data from controllers, using multifactorial variance analysis to investigate the impacts of various complexity elements and physiological alterations in subjects [26]. They used three machine learning methods to evaluate the cognitive burden of participants. [PERSON] [27] used the LF/HF ratio in heart rate variability to illustrate the influence of weariness on the autonomic nervous system of drivers on plateau roads. [PERSON] et al. used a three-factor variance analysis to examine the impact of long-term working memory and attention allocation on the situational awareness of armored vehicle crew members. The results showed that 3D-SART, SAGAT, aberrant information response time, eyelid opening, gaze time ratio in the instrument region, SDNN, and PNN50 were very good at showing changes in SA levels [28]. Controllers experiencing excessive workload or adverse mental conditions, such as weariness or attention, often struggle to sustain adequate situational awareness and may commit significant mistakes [29]. Consequently, recognizing and examining human aspects associated with controllers' situational awareness is essential for mitigating hazardous situations and enhancing the safety and efficiency of the national airspace system. Although some progress has been made in current research on remote tower controllers, there are still many unresolved key issues.