## 3 Recent Advances in Different Configurations of STSCs
### Textured Surface STSCs  
Textured surface STSCs improve solar spectral absorptivity by utilizing multiple reflections and the absorptance of harnessed solar energy. These textured surfaces can be produced on a highly reflective substrate using various techniques, including high-temperature oxidation of metals, vapor deposition, ion exchange reactions between metals, and solid-liquid-vapor mechanisms [30]. The textured surface disperses light in various directions, enabling increased light absorption by the solar cell's active layer. This effect increases photocurrent and enhances the overall efficiency of the device [73]. Several studies have examined the performances of textured STSCs and emphasized their importance in improving absorptance characteristics. These coatings reflect and absorb solar intensity continuously, suggesting their potential for enhancing photothermal efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [74] created textured MAPbI\({}_{3}\) thin films using a solution shearing process enhanced by solvent engineering. [PERSON] et al. [75] reported textured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a stabilized efficiency of 18.7%, demonstrating improved light trapping. [PERSON] et al. [76] introduced an efficient light management concept for PSCs using textured nanoimprinted layers, achieving a 17.15% efficiency. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [77] obtained an 18.9% conversion efficiency by employing textured perovskite thin films, which enhanced system scalability and thermal stability.  
Surfaces with high intrinsic absorptivity could augment solar absorptance by incorporating textures such as grooves, dendrites, needle-shaped structures, and porous features.  
[PERSON] et al. [78] developed a super-hydrophobic ZnO coating on TiAlN/TiAlON/Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) for spectral STSC. The absorptance of the optimized ZnO super-hydrophobic coating increased to over 0.96. This coating also provided effective anti-reflection in the visible spectrum and improved water repellency because of its large contact angles resulting from its porous structure. [PERSON] et al. [79] reported the development of a SiO\({}_{2}\) super-hydrophobic coating using a straightforward sol-gel method. This coating achieved a contact angle of 157\({}^{\circ}\) and demonstrated outstanding self-cleaning properties, corrosive resistance, and thermal performance. [PERSON] et al. [80] examined the spectral behavior of a surface grating with a two-dimensional sub-micron regularity. This 2D grating surface, characterized by sub-micron holes, was created using speedy atom-beam engraving on W substrates. Their findings reveal that microcavity gratings exhibited suitable strong optical selectivity, while micro-pyramidal gratings fulfilled solar absorptances exceeding 0.92. [PERSON] et al. [81] developed an electrode with a tapered aluminum-doped nanorod with zinc oxide, which demonstrated an absorption rate of 0.95 for solar radiation. The summarized studies on the photonic performance of textured STSCs are quite limited. It can be deduced that intrinsic selectivity-based materials can enhance the solar absorptance of paintings by incorporating carved textures. This improvement is attributed to the textured designs, such as grooves, dendrites, needle-shaped formations, and porous surfaces with proper direction, which are crucial for increasing solar absorptivity. However, textured STSCs must be meticulously aginst surface corrosion, as these factors can significantly damage the commercialization of textured STSCs and compromise their practicality in CSP technologies.