# Assessment of Water Consumption Behavior in Single Households Using Smart Water Meters
## 1 Introduction  
Water consumption has become important in urban areas in recent years because of efforts to conserve water resources [1]. Water meters are used to measure water consumption efficiently; however, manual meters require users to travel periodically and manually record water consumption, which can be costly and inconvenient [2]. This technique contrasts with periodic metering, where daily water consumption is approximated for calculating consumption rates or planning purposes. Automated technology for monitoring and reviewing water consumption offers advantages to both water authorities and consumers while also enabling the implementation of demand management plants [3, 4, 5]. The widespread adoption of smart water meters represents a notable research opportunity and management tool. These meters serve as visual shows for household water consumption, allow homeowners to take control of their water consumption, and facilitate the implementation of a wider display of planning mechanisms [6, 7]. Extensive research has been undertaken to obtain a deeper understanding of residential water consumption [8, 9, 10]. Research has shown significant variations in water consumption among households. It is imperative to consider this change in household water consumption to make precise water demand predictions and conduct effective assessments of supply and demand balance across various physical scales, particularly at the individual household level [11]. As household water consumption has gradually increased over the past decade, it is necessary to examine trends, patterns, and statistical metrics related to water consumption, and to identify potentialinfluencing factors, such as housing types. To promote sustainable urbanization, water supply facilities must be matched to the continuously updated water demands [12; 13]. This study provides the basis for the progress of smart water meter technology, allowing for the instant transmission of recorded water consumption data via real-time communication [14; 15]. Furthermore, the introduction of smart water meters has enabled households to monitor their water consumption. These meters allow for the automatic acquisition, collection, and communication of real-time water consumption readings [4; 16]. By offering high-resolution and regular data on water consumption, smart water meters can measure the volume of water consumed during a given time period [17]. Additionally, with IoTs rapidly advancing, numerous smart demand meters now monitor water consumption and other relevant parameters [18]. Smart water meters monitor water flow, distribution, and consumption, provide real-time access to water consumption data, and improve water efficiency [19; 20]. A comprehensive analysis identified 75 benefits linked with smart water meters, 57 of which benefit water utilities, 40 of which benefit customers, and 22 of which are cross-benefits [21]. Smart water meters are a vital method for water utilities to advance a comprehensive understanding of urban water consumption; they record water consumption data every 30 min [22; 23]. By using a smart water meter, we can analyze household water consumption patterns during water events, revealing that households respond more strongly to the threat of water restrictions [24]. Most smart water meters are installed in regions such as Australia, North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia [21; 25; 26]. Research by [PERSON] et al. used smart meter data from 327 households in Southeast Queensland and Melbourne, Australia, to identify specific water consumption behaviors such as showering, laundry, and irrigation. The analysis revealed notable differences in both the timing and intensity of water consumption across households [27]. This provides utilities with valuable insights into consumption patterns. These findings can be used in the development of tailored demand management and the promotion of more effective water conservation efforts.