# Phtyromediation of Toxic Metals: A Sustainable Green Solution for Clean Environment
## 3 Source, Effect and Limit of Different Harmful Metals  
Massive industrialization and urbanization contribute to the attribution of metal contents in the biosphere, resulting in an increase in their status in the soil and aquatic habitats [37]. On the other hand, metal bioavailability is affected by a variety of parameters, including soil qualities, exposure pathways, and animal physiological traits, and might differ from one organism to the next [38; 39; 40; 41]. Toxic metals, for example, can inhibit plant growth, altering the water and nutrient absorption balance, impact on the transportation of these to aboveground plant parts, and cause negative effects concerning shoot growth [21]. Metals such as Cu and Zn, on the other hand, operate as cofactors and activators of an enzyme's proper action [42]. Toxic metals such as As, Pb, Hg, and Cd, on the other hand, are hazardous to plants and all living organisms [37]. The source, effect, and limit of many hazardous metals are depicted in this diagram (Table 1). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sources**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Standard Limit**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Standard Limit**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Standard Limit**} \\
**Total** & **Natural Sources** & **Anthropogenic Sources** & **Harmail Effects on Human** & **Aquatic Lives** & **for Fresh Water** & **for Marine Water** & **for Sediment** & **References** \\ \hline As & \begin{tabular}{c} Ovyanions of \\ trivalent arsenite \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **S**entiticals, wood \\ additives \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} essential cellular processes \\ such as oxidative \\ phosphorylation and ATP \\ synthesis disrupted by As \\ \end{tabular} & 5\({}^{\circ}\) & 24\({}^{\circ}\) & 20\({}^{\circ}\) & [43, 44] \\ \hline Cd & Rock phosphate & \begin{tabular}{c} Plastic stabilizers, \\ dyes and colorants, \\ power generating \\ stations, metal \\ recycling industries \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Ovogenic, mutagenic, and \\ teratogenic, Disrupt \\ endocrine system, chronic \\ anemia, restricts calcium \\ ruling in biological system \\ and causes kidney failure \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Decrease growth in \\ juvenile, impairs \\ aquatic plant \\ \end{tabular} & 5\({}^{\circ}\) & 5.5\({}^{\circ}\) & 1.5\({}^{\circ}\) & [43, 44, 45, 46] \\ \hline Cu & Rock phosphate & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ Zinc mixed fertilizers \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} brain and kidney \\ multitone, liver cirrhosis \\ and chronic anemia raised \\ from massive dosage, \\ stomach and intestinal \\ impetence \\ \end{tabular} & 50\({}^{\circ}\) & 1.3\({}^{\circ}\) & 65\({}^{\circ}\) & [47, 48, 49] \\ \hline Cr & \begin{tabular}{c} Chromite ore \\ (FC\({}_{\rm{C}}\),\({}_{\rm{A}}\)) present \\ in mafic rocks \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Steel and leather \\ industries, filthy \\ biosolids and \\ composts, fly slag \\ \end{tabular} & Elevated dosage Cause hair &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cause low growth of \\ both high and plants, \\ mortality occurs if \\ present in high level \\ \end{tabular} & 100\({}^{\circ}\) & 4.4\({}^{\circ}\) & 80\({}^{\circ}\) & [49, 50, 51] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Source, effect and limit of different harmful metals.