# Enhancing Space Management through Digital Twin: A Case Study of the Lazio Region Headquarters
## 1 Introduction
### Space Management in Smart Working Adoption
Companies will need to increase connectivity and improve the overall office experience with a medium-to-long-term plan for a new way of managing resources. Many office buildings are virtually empty, others are used only occasionally, and some are occupied on a daily basis but have low occupancy. Workspaces as they are understood today will not disappear completely, but they will certainly change. Business leaders need to invest in technology to make buildings smart and to create smart offices for their employees, while keeping pace with a new and evolving business model. In a context where intellectual work no longer requires going to the office every day of the week and having a desk, spaces can be reconfigured and downsized to take on new functions and purposes. In fact, SM and redesigning the functionality of spaces is one of the most important disciplines for Facility Management today. In the context of smart buildings, there are many opportunities to rethink the use of space thanks to technology, which allows facility managers to easily gather data and information about the needs and habits of the company's population, and to reorganize space according to the increasingly flexible needs of the company and its people. Hybrid working is therefore a way of working that allows employees to be present on company premises or to work remotely (from anywhere with an Internet connection) using a range of devices and methods that allow secure access to company servers. Furthermore, in light of the EU's targets promoting an increased awareness of environmental sustainability and the necessity to adapt to socio-economic changes, SW appears to be an effective solution for reducing the business expenses and CO2 emissions associated with traditional ways of working. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is an EU initiative with the objective of upgrading the EU building stock and improving its energy efficiency. The main objective of the directive is to prioritize action on the 15% of buildings with the highest energy consumption per member state that currently fall into energy class G, the lowest [41]. By 31 December 2024, non-residential buildings with an effective rated output of more than 290 kW for heating, air conditioning, combined heating and ventilation systems, or combined air conditioning and ventilation systems will be required to be equipped with automation and control systems [45]. Such automation systems must be capable of the continuous monitoring, recording, analysis, and adaptation of the building's energy use. Furthermore, they must be capable of comparing the energy efficiency of buildings, detecting inefficiencies in technical building systems, and promptly notifying the individual responsible for the building's facilities or the technical manage ment of potential avenues for enhancing energy efficiency. These features are reflected in building a DT based on a BIM model, implemented by IoT devices for data collection and an AI system for automation management. This research project aims to explore the potential for reducing expenditure and CO2 emissions in the workplace through the adoption of SW. In particular, it will examine the benefits of reducing energy consumption for heating in offices and other related practices, presenting a digital SM methodology for the intelligent management of workspaces in buildings. It is evident that buildings account for a considerable proportion of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions within the European Union. Indeed, it has been estimated that 75% of buildings in the EU are still energy inefficient. Natural gas represents the primary energy source for heating buildings, followed by oil and coal [47]. The reduction in energy consumption and the use of renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy, are pivotal to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the alleviation of energy poverty [47].