## 2 Overview of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Road Transport Systems
### Incident Detectors with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning  
Early in the 1970s, the first event detection algorithms were created, and the work on them is still ongoing. The suggested method employs sensors to monitor accidents. With the help of the force and impact data collected from car wrecks, the severity of the accidents \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Ref.** & **Study Focus** & **Limitations** & **Contributions** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[24]} & The author comprehensively analyzes cutting-edge technology for constructing a three-tier solution classification in machine learning to study the planning and distribution based on real-time traffic density. & The ITS applications were limited. The future research is not addressed in depth. & The first tier has numerous technologies and techniques for gathering traffic statistics. The second tier concerns how accurate the machine learning algorithms are as they form. In the third tier, numerous traffic planning strategies are explored. & The results demonstrated that accident detection using clustering techniques is successful. \\ \cline{1-1}  & In this study, traffic behavior is analyzed, and any vehicles that travel differently from the flow of traffic are considered for potential accidents. & Due to roadway layout, intersections, speed restrictions, and vehicle size, there is a limited mobility pattern. & Accident detection will help prevent additional collisions and assist the authorities in reopening a road segment to traffic. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{[26]} & The internet of vehicles (IoV) is a method for intervehicle communication used in intelligent transportation. It enhances traffic management programs and services to ensure road safety. & When building applications and services, it is important to consider cost, performance, implementation complexity, and timing. A major difficulty is the raising of QoS standards for IoV services. & The control and development of smart cities will benefit from the current study. According to the findings of this research, performance is evaluated by services and applications 34\% of the time. Safety and data correctness is evaluated 13\% of the time, and security is evaluated 13\% of the time in the selected papers. & This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance requirements, enabling technologies in 5G and beyond and the critical architectural characteristics that make it possible for the sensing and location data to be collected, processed, and efficiently shared in the network. In 5G, either the network or the UE can position itself (with network assistance) (network-based). Without the help of the network, the UE can localize itself in RAT-independent positioning (such as GNSS/RTK-GNSS) (standalone). \\ \cline{1-1}  & & These sensors will gather all the real-time traffic data, which will then be transmitted to the cloud for the processing and utilizing of the cutting-edge 6G technology to guarantee the efficiency, stability, and integrity of the massively distributed data transfer. The implementation of the 6G-enabled short-term traffic flow forecasting is a viable technique to give traffic managers strategies to detect flow breakdowns in the future, according to the combined data collected from all the sensors. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._is assessed using machine learning methods such as k-means clustering and support vector machine (SVM) classification under reinforcement learning [29]. Smartphones, vehicular ad hoc networks, and GSM and GPS technologies are used, and among these detection methods are mobile applications. Every vehicle must be equipped with an automatic road accident detection and information communication system [30] as they are typically not constrained by energy and space restrictions. Detecting devices with high processing power and high cost and weight, such as GPS, chemical spill detectors, video cameras, vibration sensors, sound detectors, etc., can be installed in vehicles [25].