## 2 Material and Methods
### Methodology
#### 2.2.1 Building Analysis  
The analysis of the building envelope, the HVAC and lighting systems and the dimensional description of the rooms is of fundamental importance [23]. The thermal envelope is made up of three classes of components: opaque components (walls, floors, ceilings and roof), windows, and internal solar shading devices. Each of these categories must be described utilising appropriate performance indicators defined by current laws and regulations [23; 24]. Opaque components can be defined through indicators of steady-state and dynamic conditions, such as thermal transmittance and periodic thermal transmittance. Windows can be defined using thermal and light transmittance as well as the solar factor. Vapour condensation risk, which depends on the distribution of layers and thermal resistance in the wall (or the window), air temperature, relative humidity of the room, HVAC system performance and the number of people present, must also be verified.  
Palazzo Murena is a building with massive walls made up of masonry rubble (almost one meter thick); part of the roof was renovated following the earthquake in 1997. The upper floor of the Sala del Dottorato is adjacent to an attic (unheated), while the lower one is adjacent to offices. The windows have wooden frames. The three on the lower level have double glazing, internal drapes and shutters, while the three above the mezzanine wooden bookcase (always closed) are single glazed with no shading device. When the hall is not occupied, the shutters of the lower windows and the drapes are partially closed. Table 2 describes the thermophysical properties of the principal opaque and transparent envelope components (external walls, upper floor and windows), as defined by inspections and information gathered from documentation on historical construction materials and techniques, in order to understand the relationship between the variation of indoor and outdoor microclimate conditions [23; 25].  
The heating system consists of four cast iron radiators, one in the atrium and three in the main hall (with a total heating power of about 6 kW), connected to the central heating of the building, and operating in the daytime for about eight hours from Monday to Friday. The building does not have a cooling system. The geometric and construction details of the Hall, defined by inspection, are shown in Table 3. The Hall and atrium are lit by crystal chandeliers with fluorescent light bulbs (two located in the Hall and one in the atrium) only during opening hours.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Building Component** & **Materials** & **U * (W/m\({}^{2}\)K)** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Yie ** \\ **(W/m\({}^{2}\)K)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **g *** \\ **[-]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **tv *** \\ **[-]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{External wall Upper floor (main hall) Lower-level windows &
\begin{tabular}{c} Internal plaster, rubble masonry, \\ brick external cladding \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{1.281} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.02} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} \\  & Concrete floor slab & 1.087 & 0.77 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Wood frame, double glazing & 3.282 & - & 0.80 & 0.82 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Wood frame, single glazing & 5.855 & - & 0.88 & 0.90 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* * Thermal transmittance; ** Periodic thermal transmittance; *** Solar factor; *** Light transmittance.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Thermal properties of the building envelope.