# Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study
## 6 Results and Discussions
### Survey Results
#### 6.2.1 Reflection on the Socioeconomic Status of a Case Study Community  
The socioeconomic data of community gave the insight into gender, age, locality, highest education level, family system, household size, number of bread earners, and occupation. The age of respondents was categorized into five groups and the respondents in the age group of 36-40 years dominated the other age groups. Both male and female respondents were asked questions while working in the fields as the data was collected at the time of sugar-cane crop harvesting in the district Layyah. It was observed that people of all age groups worked in the fields on daily wages. The results showed that 74% of the respondents had a joint system in their families, and only 26% had a single-family. It was observed in a field survey that people lived close to each other, and communities had a strong connection with each other in all the four localities of the riverine area in district Layyah. The adaptive capacity of a community lies in living in sheer vicinity as [34] claimed that there are dense networks of concern and association within the village periphery. Most people live in a combined family system, each household in the family shares courtyard and baths while having separate kitchens. They share happiness and sorrows, which makes them socially resilient to any stress or pressure, and hazard. Many examples boost the influence of social capital as a principle for resilient communities against disaster [35; 36; 37]. According to [38], coordinated actions provide materialist and emotional aids, and endangered communities are ought to work together manageably to figure out problems [34]. Moreover, in the community resilience model by [39], social capital addresses three elements that are (i) community participation (ii) social bonds (iii) social support. The socioeconomic status of people living in LN was found comparatively low as 74% population belonged to the laborer occupation. During a field survey in one of the villages named MM, an old man reported the 2010 flood to be a major disaster as he lost his home. One local NGO helped him to rebuild his house, but the help was limited. He said, \"I live in a tent with my wife after the 2010 flood, whereas the NGO helped to build only one room, bathroom, and kitchen. Since my son got married, I have been living in a tent under severe environmental conditions\". Both males and females work in flood-affected areas to fulfill their basic needs (Figure 4). During the infield survey, it was observed that females are the major contributors to family income in riverine areas. When asked by one female respondent in union council LN about her earning source, she said, \"All women from our locality work from morning to evening in fields. We get up early in the morning, and after leaving our children for school, we go to work. As it is sugarcane season, so nowadays we go for cutting off this crop\". Seasonal crop harvesting was the major occupation of people living close to the riverine belt. Infield survey, the education level in 4 union councils was found varyingly. During a survey in LN, SW, and KHS, respondents highlighted a lack of education facilities in their areas for their daughters, especially as there was only a primary school in each union council for girls, although there was a high school in each union council for boys only. One of the female respondents from village MM in union council LN asked for a permanent place in Layyah city so their children's education would not be affected by annual flooding. As she mentioned, schools remain closed when the flood hits the area, and school buildings get deteriorated each year. Many respondents in union council SW and KHS criticize the unjust educational facilities, as they want higher education in their areas. When asked for a reason behind criticism, one of the female respondents from KHS who was carrying out her bachelor's degree briefed that, female and male students have to travel daily to the city for higher secondary education and to attend university.