# Smart Grid Protection, Automation and Control: Challenges and Opportunities
## 6 Comprehensive Cybersecurity Framework for VPAC Systems in Electrical Substations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Challenge**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Proposed Strategy**} \\ \hline Proprietary Operating & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Implement a multi-layered security framework to enhance protection.} \\ \hline Heterogeneous Network Technologies & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Integrate cybersecurity measures with legacy systems while upgrading them.} \\ \hline VM Isolation & Employ advanced isolation techniques and conduct regular security audits. \\ \hline Vulnerabilities in Automation Systems & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Ensure systems are modular, scalable, and compliant with established cybersecurity standards.} \\ \hline Threats in Virtualized Environments & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Utilize cutting-edge security measures to prevent and detect hyperjacking and similar threats.} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 23: Strategies form the basis for a resilient cybersecurity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Standard**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Description**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Application**} \\ \hline IEC 61850 [94] & Communication in electric substation automation systems. & Facilitates information exchange between devices in substations. \\ \hline IEEE 1613 [104] & Environmental and testing requirements for communication & Ensures the reliability of communication devices under adverse environmental conditions. \\ \hline IEC 62439-3[23] & Highly available and redundant network protocols, such as PRP and FSR, ensure continuous communication. & Ensures continuous and redundant communication in \\ \hline IEC 62443 [94] & Cybersecurity standards for Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS). & Comprehensive protection of industrial automation and control systems against cyber threats. \\ \hline NERC CIP [102] & Critical Infrastructure Protection standards in North America. & Protects energy control systems and critical data in \\ \hline IEC 62351 [25,105] & Cybersecurity for energy management systems and & Protects data and communications in energy \\ \hline IEC 62531 [25,105] & Information exchange. & management systems. \\ \hline IEEE 1686 [24] & Cybersecurity standard for Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). & Defines cybersecurity requirements for IEDs in \\ \hline IEEE 1547-3 [93,106] & Cybersecurity for distributed energy resources (DERs) & Ensures secure integration of DERs with electric power systems. \\ \hline IEEE C37.240-2014 [92] & Cybersecurity requirements for automation, protection, and control systems. & Implements security measures in automation and \\ \hline NIST Cybersecurity Framework[107] & Framework for improving cybersecurity in organizations & Provides guidelines for enhancing organizational cybersecurity. \\ \hline NIST SP 800-58 Rev-5 [108] & Security and privacy controls for organizations and & Establishes security and privacy controls for information systems. \\ \hline NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 3 [109] & Guide to Industrial Control System (ICS) security. & Enhances security in industrial control systems. \\ \hline NIST SP 800-63 [108] & Guidelines on digital identity and authentication. & Defines policies and procedures for digital identity \\ \hline TPM 2.0 [110] & Trusted Platform Module specification for & Ensures hardware integrity based on TPM standards. \\ \hline CISA Zero Trust [98] & The maturity model for cybersecurity is based on the Zero & Implements a cybersecurity model that assumes no actor is \\ \hline IEC 61850-3 [40] & Mandatory compliance for systems in substations, covering & Ensures environmental resilience and security in \\ \hline PWIT R.61850-90-20 [25] & Guidelines for redundancy systems in network and & \\  & communication for utility automation. & Implements redundancy systems in utility network automation. \\ \hline IEC 62351-2023 SER [105] & Security for data and communications in energy & Protects the integrity and confidentiality of data in energy \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 24: Cybersecurity standards and practices for electric substations. gies.