# Towards Automatic Detection of Social Anxiety Disorder via Gaze Interaction
## 2 Related Work  
SAD is a disorder with a marked and persistent fear of social situations, which often is the cause of embarrassment or humiliation [20]. Individuals can experience social stress in a range of contexts, such as giving a public speech, speaking to a superior in a structural environment, or when engaged in unexpected interpersonal communication settings. Mostly, those who are socially anxious account for themselves as being shy when involved in an interpersonal setting or feeling some apprehension to communicate with others [21]. The research [20] explains that people with SAD have common symptoms such as:  
1. Self-conscious in front of other people
2. Worrying for days or weeks before an event involving other people as well
3. Stay away from places where people involved
4. Tough time making friends and keeping friends
5. Some physical symptoms when they are with other people, like blushing, nausea, trembling, heavy sweating, and having a tough time talking. If untreated, SAD can construct various kinds of psychopathology spanning internalizing and externalizing conditions [22]. The externalizing conditions incorporate a variety of disinhibited or externally focused behavioral symptoms, including aggression, conduct problems, delinquent behavior, oppositionality, hyperactivity, and attention problems. The internalizing conditions include a variety of over-inhibited or internally focused symptoms, including anxiety, fear, sadness/depression, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints [22]. Thus, SAD is an example of an internalizing condition. Another epidemiological study by [PERSON] [2] estimates that about 80% of people with SAD also experience a comorbid psychiatric condition such as other anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD). Psychiatrists use the LSAS to predict someone's SAD condition. The LSAS is a short questionnaire developed in 1987 by psychiatist [PERSON]. However, this subjective scale depends on the correct answers provided by the subjects. [PERSON] et al. [23] described some disadvantages of subjective scales such as:  
1. Subjective scale filling is a time-consuming task because it includes a proper understanding of the questionnaire and an exact answer for each question; otherwise, it will predict incorrect results. 2. It is an arduous task for children, semi-literate, and non-literate people to fill the subjective scale, as they cannot read and understand it properly. 3. A subjective scale needs aid in the filling and is thus prone to other people's bias. 4. The subjective scale may be prone to produce incorrect results due to manual evaluation. A subjective measurement can be improved by replacing it with some objective measures. With the advancement in machine-learning techniques, automatic gaze estimation has improved. Recent studies have proposed the automatic detection of gaze interaction with eye trackers or wearable cameras [4]. However, there are many central issues in detecting gaze interaction with such wearable devices. Firstly, it is hard for participants to wear eye trackers or cameras because they feel more self-conscious if they have psychological disorders [24]. Secondly, gaze interaction largely depends on the conditions of interaction [25]. For example, talking with close family and friends is a different kind of interaction than talking with strangers. To overcome the shortcomings, the researchers have designed interfaces that help in the video annotation of gaze interaction manually. Manually here means a human annotates a video by tracking the gaze of the participants and inputting gaze avoidance or interaction as a coded value [8]. Recent studies also contributed to new instruments that efficiently browse various videos like sports [26], education [27], first-person videos [28], and surveillance [29]. These works used techniques based on computer vision and formulated modern GUI support for video browsing like-colored video timelines [30], content-aware fast-forwarding [31], and direct manipulation [32].