## 3 Results
### Landscape Pattern
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inside and Outside** & **Type** & **Year** & **PD\({}_{\text{P}}\)** & **LPI\({}_{\text{P}}\)** & **MPS\({}_{\text{P}}\)** & **ED\({}_{\text{P}}\)** & **LSI\({}_{\text{P}}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Inside} & \multirow{4}{*}{Cropland} & 2000 & 0.1268 & 6.4395 & 94.1133 & 9.3318 & 10.8754 \\  & & 2010 & 0.0530 & 3.2146 & 112.9304 & 5.0644 & 10.7794 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0646 & 3.2608 & 92.4718 & 5.3503 & 11.33735 \\  & & 2000 & 0.0986 & 83.5368 & 887.4257 & 8.8498 & 4.7420 \\  & & 2010 & 0.0461 & 40.6976 & 925.3890 & 6.8028 & 5.4300 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0438 & 40.4178 & 974.7805 & 5.9945 & 4.7731 \\  & & 2000 & 0.1080 & 0.0051 & 0.3013 & 0.2706 & 5.3333 \\ Inside & Grassland & 2010 & 0.2764 & 0.0369 & 0.6330 & 1.0557 & 12.9492 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0415 & 0.0037 & 0.4650 & 0.1384 & 5.0000 \\  & & 2000 & 0.0470 & 0.0275 & 1.6380 & 0.2818 & 3.7407 \\  & & 2010 & 0.0230 & 0.0137 & 1.6470 & 0.1396 & 3.6071 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0161 & 0.0129 & 2.5586 & 0.1315 & 3.2759 \\  & & 2000 & 0.0423 & 0.1420 & 9.8000 & 0.6341 & 4.3651 \\  & & 2010 & 0.0276 & 0.0696 & 7.5750 & 0.4076 & 4.6094 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0277 & 0.1036 & 12.7875 & 0.5895 & 5.1325 \\  & & 2000 & 0.2160 & 7.0758 & 109.2690 & 16.2769 & 14.3367 \\  & & Cropland & 2010 & 0.0640 & 2.5252 & 123.8302 & 5.7580 & 13.6865 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0695 & 2.3748 & 112.1436 & 5.9110 & 14.1780 \\  & & 2000 & 0.2246 & 67.9482 & 330.2256 & 14.276 & 9.1602 \\  & & 2010 & 0.0807 & 21.0858 & 293.0416 & 6.8114 & 9.4241 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0834 & 20.9960 & 282.2940 & 6.6256 & 9.1809 \\  & & 2000 & 0.1210 & 0.0066 & 0.3696 & 0.2890 & 5.4545 \\ Outside & Grassland & 2010 & 0.1363 & 0.0091 & 0.4711 & 0.4078 & 10.6522 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0931 & 0.0039 & 0.3775 & 0.2326 & 8.2059 \\  & & 2000 & 0.1037 & 0.0350 & 1.1663 & 0.5119 & 5.5278 \\  & & Water & 2010 & 0.0348 & 0.0114 & 1.2168 & 0.1878 & 6.0811 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0361 & 0.0113 & 1.2669 & 0.1943 & 5.9744 \\  & & 2000 & 0.0734 & 0.4949 & 27.9900 & 2.4104 & 6.9932 \\  & & 2010 & 0.0376 & 0.0849 & 14.0800 & 0.7437 & 6.8538 \\  & & 2020 & 0.0334 & 0.2850 & 22.7550 & 0.9180 & 7.0577 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Landscape index of patch metrics MdfNNR in 2000, 2010, and 2020. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inside and Outside** & **Year** & **PD\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **LPI\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **MPS\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **ED\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **LSI\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **CONTAG\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **SHDI\({}_{\text{L}}\)** & **SHEI\({}_{\text{L}}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Inside} & 2000 & 4.6491 & 59.5367 & 21.5097 & 33.2357 & 40.0213 & 61.5834 & 1.2795 & 0.6575 \\  & 2010 & 2.1988 & 29.8795 & 45.4803 & 16.3355 & 28.4977 & 66.2232 & 1.2948 & 0.6226 \\  & 2020 & 1.9791 & 36.0420 & 50.5292 & 14.9965 & 26.2452 & 65.8515 & 1.3148 & 0.6323 \\  & & 2000 & 6.0385 & 15.8733 & 16.5603 & 46.5032 & 61.9886 & 54.4824 & 1.4657 & 0.7532 \\  & & 2010 & 2.0089 & 27.8439 & 49.7789 & 16.3367 & 36.7712 & 70.2768 & 1.1238 & 0.5404 \\  & & 2020 & 1.6924 & 27.8517 & 59.0880 & 14.3315 & 32.3780 & 70.4998 & 1.1236 & 0.5403 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Landscape index of landscape metrics ZINNR in 2000, 2010, and 2020. The landscape-level landscape pattern indexes for both NNRs are visualized in Figures 5 and 6. Figure 5 reveals that the CONTAG and MPS indexes in ZINNR exhibit a noticeable increasing trend, whereas the other indexes show no significant changes. The gap between the experimental zone and the core zone is prominent, with the extreme values of each landscape index observed in these areas. For instance, the ED and LSI of the core zone are lower, whereas the LPI is larger. Additionally, the PDs of the core zone and experimental zone are both lower, suggesting that the closer to the edge of ZINNR, the higher the fragmentation of the landscape. However, SHDI and SHEI follow the pattern of experimental zone > buffer zone > core zone, indicating greater landscape diversity in the experimental zone.