## 4 Results

Table 2: Example of a travel time record. Travel time records that deviated considerably from the average were considered outliers and thus excluded from the analyses because they would undermine the accuracy of our results. Consider the example of traveling from Kaohsiung Warehouse to Zhutian First Store. For this route, the number of travel time records collected in period 6 (06:00-06:59) was 261. The average and standard deviation values of these records were 2688 and 455 s, respectively. Four travel time values were longer than three standard deviations from the average travel time, as presented in Table 3. Therefore, these four outliers were removed, and the average travel time was recalculated to be  
respectively. One travel time value was longer than three standard deviations from the average travel time, as presented in Table 4; therefore, this value was removed. The average travel time recalculated using the remaining 34 records was 2800 s or approximately 47 min. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Origin** & **Destination** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Departure** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} & **Arrival Time** & **Travel Time (s)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average Travel** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} & **Fold Change** \\ \hline Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 11 June 2021 & 11 June 2021 & 6830 & 2690 & 7.9 \\ Warehouse & Store & 5:36 & 7:30 & 6830 & 2690 & 7.9 \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 24 September & 24 September & 5752 & 2690 & 5.8 \\ Warehouse & Store & 2021 6:50 & 2021 8:26 & 5752 & 2690 & 5.8 \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 1 August 2021 & 1 August 2021 & 5752 & 2690 & 5.8 \\ Warehouse & Store & 6:34 & 8:04 & 5356 & 2690 & 5.1 \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 12 May 2021 & 12 May 2021 & 5356 & 2690 & 5.1 \\ Warehouse & Store & 7:27 & 7:32 & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 19 December & 19 December & 3297 & 2690 & 1.2 \\ Warehouse & Store & 2021 6:31 & 2021 7:08 & 3274 & 2690 & 1.1 \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 24 November & 24 November & 3274 & 2690 & 1.1 \\ Warehouse & Store & 2021 6:42 & 2021 7:34 & 3274 & 2690 & 1.1 \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 11 July 2021 & 11 July 2021 & 3274 & 2690 & 1.1 \\ Warehouse & Store & 6:45 & 7:32 & 3274 & 2690 & 1.1 \\ Kaohsiung & Zhutian First & 10 September & 10 September & 2140 & 2690 & 1.0 \\ Warehouse & Store & 2021 7:02 & 2021 7:53 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Daily travel time records for travel from Kaohsiung Warehouse to Zhutian First Store (Time unit: seconds, including outliers). Figure 7: Distribution of the daily travel time records for travel from Kaohsiung Warehouse to Zhutian First Store (Time unit: seconds, outliers are marked in red). With regard to daily travel records, 298 travel time records were obtained for the route from Kaohsiung Warehouse to Zhutian First Store. The average travel time was 2690 s, the standard deviation was 525 s, and six records were three or more standard deviations away from the average (Table 5). These six records were excluded, and the average was recalculated to be 2645 s or approximately 44 min. On Google Maps, the estimated travel time for the aforementioned journey for departure at 6:30 on the next day was 35-55 min, and this range covered the average values obtained in this study when considering and not considering the outliers (Figure 7). A total of 0.4% and 1.7% of the hourly and daily data, respectively, were defined as outliers and removed from subsequent analyses. The remaining data were then subjected to another check based on two factors--sample size and reference ratio--to reconfirm their suitability for inclusion in the subsequent analyses. A total of 3,779,725 point-to-point hourly travel time records were obtained after the outliers were removed. These data were grouped by departure location, arrival location, and departure period, and 199,872 rows of data were obtained. Each row of data represents a specific combination of departure point, arrival point, and departure period (hereafter referred to as the \"intervallic combination\").