## 3 Results  
### Determination of Experimental Conditions  
The total phenolic content of _A. tegmentosum_ varied according to the extraction temperature, the extraction time, and the solvent-to-solid ratio, as shown in Figure 1. To determine the optimal extraction temperature for _A. tegmentosum_, the extraction time (2 h) and the solvent-to-solid ratio (80) were fixed. The extraction temperature varied from \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **Acquisition Parameter** \\ \hline Source type & Electrospray ionization \\ Ion polarity & Positive \\ Capillary voltage & 3500 V \\ Nozzle voltage & 1000 V \\ Fragmentor & 400 V \\ Skimmer & 65 V \\ OCT 1 RF Vpp & 750 V \\ Collision energy & 0 V \\ Nebulizer pressure & 45 psi \\ Sheath gas temperature & 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Sheath gas flow & 11 L/min \\ Drying gas (N\({}_{2}\)) temperature & 225 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Drying gas (N\({}_{2}\)) flow rate & 15 L/min \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Analytical conditions of the liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) system. 45-95 \({}^{\circ}\)C with every 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C gap. In general, as the extraction temperature increased, the TPC gradually increased in a temperature-dependent manner (Figure 1A). The best extraction condition from 45-95 \({}^{\circ}\)C was \(\geq\)85 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which yielded 276.95 \(\pm\) 8.43 mg GAE/g. This was followed by temperatures of 85 and 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C. To understand the optimized extraction time (0.5-8 h), the extraction temperature and the solvent-to-solid ratio were fixed at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 80, respectively. The optimal time to extract the TPC from _A. tegmentosum_ (Figure 1B) was 6-8 h, followed by 2-4 h. To determine the optimal extraction conditions for the solvent-to-solid ratio of _A. tegmentosum_, the extraction temperature and the extraction time were fixed at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 2 h, respectively. A solvent-to-solid ratio of 80-320 was the optimal range for extracting the TPC from _A. tegmentosum_ (Figure 1C). DPPH activities were determined under the experimental conditions shown in Figure 1. Again, the optimal extraction temperature was 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C when the extraction time and the solvent-to-solid ratio were fixed at 2 h and 80, respectively (Figure 2A). The extraction temperature of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C exhibited 29.92% DPPH activity, and the extraction temperature gradually decreased the DPPH activity. The ideal extraction time also showed a similar pattern, as shown in Figure 1B. To identify the optimal extraction time, the extraction temperature and the solvent-to-solid ratio were fixed at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 80, respectively. The optimal range for extracting _A. tegmentosum_ was 6-8 h, which exhibited the highest DPPH activity (30.44-31.06%). However, by reducing the extraction time, DPPH activities decreased gradually (Figure 2B). To determine the optimal solvent-to-solid ratio, the extraction temperature and the extraction time of _A. tegmentosum_ were controlled at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 2 h, respectively. Solvent-to-solid ratios of 80 and 320 were the maximal conditions to facilitate higher DPPH activity (28.22-28.32%) from _A. tegmentosum_ extraction. A solvent-to-solid ratio lower than 80 or 320 attenuated DPPH activities from _A. tegmentosum_ extract (Figure 2C). Figure 2 shows the relationship between DPPH activity and the extraction conditions. The result of DPPH activity is the same as the total phenolic contents by setting conditions in six ranges. These ranges were based on an extraction time of 2 h, an extraction temperature of 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 80. After extraction, DPPH activity was measured. DPPH activity showed a maximum value at 8 h (31.05 \(\pm\) 1.23%), but there was no significant difference between this and the extraction results for 6 h (30.44 \(\pm\) 0.77%). The extraction temperature increased and reached a maximum value at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C (29.92 \(\pm\) 0.91%).