# Visual Perception of Peripheral Screen Elements: The Impact of Text and Background Colors
## 1 Introduction
By explicitly combining these elements: motion, color contrast, peripheral positioning, and divided attention, our study introduces a methodological framework that fills a gap in the existing literature and provides new insights into how interface elements can be designed to remain noticeable even when they fall outside the user's primary focus. [PERSON] et al. [19], in their systematic review on peripheral vision in real-world tasks, highlight its vital role in activities such as driving, walking, aviation, and sports. Peripheral vision enables continuous monitoring of the environment and supports both eye movements and physical actions, even in the absence of direct visual focus. Deciding whether to rely on peripheral vision or shift the gaze to engage foveal vision involves trade-offs. These decisions are shaped by factors such as task urgency, prior knowledge, potential distractions, and emotional states. [PERSON] et al. [20] explored how the size, position, and shape of eye-controlled graphical user interface (GUI) components impact visual search performance and user interaction, especially from the perspective of peripheral vision. The main finding showed that larger components placed closer to the center of the screen led to faster reaction times because central vision provides clearer and more detailed images, while components located in the peripheral vision area appear less distinct and are harder to recognize. As a result, targets placed farther from the center require more effort to identify, increasing reaction time. When GUI elements were positioned too close together in the periphery, users found it difficult to distinguish between them, emphasizing the need for adequate spacing to avoid confusion. The study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] shows that peripheral vision is not only used for detecting movement or orienting ourselves in space but also helps us automatically direct our attention to important things around us. This means that lateral vision enables us to unconsciously learn where significant stimuli are located, and without it, this is not possible. Additionally, even when a task requires looking at the center, peripheral vision supports this unconscious attentional learning, while without it, only conscious learning remains. An interesting result was obtained by [PERSON] [22] who investigated color and acuity perception in the peripheral and foveal visual fields using a model of human spatial vision that simulates contrast and color sensitivity across different parts of the retina. The results show that, although spatial resolution and sensitivity are reduced in peripheral vision, the model does not predict significant qualitative differences in color and acuity perception between foveal and peripheral vision. These findings challenge claims that peripheral vision is substantially poorer in these aspects and suggest that important visual information can also be obtained through peripheral vision. Our preliminary research [23] provided foundational insights that directly influenced the current study's design. It demonstrated the importance of standardizing response accuracy and timing through weighted evaluation methods, which helped isolate the effect of attention and perception in the peripheral field. Moreover, the study emphasized that engaging participants with meaningful central tasks, rather than passive fixation points, produced more realistic and reliable data on peripheral perception. Based on these findings, we transitioned from using simple geometric shapes (triangle, square, hexagonal, and octagonal) to text-based stimuli, introduced fixed stimulus timing and controlled motion speed, and focused on assessing how different text-background color combinations affect peripheral text visibility during attention-demanding tasks. The scope of this study is centered on investigating how visual stimuli, specifically combinations of text and background color, are perceived in the peripheral areas of a screen when the user's attention is primarily focused on the central display region.