## 7 Conclusions  
This paper investigates the primary factors influencing overburden movement in the E1302 paste-filling working face at Gaohe Mine. It employs mathematical analysis to examine the movement characteristics of overburden and ground deformation patterns in both caving mining and paste-filling mining. Numerical simulations are conducted to compare these characteristics, followed by field measurements to validate and analyze the mathematical analysis and numerical simulation results. Based on these investigations, the following conclusions are drawn:  
1. The deflection formula for the roof behind the paste-filling face can be represented by a unified quartic equation. The significant factors that influence the substantial subsidence of the roof in the filling face include the step distance of the face during filling, the strength of the filling material, the filling rate, and other associated parameters;
2. Numerical simulation studies have revealed significant differences between filling mining and traditional caving mining in terms of stress concentration, stress influence range, and overlying rock deformation. Filling mining exhibits a considerably lower degree of stress concentration in the surrounding rock, a reduced range of stress influence, and gentler deformation of the overlying rock compared to caving mining. The subsidence coefficient in filling mining is approximately one-tenth of that in caving mining. The development of cracks in filling mining can be categorized into three stages: initial crack formation, subsequent compaction of cracks, and stable maintenance of cracks. The initial crack development follows a \"sail-shaped\" progression. The compaction of cracks occurs predominantly above the back of the cutting hole, while cracks behind the working face are limited to the uppermost rock layer;  
Figure 21: Variation curves of subsidence values of main survey points in the working face with time. Figure 22: Variation curves of subsidence velocities of main survey points in working face with time. Based on on-site measurements, it was observed that the filling rate of the longwall fully mechanized mining paste filling had exceeded 94%. In this high filling rate, the top plate of the filling working face remains intact and exhibits a bent and sunken state. The subsidence of the roof demonstrates an exponential increase as the filling step distance increases. Additionally, it follows a pattern of initial increase followed by regional stability as the empty roof time progresses. Notably, approximately 80% of the deformation of the filling material occurs within a 20 m range immediately after the filling process;
4. Through field measurements and analysis of surface subsidence, it was observed that the stability period of the overlying rock in paste-filling mining is considerably shorter compared to caving mining. The movement of the overlying rock is relatively gentle, without an active period of surface movement. Approximately six months after filling, the overlying rock reaches a state of stability, with a subsidence coefficient of 0.065. The maximum surface subsidence measures 215 mm, the maximum inclined deformation is 1.4 mm/m, the horizontal deformation ranges from \(-\)0.7 mm/m to 0.7 mm/m, and the maximum curvature ranges from \(-\)0.03 mm/m\({}^{2}\) to 0.03 mm/m\({}^{2}\). The deformation of surface buildings remains within 50% of the allowable value for Class I damage, indicating that the control of surface subsidence through paste-filling mining \(\backslash\) achieved favorable outcomes. These research findings serve as an effective theoretical foundation and research direction for predicting overburden movement and surface subsidence in paste-filling operations. Moreover, they contribute to the comprehensive application of paste filling in mines across China, offering valuable guidance for the environmentally friendly construction of mining operations. Conceptualization, G.S. and Z.L. methodology, L.H. ; software, K.D. validation, G.S. formal analysis, K.D.