esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Proposed Method** & **Objectives** & **Cost Function** & **Reported Results** \\ \hline
[65] & \(\bullet\) & Power allocation & \(\bullet\) & Less power consumption & \(\bullet\) & Round-trip delay & \(\bullet\) & Lesser data exchange by 79\% \\  & \(\bullet\) & Resource allocation & \(\bullet\) & Less queuing delay & \(\bullet\) & Round-trip delay & \(\bullet\) & Smaller queue length by 60\% \\  & \(\bullet\) & Lower latency & & & & & \(\bullet\) & Lower power consumption \\ \hline
[100] & \(\bullet\) & Satisfaction-based multi-armed bandit approach & \(\bullet\) & Optimal UAV trajectories & \(\bullet\) & Transmit power & \(\bullet\) & Achieved improvement in throughput \\  & & & Efficient resource allocation & \(\bullet\) & Received signal strength & \(\bullet\) & Lower system outage probability \\ \hline
[80] & \(\bullet\) & Q-learning and FRL & \(\bullet\) & Minimize local model hyper-parameters & \(\bullet\) & Number of communication rounds & \(\bullet\) & Reduced communication rounds \\  & & & Minimize communication rounds & \(\bullet\) & FRL model convergence & \(\bullet\) & Quicker model convergence for FRL \\ \hline Our Work & \(\bullet\) & PFL & \(\bullet\) & Minimize average latency and communication overhead & \(\bullet\) & Average latency (ms) & \(\bullet\) & Reduced average latency and communication overhead \\  & \(\bullet\) & PFL with attention mechanism & \(\bullet\) & Minimize UAV’s power consumption & \(\bullet\) & UAV’s power consumption (dBm) & \(\bullet\) & Reduced UAV’s power consumption \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.G. and X.F. ; methodology, A.G.; writing--original draft preparation, A.G.; writing--review and editing, X.F. ; supervision, X.F. ; funding acquisition, X.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research received no external funding. **Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Hierarchical Resource Management for Mega-LEO Satellite Constellation
## 7 Performance Assessments
### Assessment Metrics
#### 7.1.3 Number of Served Users  
The number of users in the service area of SBS: This total count includes all individuals who fall within the SBS's coverage area, regardless of their activity status.  
The number of active users that need services in the SBS's service area: Active users refer to those who have engaged with the SBS services within a specified time frame (e.g., the past month). Knowing this number helps in planning for current service demands and resource allocation.  
The number of inactive users in the SBS's service area: Inactive users are those who have not utilized the SBS services for an extended period (e.g., more than three months). Understanding the proportion of inactive users can indicate potential churn and highlight areas for re-engagement strategies.
# A New Coding Paradigm for the Primitive Relay Channel +
## 1 Introduction
The idea of chaining  
Figure 1: General relay channel. Figure 2: Primitive relay channel: relay channel with orthogonal receiver components. was first presented in [27] to design universal codes and in [28] to guarantee strong security for the degraded wiretap channel. Since then, it has been employed in numerous other settings, such as the broadcast channel [29; 30], the asymmetric channel [31; 32], and the wiretap channel [33]. We highlight that our proposed coding paradigm is implementable with codes used for compress-and-forward and decode-and-forward. Thus, polar codes are an appealing choice [24]: they have an encoding and decoding complexity of \(\Theta(n\log n)\) and a block error probability scaling roughly as \(2^{-\sqrt{n}}\), where \(n\) is the block length. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we provide a review of existing upper bounds (cut-set and its improvements) and lower bounds (direct transmission, decode-and-forward, partial decode-and-forward, compress-and-forward, and partial decode-compress-and-forward). These bounds are also evaluated for the special case of the erasure relay channel, which serves as a running example throughout the paper. In Section 3, we state and prove our new lower bound. In Section 4, we present some numerical results for the erasure relay channel: we compare the rates achieved by our proposed coding scheme with existing upper and lower bounds. Some concluding remarks are provided in Section 5. This work is an extended version of [34].
# Survey on Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Based on Multimetrics
## 4 Routing-Protocol Proposals Based on Metrics
### Multimetric-Routing Proposals
#### 4.2.18 Greedy Curvemetric Routing Protocol (GCRP)  
GCRP [31] is a new routing protocol designed to select the next hop by using curvemetric distance instead of Euclidean distance. The authors took that each vehicular node acknowledges its position, direction, and velocity using a Global Position System (GPS) receiver, a preloaded digital map of the city that is mainly needed to calculate curvemetric distance. This protocol faces an important challenge in an urban environment due to radio obstacles such as trees and buildings that decrease signal quality and reduce the successful packet reception.  
The following expression is used to calculate the curvemetric distance between two nodes:  
\[curvemetric_{dist}(n_{i},n_{j})=ShortestPath_{length}(n_{i},n_{j}), \tag{23}\]  
where \(ShortestPath\) can be found by using the Dijkstra algorithm. Considering the situation in which the next-hop selection scope is a local optimum, if the forwarding node does not have any vehicle neighbors closer to the destination than itself, the carry-and-forward method is used, in which the forwarding node holds the packet until a new closer vehicle enters its transmission range. Finally, the proposal was evaluated via simulations in urban environments and compared it with GPSR protocol.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Visible Light Spectrophotometer  
The absorbance curves of the samples were recorded using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer at 400-700 nm. Figure 2 shows the obtained spectra of AuNPs prepared at different pH values (i.e., pH 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). Most of the spectra showed MAP, but the best one was for the sample with pH 10 at 536 nm. These differences in the AuNP MAPs are related to their unique LSPR properties.  
Figure 1: Color changes of mycelium-free supernatant in response to different pH values.  
The optical densities (ODs) of some of the samples were more than 1. To obtain more accurate results, all the samples were diluted with ddH\({}_{2}\)O at a ratio of 1:2.  
As can be seen in Figure 2, although most of the samples possessed MAPs, they were not necessarily in the range between 500 and 550 nm. That means some of the samples had larger sizes than usual. As Figure 2 shows, there was no MAP for the sample at pH 2, and there were two MAPs for the sample at pH 4, one in the range of 500-550 nm and the other was in the range of 600-650 nm, which indicate that these two samples were polydispersed. According to [PERSON] et al., two different MAPs are a sign of the presence of rod-shaped nanoparticles, and one MAP is due to the presence of spheres [31]. Hence, for AuNPs the ones green in color and produced at pH 4 were probably rod-shaped. For pH 2, the produced nanoparticles might be agglomerated, because no MAP was observed. As will be discussed in the TEM part, these data are consistent with the TEM findings.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Aroma Profile  
Out of 99 free-form VOCs, 30 were sensed as flavor compounds in fresh grapes and dried raisins. Their OAV (odour active value), TVW (threshold value in water) aroma series, and aroma descriptor are mentioned in (Table 2). The 23, 24, 29, 24, and 26 aromatic compounds (OAVs \(\geq\) 1) were identified in fresh grapes, AD-raisins, PAD-raisins, SD-raisins, and PSD-raisins, respectively. The concentration level of geranic acid, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol,  
Figure 2: Principal components analysis (PCA) plot based on UFAO and MR volatile compounds in dried raisins. SD: Sund drying; PSD: pre\(-\)treated sun\(-\)drying; AD: Air\(-\)drying; PAD: pre\(-\)treated air\(-\)drying. (**A**) Unsaturated fatty acid oxidation (compounds); (**B**) Maillard Reaction (MR) compounds. (E,E)-2_A_-heptdaienal, geraniol, geraniol, \(\alpha\)-terpineol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and acetic acid were consequently so high that they surpassed the threshold greatly. The content of \(\beta\)-damascenone, \(\beta\)-ionone, (E)-2-nonenal, and rose oxide were not so high; however, their TVW is low enough to give a compelling aroma. The aromatic series of centennial seedless as fresh and dried (AD, PAD, SD, and PSD) grapes are presented in Figure 3. Based on aroma character, the 30 aroma-producing compounds were classified into six categories, including green, fatty, roasted, chemical, fruity, and floral aromas. The flavor characteristics (green, fruity, floral, and chemical) were relatively higher in fresh grapes than dried grapes. Among raisins, the strength of fruity and floral fragrances was abundant in AD-raisins as compared to others. Correspondingly, floral and fruity (tropical tree fruit) is the main character of AD-raisins in storage [5], as well as in sweet wine prepared by Garnacha Tintorera grapes [40]. The \(\beta\)-damascenone (threshold value 0.09 \(\mathrm{\mu g/L}\)) was the major contributor of floral and fruity notes [2; 41]. Besides, \(\beta\)-ionone is responsible for the floral aroma and their intensity was higher in fresh grapes, AD-raisins and PAD-raisins, was not generated in SD- and PSD-raisins. The terpene compounds, especially geraniol and linalool, \(\beta\)-damascenone, and \(\beta\)-ionone, were reported as a major contributor to the fruity and floral aroma in lithtis [27], blackberries [42], and raisins [2; 3]. The green aroma had the most intense aroma as compared to fruity, floral, roasted, and chemical and they were mainly strengthened by hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptdaienal and octanal, particularly higher in fresh grapes. Whereas, the roasted aroma came from MR during the drying of the grapes, mainly produced through 2,6-diethylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and were more intense in SD-raisins but did not contribute to fresh grapes. These two volatile compounds were found as outstanding aromatic compounds in roasted coffee [43] and dried raisins [2].
# Calculation of Blasting Damage Zone Radius of Different Charge Structures in Burnt Rock
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Explosion Stresses of Different Charge Structures  
The charge structure of explosives can be divided into a coupled continuous charge, coupled interval charge, uncoupled continuous charge and uncoupled interval charge according to different charge structure combinations, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: Different types of charge structures diagram. (**a**) Coupling continuous charge; (**b**) Coupled interval charge; (**c**) Uncoupled continuous charge; (**d**) Uncoupled interval charge.  
Figure 3: Flowchart of the related research.  
In the mining regulations, when there are two or more free faces in the blasting operation, the minimum resistance line and the length of the filling shall not be less than 0.3 m.  
There is no gap between the column and the blast hole, and the charging structure is simple, time-saving and labor-saving. So far, this kind of charging structure is still used in most open-pit mine blasting designs. However, because the explosive is concentrated at the bottom of the blashole, the force on the upper part of the blashhole is uneven after the explosion of the explosive, which produces more bulks, and thus, reduces the shoveling efficiency and increases the cost of secondary crushing.  
The radial uncoupled charge means that a certain interval is kept between the grain and the hole wall when the explosive is filled, and the grain diameter is smaller than the hole diameter. After the explosion of the uncoupled charge, during the propagation of the detonation wave through the air medium to the hole wall, part of the energy of the detonation gas product is compressed and stored by the air medium, thereby reducing the initial pressure peak during the explosion of the explosive. Then, the compressed stored energy is released to work on the rock around the borehole, and finally, the purpose of improving the blasting effect is achieved. An uncoupled charge is often used in pre-splitting blasting and smooth blasting.  
The axial uncoupled charge (interval charge) uses materials such as air columns or gun mud to fill the explosives in sections. This method can adjust the center of gravity of the explosives and reasonably distribute the energy of the explosives. It is more suitable to use an interval charge for rock benches with hard or fractured rocks in the middle and upper parts of the blasting face.
## 4 Discussion
### Combination of Sentinel-1 and 2  
This study used a combination of Sentinel-1 and 2 time series to capture the rice extent and the dynamics of rice growth. Tropical regions tend to have many clouds that interfere with optical satellite images. The Maximum Value Composite (MaxVC) of NDVI is generally used to minimize the effect of cloud cover. In rice mapping studies, the MaxVC of the NDVI has successfully minimized the effect of cloud cover in MODIS data [56; 57; 58; 67], SPOT vegetation data [59], and Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data [28; 34; 68]. As the NDVI of water is smaller than the NDVI of clouds, cloud cover could be mistaken for water. Thus, the MaxVC of the NDVI cannot effectively detect rice fields during the transplanting period, as shown in Figure 3b. A limitation of the MaxVC of the NDVI is when there is persistent cloud cover over the study area during all revisiting times (a 5-day period) within a month. To overcome this problem, spatial interpolation [69] of NDVI values in the regions affected by clouds could be performed using machine learning models using SAR imagery and other environmental covariates [70].  
On the other hand, the median of the VH polarization can detect rice fields during the transplanting period, as shown by the minimum peak in Figure 3a. However, the MaxVC of the NDVI showed better spectra discrimination than VH polarization during other growth stages. Thus, a combination of Sentinel-1 and 2 improved the overall results. The use of monthly greenest images or maximum NDVI value composites of Sentinel-2 data circumvents the need for masking clouds and cloud shadows, as is commonly carried out in rice mapping studies [64; 71].
## 2 Measuring Electromagnetic Shielding and Related Parameters
Optical methods, such as measurements of the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), are generally highly complicated on rough surfaces [43] and thus usually not taken into account. Instead, instruments such as an alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), or superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) are used, which enable measuring even very small magnetic moments [44; 45; 46; 47].
## 1 Introduction
### Uncertainty in a PEPT Measurement  
Every PEPT measurement contains inherent uncertainty from sources that include the detector configuration of the scanner, the positron range, the acolinearity of the photon pair, the sampling process, the resolution of the PET scanner, and the choice of tracking algorithm.  
Figure 1: The Siemens HR++ PET scanner of PEPT Cape Town [19; 22].  
Recent examples of location uncertainty quantification for PEPT measurements suggest values for different PEPT systems on the order of magnitudes 0.1 mm and 1 mm [19; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27].  
To minimise the uncertainty that arises from the method of deriving tracer locations, the size of the sampling window of LORs must be chosen with respect to timescales characteristic of the flow fluctuations and tracer activity. Using too few LORs leads to a loss of accuracy in the tracer location. With too many LORs, the tracer particle will move significantly within the window and also lead to a large uncertainty in the location measurements. The number of locations per unit time, or location rate, is also determined by the number of LORs used per sample and non-constant gamma ray attenuation due to the varying density of the local media [28].  
Uncertainty in a PEPT measurement also arises from temporal limitations of the PET scanner, specifically from the listmode timestamp output of the PET scanner. For the HR++, when coincidence data are being recorded, the timestamp is given to the nearest 1 ms. Therefore, PEPT measurements of flotation at PEPT Cape Town are performed with a conservative maximum location rate of 1 kHz [29], calculated as the reciprocal of the timestamp. Higher location rates have been calculated for other PEPT systems by assuming an even distribution of the times of events within each timestamp [21], using a small field of view (FOV) camera and an overlapping sampling window [30], and with the SuperPEPT system [17].
# Instability Study of Magnetic Journal Bearing under S-CO\({}_{2}\) Condition
## 1 Introduction
Figure 2: Magnetic bearing operation data from the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST): (**a**) under S-CO\({}_{2}\) conditions at 14,000 rpm (43.42 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 78 bar); (**b**) under room temperature and pressure at 30,000 rpm [12]. The instability causes the clearance between shaft and stator to disappear and leads to contact; therefore, the rotation speed cannot be increased in S-CO\({}_{2}\) conditions. On the contrary, in normal air conditions, higher rotation speed was achieved, and the magnetic bearing stably maintained clearance during the test. The gap between the shaft and the magnetic bearing was also filled with the working fluid; therefore, it can be concluded that the instability problem is related to the fluid conditions in the gap, such as pressure and density of the fluid. There have been several studies to suppress the oil whirl/whip to improve the stability [7] or considering the air gap as a disturbance for magnetic flux variation [13]. However, unlike the lubricant oil or air gap, the influence of S-CO\({}_{2}\) on the rotor-bearing system has not yet been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, the instability problem will be viewed with thin film lubrication first to analyze the interaction among S-CO\({}_{2}\) lubricant, bearing, and shaft. The main challenges of using magnetic bearings under the S-CO\({}_{2}\) conditions and suppressing instability are: (i) scarcity of the experimental data; and (ii) insufficient understanding of how S-CO\({}_{2}\) can affect the dynamic loading of the rotor that has to be compensated by the magnetic bearing. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper first tries to develop a simplified lubrication model to understand the S-CO\({}_{2}\) effects on the rotor, and follows with a presentation of preliminary data. A correlation between the experimental results and the lubrication model predictions is attempted and presented in the paper. This correlation seems to verify the lubrication model and assists in finding the cause of instability. Eventually, the model could contribute to resolving the contemporary challenges. In this paper, the lubrication model for S-CO\({}_{2}\) is first developed from the Reynolds equation by following the well-established method in the previous studies [14; 15; 16], From the results of the lubrication model, the instability source is predicted. In order to test the hypothesis, an S-CO\({}_{2}\) experimental facility for magnetic bearing was designed and constructed. Finally, the correlations between obtained experimental results and lubrication model's predictions are discussed.
## 5 Comparison between Mature Methods and More Recent Non-Thermal Plasma Technology  
### Materials and Methods  
#### 5.1.1 Plasma Applications in Water Purification  
A detailed assessment of selected non-thermal plasma applications was carried out to appreciate the completed studies and outstanding results as presented in Table 1. The main attributes of this compilation are pollutant type, reactor operating conditions and degradation performance characterised by contact time and removal efficiency.
## 4 Hardware Implementation of CPU-SPU Collaborative SoC
### Performance Optimizations of SPU Security Monitoring
#### 4.3.1 M-Cache Searching Efficiency  
During program execution, the determining factor of performance impact in the proposed instruction monitor is the searching efficiency of \(INF_{ref}\) blocks. When the instructions of each BB enter the CPU execution pipeline in sequence, if there is no M-Cache, the instruction monitor needs to search the corresponding \(INF_{ref}\) block from the monitor memory according to the \(ADD_{start}\) of each BB, which will frequently access the monitor memory and search all the table of \(INF_{ref}\) blocks. In order to improve the searching efficiency of BB \(INF_{ref}\) blocks, the M-Cache with a depth of 256 cache lines is configured to buffer partial blocks of the BBs \(INF_{ref}\) table from monitor memory.  
Hence, both the temporal locality principle and spatial locality principle of the M-Cache in searching nearby BB \(INF_{ref}\) blocks can be fully exploited to reduce the memory's searching time. The M-Cache content-searching method with a pointer and cache internal structure with partial BB \(INF_{ref}\) table are shown in Figure 9. The pointer is described as a double ring buffer that is constructed with an 8-bit register to indicate the address of the appointed cache line.  
The content-searching circuit and the storage parts of \(ADD_{start}\) are fully interconnected; therefore, the hit/miss status of M-Cache can be acquired within two clock cycles. As the content searching method is according to the effective \(ADD_{start}\) from the PC, the cache line is appointed by comparing the BB start address segment of \(ADD_{start}\)[17:2] with the value of cache line \(INF_{ref}\)[31:16].