# Sino-InSpace: A Digital Simulation Platform for Virtual Space Environments
## 5 Platform Evaluation
### Evaluation Result  
All participants successfully completed designated tasks. Overall, 59 cases were collected for analysis, which was performed with SPSS 17.0. First, the internal consistency of the measurement scales was assessed using [PERSON]'s alpha [81]. All questions are in the positive direction and the scores of [PERSON]'s alpha are as follows, usability = 0.91, user acceptance = 0.85, presence = 0.93, and software design = 0.91. The scores for the four variables all exceeded 0.80 (the generally accepted level), which indicated that measures of the associated constructs in the study were internally consistent. To determine the distribution of variables, normality tests were first conducted. Table 3 shows the Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test statistics and probabilities of the different measures in the three conditions. Software design was also tested (\(W\) = 0.973, \(p\) = 0.904). However, the data across different conditions did fit well with a normal distribution (\(p\) > 0.05), which provided a premise and foundation for the mean test analysis. Hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 3 predicted that ratings would be at a good level in each condition. Considering the number of cases (<30) and the unknown variance, lower-tail one-sample t-tests were used to compare the means with the expected values. Participants perceived a great level (\(p\) > 0.05) of usability and presence in the stereo 3D and nonstereo 3D conditions, as shown in Table 4 and Figure 20. However, ratings of user acceptance in three conditions and measures in the 2D condition were significantly lower (\(p\) < 0.05) than the expected values. The results indicated that more effort should be devoted to creating user-friendly application interactions and interfaces. Meanwhile, there is no high-level perception of VSEs in the 2D condition. For software design, participants gave a high rating (\(M\) = 40.27, \(SD\) = 1.94, \(T\) = 53, \(p\) = 0.70), which proves the ability of Sino-InSpace as an extensive future application. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Measure**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Stereo 3D**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Nonstereo 3D**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**2D**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & \(M\) & \(SD\) & \(T\) & \(p\) & \(M\) & \(SD\) & \(T\) & \(p\) & \(M\) & \(SD\) & \(T\) & \(p\) \\ \hline Usability & 41.13 & 2.90 & 1.51 & 0.92 & 40.27 & 3.54 & 0.29 & 0.61 & 32.20 & 3.75 & \(-\)8.07 & 0.00 \\ User acceptance & 45.67 & 5.08 & \(-\)7.88 & 0.00 & 45.00 & 5.18 & \(-\)8.22 & 0.00 & 44.47 & 4.66 & \(-\)9.59 & 0.00 \\ Presence & 42.80 & 3.40 & 3.18 & 1.00 & 39.53 & 3.16 & \(-\)0.57 & 0.29 & 33.60 & 3.09 & \(-\)8.02 & 0.00 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Usability, user acceptance, and presence mean comparisons using a lower-tail one-sample \(t\)-test. Figure 20: Usability, user acceptance, and presence mean values and standard deviations in different conditions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Measure**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Stereo 3D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Nonstereo 3D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2D**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(W\) & \(p\) & \(W\) & \(p\) & \(W\) & \(p\) \\ \hline Usability & 0.983 & 0.984 & 0.958 & 0.657 & 0.957 & 0.648 \\ User acceptance & 0.989 & 0.999 & 0.984 & 0.989 & 0.984 & 0.991 \\ Presence & 0.969 & 0.837 & 0.969 & 0.836 & 0.984 & 0.973 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Normality test results on stability, user acceptance, and presence. To test the differences among the stereo 3D, nonstereo 3D, and 2D condition, as predicted in hypothesis 2, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out (Table 5). The homogeneity of variance was tested first, and the sample data all satisfied the requirements of homogeneity (\(p>0.05\)). Combined with the mean values (Figure 20), the differences between the conditions were significant regarding usability and presence following the direction predicted (p < 0.001). However, user acceptance was not differentiated by the three conditions.