# Brazilian Propolis: Nature's Liquid Gold with Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Potential
## 4 Secondary Metabolites of Brazilian Propolis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Propoils** & **Class of Compounds** & **Organism** & **Dose** & **N** & **Exposure Time** & **Activity/Mechanism/Effect** & **Ref.** \\ \hline
**Red Brazilian** & Dadezni, & & Hydroalcoholic & & & Application of HERP (3.5\%) suppressed the clinical signs of inflammation (erythema). & \\
**Propoils** & Corononenti, & Male Wistar rats & extract (HERP) & 7 groups of 5 animals & 6 days & HERP has photoprotective activity in a murine model and the mechanisms of protection can be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics of HERP. & [70] \\ \hline
**Red Brazilian** & Flavanones, & & & & & \\
**Red Brazilian** & Isoflavances, & & Hydralcoholic & & & & \\
**Propoils** & Isoflavances, & Male Wistar rats & extract (HERP) & Groups of 6-8 animals & Twice a day for &ropolis displayed a gastric healing effect via radioactive stresses and inflammation. Treatment with HERP \\
**Propoils** & Polyhyperplasticon & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Red Brazilian** & & Male Wistar rats & & & & No significant differences in L1-0 or TNF-a levels between collagenase and propoils treatments were observed, suggesting that & [50] \\
**Propoils** & & Male Wistar rats & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Green Brazilian** & - & Male Wistar rats & & Green propoils extract in the form of a powder & Three survival study groups, & & The extract reduced inflammation and decreased oxidative stress. It also reduced mortality and protected against the inflammatory response in the kidneys and lungs. That protection might be regulated \\
**Propoils** & & & (500 mg/kg, diluted in s mL of saline) & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Green** & & & & & & \\
**Brazilian Propoils** & Phenolics (e.g., & & 0.1 mL of green Brazilian propoils & LPS (a) & & Prophylactic administration of the green Brazilian propoils ethanol extract reducedropolis (n \(\sim\) 12) & 3 days & Brazilian propoils ethanol extract reduced the LPS+green Brazilian proposals (n \(\sim\) 12) & 3 days & the LPS-induced expression of TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-19, which means it & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 2: _Cont._Molecular Mechanism and In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Effects of Various Brazilian Propolis Extracts  
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death regulated by two different pathways, the extrinsic pathway activated by external factors like TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and (TRAIL), FasL (Fas ligand), and TNF-\(\alpha\) (tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\)), and the intrinsic or mitochondrial-mediated pathway induced by ROS, which disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential leading to activation of proapoptotic proteins (p53, Bax/Bad, and cytochrome c) [84]. The anticancer activity of various types of Brazilian propolis and its bioactive compounds is associated with many different mechanisms. These may include apoptosis, leading to reductions in the number of cancer stem cells, modulation of oncogenic pathways, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of tumour cell proliferation, metastasis prevention, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory effects related to modulating the tumour microenvironment (via modification of macrophage activation and polarisation), and epigenetic regulation and reduction of the harmful side effects of chemotherapy [85; 86]. Numerous studies have proven that Brazilian propolis and its compounds trigger both the mitochondrial (intrinsic) and ligand (extrinsic) apoptotic pathways in various tumour cells by modulating several apoptosis-associated signal molecules, such as TNF-alpha/DR, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, TRAIL, FasL, p53, caspase and PARP [87].