## 2 Design of Components and Fabrication  
### Experimental Setup  
The investigation of material behavior under impact conditions and the evaluation of components manufactured from specific materials necessitate the utilization of various experimental techniques [30]. Dynamic impact testing setups, employing advanced instrumentation for accurate data acquisition, are critical for simulating various scenarios [31; 32; 33]. Conducted in controlled environments like ballistic ranges and drop towers, these tests utilize calibrated projectiles and surrogate targets to replicate real-world conditions [4; 13]. Variables such as impact velocity, angle of incidence, and energy levels are carefully controlled, while efforts to achieve reproducibility and accuracy are essential. Analyzing stress-strain relationships, failure modes, and fracture patterns in the collected data provides valuable insights into material behavior, contributing to the development of enhanced materials and protective systems across diverse industries [34; 35].  
Despite advancements in dynamic impact testing, challenges remain in replicating real-world impacts and controlling all relevant variables. This study introduces a novel experimental device specifically designed to evaluate material response under low-velocity impacts (Figure 1, Table 2) [36]. The setup offers a broad range of tunable parameters, including impactor weight, velocity, surface geometry, and rigidity, enhancing flexibility for diverse test specimens.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Part** & **Components** & **Function** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Impact trolley} & Load sensor connection flange; Hook holding knob; Weight attachment holes; Impact rail wheels; Control lever and cable carrying box; Load sensor; Acceleration sensor. & Controlled impactor delivery. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Spring-loaded launching system} & Tension springs; Push trolley; Connecting beam; Launching rail wheels. & Exert controlled kinetic energy onto the specimen. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Hook and spring tensioning system} & Release hook; Connecting beams; Tensioning rail wheels; Jack connection beams; Electric motor; Closing spring. & Adjustment and tensioning of the spring mechanism. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Spring tensioning distance adjustment and unhooking system} & Bearing; Vertical circular bar; Clamping knobs; Distance ruler; Unhooking rail wheels; Fixing frame. & Fine-tuning of the spring tension facilitates the safe release of the spring-loaded mechanism. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Shock absorber system} & Shock absorber; Fasteners. & Reduces vibrations and absorbs excess energy. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Deraliment barrier} & Fixing element; Energy absorbing element. & Preventing equipment damage or deviation from the designated path. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Various parts in the impact test setup and their functions and components.  
Figure 1: A schematic representation of the proposed dynamic impact testing setup: (**a**) isometric view; (**b**) side view.