## 1 Introduction
### Drone Applications in Civilian Safety and Security Operations  
Systematic and in-depth reviews of 45 publications exploring the use of civilian drones in safety applications to understand the functionality and applications of drones in the civilian domain demonstrated the significant potential of civilian drones in various safety applications [7; 8; 9]. These included utilizing security cameras to ensure the safety of residential properties, with the majority of such applications relying on a global positioning system (GPS) as the primary means of location sensing and incorporating cameras into their systems [10; 11]. Additionally, more than 50% of applications integrated advanced sensors and software to enable advanced functionalities [11]. However, the systematic analysis also identified two important areas for which the number of publications or research papers is limited: smart cities and mega sporting events [9]. Figure 1 depicts a summary of the review findings, providing a comprehensive overview of the diverse applications of drones in safety and security matters within healthcare, engineering, public, and environmental and urban sectors [9]. It showcases the wide range of applications drones have in these domains. It is important to note that drone technology is still evolving [10]. Despite the numerous opportunities UAVs offer, several challenges need to be addressed to ensure the  
Figure 1: Drone applications in safety and security [9]. safe, secure, and effective deployment of drone applications. These challenges include privacy and security concerns [11], the energy restrictions of onboard batteries [10], and the establishment of civilian UAV deployment frameworks in line with international efforts endorsed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) [8]. The utilization of drones for surveillance and safety and security applications can significantly contribute to enhancing situational awareness and facilitating dynamic decision making. A recent study compared the effectiveness of fixed and drone cameras in surveillance imaging, with the goal of identifying ways to improve situational analysis for better risk management [12]. The study's findings revealed that safety and security professionals acknowledged the limitations of relying solely on fixed cameras and demonstrated heightened situational awareness when utilizing drone surveillance. They also expressed positive attitudes towards adopting surveillance drones for mega sporting events. Furthermore, the study introduced a model for drone surveillance scenario analysis specifically designed to support dynamic decision making. This model has been carefully developed and aligned to effectively integrate drone surveillance, elevating situational awareness not only for mega sports events but also for similar applications across various contexts. As illustrated in Figure 2, incorporating drone surveillance as a means of environmental sensing aligns with the situational awareness model and is a crucial element of the first level in the [PERSON] model [12], involving the reception of elements present in the environment. This improvement in environmental sensing results in enhanced inputs for the other two levels: understanding the current situation and projecting future status. Such integration facilitates more efficient dynamic decision making, which is essential in safety and security operations. Based on the findings from the systematic review highlighting the increasing utilization of drones in civilian safety and security applications, alongside the demonstrable effectiveness of the proposed Drone Surveillance Situational Awareness model for dynamic decision making, it is apparent that a unified structural approach is lacking for employing drones in specific civilian safety and security contexts. Therefore, this paper's major contribution is the establishment of functional and systems architectures for civilian drone safety and security systems.