# Automated Data Acquisition in Construction with Remote Sensing Technologies
## 4 Integration of Various RS Technologies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Integrated RS System** & **Capabilities** & **Limitations** & **Refs.** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{GPS + Barcode} & (1) & Relatively low cost (mainly goes for GPS receiver); barcode: Label \(\precsim\) 50.1, Reader \(\sim\) 5100–500 and GPS: Receiver \(\sim\) 5200 Satellite signal free (2) & \begin{tabular}{c} Need for free access to space for GPS system \\ which makes it unsuitable for \\ interior environment \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{9}{*}{[5,22,23]} \\  & GPS + Barcode & (2) & High level of standardization and reliability & (2) & Limitation of barcode tags in differentiating \\  & & (3) & More scalable for projects of varying sizes & between items of the same kind \\  & & (4) & Straight forward implementation & (3) & Not fully automated approach \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Positioning systems integration with other sensory data} & (1) & \begin{tabular}{c} Easier material identification due to non-line-of \\ sight capability of the RFID tags \\ \end{tabular} & (2) & \begin{tabular}{c} The need for free access to space for \\ GPS system \\ \end{tabular} & \\  & GPS + RFID & (2) & \begin{tabular}{c} A large number of RFID readers are required \\ which increases the cost; RFID Tag \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \\ RFID Reader \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{9}{*}{[7,24]} \\  & GPS + RFID & (2) & \begin{tabular}{c} Providing both identification and localization \\ data simultaneously \\ \end{tabular} & & \begin{tabular}{c} RFID reader \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \(\prec\) \\ \end{tabular} & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Sensor-aided GPS (SA-GPS)} & (1) & Stability to be used in various & \multirow{9}{*}{(1)} & Obstacles associated with data fusion, \\  & & (2) & Real-time tracking and reporting capabilities & \multirow{9}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} coordination, processing, and reduction of \\ data to produce meaningful conclusions \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & Sensor-aided GPS (3) & \begin{tabular}{c} Not sensitive to the ambient environment \\ (4) \\ Having both location/action \\ recognition capabilities \\ \end{tabular} & (2) & \begin{tabular}{c} Requirement relatively more time for \\ post processing \\ (3) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} [26,44,45,46,47] \\ (3) \\ Drift inherent to sensors \\ (4) \\ \end{tabular} \\  & & (5) & Providing continuous update of the \\  & & location estimates & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{9}{*}{RFID integration with other sensory data} & (1) & \begin{tabular}{c} Make it possible for tags to communicate with \\ each other \\ \end{tabular} & (2) & \begin{tabular}{c} Consider does not provide any power until tag is \\ not in the radio frequency field to \\ communicate with reader \\ \end{tabular} & (1) & \begin{tabular}{c} Sensor does not provide any power until tag is \\ not in the radio frequency field to \\ communicate with reader \\ \end{tabular} & \\  & RFID + WSN & (3) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Increased positioning accuracy \\ (4) \\ Decreased energy consumption in comparison \\ with an individual WSN 1 \\ \end{tabular} & (2) &
\begin{tabular}{c} Reading range decreases as the system starts \\ using energy \\ \end{tabular} & (26,29,48,49) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Capabilities and limitations of integrated RS systems