## 3 Results
### Other Supplementations for AD  
Probiotics, minerals, and other NHPs such as inositol and lecithin derivatives have been evaluated as therapeutic approaches for AD patients. Probiotics could slow AD progression by reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammation by restoring pH balance in the gut microbiota. In addition, probiotics could promote the secretion of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is essential for the survival and differentiation of neurons and whose insufficient levels are linked to cognitive disorders, such as memory deficits [73]. [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. [74; 75] highlighted the positive effects of probiotics in the modulating levels of the markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in AD patients. [PERSON] et al. [74] found an increase in BDNF levels after a supplementation with capsules containing a mixture of five probiotic strains (_B. longum_ subsp. _infantis BLI-02, B. breve Bv-889, B. animalis_ subsp. _lactis CP-9, B. bifidum VDD088_, and L. _plantarum PL-02_, dosed in equal proportions) compared to the control group (_p_ = 0.049). Furthermore, a significant reduction in the biomarkers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehydedehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCC) (_p_ = 0.043) and IL-1\(\beta\) levels (_p_ = 0.041) was demonstrated in the group receiving supplementation. Moreover, there was an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in the 12-week treatment period (_p_ = 0.012). These data suggest that probiotics could help counteract the AD-related oxidative stress [74]. [PERSON] et al. [75] studied the effects of _Bifidobacterium longum_ (_B. longum_) and _Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus_ (_L. rhamnosus_) supplementation on the modulation of the gut microbiota and on the immune response in AD patients. The results revealed an increase in serum glutathione levels in patients treated with _B. longum_ (_p_ < 0.0001) compared with the placebo (_p_ < 0.0001) and _L. rhamnosus_ groups (_p_ = 0.009). In the _L. rhamnosus_-treated group, there was a significant reduction in the levels of the oxidant compound, that is, 8-hydroxy-2\({}^{\prime}\)-deoxyguanosine (_p_ < 0.0001) compared to placebo (_p_ < 0.0001) and _B. longum_ (_p_ < 0.0001) and in the levels of the inflammatory marker TNF-\(\alpha\) (_p_ < 0.0001) compared with the _B. longum_ (_p_ = 0.65) and placebo groups (_p_ < 0.0001). Probiotic supplementation also led to increased levels of IL-10, with a more significant effect in the _L. rhamnosus_-treated group (_p_ < 0.0001). Furthermore, both probiotic-treated groups showed improvements in patients' physical activity and quality of life [75]. [PERSON] et al. [76] investigated the combined effects of probiotic and selenium supplementation on cognitive function, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic status, and gene expression-related insulin metabolism and lipid regulation as well as inflammation in AD patients. Results indicated that probiotic/selenium co-administration reduced TNF-\(\alpha\) gene expression (_p_ = 0.005) and increased the expression of peroxisome proliferatorator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-\(\gamma\)) (_p_ = 0.002) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) (_p_ = 0.003), genes involved in lipid metabolism, when compared with selenium supplementation alone or placebo. In contrast, the expression of IL-8 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\(\beta\)) did not change. In addition, the combined administration of probiotics and selenium led to significant improvements in the MMSE score (_p_ < 0.001), outweighing the effects of selenium alone [76]. Similarly to what was reported by [PERSON] et al. [74], [PERSON] et al. [77] found that fenugreek seed supplementation significantly reduced serum MDA levels in the intervention group (_p_ < 0.001), while the placebo group had higher MDA levels (_p_ < 0.001).