esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Hybrid Electrostatic-Atomic Accelerometer for Future Space Gravity Missions
### Electrostatic Accelerometer  
The present space electrostatic accelerometers [52; 53], used for geodesy missions, are based on the electrostatic suspension of an inertial proof-mass (PM), which is controlled to remain motionless at the center of a cage by applying adequate voltages on the internal walls of the cage. The electrostatic forces applied on the PM compensate its relative acceleration with respect to the cage. The control voltages are therefore representative of the PM acceleration. As a standalone instrument, when placed at the spacecraft center of gravity, the voltages provide the measurement of the non-gravitational acceleration. This concept of an electrostatic servo-controlled accelerometer (see Figure 3a) is well suited for space applications since it relies on electrostatic forces that give the possibility to generate very weak, but accurate accelerations. The capacitive sensing offers also a high position resolution with negligible back-action. The accelerometer proof-mass is fully suspended with six servo-control loops acting along its six degrees of freedom, suppressing mechanical contact to the benefit of the resolution and leading to a six-axis accelerometer with three linear accelerations along \(X\), \(Y\), \(Z\) and three angular accelerations around \(\varphi\), \(\Theta\), \(\psi\) (see Figure 3b).  
Such electrostatic accelerometers based on this concept have already flown on various space geodesy missions such as CHAMP, GRACE, or GOCE [52] and are even present in-orbit on GRACE-FO satellites. They were also used for fundamental physics in the MICROSCOPE mission to test the Einstein equivalence principle [54]. We summarize in Table 1 the main characteristics of the on-board electrostatic accelerometers for each of these space missions. We can see that the EAs used for each mission do not have the same characteristics and performance depending on the mission objectives. The specification on the amplitude spectral density (ASD) of EA noise for the three different space missions CHAMP, GRACE-FO, and GOCE is represented in Figure 4. This figure highlights the potential to improve significantly the EA noise depending on the mission objectives, but it comes at the expense of a reduced measurement range (see Table 1). We see in any case in the low-frequency part of the spectrum an increase of noise that is mainly due to environment temperature stability, which impacts the EA signal. In the worst case, this increase could scale as \(f^{-3}\). Ultimately, the noise increase would be limited by the gold wire damping attached to the proof-mass, which would set a \(f^{-1/2}\) slope on the low-frequency part of the accelerometer noise. On the high-frequency part, the EA noise is mainly limited by the capacitive detector noise.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Principle of the servo-control loop for one accelerometer’s axis. (**b**) Configuration of the electrodes around the proof-mass for the six-degree-of-freedom control.
# Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Based Flexible Resistive Strain Sensors for Wearable Applications
## 3 Performance Parameters
### Durability  
Durability represents the ability of the strain sensor to recover its original properties during the reciprocating deformation. Durability is more important for wearable strain sensors in practical applications due to the inevitability of large, complex, and dynamic strains. AgNW/PDMS percolation network strain sensors show long-term reliability during thousands of dynamic cyclic strains (10%) with negligible change in the resistance profile (Figure 3a) [54]. A two-layered flexible strain sensor shows excellent dynamic bending stability with the resistance decreasing slightly after 2400 bending cycles (maximum bending angle: 90\({}^{\circ}\)) (Figure 3b) [79]. More importantly, the scratches and microcracks of the conductive composite layer can be healed in 3 min at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C; this performance greatly extends its lifetime (Figure 3c) [79]. Graphene platelets/PDMS strain sensors allow the structure to be repeatedly bent and stretched with superior physical robustness and cyclability. It exhibits high durability that responds to cyclic loading with remarkable stability even after thousands of cycles at 5% and 10% strain (Figure 3d,e) [80]. So far, researchers have paid more attention to the mechanical robustness of wearable strain sensors, while few studies have focused on the feasibility in hostile environments, which needs further study.  
In summary, the advantages of PDMS-based flexible resistive strain sensors are obvious, some of them are compared and summarized in Table 1. They have high tensile properties and good stability, particularly suitable for wearable fields such as human entertainment technology, human-machine interface, personal healthcare, and sports performance monitoring, etc. However, because deformation-uneven microstructure heavily impacts the input-output response, there is always a trade-off relationship between  
Figure 3: **(a)** Resistance change of silver nanowire (AgNW)/PDMS percolation network strain sensor under a long-term cyclic strain response test (103 cycles). Reprinted with permission from [54] Copyright American Chemical Society, 2015; **(b)** Response of the two-layered flexible strain sensors to the bending cycles during more than 2400 bending cycles. Reprinted with permission from [79], Copyright Elsevier, 2017; **(c)** Healing procedure of the two-layered flexible strain sensors with microcracks. Reprinted with permission [79], Copyright Elsevier, 2017; **(d,e)** Characterization of graphene platelets/PDMS strain sensors shows high durability over 1000 cycles for different strains (5% and 10%). Reprinted with permission from [80], Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2016.  
high excellent linearity and high sensitivity. Therefore, developing a better performance strain sensor is still a challenge.
###### Abstract  
Clouds play a key role in the Earth's radiation budget, weather, and hydrological cycle, as well as the radiative and thermodynamic components of the climate system. Space-borne observations are an essential tool to detect clouds, study cloud-radiation interactions, and explore their microphysical properties. Recent advancements in spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions of satellite-borne measurements and the increasing variety of orbits and observing geometries offer the opportunity for more efficient and sophisticated retrieval procedures, leading to the more accurate estimation of cloud parameters. However, despite the availability of near-coincident observations of the same atmospheric state, the synergy between the whole set of acquired information is still largely underexplored. The use of synergy is often invoked to optimize the exploitation of the available information, but it is rarely implemented. Indeed, the strategy currently used in most cases is that retrievals are performed separately for each instrument and, only later, the retrieved products are combined. In this framework, therefore, there is a strong need to study and exploit the synergy potential of the instruments currently in orbit or that will be put in orbit in the next few years. This paper reviews the efforts already made in this direction, combining passive infrared and microwave to retrieve cloud microphysical properties. We provide readers with a framework to interpret the state of the art, highlighting the pros and cons of the various approaches currently used with a look to the most promising methodologies to be deployed to address the challenges of this field.  
satellite observations; cloud properties; infrared; microwave 1
Footnote 1: email: _renote_sensis_
# Electronically Excited States of Free Radicals
## 4 Excited Radical Ions
The quantum chemical calculations (restricted coupled cluster with perturbative triples method) were used to calculate the equilibrium geometries and excitation energies of the hitherto unknown Q states in diacetylene-, triacetylene-, and benzene radical cations [31]. Spectroscopic data for the D states obtained with the same approach were found to be in good agreement with the experiment [31]. In diacetylene and triacetylene cations, there were Q states that were close to the minimum energies of the corresponding D\({}_{1}\) states [31]. The kinetics of the radical cations of perylene (PE\({}^{\bullet+}\)), tetracene (TE\({}^{\bullet+}\)), and thianthrene (TH\({}^{\bullet+}\)), as well as the radical anions of anthraquinone (AQ\({}^{\bullet-}\)) and tetracenequinone (TO\({}^{\bullet-}\)), formed by \(\gamma\) irradiation in low-temperature matrices (PE\({}^{\bullet+}\), TH\({}^{\bullet+}\), AQ\({}^{\bullet-}\), and TO\({}^{\bullet-}\)) or by oxidation in sulfuric acid (PE\({}^{\bullet+}\), TE\({}^{\bullet+}\), and TH\({}^{\bullet+}\)) were investigated using picosecond spectroscopy [32]. The longest ground state recovery time measured was 100 ps. It is not surprising that the excited state lifetime of PE\({}^{\bullet+}\) is substantially longer in low temperatures than in sulfuric acid. The data suggest that both PE\({}^{\bullet+}\) and TE\({}^{\bullet+}\) probably decay by a reversible charge transfer reaction [32]. TO\({}^{\bullet-}\) demonstrates fluorescence [32]. Most probably, the studied radical ions are photoexcited in the doublet state. Electron acceptor methyl viologen (\(N\),\(N^{\prime}\)-dimethyl-4,\(4^{\prime}\)-bipyridine, abbreviated MV\({}^{2+}\)) plays an important role in redox reactions (MV\({}^{2+}\)\(\leftrightarrow\) MV\({}^{\bullet+}\)[33]). Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy was used to investigate the excited state dynamics of the electrochemically generated MV\({}^{\bullet+}\) in an acetonitrile solution [34]. Excitation of the D\({}_{1}\)\(\leftarrow\) D\({}_{0}\) transition at \(\lambda_{\text{ex}}\) = 730 nm led to rapid relaxation (700 fs), generating two intermediates in the transient absorption spectra [34]. The longer-lived intermediate, with a lifetime of 16 ps, could be assigned to a vibrationally excited ground state of MV\({}^{\bullet+}\). Its absorption spectrum was very similar to the ground state spectrum of MV\({}^{\bullet+}\) in both shape and extinction coefficients but red-shifted by \(\sim\)810 cm\({}^{-1}\)[34]. The shorter-lived transient decayed with a characteristic time of \(\tau\) = 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 ps and was possibly also a vibrationally excited ground state. Thus, these results show that the excited D\({}_{1}\) state of MV\({}^{\bullet+}\) in an acetonitrile solution relaxes on the fs time scale via at least one long-lived (\(\tau\) = 16 ps) vibrationally excited ground state [34]. The study [35] provides evidence that the photoexcited radical cation of guanine in DNA participates in chemical reactions.
# A Bandwidth-Efficient Dissemination Scheme of Non-Safety Information in Urban VANETs +
## 4 Parameter Tuning and Evaluation through Simulations
### Results
#### 4.3.1 Parameters for Broadcast Suppression
However, it does have a strong impact on the forwarding ratio, as shown in Figure 5c. When the parameter's value is a wide angle, many vehicles consider themselves inside a junction. We can see this in Figure 5d. Because of this, the number of retransmissions grows significantly. This leads to many lost packets, as seen in Figure 5e, especially for values bigger than \(60^{\circ}\). Regarding the latency, we see quite flat curves for the average per-hop (Figure 5f) and end-to-end (Figure 5g) delays. The reduction in latency that we could expect when most vehicles have a shorter waiting time is compensated with the long MAC contentions. All in all, given the high packet loss and latency with wide angles, we limit this parameter to \(\Delta\alpha=60^{\circ}\).
# Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
## 2 Concept and Taxonomy of IDS
### Classification by Detection Methods  
Misuse detection is also called signature-based detection. The basic idea to represent attack behaviors as signatures. The detection process matches the signatures of samples using a signature database. The main problem in constructing misuse detection systems is to design efficient signatures. The advantages of misuse detection are that it has a low false alarm rate and it reports attack types as well as possible reasons in detail; the disadvantages are that it has a high missed alarm rate, lacks the ability to detect unknown attacks, and requires maintaining a huge signature database. The design idea behind anomaly detection is to establish a normal behavior profile and then define abnormal behaviors by their degree of deviation from the normal profile. Thus, the key to designing an anomaly detection system is to clearly define a normal profile. The benefits of anomaly detection are strong generalizability and the ability to recognize unknown attacks, while its shortcomings are a high false alarm rate and an inability to provide possible reasons for an abnormality. The main differences between misuse detection and anomaly detection are listed in Table 1.  
Figure 1: Taxonomy system of IDS.  
As shown in Figure 1, in detection method-based taxonomy, misuse detection includes pattern matching-based, expert system, and finite state machine-based methods. Anomaly detection includes statistical model-based, machine learning-based, and time series-based methods.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Analysis of Volatile Compounds  
About 1 g of homogeneous germinated rice samples (non-irradiated rice and irradiated rice) were weighed into a vial with 20 ml of headspace and capped. Each sample was pre-heated at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 50 min, and then a SPME fiber (50/30 \(\upmu\)m DVB/CAR/PDMS, SUPELCO, Bellefonte, PA, USA) was used to extract volatile compounds for 30 min. The fiber was desorbed in GC injector port at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min. Separation of the desorbed volatile compounds was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Agilent 7890A GC-7000 Mass Triple Quad) equipped with a capillary column (DB-WAX, 60 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m, J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA) and a quadrupole mass detector. The injector was operated in splitless mode for 3 min then switched to split mode. Helium gas was used as the carrier gas with a constant flow rate of 1.0 mL min\({}^{-1}\). The GC oven temperature was started at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min, and increased to 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C min\({}^{-1}\), then increased to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C min\({}^{-1}\) and was held for 8 min. The mass spectrometer was used in the electron ionization mode with the ion source temperature set at 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the ionization energy set at 70 eV. The scan mode was used and the scan range was 30 to 500 \(m/z\). Identification of volatile compound was performed by comparing mass spectra with NIST mass spectral libraries (National Institute of Standards, 2011 version). The content of volatile compounds was calculated from the peak areas.
# Smartphone-Based Task Scheduling in UAV Networks for Disaster Relief
## 5 Problem Statement and Solution
### Delay Analysis  
In our system, UAV acts as the central controller to execute the proposed optimization problem. To collect the context information of SPs within the UAV's coverage range, each SP periodically sends the information required for the execution of algorithms to the UAV.  
Since the transmission delay between the UAV and the SP is critical for the successful of the uploaded tasks, we give a detailed discussion of the transmission delay as follows: (1) Firstly, the communication delay between the UAV and the ground equipment depends on the size of the transmitted data, the communication power of the ground equipment and the communication method used between them. As described in studies [13; 32], in the ground-to-air (G2A) communication mode, if the flight height of the UAV is not very high and the amount of data to be transmitted is not large, the communication delay from the ground equipment to the UAV is very small. (2) Secondly, there are many protocols that support air-to-ground (A2G) and G2A transmission, which enable direct communication between the UAV and the ground equipment, even under the disaster environment. For example, OcuSync technology is widely used in DJI UAVs. OcuSync protocol not only supports long-distance data transmission but also has the advantages of low latency and high data fidelity. The data transfer latency of OcuSync3.0 (O3) is only 28 ms when transmitting 810p resolution and 120 fps images. Using the latest OcuSync 4.0 protocol, the delivery delay can be further reduced. Near Link is a new generation of wireless connection technology proposed by China, which supports different communication distances. Its maximum communication distance can reach 100 m. The transmission speed of Near Link can reach the level of bits per second, and the transmission delay can reach the level of microseconds. In the method proposed in this paper, the communication protocol between the UAV and the smartphone can choose OcuSync, Near Link, or other self-developed protocols, which are sufficient to support our task offloading requirements. Further, the notification message of the SP is small, only containing information such as the ID number of the SP, its power coefficients, its remaining energy, and so on. In all, our task offloading can be carried out normally even in the disaster case. (3) To further reduce transmission delays, we can also adopt the method of semantic communication. In semantic communication [33; 34], data can be transmitted with smaller bandwidth and lower latency compared with the Orthogonal Multiple-access manner. Semantic communication is task oriented. It first understands and then transmits the task to be transmitted. Extracting features, compressing, and transmitting the task ultimately achieves more efficient information delivery.
# Discrete-Time Asymptotic Tracking Control System for a Satellite with a Solar Panel
###### Abstract  
The aim of this work is to develop a discrete-time control algorithm that allows the attitude angle of a satellite with an attached solar panel to track a prescribed periodically changing reference signal with zero asymptotic error. Using the concept of the general regulation theory for the state space setup, combined with a time discretization procedure based on the Cayley-Tustin transformation, we derive an error feedback controller. In our control analysis, we prove and explore several system-theoretic properties that are preserved under this continuous-to-discrete time transformation. The obtained discrete-time controller is then applied as a digital control system, demonstrating zero asymptotic tracking error. The theoretical results are tested on a numerical example and computations are performed within the MATLAB R2024b environment, confirming the highly useful nature of the developed approach. The controller also shows some robustness with respect to parametric uncertainty in the satellite model.  
Keywords:discrete-time control system; error feedback controller; zero asymptotic tracking error; satellite with a solar panel +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Road Passenger Load Probability Prediction and Path Optimization Based on Taxi Trajectory Big Data
## 5 Experimental Results
### Path Optimization Based on Passenger-Carrying Probability
#### 5.4.3 Optimization Scheme Evaluation  
The biggest advantage of the gray comprehensive evaluation method is that there is no requirement for the amount of data, which is more practical in the case of less systematic data information. It solves the entropy weight TOPSIS method of the method of the amount of data requirements; so, this paper adopts gray correlation comprehensive evaluation method for taxi drivers to seek passengers to solve the set of solutions for further optimization.  
To ensure that the optimized passenger search path schemes have a high probability of finding passengers, paths with a passenger probability lower than 0.35 were first deleted. Further optimization was conducted using the gray comprehensive evaluation method. This study invited 20 taxi drivers to comprehensively score the first four indicators of the passenger search path schemes to reflect their attitudes toward path selection in the evaluation. In the path schemes from the drop-off point to the first recommended passenger pick-up point, schemes 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 17 were deleted. In the path schemes from the first recommended passenger pick-up point to the second recommended passenger pick-up point, schemes 2 and 5 were deleted. Based on principles such as the shortest path, the fewest traffic lights, and the most bus stops passed, the following three paths were screened out as candidate paths and compared with the calculated routes. The results are shown in Tables 7 and 8. The final passenger search route was obtained through comprehensive evaluation, and the route obtained by this method increased the average passenger probability by 18.95% compared to common schemes. Comparative analysis of instances proves that the method proposed in this study is reasonable to a certain extent, effectively increasing the passenger probability and providing scientific guidance for taxi drivers in their passenger search route selection.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Options** & **Basis** & **Pathway Program** & **Passenger Probability** \\ \hline Option 1 & Shortest path & [1, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23] & 0.19 \\ Option 2 & Highest passenger probability & [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 0.75 \\ Option 3 & Bus stops are the most & [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 0.75 \\ Proposed & Synthesized assessment & [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 0.73 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparison of passenger-finding path alternatives (from drop-off point to first-up recommended point).  
Figure 16: Optimal Pareto solution of the passenger-seeking scheme in two states: **(a)** State 1: Optimal Pareto solution; **(b)** State 2: Optimal Pareto solution.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
#### 3.4.11 Sulfur-Containing Compounds  
In wines, sulfur-containing compounds arise from multiple sources, particularly through yeast metabolism. This includes both the catabolic and anabolic processes involving sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine, cysteine, and their derivative homocysteine. The mentioned amino acids are formed by yeast using inorganic sulfur as a source [49; 52]. The production of sulfur compounds in wine was previously shown to be significantly affected by the yeast strain used in fermentation [53].  
Control SCE-21 wine contained higher concentrations of ethyl 3-methylthiopropanoate, isothicyanatocyclohexane, methionol, benzothiazole, and sulfurol compared to SPA-21 wine. SCE treatment was consistent in producing higher levels of 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde across two harvest years (Table 15). SPA treatment wines excelled in the production of propyl ethynyl sulfoxide in 2021 and 3-ethylthio-1-propanol in 2022. They had higher concentrations of both compounds tentatively identified as 3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)]thiol-1-propanol in both harvest years. Sulfur-containing compounds mostly had higher levels in 2021 compared to 2022 harvest wines.