# Designing and Managing a Smart Parking System Using Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Existing Smart Systems for Parking Management
### Mass Protocols
This system uses WSN technology composed of three types of sensors (surveillance sensor nodes, routing nodes, and a sink node) that form a cluster topology. The parking space is divided into areas (clusters) where each agent is responsible for each area. This system implements two Android applications, one for drivers to see the available parking spaces, and the other for agents, whose system sends alerts on any event that occurs in the parking area of each agent. In [15], the author implemented wireless network sensors to monitor and manage parking spaces in a parking lot. To detect the presence of vehicles, the author used proximity sensors consisting of an Arduino Uno which sends the data to a Raspberry Pi which is configured as a client (Sink) and which, in turn, sends the data received to the back-end server via Wi-Fi by creating a tree topology. This system uses a mobile application based on the data stored in this server to inform and locate the available parking areas closest to the destination of the drivers. The author has improved the system by adding a payment system using RFID tags that will be checked at the entrance of the car parks to realize the correspondence between RFID ID and the reserved space, and in the output, to realize the payment efficiently and quickly on the one hand, and on the other hand, to control the flight of cars in this parking area. The Smart Parking Management System proposed in [16] is based on the implementation of three types of technologies used in the IoT domain, radio frequency identification (RFID), automatic license plate recognition (ALPR), and a wireless sensor network (WSN). The wireless sensor network executes a mass algorithm that allows the creation of a cluster topology between the different nodes, these sensor nodes are divided into three types. The SN nodes are in each space in a parking area to detect the availability of this space. The GN nodes are strategically located in the parking area to collect occupancy states transmitted by a defined number of SN nodes for transfer them to the CN node. The CN node is responsible to manage all information of the entire parking lot area and communicate it to a database server. This system uses additional services such as a mobile application to receive real-time updates and NFC (near-field communication) for the reservation of parking space and the online payment. In [17], the author has developed a smart parking system based on the use of the wireless sensor network and IoT to manage the parking problem in outdoor car parks in the city. These nodes are installed in each parking space, and they are composed of an ultrasound sensor to detect the presence of a vehicle in the parking space and a Wi-Fi communication module to send the state of occupation to a server Cloud that manages all the parking spaces in the city. This WSN network implemented in this system does not form any network topology between the different sensor nodes to transfer the detected data to the cloud server. The stored data in the cloud server is exploited using an Android application (ParkX) so that users can consult and navigate to available parking spaces near their destinations. Wi-Fi wireless communication consumes a great deal of energy during data transmission, which will negatively affect the battery lifetime of the nodes and on the longevity of the network. However, this technology shows excellent performance in terms of obstacle penetration compared to ZigBee. The author of [18] proposes a smart parking management system to manage the parking problem in mass parking in areas like an airport or a campus using RFID. The RFID readers are installed in each parking space and at the entrance and exit to secure the parking area and manage the availability states of parking spaces.