## 7 Conclusions  
This study analyses the performance of various charging infrastructure placements. The proposed method considers a modelling of the bus network based on GTFS data and a sequential simulation of the bus operation. The method is applied to the operation of two buses on one bus line in Compiegne, France. Scenarios with charging stations at the depot, line terminals, and bus stops are compared. Results show the relevance of the method to estimate the impacts on both the transport delay and the power supplied from the grid. Charging at the depot implies having a larger on-board battery pack whereas on-route charging at bus stops and terminals helps reduce the battery capacity by 83%, and thus the bus consumption by 9.4% due to a reduction in the bus weight. However, on-route charging with a high power can have an impact on the utility grid, especially during the peaks of charging power. On the other hand, a lower charging power can generate some transport delay due to the slow charging process. The potential of a local PV production to reduce the impacts on the grid is shown. Nevertheless, the PV self-consumption remains very low during winter and PV energy cannot balance the buses consumption. During summer additional energy storage would increase PV benefits.  
Future work will simulate the charging process with stationary storage and smarter charging strategies. Furthermore, charging stations and PV power plants will be positioned on the utility grid to model more realistically the impacts on each portion of the network. The operation of larger fleets will be simulated to underline different impacts. An annual time horizon will allow analysing the evolution of the solar irradiation, external temper  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenarios** & **1** & **2** & **2 bis** & **3** & **3 bis** & **3 ter** \\ \hline Bus charging & & & & & & \\ \hline Average consumption of the buses & 1.01 & 1.01 & 0.91 & 0.92 & 0.91 & 0.91 \\ (kWh/km) & 155 & 155 & 140 & 140 & 140 & 140 \\ Consumed energy of bus n\({}^{\circ}\)2 (kWh) & 218 & 218 & 197 & 197 & 197 & 197 \\ Minimal SoC of bus n\({}^{\circ}\)1 (\%) & 53.3 & 79.4 & 45.0 & 44.6 & 65.5 & 69.1 \\ Minimal SoC of bus n\({}^{\circ}\)2 (\%) & 38.4 & 73.3 & 27.9 & 22.2 & 63.5 & 66.2 \\ Max. total charging power (kW) & 100 & 300 & 350 & 300 & 900 & 1200 \\ \hline Influence of PV production on 15 January & & & & & & \\ \hline PV energy production (kWh) & 108 & 108 & 108 & 108 & 108 & 108 \\ PV energy used for direct charging (kWh) & 1 & 14 & 6 & 13 & 4 & 3 \\ \hline Influence of PV production on 17 July & & & & & & \\ \hline PV energy production (kWh) & 500 & 500 & 500 & 500 & 500 & 500 \\ PV energy used for direct charging (kWh) & 17 & 81 & 42 & 69 & 24 & 18 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Performance indicators per scenario.  
ature, passenger flow, and bus services according to the period of the year and thus to simulate more realistically the operation of buses. Eventually, several performance indicators will be implemented in an optimization algorithm for the sizing and management of PV-storage-based charging infrastructures of an EB network.  
Conceptualization, N.D. and B.C.; methodology, N.D.; software, N.D.; validation, N.D., B.C. and S.-K.C.-S.; formal analysis, N.D.; investigation, N.D.; resources, J.E. and S.-K.C.-S.; data curation, N.D.; writing--original draft preparation, N.D.; writing--review and editing, B.C., M.S., F.L. and J.E.; visualization, N.D.; supervision, M.S. and F.L.; project administration, M.S.; funding acquisition, M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by ADEME France, project T-IPV, grant number #2308D002.  
Not applicable.  
Authors would like to thank [PERSON] for her help to collect the irradiance and temperature data from the STELLA platform. They also thank all the bus operators who answered their questions in order to model more precisely the operation of buses.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.