# Energy Consumption Analysis of ISO/IEC 29192-2 Standard Lightweight Ciphers
## 3 ISO/IEC 29192-2 Standard Lightweight Ciphers
### Related Works on ISO/IEC 29192-2  
As demonstrated in Section 2, numerous studies in the literature focus on the development of lightweight cryptographic algorithms to improve the cryptographic security of IoT and WSN systems. These studies explore various encryption techniques, performance optimizations, and security enhancements tailored for resource-constrained environments. However, none of these studies directly address the ISO/IEC 29192-2 standard. In this section, a compilation of studies that are partially related to this research is provided, offering insights into cryptographic approaches that exhibit similarities with the research focus, but do not explicitly conform to the ISO/IEC 29192-2 standard. This review highlights relevantadvancements in the field, while demonstrating the absence of direct studies on ISO/IEC 29192-2, thereby reinforcing the novelty and contribution of this work. [PERSON] et al. examine the feasibility of hardware acceleration for lightweight encryption algorithms in resource-constrained IoT devices such as sensor nodes and embedded systems [30]. Since these devices often lack the computational power to implement standard encryption algorithms, the study explores whether dedicated hardware, specifically FPGAs, can efficiently handle encryption tasks. To achieve this, the researchers implemented and evaluated different lightweight ciphers, interfacing them with a microcontroller via serial communication. The study focuses on ciphers aligned with the ISO/IEC 29192-2 standard, specifically PRESENT, LEA, and CLEFIA, while using AES as a benchmark for comparison. The results indicate that PRESENT-128 and LEA-128 offer the best balance between the throughput and implementation area, making them the most efficient choices for lightweight cryptographic applications in constrained environments. [PERSON] and [PERSON] present a highly compact CLEFIA block cipher architecture designed for ultra-low-area IoT devices [31]. The architecture supports 128-bit plaintext/ciphertext and a 128-bit key, processing data through a 4-bit data path to minimize hardware resource usage. The design was implemented in Verilog and tested on a BASYS3 FPGA. [PERSON] et al. evaluate various security algorithms in terms of performance and robustness, particularly for resource-constrained devices such as wristwatches, RFID tags, and IoT devices with limited hardware resources [32]. Their study focuses on identifying an encryption algorithm that balances low hardware footprint, high speed, and adequate security for such environments. Through hardware implementation and cryptanalysis, the authors compare PRESENT, AES, ECDH, DH, and RSA using the UMC-90 nm standard gate library. The study finds that PRESENT, included in the ISO/IEC 29192-2:2012 standard for lightweight cryptography due to its simple and efficient design, is particularly well suited for constrained environments. [PERSON] et al. address the critical security challenges in IoT systems, emphasizing the need to prevent data tampering and ensure confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity, particularly for data stored on removable devices like microSD cards [33]. While software-based security solutions are commonly used, their effectiveness is limited due to the resource constraints of IoT devices. The researchers introduce Embedded LUKS (E-LUKS), a hardware-based security framework inspired by Linux Unified Key Setup for encrypting data partitions. E-LUKS enhances LUKS by incorporating integrity and authentication mechanisms along with its confidentiality features. It employs advanced encryption and hash algorithms, such as PRESENT and SPONGENT, both recognized for IoT security, with PRESENT is included in the ISO/IEC 29192-2:2019 standard for lightweight block ciphers. [PERSON] and [PERSON] explore highly efficient implementations of block ciphers on NVIDIA GPUs for large-scale IoT and cloud computing applications [34]. The researchers focus on three block ciphers, AES, LEA, and CHAM.