# Precast Bridges of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in Disadvantaged Village Areas in Indonesia
## 3 Results  
Specifications for precast bridges of the bamboo reinforced concrete frame are shown in Table 6. The precast bridges were tested with a minibus car full of passengers. The test was carried out after several stages of work were done, including making river stone foundations, making support plates, setting the frame on two supports, installing bridge beams and joints, casting bridge plates, and completing or finishing the bridge. Recording of the test results started when the front axle of the minibus car was right on the hinge support and ended when the rear axle of the minibus car was right on the support of the roller. The test result data are shown in Table 7.  
The security measure during the test was to place the support poles and scaffolding under the bridge. The support poles and scaffolding under the bridge also function as a place and safety for the LVDT tool. Besides, the bridge was planned using the \"Service Load Planning\" method with the assumption that the structure has linear elastic behavior and the load test was carried out with elastic loads or under the initial crack load of the most critical bridge components. Observation of deflection and the deformation that occurred was deflection and elastic deformation. The critical load (\(P_{cr}\)) or initial crack load was 2.1 tons and the maximum test load for the minibuses was 1.55 tons. Figures 20-25 show the beam displacement and the bridge frame with the minibus Brio car, the Brio full of passengers, and the AVANZA full of passengers. The maximum displacement with the load of the Brio car occurred when the position of the front axle was at coordinates 150 cm and the rear axle was at a distance of 85 cm from the pedestal, with a displacement of 0.2 mm for the frame and 0.14 mm for the beam displacement. While, the maximum displacement with a full passenger Brio car occurred when the position of the front axle was at coordinates 200 cm and the rear axle was at a distance of 35 cm from the pedestal, with a displacement of 0.2 mm for the frame and 0.17 mm for the beam displacement. The maximum displacement with a full passenger AVANZA car load occurred when the front axle position was outside the bridge coordinates, which was 115 cm from the roller support, and the rear axle was at 150 cm coordinates, with a displacement of 0.25 mm for the frame and 0.21 mm for the displacement beam. Based on the AASHTO [48] and RSNI T-12-2004 standards [49], the maximum allowable displacement limit of the bridge is \(\Delta_{max}\) = L/800 or equal to 3.75 mm. Thus, the maximum displacement that occurs in the element of the bamboo reinforced concrete frame bridge meets the requirements based on the AASHTO [48] and RSNI T-12-2004 standards [49]. Figure 19: The degrees of freedom of the triangular element. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Bridge span:** & 3 m \\
**Foundation:** & River stone \\
**Bridge support:** & Concrete slab = assumption of hinge support; Concrete slabs and rubber pads = assumption of the roller support \\  & - & Dimensions of the bridge beam \(12\times 20\) cm\({}^{2}\), tensile reinforcement (\(\rho\)) = 4.688\% and compressive reinforcement (\(|yellow|\rho^{\prime}\)) = 1.875\% \\  & - & Hose-clamp d = \(\frac{3}{4}\) attached to the end of the bamboo \\
**Beam:** & - & Hose-clamp instead of hooks \\  & - & Adhesive layers of bamboo reinforcement using Sikadur®-752 and sand \\
**Connection type:** & Precast system connection, using bolts and sleeves of 19 mm diameter \\
**Frame model:** & Rigid portal model or “frame model” \\  & - & 10 cm thick slab + spandex t = 0.3 mm \\
**Bridge slab:** & - & Slab reinforcement using bamboo \(1.5\times 1.5\) cm\({}^{2}\) with a distance of \\  & 10 cm \\
**Displacement and deformation** & Based on AASHTO [48] and RSNI T-12-2004 standards [49], the \\
**of permit:** & maximum displacement of permit is \(\Delta_{max}\) = L/800 = 3.75 mm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Geometry and specifications of the precast bridges with a bamboo reinforced concrete frame.