## 3 Results and Discussion
### Qualitative and Quantitative Reaction Analysis  
The validity of the formation of glycerol carbonate is determined by carrying out a \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectroscopic analysis, and the peaks obtained have been matched with the characteristic peaks corresponding to glycerol carbonate (Figures 6 and 7). During the transesterification reaction, when Gly begins to react with ethylene carbonate, several peaks appear showing the incomplete transesterification of glycerol; therefore, a reaction \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline  & BET Surface Area: 74.235 \\ \cline{2-3} \multirow{2}{*}{**Surface Area** (m\({}^{2}\)/g) & t-Plot Micropore Area: 11.963 \\ \cline{2-3}  & BJH Adsorption cumulative surface area of pores \\  & between 17.000 Å and 3000.000 Å diameter: 45.847 \\ \cline{2-3}  & BJH desorption cumulative surface area of pores \\  & between 17.000 Å and 3000.000 Å diameter: 71.768 \\ \hline  & Single point adsorption total pore volume of pores less \\  & than 5369.337 Å diameter at P/Po = 0.996403834: 0.141 \\ \cline{2-3}  & t-Plot micropore volume: 0.008 \\ \cline{2-3}
**Pore Volume** & BJH Adsorption cumulative volume of pores between \\  & 17.000 Å and 3000.000 Å diameter: 0.119 \\ \cline{2-3}  & JH desorption cumulative volume of pores between \\  & 17.000 Å and 3000.000 Å diameter: 0.138 \\ \hline  & Adsorption average pore width (4V/A by BET): 76.3032 \\ \cline{2-3}
**Pore Size** & BJH Adsorption average pore diameter (4V/A): 104.267 \\ \cline{2-3}
**(Å)** & BJH desorption average pore diameter (4V/A): 76.954 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Porosimetry characteristics of raw smectite. Figure 5: Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of raw smectite. sample containing appreciable concentrations of both reactants and products is shown in Figure 6, in particular the expanded 3.2-5.3 ppm region of the NMR spectrum. The signals in the 4.5-3.2 ppm regions of the spectrum belong to glycerol, whose H\({}_{2}\) protons appear around 3.3 ppm and H\({}_{3}\) appear around 4.5 ppm, but there is also an overlap with the signals of the glycerol carbonate, which can be observed according to the literature at 4.3 ppm, 3.69 ppm and 3.68 ppm [35; 36; 37]. In this spectrum, glycerol carbonate signals were observed at 4.8-3.5 ppm. Thus, the maximum characteristics of \({}^{1}\)H NMR glycerol carbonate are \({}^{1}\)H (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz), \(\delta\) (ppm), a multiplet around 4.8 attributable to H\({}_{6}\) in cyclic CH, a triplet and a quadruplet consecutively around 4.1 and 4.3 attributable to H\({}_{7}\) in cyclic CH\({}_{2}\), two split doublets around 3.5 and 3.7 (H\({}_{5}\) in non-cyclic CH\({}_{2}\)), and a large singlet around 5.3 attributable to the proton of the hydroxyl group (H\({}_{4}\) in OH). Two singlets appear around 4.5 and 3.4, respectively, which can be attributed to the H\({}_{1}\) and H\({}_{8}\) protons (in CH\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{2}\)) of ethylene carbonate and ethylene glycol molecules. Glycerol transcarbonat with organic carbonates occurs via an intermediate species resulting from the attack of the glycerol oxide anion on the carbonate group carbon atom. This intermediate turns rapidly into glycerol carbonate and monoethylene glycol [38]. Figure 6: Expanded region (3.2–5.3 ppm) of \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectrum of a reaction sample containing the mixture Gly, EC, GC and EG using DMSO-d6 as solvent. Figure 7: Expanded region (3.2–5.3 ppm) corresponding to the \({}^{1}\)H NMR spectrum of pure glycerol carbonate (GC) in DMSO-d6. In our case, the esterification of glycerol with ethylene carbonate gives two intermediate compounds.