## 3 Autonomous Vehicles and Intelligent Transport Systems in Global Research  
The growing market interest around autonomous cars that will be able to increase road safety and contribute to better organisation of urban transport systems is evident in international scientific research.  
For example, a previous study [22] dealt with the subject of combining analytics and simulation methods to assess the impact of shared, autonomous electric vehicles on sustainable urban mobility. This study's authors emphasise that there is a need to implement transport policies that will contain regulations for autonomous vehicles. They also indicate the real advantages of using this type of vehicle in car-sharing systems, for example, reducing the number of necessary fleets, which is associated with a reduction in costs for the operator.  
In another work [23], the authors focused on the aspects related to assessing the impacts of shared autonomous vehicles on congestion and curb use. That research aimed to provide insights into the congestion effects of autonomous vehicles on urban traffic, focusing on the differences in behaviour from conventional cars, and to investigate which easy-to-implement solutions a municipality could apply to facilitate the new mix of traffic. The obtained results showed that autonomous cars could contribute to reducing congestion in cities, but this can happen in the case of vehicles available in organised networks. The authors emphasise that individual autonomous vehicles can contribute to increasing the phenomenon of congestion. Therefore, they suggest researching the use of autonomous vehicles in organised services, for example, in car-sharing systems.  
What is more, other works [24, 25] focused on topics related to a survey on driverless vehicles: from their diffusion to security features and the development of autonomous driving vehicles in tomorrow's smart city mobility. That research focused on autonomous driving vehicles, with particular attention to the standard equipment currently in use and future improvements [24]. The articles also showed that the development of these vehicles will allow us to achieve better safety standards, less environmental pollution, and more significant social equity [25]. The obtained results allowed the authors to identify the main characteristics that tomorrow's smart cities must hold to accommodate the new technologies introduced by autonomous vehicles [24].  
In turn, another scientific work was dedicated to the issues of new urban planning challenges under emerging autonomous mobility, evaluating backcasting scenarios and policies [26]. The work showed that autonomous vehicles have the potential to transform urban systems. The authors emphasise, however, that their surveys showed that respondents were sceptical about the positive impacts of autonomous cars. This is due to their failure to see specific factors that would lead them to use this type of vehicle. Therefore, the authors suggest conducting research indicating the real factors associated  
Figure 3: Autonomous driving levels—the International Society of Automotive Engineers (ISAE) classification.  
with the use of autonomous vehicles in relation to classic vehicles. Such research will be able to support transport policies for the use of autonomous vehicles.