## 4 Pervasive Conciousness and Smart Environments
### Smart Environments  
We have introduced PC which function on the basis of'relevant' contextual information [27]. The important aspect of contextual information is'relevance' and the avoidance of 'irrelevant' information which merely increases complexity. n considering _Information Systems_ (IS) and _Information System Design_ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] introduced the concept of \"CAPTA' which is a concept in which a range of data which will be processed into useful information (or _CAPTA_).  
The CAPTA process introduces an intermediate stage data processing where relevant data is selected and processed into information useful to meet domain specific requirements. We have investigated the relationships between data, relevance, and information as it relates to contextual information in [17]; Figure 1 presents a conceptual model illustrating the progression of data processing from the raw data to wisdom (rational decision-support). Shown is the intermediate stage where an initial selection of relevant and useful raw data (termed _CAPTA_ is used.  
In this section we consider the nature of'smart-environments' which generally refer to two types of environment: (a)'smart-homes', and (b)'smart cities'. In this paper the focus is on'smart-cities'.  
Smart-Cities  
The concept of a '_smart-city_' is difficult to define as there are many interpretations with no common generally agreed definition. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] define the smart city as: \"one that utilises information and communication technologies (ICT) to meet the demands of the market (i.e., the stakeholders in a city environment)\" and \"implements ICT to positively impact the local community\". From this definition we may conclude that, while a commonly agreed definition remains elusive, the overall goal of improving the environment to the benefit of the [usually urban] population is generally agreed.  
What is generally agreed on are the constituent parts that combine to create a'smart-city', these being: an urban environment, the use and integration of ICT, and the use of networked sensor-based technologies (including the Internet-of-things (IoT) implemented using fog computing technologies) in complex networks to extract raw data for processing. Moreover, a'smart-city' provides a basis upon which managers may interact with infrastructure systems to monitor, manage and control a broad range of urban systems which may range from traffic management to environmental monitoring and law enforcement. These monitoring functions are implemented in'real-time' with latent data analytics providing reports with historical information and future projections.  
Intelligent autonomous computerised systems as considered in this paper, the goal is to enable (for example a robot or emergency service vehicle to efficiently traverse a DOE by the optimal route. Effective navigation of an urban environment requires the processing of dynamic environmental knowledge. For humans this is generally intuitive, but for machines this requires machine conciousness which may be modelled on human cognitive processes. Achieving this requires the conceptualising of'smart-environments' with data, information, and knowledge and the related processing in a decision-support system. A feature of a PC is the prevalence of sensors [30; 31] which may be considered in terms of the IoT implemented in the fog computing paradigm (also often termed 'edge' computing) [32]. While the terms 'fog' and 'edge' are often used interchangeably, there is a subtle difference as discussed in [32].