# An Explorative Model to Assess Individuals' Phubbing Risk
## 6 Results
### Descriptive Statistics  
Descriptive statistics of the psychological and digital life dimensions considered in our study are shown in Table 1. These dimensions, for which we reported the average with standard error and standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis in the table below, represents in general how our subjects responded to our questionnaire and the data show the normality of distribution. Table 1 reports the descriptive statistics and it shows that the subjects who responded to our questionnaire use the ICT (predominantly smartphone and computer) at least one time a day for more than one hour. They use them to access Social Network Sites (SNSs) more than one time a day for one to four hours. On average, each person owns at least three different social networks that they use for various activities like discussing different topics and sometimes being in touch with their contacts. Table 2 illustrates the average with standard error and standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis for the operative variables. The experimental data reports, both for Personal Phubbing Scale and Partner Phubbing Scale, an average behaviour very close to those reported in literature. In particular, we found an average for the Personal Phubbing Scale of 2.74, in line with [PERSON] et al., which reported an average of 2.76 [12]. Concerning the Partner Phubbing Scale, the data reports an average of 2.54 accordingly with [PERSON] and [PERSON] that, in their study, found an average of 2.64 [15]. All of the operative variables show an acceptable normal distribution (i.e., the values of skewness and kurtosis ranged between \(-1+1\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Descriptive Statistics**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Psychological Dimensions**} \\ \hline
**Variable** & **Average (SE)** & **Std. Dev.** & **Skewness** & **Kurtosis** \\ \hline Neuroticism & \(6.12(0.11)\) & \(8.11\) & \(-0.17\) & \(-0.70\) \\ Trait Anxiety (STAI) & \(47.78(0.56)\) & \(10.61\) & \(0.24\) & \(-0.02\) \\ Sense of Virtual Community (SVC) & \(27.01(0.40)\) & \(7.58\) & \(0.15\) & \(0.05\) \\ General Self Efficacy (GSE) & \(28.17(0.28)\) & \(5.38\) & \(-0.09\) & \(0.01\) \\ Social Anxiety (SIAS) & \(48.09(0.80)\) & \(15.19\) & \(0.38\) & \(-0.35\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Digital Life Dimensions**} \\ \hline
**Variable** & **Average (SE)** & **Std. Dev.** & **Skewness** & **Kurtosis** \\ \hline Mobile Phone Usage Scale & \(40.15(0.49)\) & \(9.33\) & \(0.27\) & \(0.45\) \\ SMS Usage Scale & \(15.10(0.21)\) & \(4.07\) & \(0.26\) & \(0.43\) \\ Games Usage Scale & \(13.17(0.29)\) & \(5.63\) & \(1.14\) & \(0.54\) \\ Social Media Usage Scale & \(26.81(0.39)\) & \(7.41\) & \(0.12\) & \(0.16\) \\ Internet Usage Scale & \(13.51(0.27)\) & \(5.18\) & \(0.70\) & \(-0.14\) \\ ICT Usage frequency 1  & \(4.78(0.03)\) & \(0.50\) & \(-0.35\) & \(0.53\) \\ Number of ICT Services owned & \(5.29(0.08)\) & \(1.61\) & \(0.05\) & \(-0.10\) \\ ICT Social Pervasiveness & \(3.96(0.78)\) & \(1.47\) & \(0.23\) & \(-0.57\) \\ Number of SNSs & \(3.31(0.07)\) & \(1.37\) & \(0.72\) & \(1.22\) \\ SNSs daily accesses 2  & \(2.53(0.04)\) & \(0.76\) & \(0.56\) & \(0.78\) \\ SNSs daily duration of connections 3  & \(2.17(0.05)\) & \(0.93\) & \(0.53\) & \(-0.07\) \\ Number of Activities on SNSs & \(3.35(0.08)\) & \(1.54\) & \(0.96\) & \(1.15\) \\ Number of Topics on SNSs & \(3.57(0.10)\) & \(1.97\) & \(0.62\) & \(-0.04\) \\ Frequency of contacts on SNSs 4  & \(2.63(0.05)\) & \(0.92\) & \(0.64\) & \(0.26\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* 1. ICT Usage frequency average is between often (one time a day) and always (more than one hour a day).[ENDFOOTNOTE]
* 2. SNSs daily accesses between 1 and 50 times a day. 3: SNSs daily duration of connection is between 1 and 4 h a day. 4: Frequency of contacts on SNSs is around rarely and sometimes.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of operative variables.