## 4 Research Methodology
### Data Collection
#### 4.1.2 Questionnaire Survey  
In this section, questionnaire design and responses were examined. The questionnaire survey method was used to collect the data through a quantitative approach. Therefore, the questionnaire was designed after careful consideration of existing literature in the domain of BIM implementation barriers. Prior to the final questionnaire survey, a semi-structured interview was arranged to ensure the potential and appropriateness of the questionnaire in the context of BIM implementation barriers. In the pilot study, the feedback from five participants was used to further improve the questions prior to the actual questionnaire survey. The pilot survey consisted of two professors, two assistant professors, and one postgraduate researcher. The questionnaire was finalized based on feedback from the pilot study. The final questionnaire consists of three parts: (a) research aim and objectives, (b) general information of respondents, (c) rank of the barriers using a Likert scale (1--Strongly Disagree, 2--Disagree, 3--Moderately Agree, 4--Agree, 5--Strongly Agree). A total of 300 questionnaires were sent via email, and 185 feedbacks were received, yielding a response rate of 61%. In addition, the sample size greater than 30 is reliable for further statistical analysis based on central limit theorem [108; 109]. Figure 2 elaborates the breakdown of 185 returned questionnaires consisting of positions, working experience, education, and company type.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**BIM Implementation Barriers** & **References** \\ \hline High cost & [54; 55; 56; 57] \\ Lack of expertise & [58; 62; 63; 64] \\ Inadequate government policies & [47; 65; 66] \\ Lack of clients demand & [62; 67] \\ Poor collaboration among stakeholders & [56; 68; 69] \\ Lack of vision of benefits & [4; 38; 70] \\ Unavailability of standards and guidelines & [18; 58; 71; 72; 73] \\ Lack of BIM training & [18; 73; 74; 75] \\ Lack of promotion & [44; 74; 75] \\ Lack of initiative and hesitance & [76; 77; 78] \\ Incompatibility and interoperability problems & [79; 80; 81] \\ Lack of industry standards & [71; 82; 83] \\ Competing initiatives & [84; 85; 86] \\ Lack of well-developed practical strategies & [77; 87; 88] \\ Licensing issues & [30; 82; 89; 90; 91] \\ Security issues & [82; 92; 93; 94] \\ Insufficient external motivation (insufficient customer and market demands) & [95; 96; 97; 98] \\ Misunderstanding of BIM & [99; 100; 101; 102] \\ Lack of research and BIM implementation & [60; 103; 104] \\ Cultural barrier (resistance to change) & [63; 105; 106; 107] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Building information modeling (BIM) implementation barriers.  
Figure 2 depicts the positions of respondents, which include consultants, contractors, and clients. Consultants accounted for 45% of the total, contractors accounted for 39%, and clients accounted for 16%. Furthermore, 28% had more than ten years of work experience. Similarly, 36% of respondents were Bachelor's degree holders, 30% of respondents were Master's degree holders, 25% of respondents were professional engineers, and 9% of respondents were PhD holders. Furthermore, 16% of respondents worked for a semi-government organization, 50% of respondents worked for a private organization and 34% of respondents worked for a public organization.