## 3 Results and Discussion  
The evaluation of the salinization risks of the water sources following the application of the anti-dust emission solutions (brine, TWW, and FW) was based on two main processes: (i) The annual loaded amounts of the solutes and their accumulations on the unpaved roads following the applications of the treatment solutions in the dry season (summer). (ii) Leaching rates by rainfall of the studied ions (Cl, Na, and Ca+Mg) from the granular material, which was pretreated with the treatment solutions. The leaching rates of the Cl, Na, and Ca+Mg ions from the pretreated granular materials were determined using a rainfall simulator. Runoff was not formed in the different treated granular materials during the consecutive rainstorms. The packaging of the granular materials in the surface of the unpaved roads and in the rainfall simulator trays was similar in general. Thus, the infiltration rates of the granular materials are >48 mm h\({}^{-1}\) (the rainstorms' intensity), and most of the movement of the solutes with the rainwater is vertical. Therefore, the salinization risk to the surface water sources near the treated unpaved roads by the treatment solutions is likely negligible, unless the infiltration rate of the surface area of the unpaved roads below the granular material layer is lower than the rainfall intensity. Otherwise, on the sublayer, the lateral movement of water with \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment** & **pH** & **EC** & **Cl** & **Ca** & **Mg** & **Na** & **K** & **HCO3** \\ \cline{2-8}
**Solutions** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**dS m\({}^{-1}\)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**mg/L**} & \\ \hline TWW & 7.6 & 1.3 & 259 & 127.5 & 42.5 & 81.1 & 15.1 & \({}^{\text{a}}\) NA \\ \hline FW & 6.7 & 0.67 & 78.1 & 59.8 & 19.8 & 48 & 2.2 & 333.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Not available.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Typical electrical conductivity (EC), pH values, and concentrations of various ions in the treated wastewater (TWW) and fresh water (FW) that were used in the region of the Yarkon-Taniimir aquifer [15]. soluble ions could occur. However, this movement is very slow, and usually infiltrates through the cracks into the rocks, so would not be a predominant flow route. The ion concentrations in the outflow (leachate) from the trays with the treated granular material as functions of the cumulative rainfall are presented in Figures 1-3 for Cl, Na, and Ca+Mg, respectively. In these figures, the first and third (last) consecutive rainstorms for the control and TWW treatments, and the first and sixth (last) for the brine treatment are presented. Because the concentrations of each ion in the leachate in the second and the last consecutive rainstorms were fairly similar, only the first and the last consecutive rainstorm are presented in the figures. In addition, in the control treatment, the concentrations of the analyzed ions in the leachate reached steady state values quite fast, and no later than the end of the third consecutive rainstorm. Figure 1: Cl\({}^{-}\) concentrations in the outflow leachate from the trays with treated granular materials as functions of the cumulative rainfall of the 1 st (**A**) and 3 rd (**B**) consecutive rainstorms for the control, of the 1 st (**C**) and 3 rd (**D**) consecutive rainstorms for the treated wastewater (TWW) treatment, and of the 1 st (**E**) and 6 th (**F**) consecutive rainstorms for the brine treatment. Vertical lines near the symbols are standard deviations (the Y-axes’ scales are different). In the control treatment, the concentrations of Cl and Na in the leachate at the first and third consecutive rainstorms were relatively low: <13 and <6 mg L\({}^{-1}\), respectively (Figures 1A and 2A). These low concentrations suggest that the amounts of highly soluble minerals with Na and Cl in the granular material were low.