## 1 Introduction
[25] performed three-point bending tests on rock samples with notches using real-time resistivity and acoustic emission testing technology, revealing changes in overall potential distribution characteristics due to crack initiation and propagation, which affected overall resistivity. [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated the rock loading process and observed that the non-uniform distribution of the spatial crystal structure of the rock resulted in variations in EMR and AE characteristics. They also noted that different stress levels led to distinct rock EMR and AE behaviors upon failure. [PERSON] et al. [27] conducted an experimental study on the EMR characteristics of rocks at various degrees of damage, and highlighted the influence of electric dipoles generated during different stages of crack propagation on the spectrum and amplitude changes of the EMR signal. [PERSON] et al. [28] concluded that quartz content was not a determining factor for the strength of the EMR signal, but rather it was influenced by complex crack events induced by stress during loading. [PERSON] et al. [29] derived a theoretical model of loaded composite coal rocks with cracks, conducted uniaxial compression tests on composite coal rocks, and studied the influence of coal rock crack state on the time-frequency characteristics of EMR signals. [PERSON] et al. [30] analyzed the measurement results of EMR and AE signals emitted by coal under uniaxial compression, and concluded that the research on the relationship between the electromagnetic radiation intensity and stress in the process of coal damage and failure can be carried out based on the idea of energy conversion. [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed an electromechanical coupling model for coal under compression load, integrating strength statistical theory and damage mechanics theory, and indicated that electromagnetic radiation can characterize the damage stage of coal under compression load. [PERSON] et al. [32] carried out experimental research on electric potential (EP) signals from four types of samples under compression load, analyzed the EP response characteristics at different loading stages,and highlighted crack propagation as a significant mechanism in EP response, including electron escape due to stress concentration at the crack tip, charge separation caused by crack propagation, and discharge at the crack tip. [PERSON] et al. [33] and [PERSON] et al. [34] discussed the temporal evolution of electrical activity in brittle materials and compared it with acoustic emission technology test results, revealing common qualitative characteristics among these sensing technologies. Therefore, the electromagnetic signals generated by rocks under load can be used as characteristic information for predicting rock fracture and failure. There are many complex analytical models for the electromagnetic radiation of rock deformation and failure, and the dominant factors for different degrees of rock deformation and failure are different. In other words, there is no unified understanding of the cause of rock electromagnetic radiation. From the perspective of electromagnetics, the electromagnetic signals generated by rocks under pressure can take the form of direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), or non-periodic signals. In order to establish a unified interpretation model, this paper starts from the perspective of resetting the particle organization structure of rocks, and establishes a unified analytical model for generating direct current, alternating current, and non-periodic electromagnetic signals in the deformation and failure process of rock materials.