## 3 Results and Discussion
Of medicinal importance, biocapped molecules help to prevent agglomeration of NPs and also enhance antimicrobial activity. Figure 4: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of _Drnoccephalusum molaavica_ powder before (**a**) and after (**b**) reaction. Figure 5: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph of AgNPs synthesized from seed aqueous extract _N. arensis_ with different magnification. EDX spectra confirmed that Ag is only the major element present in the NPs under study. The insignificant amounts of observed C and O are attributed to the plant biomass attached to the NPs (Figure 6B). [PERSON] _et al._ reported similar results in previous reports for AgNPs by using _A. farnesiana_ plant extracts [37], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] _et al._ discovered C and O in MNPs obtained using pine, persimmon, magnolia, ginkgo, platanus, and guava extracts [3; 40; 41]. The antimicrobial and antibiotics resistance of human pathogens made as problematic issue which needs to discover new natural alternates to overcome this problem [42; 43]. The antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs was tested against six bacteria: _S. aureus_, _S. epidermidis_, _B. subtilis_ as Gram positive bacteria, _E. coli_, _P. aeruginosa_, and _S. marcescens_ as Gram negative bacteria. The results are presented in Table 1 as the average values of zone of inhibition radii and MIC. Disc diffusion test results indicate that the maximum zone of inhibition against _S. marcescens_ is 19.5 mm, while _E. coli_ requires 17.6 mm and the remaining four bacteria were only fairly susceptible (Table 1). These results support the findings of [PERSON] _et al._[44], which suggest that AgNPs exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against _E. coli_ and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Table 1 shows the MIC values of AgNPs for different bacteria. _S. marcescens_ (8 ug/mL) was observed as the most sensitive bacteria, followed by _E. coli_ (11 ug/mL), _B. subtilis_ (22 ug/mL), _P. aeruginosa_ (12 ug/mL) and _S. epidermidis_ (25 ug/mL). _S. aureus_ (25 ug/mL) exhibited the highest MIC value, and, as revealed by the same graphic, an evident MIC value trend is associated with Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. _E. coli_ as Gram negative bacterium showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 13 mm, due in part to the presence of a peptidoglycan layer in Gram positive bacteria. In the presence of this layer, bacteria form a more inflexible construction, leading to difficulty in penetration by AgNPs. Conversely, Gram negative bacteria encounter a cell wall with a thinner peptidoglycan layer, facilitating AgNP penetration [45; 46]. Figure 6: (**A**) FSEM images and (**B**) EDAX results indicating the synthesis of silver NPs and bioactive components of _Dracocephalum moldavica_. Various possible methods of treat for Ag include interaction with (i) different thiol groups of enzymes or peptides; (ii) chloride ions; or (iii) DNA, among others. Observed manifestations include decrease DNA replication efficiency, membrane structural change, and the formation of granules by silver and sulphur [28; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. MIC values for _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_ recorded in this study are higher than those observed by [PERSON] _et al._ (1 \(\upmu\)g/mL for _E. coli_ and 5 \(\upmu\)g/mL for _S. aureus_) [51] and lower than those reported by [PERSON] _et al._ (100 \(\upmu\)g/mL for _E. coli_ and 350 \(\upmu\)g/mL for _S. aureus_) [28]. This phenomenon can be explained by strain to strain variation, as is the stabilization of AgNPs. The MIC values which detected in this study are much lower than those recorded by commercially prepared antibacterial products. Improved antibacterial activity of AgNPs is due in part to their uniform shape, small size and partial size distribution. An alternate explanation involves high colloidal stability, through which NPs are easily absorbed into the bacterial wall particle-bacterial interaction is enhanced [28; 44; 50; 52].