# Relationship between Total Antioxidant Capacity, Cannabinoids and Terpenoids in Hops and Cannabis
## 2 Results
### Cannabiroid and terpen in Hops and Cannabis  
For a comparison of different postharvest treatments and valued phytochemicals in extracted hops and cannabis extra infloreses, total THC content and major cannabinoid concentrations (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid [THCA], tetrahydrocannabinol [\(\Lambda\)9-THC], tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV], cannabinoid acid [CBGA], and cannabinoid [CBG])  
Figure 3: Total antioxidant activity in extracts from hops (_Humulus lupus_) and cannabis (_Cannabis sativa_) infloreseses using the DPPH (**A,B**) and FRAP (**C,D**) assays. Bars with the same letter are not significantly (\(p<0.05\)) different. DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine; FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power; TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity. in _C. sativa_ were determined (Figure 4). In the same figure, the cannabinoid and terpene content in extracts obtained from fresh, undried cannabis samples were compared to cannabinoids and terpene content in extracts obtained in this study. CBDA, CBD, and total CBD content are not presented, as the concentration of CBDA and CBD was below the limit of detection of the instrumentation and methodology. Extracts from fresh, undried _Camabis sativa_ had total THC, THCA, THC, and CBG concentrations of 20.5 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\), 23.1 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\), 0.27 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\), and 0.16 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\), respectively. ANOVA analyses showed a significant (\(p<0.05\)) increase in the total THC (24.2 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\)) and THCA (27.2 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\)) concentrations in extracts obtained from pre-frozen, undried samples compared to fresh, undried samples. However, there was no significant (\(p<0.05\)) increase in THC (0.32 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\)) and CBG (0.22 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\)) concentrations in extracts from the pre-frozen, undried samples compared to the fresh, undried samples. The concentration of CBGA measured herein was below the limit of detection of the instrumentation and methodology in the extracts of fresh and pre-frozen, undried samples, likely because CBGA serves as the precursory molecule to the other cannabinoids [55]. Various bioengineering studies have demonstrated that the prenylation of olivetolic acid (OA) by geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to form a CBGA is an anabolic process [56; 57; 35]. Hence, the observed increase in the average concentration of CBGA to 0.63 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\) (MAHD-dried samples) and 0.6 g 100 g dry matter\({}^{-1}\) (freeze-dried samples) can be attributed to the high drying temperatures used. Recent published reviews of the cannabis post-harvest processing methods [49; 58] indicate that with the application of heat, THCA and THCVA change into their active forms of THC and THCV, respectively. Compared to the fresh and pre-frozen, undried samples, extracts from MAHD biomass had significantly (\(p<0.05\)) greater THC content by 64.7% and 57%, respectively. ANOVA analyses show that the change in THCA and THC in freeze-dried samples compared to the fresh and pre-frozen, undried samples was not significant (\(p<0.05\)). A total of 16 and 7 terpene compounds were identified in the cannabis and hop samples, respectively. All seven terpene compounds identified in hops were present in cannabis at different concentrations. Despite the major differences in secondary compounds in cannabis and hops used for the study, the main terpen were myrcene, cryophyllene, and humulene. These provide the inflorescence with a peppery, citrus, and hoppy mixed  
Figure 4: Concentration of cannabinoids in pre-frozen undried, microwave-assisted hot air dried, and freeze dried-cannabis (_C. sativa_) biomass. Bars with the same letter are not significantly (\(p<0.05\)) different. aroma [41; 59]. The cryophyllene concentration in cannabis was 71.2% greater than that of hops. However, humulene had a higher concentration (54.8%) in hops compared to cannabis.