esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the swelling behavior of expansive soil at different depths was experimentally investigated through laboratory model test under saturated condition of water injection from top to bottom. Two different factors controlling the swelling difference of different expansive soil layers were discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results:  
(1) It could be observed that there was the distinct swelling difference between the expansive soil layers at different depths under the saturation process. The swelling potential of the surface expansive soil layer at a depth of 0-30 mm was released while that of the middle and bottom ones at depths of 90-120 mm and 180-210 mm was inhibited.  
(2) It was experimentally proved that the divalent cations (Ca\({}^{2+}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\)) in the surface soil layer migrated downward along with water molecules and aggregated around clay particles to form the electrical environment under unidirectional seepage. Moreover, the concentration of migrated and aggregated cations was positively correlated with the thickness of the overlying soil layer.  
(3) The swelling difference of different expansive soil layers was mainly caused by the electric charge effect including two factors, namely (i) the modification effect, (ii) the electrical environment. Firstly, the cation exchange between the aggregated bivalent cations and the expansive soil could reduce the swelling potential of expansive soil. Additionally, the adsorbed water film surrounding the aggregates obstructed the further adsorption of water molecules into the montmorillonite interlayer, which restrained the swelling of the expansive soil.  
The paper was written by [PERSON] under the guidance of [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The formal analysis and pre-literature research were carried out by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The experiment was performed and research method was proposed by [PERSON] under the help of [PERSON] and [PERSON].  
This work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS, the outstanding youth fund of Hubei Province (No. 2017 CFA056), the Heilongjiang applied technology research and development plan guidance project (No. GZ16B007), the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative (No. KFJ-STS-ZDTP-037) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41472286, 41472290 and 41672312).  
Figure 8: The mechanism of electric charge effect on the swelling of expansive soil.
## 3 Method
### Light Compensation  
The recognition process of the reflection areas is usually influenced by the background layer and lighting intensity; the changes in lighting intensity have an especially significant impact on the accuracy of real-time reflection area recognition in black box cameras. In order to identify the reflection area more easily, this paper uses a light compensation algorithm based on the combination of brightness adjustment and gamma correction to make up or reduce the light compensation of the area where the reflection is not obvious due to the light change. The gradient difference of the image is used to determine whether brightness adjustment and light compensation are needed. Figure 3 shows the overall process of the algorithm.
# Sericin for Tissue Engineering
## 3 Sericin and Tissue Engineering
### Sericin for Drug Delivery  
Drug delivery systems are used to improve the effectiveness of therapeutic agents through efficient targeting, modulated release, or stabilization of the molecular state of drugs [60]. An optimal effect of the drug is achieved with a reliable and controlled release profile, which is particularly important when the drug exerts undesirable side-effects. Silk proteins can be used as drug carriers, owing to their biocompatibility and adjustable morphology [102]. Sericin can be potentially applicable to drug delivery because of its chemical activity and pH responsiveness [60].  
[PERSON] et al. reported a fabricated covalently crosslinked 3D pure sericin hydrogel that is injectable and exhibits several physical and chemical properties that promote a sustained drug release [103]. This hydrogel could serve as an efficient drug delivery system. [PERSON] et al. used sericin of different molecular sizes, concentrations, and forms, and evaluated the in vitro release and in vivo biodegradation of a charged protein, fluorescein isothiamate-albumin [104]. The higher the concentration of sericin, the longer was the release of the charged protein. In a rat model, this sericin preparation gradually decreased in size and weight, and the charged drug protein remained for 3 to 6 weeks or longer [104]. Therefore, sericin can be used as a drug delivery biomaterial. [PERSON] et al. reported that a sericin-alginate interpenetrating network hydrogel maintained controlled drug release at an adjustable rate [105]. This hydrogel adhered to cells and supported their proliferation, long-term survival, and migration and could be used as a versatile platform for drug delivery. [PERSON] et al. reported the use of sericin/poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanospheres as a delivery system for fenofibrate, a lipophilic drug used as lipid-regulation agent [106]. This system increased the absorbable amount of fenofibrate by 70%, improved plasma lipid levels, and decreased lipid storage in the liver, demonstrating its suitability for poorly water-soluble drugs.
# A Novel Digital Signature Scheme for Advanced Asymmetric Encryption Techniques
## 2 Related Work
### Encryption Techniques that Use \(k+r\times p\) as a Public Key  
In asymmetric encryption, there are two keys: a public key (\(PcK\)) for encryption and another private key (\(PvK\)), which is used for decryption. Any user can send a message encrypted by \(PcK\) to its owner, and only the owner of \(PvK\) can decrypt this message. In addition to encryption, \(PvK\) could play another vital role: message signing. In general, when sending a message, a user must sign it using his/her \(PvK\) for two reasons: to ensure message integrity and authenticity.  
Many schemes use the RSA as a signature system, and this forces these techniques to use two private keys and two public keys, i.e., two pairs (\(PvK\), \(PcK\)) and (\(e\), \(d\)), where (\(PvK\), \(PcK\)) are the keys used in the encryption/decryption processes and (\(e\), \(d\)) are the RSA keys used for signing. Otherwise, these techniques must use encryption/decryption keys that respect the RSA conditions \(\phi(n)=(p-1)\times(q-1)\) and \(d\times e=1\mod\phi(n)\). In the RSA and elliptic curve, it is difficult or impossible because their keys may have a specific form and/or satisfy particular conditions. Therefore, some solutions propose using a signature scheme compatible with their key pair (\(PvK\), \(PcK\)).  
Among the asymmetric encryption techniques that do not have--to the best of our knowledge--a signature scheme compatible with their key pair are techniques that use a public key of the following form:  
\[pk=k+r\times p \tag{1}\]  
where \(pk\) is the public key, \(k\) and \(p\) are the private key, and \(r\) is an integer used to mask private keys and generate encryption noises. In addition, the public primitive \(n=p\times q\) with the trapdoor \(p\) and \(q\), which are two large prime numbers.  
It is essential here to mention that \(r\) is not necessarily private, and it can be published where the adversary knows (\(pk\), \(n\)):  
\[n=p\times q \tag{2}\]  
We note here that there are two equations ((1) and (2)) and three unknown numbers (\(k\), \(p\), and \(q\)); then, it is challenging with large \(p\) and \(q\) to obtain the private values \(k\) and \(p\) as long as there is no mathematical relation between \(k\) and \(p\) (\(p\
eq f(k)\)). \(r\) verifies \(Enc_{pk}(m)>n\), whose goal is to generate a noise greater than \(n\). Table 1 illustrates some encryption schemes that use \(k+r\times p\) as a public key.  
In [36; 37], the authors used a symmetric scheme; however, we mean here the asymmetric version of this technique where \(c=m+pk\mod n\) and \(c=(m+r\times pk)\mod k\times p\). Defining a signature scheme for these kinds of lightweight asymmetric techniques is challenging. In the next section, we will explain, in detail, the proposed digital signature scheme dedicated to the techniques that use \(k+r\times p\) as a public key.
## 3 System Design
### Hit Probability of HEAs in Hierarchical Cache System  
We attempted to apply the optimal Che approximation to analyze the hit probability of HEAs in the three layer cache system depicted in Figure 1. We mainly analyzed the L1 and L2 HEAs, while the hit ratio in the L3 HEA was equal to 1. We assumed that the set \(J(j_{1},j_{2},\cdots,j_{n})\) represents all the L2 HEAs in the network and there was an L1 HEA \(j_{kk}(j_{kk}\in J_{k}(j_{k1},j_{k2},\cdots,j_{kn}))\) located in L2 HEA \(J_{k}\). Hence, \(P_{hit}^{L1}(m,j_{kk})\) is the hit probability of L1 HEA \(j_{kk}\), which can be written rapidly as:  
\[P_{hit}^{L1}(j_{kk})=\sum_{i\in l_{kk}}\sum_{C}\frac{\lambda_{c}(i)}{\Lambda}P_{ hil}^{i}(c) \tag{8}\]  
At the same time, the hit probability of L2 HEA \(J_{k}\) is:  
\[P_{hit}^{L2}(m,J_{k})=\sum_{b\in J_{k}}^{b\
eq h_{k}}\sum_{i\in l_{kk}}\sum_{C} \frac{\lambda_{c}(i)}{\Lambda}P_{hit}^{i}(c) \tag{9}\]  
The value of \(P_{hit}^{i}(c)\) is related to the different caching strategies and source selection mechanisms we discussed earlier. There is no correlation of requests between adjacent nodes when the user randomly selects a source. This implies that the hit rate can be estimated by common Che approximation because the request flows arriving to any cache node in each HEA can be modeled as a standard Poisson flow. Hence, we easily replaced the \(P_{hit}^{i}(c)\) with Equation \((1)\). As for the mechanism of selecting the nearest source, the optimal Che approximation can work because requests between cache nodes are relevant. Therefore, we replaced the \(P_{hit}^{i}(c)\) with results deduced from Equations (5) and (7) under different caching strategies.
## 3 Case Studies
### Brake Pedal
#### 3.2.1 Topology Optimization Approach  
As depicted in Figure 11, the topological optimization of the brake pedal was carried out by preserving its outer shape and filling the void areas. Using Ergal as a material, the weight of the design space is 227 g. To improve its performance, and thus its stiffness, the objective function set in the topological study was target mass \(\leq\) 70%.  
Figure 8: Aluminum rocker designed by adopting GD tools.  
Figure 9: Titanium rocker designed by adopting GD tools.  
The redesigned component had a final weight of 169 g. As a result of the FEM analysis, this solution shows lower performance than the one designed through the traditional approach. Since the results of the topological analysis show that the most stressed area is along the edges of the pedal, a second topological analysis was performed in which the initial design space was edited by enlarging the back area.  
As depicted in Figure 12, in this second topology optimization analysis, the initial mass increased to 280 g. To achieve, in terms of weight, a result comparable to the brake pedal designed through the traditional approach (Figure 10), the objective function was objective mass \(\leq\) 58%. The following figure (Figure 13) shows the final geometry as a result of the redesign operations.  
As performed for the rocker, a topology optimization of the pedal in titanium was carried out. In particular, since the initial design space of the pedal in titanium reached 442 g, the target set to have a similar weight to the initial component (Figure 10) was 37%. This analysis did not provide satisfactory results, so they were not taken into consideration.  
Figure 11: Stages of the TO approach for the redesign of the brake pedal in Ergal.  
Figure 10: Brake pedal designed through a traditional design approach oriented to conventional manufacturing technology.
## 4 Analysis for Network Throughput and Average Age of Information
### Network Throughput  
In any given network, the throughput can be defined as the mean number of packets (i.e., information) that were successfully received at the intending receivers within the considered area at any unit time [15]. The average network throughput in the primary network (represented as \(T_{N}^{p}\)) can be obtained as  
\[T_{N}^{p}=\lambda_{p}^{I}v_{p}\log_{2}(1+\theta_{p})\mu_{y_{k}^{\prime}}. \tag{24}\]  
Similarly, the network throughput in the secondary network can be derived as  
\[T_{N}^{s}=\lambda_{s}^{I}v_{s}\log_{2}(1+\theta_{s})\mu_{y_{k}^{\prime}}. \tag{25}\]  
By substituting the analyses in Section 3.1 into (24) and (25), the network throughput for the overlay, underlay and hybrid CRNs can be obtained. This will be compared in Section 5.
At the same time, the system could maintain the attribute data related to objects [21]. In the immersive experience, it was also possible to use a handheld controller to measure objects inside the virtual model [22]. Some scholars could also combine a 2D map with a 3D view [23] and improve the immersion through VR [24]. Most of the research focused on a 6-DoF electric linear actuator platform equipped with a monitor to design the simulator. This kind of design was more expensive and exhibited a smaller motion range than those developed in this study. In addition, it also required an expensive control system and a large amount of power supply. Additionally, using a monitor as an image output did not produce an immersive feeling for testers. In this study, the difference with relative literature was the mechanism design, drive method, and image output. The virtual space synchronous multi-axis motion device for flight simulation was designed and developed in this research. It could be applied in many different simulations, such as tank simulation, boat simulation, physical rehabilitation, and the game industry. This research was focused on aircraft operation simulation. The main structure of the platform was comprised of 3-DoF, inexpensive and simple crank linage mechanisms. Then, an independent system that can rotate \(\pm\)180\({}^{\circ}\) was built at the center of the platform to obtain 4 DoF, such as heave, roll, pitch, and yaw. Through these motion modes, the driving experience can be made more immersive and real to enhance the training experience. In addition, Microprocessor Unit (MPU)-9250 sensors were installed at the middle of platform to acquire motion status to track and monitor the performance evaluation. Ethernet Control Automation Technology (EtherCAT) technology was applied to transmit and receive commands to achieve synchronous simulation between the platform and the VR content to enhance the driving experience with VR content immersion.
## 1 Introduction  
Gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductors have a high breakdown voltage due to inherent wide-bandgap and high current density, which is advantageous for use as power semiconductors [1, 2]. In addition, since the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure has high electron mobility due to the generation of its unique 2-D electron gas (2-DEG), GaN HEMTs have been widely studied and utilized in high-frequency power amplifiers [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Since GaN HEMTs exhibit high power density but have a self-heating effect, a source via structure that can dissipate heat well to substrates is widely used in transistor layouts. As a result, accurate large-signal modeling reflecting the self-heating effect is essential [8, 9, 10, 11]. Recently, with the commercialization of 5G communication, research on millimeter-wave power amplifiers using GaN HEMTs is being actively conducted [12, 13, 14, 15]. Therefore, GaN HEMT large-signal modeling that reflects self-heating effects up to the millimeter-wave band is required. On the other hand, for accurate large-signal modeling, an accurate small-signal model should be prioritized. In particular, as the operating frequency increases, a small-signal equivalent circuit that reflects the S-parameter according to the frequency well is required. Until now, many studies on GaN HEMT modeling have been successfully published [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Recently, some papers dealing with GaN HEMT small-signal modeling up to 110 GHz have reported on millimeter-wave monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design [22, 23, 24, 25]. However, depending on the process, there was no consideration of the coupling effect that may appear with the source via process. This suggests that it may be necessary to modify the traditional HEMT small-signal equivalent circuit that has been used for millimeter-wave GaN HEMT small-signal modeling. In this paper, we propose a new GaN HEMT small-signal equivalent circuit considering the source via structure, usable at frequencies up to 67 GHz including 5G communication frequencies. The structure of this paper is as follows: In Section 2, we propose a small-signal equivalent circuit reflecting the source via effect from the GaN HEMT structure to which an individual source via (ISV) is applied. Then, an extraction method and procedure of the proposed small-signal model are mentioned. Section 3 introduces the 67 GHz S-parameter measurement setup conducted in this work and verifies the validity of the proposed model by comparing the conventional small-signal model and the proposed one with the measurement results. Finally, the conclusion follows.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analytical Model Results
The reduction in air pressure in the first cycle is greater during the storage period when FRP is used as sealing layer (Figure 7b). However, as shown in Figure 8b, this reduction is very similar from second cycle. Regarding the surface heat flux, the results are very similar for both sealing layers, reaching values 50 and \(-100\) W m\({}^{-2}\) in the compression and decompression stages (Figure 8c). The thermal energy balance in the 30 th cycle (day 30) through the sealing layer reaches 25.27 and 20.48 kWh for FRP and steel, respectively. Although the system loses slightly more thermal energy in the compression stage when steel is used, the lining contributes with more energy to the compressed air in the decompression stage when steel is used as sealing layer (Figure 8c). Figure 6: Surface heat flux of FRP and concrete lining for 30 charging and discharging cycles considering FRP as sealing layer. (**a**) First day; (**b**) 30 days of operation; (**c**) 30 th cycle.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### In-Situ Records  
The long term monthly precipitation data that were collected from 20 meteorological stations over the Punjab region were acquired from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) (Figure 1). The in-situ records were investigated during the study periods from 1979 to 2017 and from 2003 to 2017 as reference data for the assessment of GB and SB precipitation products, respectively. The selection of the gauges depends on their maximum availability and completeness of data series. The GPPs were evaluated against the in-situ records on an annual, winter, and summer monsoon season. The winter and summer monsoon seasons are the primary drivers of the annual hydrological cycle with major influence of Asian monsoon (summer monsoon season) over the study region [28]. The GB and SB GPPs were developed while using quality-controlled procedures and algorithms. However, the stations data are generally considered as standard measurements for the evaluation of GPPs [37; 38]. Moreover, the standard quality-controlled procedures were adopted for the better accuracy assessment of GB and SB GPPs. For quality assurance, station data series were thoroughly checked and outliers were fixed with neighboring gauge records [39]. Gaps were filled using a time-based interpolation approach [40]. Several post-processing techniques have been developed to identify the consistency and homogeneity's in the station records [41]. The double-mass curve was applied to observe the inhomogeneity in the station records [42]. The curve of all the stations showed a straight line with no evident break points, which confirms a temporal consistency and uniformity in the time series records.  
After quality control process in the reference data series, the thin-plate splines (TPS) interpolation method was introduced to convert the station data into products relative spatial grid sizes for the assessment of GB and SB GPPs on spatial scale. The original TPS method is defined by [43], whereas [44] provides a detailed description of its application for different climate indicators. The TPS scheme is applicable and robust in regions where stations density is low and prior estimation of the spatial auto-covariance is not required [44]. The time series autocorrelation method was applied prior to estimate the trend significance, magnitude, and abrupt turning point to ensure the occurrence of significant autocorrelation in the reference data series [1]. The presence of significant autocorrelation in the reference data series could influence the outcome of Mann-Kendall (MK), Sen's Slope (SS),  
Figure 1: Study area and meteorological stations.  
and Mann-Kendall abrupt change analysis [45]. Therefore, the significance of autocorrelation should be checked before applying the trend tests [46]. The analysis revealed no significant autocorrelation in the reference data series of annual, winter, and summer monsoon seasons. Therefore, the in-situ records are completely independent, and the MK test is applicable to the original gauge records. The detailed description for autocorrelation method is reported by [47].
## Materials and Methods
### Field Measurements  
To analyze stem growth and relate it to weather conditions, we installed high resolution point dendrometers (ZN12-T-2 IP, Natkon.ch, Oetwil am See, Switzerland) at 1.5 m above ground level in 22 out of the 31 trees mentioned above. Stem diameter change measurement was automatically recorded at a temporal resoluiton of 10 min from September 2015 to August 2017, based on registers of the compression or relaxation of the potentiometer spring of the point dendrometers.  
We consider that variations registered by the springs are preferentially related to an increase in the bark thickness than on fluctuations in the water content of cambial tissues [57; 58]. On the other hand, the decrease in bark represents a depletion in the tree's water content [59]. Thus, direct measurements of the tree diameter (Dc), transformed into \(\Delta\)Dc, allow the extraction of the stem growth (Gr) excluding the influence of water fluctuations. To obtain the Gr data, we generated the \"growth line\", by linking the maximum values of the data series using the methodology of [59]. All analyzes were performed with RStudio (R Development Core Team, 2015).  
For total litter data, we installed 4 collectors (0.50 \(\times\) 0.50 m) at 1 m above ground level between May 2016 and January 2018. The collect was carried out monthly, and then the material was submitted to oven drying, and the total litter fraction was weighed.  
Water table was monitored between May 2016 and December 2017, using a piezometer installed at the RJA site with a depth of 9 m (10\({}^{\circ}\)11\({}^{\prime}\)11.39\({}^{\prime}\)S, 61\({}^{\circ}\)52\({}^{\prime}\)20.89\({}^{\prime}\)W), the location was chosen closest to the flux tower.  
Ecophysiological analyses were conducted at different periods (Table 1) and all functional attributes of drought tolerance (P\({}_{50}\), \(\pi\)TLP, HSM and Isohydroticity) were generated from water potential data, measured with a Scholander camera (PMS Instruments Co., Al-bany, NY, USA) using specific methodologies and protocols (Table 1). \(\pi\)TLP measurements were performed on 22 specimens, being chosen for their highest IVI and Rd, when possible. Additionally, the P\({}_{50}\) measurements were performed on 10 specimens, due to the difficulty of applying the methodology in the study area.  
The hydraulic safety margin (HSM), turgor loss point (\(\pi\)TLP), isohydroticity and potential in which the plant loses 50% of hydraulic conductivity (P\({}_{50}\)) were used as indicators of drought tolerance, and we used the limiar described in [38] to \(\pi\)TLP and [39] to P\({}_{50}\).