## 3 Trepenoids iRIn Human Health
### Terpenoids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Betulin} & Diabetic mice and glucose-stimulated H9c2 cells/protective impact on injured myocardium; significant reduction in cardiac inflammation (anticardiac inflammatory factor via the & [89] \\  & SIRT1/NLRP3/NF-\(\kappa\)B pathway) & \\ \cline{2-3}  & I/R model rats/significantly improved the abnormal electrocardiograms; decreased myocardial infarction area and expression of myocardial enzymes and inflammatory & [90] \\  & cytokines and SITII; decreased protein expression levels of NLRP3 and NF-\(\kappa\)B & [91] \\  & (anti-inflammatory mechanism is associated with the NLRP3/NF-\(\kappa\)B signaling pathway) & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Carnosic acid} & C57 BL/6 mice/antiobesity effect by improving hormone homeostasis and reduced gene & [92] \\  & expression of liver lipogenesis possibly via the PPAR-\(\gamma\) pathway & [93] \\ \cline{2-3}  & C57 BL/6 mice/cardioprotective effect against myocardial remodeling by modulation & [94] \\  & oxidative stress and apoptosis via the AKT/GSK3\(\beta\)/NOX 4 signaling pathway & [94] \\ \cline{2-3}  & C57 BL/mice and H9c2 cells/protects the heart against toxicity via the suppression of & [94] \\  & oxidative damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy & [94] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Carnosol} & H9c2 cells/protective effect against inflammation in the cardiomyoblasts may be via the & [95] \\  & NF-\(\kappa\)B signaling pathway & [96] \\ \cline{2-3}  & MAPC cells/promote vascular health by regulating redox status and downregulating & [97] \\  & inflammation and apoptosis & [97] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Carvacrol} & Wistar rats/protective effect against myocardial hypertrophy by improving blood pressure & [98] \\  & and inhibiting apoptosis via regulation of the Bcl-2 family protein & [98] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Ferruginol} & C57 BL/mice and H9c2 cells/cardioprotective action by preserving the mitochondrial from & \\  & the production of ROS, limiting damage to heart function, and attenuating the apoptotic & [99] \\  & process, possibly via the SIRT1 pathway that mediates mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty & [99] \\  & acid oxidation & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Wistar rats/cardioprotective effect against myocardial infarction via modulation of & [99] \\  & inflammatory response and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes & [99] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Geniposide} & Spontaneous hypertensive rat/modulates blood pressure by inhibiting the WNK pathway & [99] \\  & mediated by the estrogen receptors & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & I/R model rats and H9c2 cells/inhibition of autophagy via geniposide protects against & [99] \\  & myocardial I/R injury & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Neurons and PC-12 cells/inhibus NLRP3 inflammasome activation via autophagy in BV-2 & [99] \\  & microglial cells exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Mice/protects against sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction through AMPK\(\alpha\)-dependent & [99] \\  & pathway & [99] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Oridonin} & Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and acute lung injury mice model/suppressed NF-\(\kappa\)B & [99, 100] \\  & or MAPK activation and release of TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-6 & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Rats/drastically diminish the extent of myocardial infarction and the blood cardiac enzymes & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Mice/attenuates myocardial I/R injury by downregulating oxidative stress and the NLRP3 & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & inflammasome pathway & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Mouse models of peritonitis, gouty arthritis, and type 2 diabetes/specific covalent inhibitor of & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & NLRP3 inflammasomeomes, inhibiting the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasomeomes & [99] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Ferruginol} & RAW264.7 cells and mouse model/protects LPS-induced acute lung injury by modulating & [99] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and Nrf2-independent NLRP3 and NF-\(\kappa\)B pathways & [99] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & & [99] \\ \cline{1-1}  
Two different mechanisms are currently known to play pivotal roles in the development of CVD, namely, NF-\(\kappa\)B and NLRP3.