## 1 Introduction
### International Efforts  
From the past, international organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the International Labour Organization (ILO), have been involved in developing regulations to improve safety of fishing vessels at sea. The need for fishing vessel safety was first recognized by the FAO in the 1950s. In the 1960s, the organizations collaborated to create the _Code of Safety for Fishermen and Fishing Vessels_, with Part A addressing basic health and safety practices in 1968, and Part B outlining construction and equipment standards for vessels over 24 m in 1974. This initiative was followed by the completion of the _Voluntary Guidelines for the Design and Equipment of Small Fishing Vessels_ in 1982. In 1993, the adoption of the Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels prompted a review of these safety standards. Consequently, the IMO, in cooperation with the FAO and ILO, undertook a thorough revision of both the Code and the Voluntary Guidelines. These revised texts were approved by the IMO's Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) in 2004 and subsequently endorsed by both the FAO and ILO in 2005. In 2012, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F) Convention, strengthening training and certification standards for crew on fishing vessels over 24 m. Additionally, in 2012, the Cape Town Agreement was introduced, setting minimum global safety standards for the construction and operation of vessels of the same size. Most of the regulations currently being enforced, including both initiatives, apply to fishing vessels over 24 m in length. Recognizing the need for more comprehensive regulations, particularly for smaller vessels, the ILO introduced the Work in Fishing Convention (C188) in 2007. This convention established minimum requirements for working conditions aboard all fishing vessels, covering areas such as medical certification, crew accommodations, and occupational safety. Most of the regulations that are being enforced to date, including both initiatives, apply to fishing vessels over 24 m in length (IMO, 2014 [4]).  
However, a significant proportion of fishing vessel accidents involve small vessels under 12 m in length, which are particularly vulnerable to rough weather. Their open decks and low stability further increase the risk of accidents ([PERSON] et al., 2019 [5]; [PERSON], 2013 [6]). In 2010, the IMO, FAO, and ILO jointly developed the _Safety Recommendations for Decked Fishing Vessels of Less than 12 Meters in Length and Undocked Fishing Vessels_ to address the accidents associated with small vessels. These recommendations, which cover vessel design, equipment, crew training, and safety management, remain voluntary guidelines rather than binding international regulations, leaving enforcement primarily to national authorities (IMO, 2014 [4]).  
Efforts to establish international regulations for fishing vessel safety continue, but the diversity in vessel types, fishing practices, and regional conditions makes it challenging to create comprehensive regulations that can apply universally. As a result, developing a one-size-fits-all framework for fishing vessel safety remains a complex task.