## 2 Materials and Methods  
For the study of CFL and LED lamps, twelve lamps of different commercial brands and with different characteristics were used. Of these twelve lamps, five were LEDs and seven were CFLs from eight different manufacturers and with different consumption and light efficiencies. Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the lamps used. The power value that is included in the table is the value that the manufacturer declares that the lamp consumes. All of them operate in a voltage range of 230-240 V, with a frequency of 50 Hz. The CFL lamps have an integrated ballast, while the others incorporate a buck LED driver. Each lamp was assigned with a key to facilitate identification throughout the study. The power consumptions declared by the manufacturers ranged from 23 W to 6 W, and the light efficiency ranged between 100 lm/W and 50 lm/W. The chosen lamps cover a wide range of market prices, representative of what an average final consumer can purchase for their home. Market prices have also been included in Table 1. With this choice, an attempt has been made to evaluate a representative range of the lamps available on the market and most common in domestic use. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Key**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Brand**} & **P** & **Light Efficiency** & **Luminous Flux** & **Color** & **Cost** \\  & & & **(W)** & **(lm/w)** & **(lm)** & **(K)** & **(G)** \\ \hline L1 & LED/E27 & Lexman & 12 & 88 & 1055 & 3000 & 15.99 \\ L2 & LED/E27 & H2V & 9 & 89 & 806 & 3000 & 21.45 \\ L3 & LED/E27 & Mega & 6 & 100 & 600 & 2700 & 12.45 \\ L4 & LED/E27 & Adeo & 6 & 67 & 400 & 3000 & 28.95 \\ L5 & LED/E27 & Philips & 11 & 96 & 1055 & 6000 & 10.99 \\ C1 & CFL/E27 & Lexman & 23 & 61 & 1398 & 6500 & 6.95 \\ C2 & CFL/E27 & Lexman & 22 & 58 & 1279 & 6500 & 6.45 \\ C3 & CFL/E27 & Lexman & 15 & 53 & 800 & 4000 & 5.95 \\ C4 & CFL/E27 & Xavax & 15 & 53 & 798 & 2700 & 13.33 \\ C5 & CFL/E27 & Osram & 14 & 55 & 770 & 2700 & 4.25 \\ C6 & CFL/E27 & Froiz & 11 & 55 & 600 & 2700 & 3.95 \\ C7 & CFL/E27 & Froiz & 9 & 50 & 450 & 2700 & 3.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of the main characteristics of the evaluated light emitting diode (LED) and compact fluorescent light (CFL) lamps. Once the study lamps had been selected, an analysis of the real power consumption associated with their operation was carried out. For this, the harmonics generated and the distortion rate of each of the lamps were measured. The power factor was also determined as a measure of the electrical efficiency of the loads. To measure the currents in the lamps, a Fluke 435-II analyzer was used, with a supply voltage of \(\overline{V}_{1}=230.\omega\cdot V\pm 2\%\) supplied by an adjustable three-phase source Model DL 1013 T1 from the manufacturer De Lorenzo. In Section 4.2.5 of the UNE-EN-50160 standard, the limit for consider a linear voltage system is a voltage distortion rate (THDv) of 8% [23]. The value of the voltage distortion rate (THDv) associated with the source is less than 2%, which allows us to consider that the power supply system for the evaluated loads is linear. Therefore the feed is considered constant and linear, while the load is non-linear. All measurements were made after the luminaire stabilization time indicated by the manufacturer had elapsed. For each of the eleven lamps and the four associations evaluated, the current harmonic distortion rate (THDi) and the harmonic spectrum (up to the 50 th harmonic) were obtained, as well as the value of the argument and the angle of each harmonic. The distorted current waveform and the phasor diagram were also obtained.