esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Aromatic Potential of Diverse Non-Conventional Yeast Species for Winemaking and Brewing
## 1 Introduction
In these fermentations, it was possible to enhance banana flavour (isoamyl acetate) by _Pichia kluyverii_, spicy notes (phenolic compounds) by _Brettanomyces_ species and clove-like aroma (4-vinylguaiacol) by _T. delbrueckii_. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [11] explored the potential of 99 non-_Saccharomyces_ yeasts to produce pleasant fruits aromas in three industrial media (beer, wine and cider) through an olfactory assay. Of these, 21 yeasts were further evaluated for their aroma profile and fermentation capacity using wort, grape and apple juice. These authors reached the conclusion that the choice of yeast has more impact than the medium composition. The yeasts with the best opportunities to tune beer flavour belong to the species _Galactomyces geotrichum_, _Kazachstania zonata_, _Kluyveromyces lactis_, _Lindnera meyerae_, _Pichia kluyveri_, _Starmera caribaea_, _Yarrowia lipolytica_ and _Saccharomyces ludwigii_. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [12] explored the potential of 60 non-conventional yeasts to improve beer aroma and found that the species _Wickerhamomyces anomalus_ was a good candidate to combine with lager yeast to increase fruity aroma. In this paper, we analyse the fermentation performance and the aroma potential in microscale of 10 non-_Saccharomyces_ species employed as pure and mixed cultures co-inoculated in different ratios with one _Saccharomyces_ strain on both wort and wine must, showing that variation in pitching rates is a valid option to control diversification as well as the additional value in analysing large amounts of culture combinations using microwine and microbeer. In addition, a comparison between microscale and labscale was carried out to analyse the correspondence in fermentation performance and aroma profiles.
## 3 Results
### Eye Metric Classification  
This section reviews key studies focused on developing and validating methods for eye movement classification, highlighting the techniques used and their contribution to enhancing eye-tracking systems.  
A review into eye-tracking metrics in emotional and cognitive processes by [PERSON] et al. noted that eye and pupil movements hold a strong correlation with cognitive workload, visual attention, and emotional states [13]. As no individual eye metric is sufficient to discriminate between individual states, a holistic analysis of several eye metrics is required through the use of real-time eye-trackers. Although several systems have been developed, the head-mounted approach has experienced the greatest adoption. In order to identify eye patterns, the most common method is the application of machine learning techniques.  
The focus of several studies included in this review by [PERSON] has been on extracting several key metrics, namely, fixations, saccades, microsaccades, smooth pursuit movement, pupil metrics, and blinks. Fixations involve maintaining gaze on a single location, with metrics like count, duration, and density indicating attention and interest. Saccades, rapid shifts between fixation points, are measured by amplitude, velocity, and frequency, reflecting visual exploration. Microsaccades, small retinal displacements during stationary viewing, counteract adaptation and have demonstrated constant duration and, as a result, velocity-amplitude correlations. Smooth pursuit movements enable the tracking of moving objects, with their quality influenced by fatigue, distraction, and external factors. Pupil metrics, such as size and variation, reflect autonomic activity and are linked to emotional and cognitive arousal but are sensitive to lighting, age, and camera position affecting  
Figure 3: Number of papers published by type.  
reliability--estimating pupil size in the 'normal' state is a good approach to mitigate these effects. Finally, blinks are measured by rate and duration, influenced by environmental and cognitive factors. These metrics collectively enhance the understanding of eye motion and its relation to cognitive states.
# Study on Disintegration and Infiltration Characteristics of Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Embankment Soil
## 3 Results
### Disintegration Test
#### 3.1.2 Total Disintegration Time  
The time taken for the soil to complete disintegration in water is the total disintegration time. It mainly reflects the water stability of the soil in a particular initial state. The longer the total disintegration time, the better the soil water stability. The shorter the total disintegration time, the worse the soil water stability. Therefore, the total disintegration time can be used as an effective index to evaluate soil water stability.  
The complete disintegration epochs of the samples at different dry density levels and water contents were compiled. The results are shown in Figure 6. It was clear that the sample's water content and degree of dry density significantly impacted the total disintegration time. Firstly, the greater the soil dry density, the longer the total disintegration time. Second, the soil's initial moisture level rose from 10% to 20%, shortening the overall disintegration time, whereas the water content rose from 25% to 30%, lengthening the duration.  
Figure 5: Time course curve of sample mass change for each working condition. (**a**) Water content 5%; (**b**) Water content 10%; (**c**) Water content 15%; (**d**) Water content 20%; (**e**) Water content 25%; (**f**) Water content 30%.  
Figure 6: Variation of complete disintegration time with different water content and dry density degree.
# Free Space Optics Communication for Ultra-High-Speed Train Running in Evacuated Tube
## 5 Conclusions  
This study developed a new communication system for an ultra-high-speed train running in an evacuated tube. The proposed work was compared to existing schemes to demonstrate its capabilities, and it was applied for two types of train speeds (1000 km/h and 2700 km/h).  
The proposed method can use a fixed angle depending on the train's speed or an adaptive angle, and the divergence angle can change before 1500 m; the base station could be used with an angle of 6.994 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) rad (to acquire the advantage of high data rate, small transmitted power) at the start of the transmission, then change to angle of 2.0944 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) rad at 1500 m (when the train's transceiver reaches this distance) to acquire the required divergence radius. In addition, we can design a system with adaptive transmitted power that can change depending on the train distance to the BS with respect to the data rate for instance 1.25 Gbps power consumption.  
Compared to other techniques, the results showed that the proposed approach with moving barrier holding the BS leads to a significantly lower number of required BSs (and thus significantly less handovers and longer contact time with each BS), while achieving significantly higher data rates, or requiring significantly less power to achieve the same target rate.  
Conceptualization, H.A.A.-M. and E.Y.; methodology, H.A.A.-M. and E.Y.; software, H.A.A.-M.; validation, H.A.A.-M.; investigation, H.A.A.-M. and E.Y.; resources, H.A.A.-M. and E.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, H.A.A.-M.; writing--review and editing, E.Y.; visualization, H.A.A.-M. and E.Y.; supervision, E.Y.; project administration, E.Y.; funding acquisition, E.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors want to thank the Editor and the Reviewers for their comments that helped enhance the quality and clarity of this paper. This publication was jointly supported by Qatar University and IS-Wireless--IRCC Grant no. IRCC-2021-003. The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Review on Silver Nanoparticles as a Novel Class of Antibacterial Solutions
## 4 Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Role
### Factors Impacting the Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles  
Antibacterial activity can be influenced by: size, shape, surface chemistry [45].
# Effect of Organic and Conventional Production on the Quality of Lemon \"Fino 49\"
###### Abstract  
Since the end of the 20 th century, organic foods have gained interest within the world population. The lemon is a fruit that is acquiring great prominence in the markets. Its use is based on its appreciated aroma and its content of bioactive compounds, but these attributes are greatly influenced by agronomic practices. To study the influence that organic farming has on the quality of \"Fino 49\" lemon variety in Spain, this citrus fruit has been characterized based on its morphological, functional, aromatic, and sensory properties. The results showed that conventional farming led to larger and elongated fruits (121.75 g of fruit weight and 58.35 and 79.66 mm of equatorial and polar diameter, respectively), with a higher lightness (L*) in lemon skin (73.38) and higher content of organic acids (malic, citric, and succinic) and sugars (glucose and fructose). On the other hand, organic farming had a higher content of volatile compounds in lemon juice (2537 mg L\({}^{-1}\)), especially limonene (increase of \(\sim\)20%), which is related to the greater odor and flavor found in the organic samples by consumers (4.8 and 5.2, respectively). Furthermore, organic lemons had a better acceptance rate by consumers.  
citrus limon; consumer studies; organic acids; preference; volatile compounds +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-4697-3300][PERSON]. [PERSON]  
1 Research Group \"Food Quality and Safety\", Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Carretera de Beniel km 3.2, 03312 Orliuela, Spain; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.-S.-B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.S.)
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have investigated the feasibility of employing the RIS to enhance the PHY-layer secret key extraction performance in the presence of DoS attacks. We propose an optimization algorithm that leverages the RIS to boost the signals transmitted by legitimate users while suppressing the interfering signals from malicious adversaries. Furthermore, we have experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed RIS-assisted key-extraction method using a 1-bit RIS and two USRPs. Experimental results show that this method enhances the performance of the key extraction, as quantified by two performance metrics, the SBGR and BMR. Specifically, we observed an increase in the SBGR from 1.62 to 1.75 bits/sample when the RIS is turned on and a decrease in the BMR from 0.38 to 0.25 bits/sample when the RIS is enabled at a poor SNR of 0 dB. These findings are particularly significant for future insights into secure and reliable intelligent transportation systems. Additionally, we evaluated the statistical randomness of the extracted keys using the NIST statistical test suite, confirming that the extracted keys are suitable for use as cryptographic keys. In summary, the presented results and analyses offer valuable perspectives on the practical implementation and optimization of the RISs in enhancing the security and functionality of the PHY-layer secret key extraction for poor SNR and NLoS scenarios. Our future work will examine the possibility of employing the extracted key for designing an efficient message-authentication scheme for VANET applications, exploring the practicality of implementing it in a realistic vehicular channel.  
Conceptualization, M.A.S., S.T.S., S.A. and A.T.; Methodology, M.A.S., S.T.S., S.A. and A.T.; Resources, Q.H.A. and M.A.I; Formal Analysis, M.A.S. and S.T.S.; Software, M.A.S. and S.T.S.; Data Curation, M.A.S. and S.T.S.; Supervision, Q.H.A., M.H., M.A.I, S.F.H., S.A. and A.T.; Visualization, M.A.S., S.T.S., Q.H.A., S.F.H., S.A. and A.T.; Funding, M.A.I. and S.F.H.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, M.A.S. and S.T.S.; Writing--Review and Editing, M.A.S., S.T.S., Q.H.A., M.H., M.A.I, S.F.H., S.A. and A.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Egyptian Ministry of Defence.  
Data Availability StatementData will be made available on request.
# Current Progress in Femtosecond Laser Ablation/Ionisation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
## 3 LIMS System: fs-Laser Ablation Ion Source and Time-of-Flight Mass Analyser  
fs-LIMS is built with two components, namely an fs-laser ablation ion source and a mass analyser. In the present discussion, we take only TOFMS into account since it is an obvious choice for pulsed lasers. The fs-laser radiation source consists of an fs-laser system and an optical system shaping and focusing laser pulses on a sample. The ions produced in the ablation process are analysed either instantaneously by TOFMS or after additional pretreatment [21; 24]. In one of the high fluence LIMS systems, the ions are first thermalised by passing them through a gas collision cell. After that cell, an additional ion optical lens system is used to transport the ions to the ion extraction region where they are introduced into the mass analyser via the orthogonal extraction method [22; 23]. Frequently, ion-optical systems of current TOFMS used for fs-LIMS undergo careful ion-optical modelling to optimise their ion transmission and mass resolution. This is an important procedure in obtaining high-performance miniature TOMS [21] and advanced TOFMS [24] capable of supporting the high mass resolution.
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Simple Snoring: Efficacy of a New Mandibular Advancement Device  
[PERSON] 1\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 1\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 2,  
[PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4 and [PERSON] 1,*  
Footnote 12: foot  
Several epidemiological investigations have revealed a correlation between OSA and hypertension, particularly in cases involving nocturnal hypertension [8]. The interest in this condition undoubtedly stems from its impact on patients' daytime functioning.  
The severity of OSA is influenced by various factors, including upper airway anatomy, muscle reactivity, arousal threshold, high gain of loop, as well as non-anatomical characteristics such as obesity, gender, aging, and alcohol consumption [9; 10; 11; 12]. Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of OSA, a comprehensive sleep study that provides, among other results, the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) [10; 12; 13].  
According to the AASM Guidelines [14; 15] for the assessment, management, and long-term therapy of the OSA's patient, there are different types of therapeutic approaches based on the characteristics and severity of the pathology. These are divided into Continuous Positive Air Pressure (CPAP) therapy, aimed at patients with moderate to severe OSAS [16], and mandibular advancement device (MAD) therapy, which is the recommended treatment choice in all those who do not tolerate CPAP or wish to adopt other types of therapy. By repositioning the mandible in a protruded position, these devices allow an increase in the posterior airspace at the hypopharyngeal level [17].  
The mechanism of the MAD is similar to that of Class II orthodontic devices, which cause a significant increase in the size of the airways in patients with retrogntatha, who would benefit from the treatment of OSAS [18].  
Despite the availability of various MAD devices on the market, there is no consensus on the optimal design. Customized and tittatable devices have shown to be more effective in reducing polysomnographic outcomes [10]. MADs can be monophoc or bimaxillary, with anterior or lateral advancement systems. Titration can be achieved using anterior or lateral screws and connectors, which tend to immobilize the mandible in an advanced or lateral position. This can limit patient movement and cause discomfort, which can affect adherence to therapy [19]. In this context, the idea of developing a new mandibular advancement device, the F22 MAD, emerged at the School of Orthodontics at the University of Ferrara. The F22 MAD aims to overcome the limitations of existing devices on the market. Its simplified design not only allows for a simplified titration procedure, but also enables patients to maintain lateral mandibular excursion freedom, making it suitable for patients with parafunctions.  
The aim of this clinical study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the F22 MAD in terms of improving polysomnographic outcomes in the treatment of patients with simple snoring or mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or severe cases in patients who refuse to use CPAP.
## 1 Introduction
The Sentinel-1 C-band SAR mission, with its nearly global coverage as well as a free and open data policy, is a game changer in this regard. Hence, several studies have successfully used Sentinel-1 DInSAR time series to outline and categorize permafrost creep and active rock glaciers [10; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45] as well as to detect other periglacial processes, such as heave-subsidence freeze-thaw cycles [37; 41] or creep due to solifunction [41; 42]. However, the seasonal dynamics of RGVs are not the focus of these studies, despite the fact that DInSAR is capable of detecting such dynamics (shown by [PERSON] et al. [34]). Moreover, other studies monitoring earthquakes [46], landslides [47], and subsidence [48; 49] show that Sentinel-1 LOS displacement can be decomposed into horizontal (East-West) and vertical (Up-Down) displacement components using ascending and descending orbits. However, most of the previous Sentinel-1 DInSAR studies of rock glaciers used only one orbit and projected displacement along the steepest slope [34; 38; 40], even though several studies showed that displacement has a significant vertical component due to mass balance changes and melting processes [6; 9; 14; 16; 25; 27; 50]. Further, small-scale spatial variationsof these parameters (seasonality, movement components) within individual rock glaciers have not been assessed in detail using DInSAR, even though spatial patterns are reported in many studies [6; 9; 16; 19; 23; 25; 27; 31; 50]. Hence, we designed our study to address the following three objectives:  
(i) We combine data from ascending and descending orbits to derive the spatial patterns of the horizontal as well as the vertical component of displacement over selected rock glaciers; (ii) We carry out a detailed accuracy assessment of the decomposed displacement rates by comparing the results with independently generated movement rates based on Feature Tracking (FT) and digital elevation model (DEM) differencing using high-resolution orthophotos as well as unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery; (iii) We analyze the spatial patterns in the seasonal dynamics of the monitored landforms to get a better understanding of the current process dynamics occurring in rock glaciers and degrading alpine permafrost bodies. For this purpose, we developed a semiautomated approach using open-source tools (SNAP by ESA; Pyrate by GeoScience Australia [51; 52; 53]) to generate accurate DInSAR displacement time series with only minimal expert input required, so that the workflow can easily be transferred to other study sites. Further, we altered DInSAR preprocessing to achieve a higher spatial sampling range than previous studies (5 m) in order to capture small-scale spatial heterogeneity in displacement rates of rock glaciers. The workflow was tested for five different study sites located in the Central European Alps, where dense coverage with Sentinel-1 data from ascending and descending orbits is available.
## 4 Evaluation
### Usability  
An evaluation investigating the usability of the RA tool compared to the legacy method was performed. The evaluation focused on a situation where an EE and one material were switched due to a product design change. The users were instructed to review the risk assessment, conduct any changes, and then update the risk assessment using one of the available tools (File S3 contains the project of the RA tool and File S2 contains the project with the legacy tool). Afterwards, they were asked to repeat the same process, but with the other tool. At the end of each interaction, the participants were asked to provide their evaluation on the tools' usability via the standardized system usability scale (SUS) [59] questionnaire. An explanatory image of the process is shown in Figure 11.  
Figure 10: Updating the risk assessment. Using the “review” function, only tasks featuring a change need to be reviewed (**left**). These can be grouped according to resource so that all tasks featuring the changed gripper “Gripper-GEH6040 IL_VAC-Smooth” are simultaneously edited. The mitigation methods are updated to indicate the changed minimum contact area and newly allowed maximum speed (**right**).  
A total of eight users participated in the study. To avoid biases, four of them used the legacy tool first and the remaining used the RA tool first. The outcome of the survey can be seen in Figure 12 and in the supporting material (File S4). On average, the legacy tool scored worse in the SUS compared to the RA. More precisely, RA had a score of M = 65 (SD = 18.32) and the legacy tool had a score of M = 35 (SD = 16.03). A [PERSON]'s t-test was conducted to prove statistical difference between the samples. From this, it is possible to see that \(p<0.05\) (CI = 95%), meaning that the RA tool scored statistically better compared to the legacy one.
# Fuzzy Neural Networks--A Review with Case Study
## 6 Discussion  
The author of the publication has reviewed fuzzy network solutions, considering those solutions whose code is obtainable. In addition, the solutions were compared with publicly available algorithms. The biggest challenge is to get the ANFIS network up and running correctly, and selecting its parameters--the membership function. This process is not an easy one compared to the use of deep networks, and the selection of parameters requires expert knowledge. It is worth noting that in the first network using OFNs, it was not possible to recognize the entire Iris set. Only the implementation of a fully scaled network, with the sharpening of the result, allowed, according to OFN arithmetic, the use of any input dataset. An interesting result is that for both the ANFIS network and the scaled fuzzy deep network with OFN, the level of correctly recognized flowers was 83.33%. The author of the publication did not carry out any additional optimization. The ANFIS network algorithm was the same as the one that can be downloaded from the github portal. Further optimization of the network parameters is possible. However, comparing the solution with the KNN, Decision Tree Classifier, and Random Foert Classifier algorithms, it seems that this work is pointless. These algorithms achieved significantly better results without any special parametrization.  
Table 6 presents information on the ease-of-use of fuzzy neural networks. Unfortunately, using the ANFIS network without knowledge of fuzzy logic concepts appears to be difficult. It requires defining membership functions, which complicates its application. The FNN network cannot be used for classifying datasets with more than two elements, making it impractical for real-world applications. In contrast, the SFNN network does not require expert knowledge of fuzzy logic, and its definition and training process do not differ significantly from those of deep networks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Network** & **Usability** & **Description** \\ \hline ANFIS & Hard to use & Require expert knowledge on fuzzy logic \\ FNN & Hard to use & Hard to scale this solution, only two-class data \\ SFNN & Easy to use & Easy to scale, no requirement for fuzzy logic knowledge \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Fuzzy neural network usability.  
Figure 6: ROC curve for SFNN network during the test.