## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
This study aims to facilitate the development of well-considered strategies and plans that align with the specific requirements and preferences of subjects in different regions, ultimately contributing to research on the sustainable development of educational institutions. The study primarily focuses on universities in Jinan City, selecting Shandong University of Finance and Economics (SDUFE), Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University (SDUTCM), College of Arts (SDCA), University of Jinan (UJN), and Shandong Jianzhu University (SDJZU) as research samples based on location, subject orientation, and construction era (Figure 1). SDUFE is situated in the city center, where most universities are older, resulting in high urbanization and strong integration with the city. Numerous urban facilities cater to the needs of campus residents, and the commercial service space is predominantly integrated [26]. SDUTCM and SDCA are situated on the city's outskirts, where these new suburban campuses are uniformly designed as university towns with comprehensive amenities, including supermarkets, dining options, banks, and recreational facilities, and resemble small satellite cities independent of the central urban area. Students can fulfill their daily shopping needs without commuting to the city, and commercial services are primarily concentrated [27]. The concentration of commercial services on campus does not inherently guarantee that all students' specific needs are met. Factors such as the variety of available products, affordability, and accessibility should be considered to ascertain whether the campus truly meets the comprehensive commercial service needs of its student population. University of Jinan (UJN) and Shandong Jianzhu University (SDJZU) are situated on the urban-suburban boundary, featuring mixed commercial service spaces on their campuses. To cater to the varied requirements of students and to promote resource sharing between specific living systems and the city, campus transportation, among other measures, has been enhanced. This optimization strategy focuses on maximizing the utilization of existing resources [28; 29].  
In April 2023, the research team conducted two preliminary surveys in the study area. Subsequently, based on the preliminary findings, the questionnaire was revised and improved before the formal survey took place in June-July 2023. The questionnaire comprises three parts: (1) Characteristics of respondents, covering gender, occupation, educational institution, usage of the business district, demand, and satisfaction. (2) Characteristics of commercial space, encompassing categories and the current status of commercial spaces. Drawing on previous research, the team categorized commercial service spaces into catering, retail, lifestyle services, and entertainment [26; 28]. Subsequently, secondary indicators were decomposed, and field research was conducted to assess their distribution proportions. The analysis of the current situation includes an examination of scale, layout, management, comfort, energy consumption, parking, and other relevant aspects. (3) A comparison between the expected and actual demand of users for commercial space (Appendix A, Table A1). The study collected responses from 243 men and 232 women, resulting in a total of 497 questionnaires, of which 475 were considered valid.