esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Retrieval of Nearshore Bathymetry around Ganquan Island from LiDAR Waveform and QuickBird Image
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing and Method
#### 3.2.1 QuickBird Image Preprocessing
Apparent reflectance is the ratio of radiation brightness at the entrant pupil of the satellite sensor to the descending sun brightness on top of the atmosphere, which also includes the role of the atmosphere. \[\rho_{TOA}=\frac{\pi\times L_{\lambda}\times d^{2}}{ESUN_{\lambda}\times\cos \theta_{s}}, \tag{2}\]  
Figure 3: Technical route of the 6S atmospheric correction model. where \(\rho_{TOA}\) is the apparent emissivity, \(d\) is the relative distance between the sun and the earth, and \(ESUN_{\lambda}\) is the average solar radiation value of the band with the unit \(W/m^{2}\). The value of \(ESUN_{\lambda}\) can be calculated according to the spectral response function of the satellite sensor. The calculation formula is  
\[ESUN_{\lambda}=\frac{\int_{\lambda_{1}}^{\lambda_{2}}E(\lambda)\times S( \lambda)d\lambda}{\int_{\lambda_{1}}^{\lambda_{2}}S(\lambda)d\lambda}, \tag{3}\]  
where \(\lambda_{1}\) and \(\lambda_{2}\) are the spectral wavelengths of the sensor with the unit \(\mu m\), and \(E(\lambda)\) is the solar radiation value outside the atmosphere with the unit \(W/\left(m^{2}\mu m\right)\). Equation (3) can be calculated from the solar spectrum response function provided by the World Radiation Center. After the model parametric setting is completed, the 6S atmospheric correction model can be run to obtain the atmospheric correction parameters of \(X_{a}\), \(X_{b}\), and \(X_{c}\). Subsequently, the apparent reflectance data of the image are converted into surface reflectance data. The conversion formulas are as follows:  
\[\rho_{s}=y/(1+X_{c}\times y), \tag{4}\]  
\[y=X_{a}*\rho_{TOA}-X_{b}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(\rho_{s}\) is the surface reflectance, and \(X_{a}\), \(X_{b}\), and \(X_{c}\) are the conversion parameters calculated by the 6S atmospheric correction model. The desired surface reflectance data were, thus, obtained.
## 1 Introduction
This is primarily because such algorithms typically require users to declare the resources needed--something that does not apply in Function as a Service (FaaS), where resource management is fully abstracted by the provider. Similarly, traditional load balancers struggle with the abstraction inherent in serverless architectures. In VM-based environments, load is distributed across peer servers under the assumption that all servers are equivalent. However, in serverless environments, warm containers are preferred over cold ones, as spawning new containers introduces latency and consumes additional resources. In conclusion, scheduling strategies in serverless environments must be dynamic and account for the state of available containers. These unique requirements have driven the development of new approaches tailored specifically to the needs of FaaS. To address the cold start problem and improve resource utilization, we introduce what we call _the Hybrid Model_. This model is designed to achieve three core objectives: minimizing cold starts, maximizing resource utilization, and distributing workload across the provider's invokers based on their current resource status. Motivated by these goals, we developed a hybrid workload predictor capable of accurately forecasting future requests. The Hybrid Predictor combines ARIMA (to capture temporal patterns) with Random Forest (to model non-linear residuals and exogenous factors), making it well-suited to the dynamic and complex nature of serverless workloads. The forecasts generated by the Hybrid Predictor are used as input for the invoker-level scheduler. This scheduler applies a greedy approach that aims to exploit the available slack (buffer) in each warm container. This buffer results from the difference between the actual execution time of a request and the SLA deadline, enabling the aggressive reuse of warm containers instead of spawning new (cold) ones. At the global level, across all invokers, we implement a skewness-aware scheduler that considers the current resource status of each invoker. This method uses skewness factors to address imbalances in resource utilization across invokers. By optimizing these imbalances, the approach significantly reduces the total number of invokers required, while keeping resource distribution disparities (skewness) within acceptable bounds. For evaluation, we implemented the Hybrid Model on Apache OpenWhisk [9] and generated a synthetic dataset that simulates real-world serverless invocations. Our experimental results show that the Hybrid Model effectively minimizes cold starts and reduces SLA violations, while maintaining an acceptable level of latency.
# Walking-Age Estimator Based on Gait Parameters Using Kernel Regression
## 1 Introduction
In other words, while previous studies have shown that it is possible to classify individuals into broadly separated age groups, they have not addressed how accurately age differences can be quantified--such as the extent to which a 5- or 10-year age gap can be distinguished. There has been little effort to explore the limits of resolution or precision in age estimation from gait characteristics. This lack of investigation into the upper bounds of estimation accuracy forms one of the core motivations of the present study. Understanding how accurately human age can be estimated from gait parameters would offer valuable insights as part of the literature on gait analysis. As illustrated in Figure 1, we apply kernel regression analysis to predict the age of individuals using gait-related variables--such as mediolateral and anterior velocities, stride length, step width, swing duration, and minimum foot clearance--in combination with self-reported height and weight. The gait parameters are semantically well-defined and can lead to explainable age estimators. Furthermore, many of them can be measured using a wearable device equipped with an IMU. In many previous studies, camera images have been utilized for applications such as customer surveys in supermarkets and security surveillance. However, IMUs, such as those used in smartphones and smartwatches, are suitable for collecting information on an individual's daily life over a long period of time [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. Methods for the accurate estimation of gait parameters using IMUs have been studied [40; 41; 42], but these methods are beyond the scope of this paper. Most of the representative gait parameters can be accurately estimated using a set of IMUs worn on the human body [42]. This study aims to evaluate how effectively an ensemble of gait parameters can be used to assess chronological age. We also used parameters that were self-reported by people, such as their height and weight, because the potential applications of this method, such as a monitoring system for daily activities, operate with the consent of users. Such a system may help people monitor their physical health in their daily lives, as opposed to being utilized for security or commercial-surveillance purposes. This study is an extension of our previous work [33], where the ages of walkers were estimated using a kernel regression model with gait parameters and the height and weight of walkers as explanatory variables. In this study, we select effective explanatory variables based on a sensitivity analysis [43] and refine the model. The refined model is then compared with the model in [33] and a multiple linear-regression model to discuss the efficacy of our approach.
## 4 DASH7 Communication System
### Air Interface
#### 4.1.4 Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying  
When using the Hi-Rate channel class, there is a slight difference compared to the other channel classes. The modulation scheme changes from GFSK to Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying (GMSK). This is a form of Continuous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying (CPFSK) [22]. This means that the phase continuity between alternating symbols is maintained. To be more precise, there are no phase discontinuities between symbols observed because the frequency or tone changes happen at the carrier zero crossing points. This is because the frequency difference between the logical 0 and the logical 1 of GMSK is equal to half the data rate. The modulation index for the Hi-Rate channel class is 0.5. This is the smallest value achievable while maintaining orthogonality. In general, GMSK has a higher spectral efficiency than GFSK.
# MIMO Signal Detection Based on IM-LSTMNet Model
## 3 Experiments and Results of Signal Detection
### The Result of the Signal Detection  
In this part, we simulate the MIMO-OFDM system with dimension \(2\times 2\) under different FrFT orders, different subcarrier numbers, with or without CP, and different channel responses. The BER results of MIMO-OFDM signal detection based on the IM-LSTMNet model trained by the MIMO-OFDM signal based on FrFT are presented. In addition, the proposed IM-LSTMNet is compared with the traditional ZF detection, MMSE detection, CNN-LSTM neural network detection, and LSTM neural network detection.
## 4 Conclusions  
The aim of the paper was to propose a new method to evaluate the system reliability of the superstructure of the prefabricated RC hollow slab bridge considering hinge joint damage based on the modified AHP. An objective construction method of the judgment matrix was presented to modify the traditional AHP. The MHPM was used to analyze the effect of hinge joint damage on system reliability. The case study of the simply supported prefabricated RC hollow slab bridge has performed the process of system reliability evaluation. The following conclusions were obtained:  
* Hinge joint damage has an effect on both LLDF and the reliability index of each slab segment under different damage cases. As the damage degree of hinge joint and the number of damaged hinge joint increases, the LLDF of each slab segment increases, and the corresponding reliability index decreases gradually.
* The evaluation results of system reliability by the traditional series and parallel methods are either too conservative or too radical. Compared with the traditional methods, the method proposed in this paper is more suitable to evaluate the system reliability index of the prefabricated RC hollow slab bridge and the calculation results of the system reliability indexes were more reasonable and accurate.
* Hinge joint damage had a certain influence on the system reliability but will not cause system failure. Different damaged hinge joints have different effects on system reliability. Hinge joint 2 or 3 has a greater influence on the system reliability than that of hinge joint 1 or 4.  
Conceptualization, H.L. and G.T.; formal analysis, H.L. and G.T.; funding acquisition, H.L. and G.T.; investigation, X.W., X.H. and G.L.; methodology, X.W. and G.T.; software, X.W. and G.L.; writing--original draft, H.L. and X.W.; writing--review and editing, G.T.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 51478203 and 51978309); Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province (grant number JIK120190150 KJ); Scientific and Technological Project of Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province (grant number of 201903030525F); Budget Capital Construction Fund of Jilin Province (grant number 2019C041-5).  
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions and comments to improve the quality of the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Shaping Goose Meat Quality: The Role of Genotype and Soy-Free Diets
## 3 Results
### Texture Analysis  
Meat texture and tenderness are key quality traits influencing consumer acceptance and processing suitability. These properties depend on many factors, including genetic and dietary ones, which can affect the muscle structure, collagen composition, and water-holding capacity. The measurement of shear force and shear energy provides valuable information about meat tenderness, helping to assess how different production systems affect its quality. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the genotype and feeding system on the shear force and shear energy of goose breast and thigh muscles.  
The results in Table 5 show that in the breast muscles, the highest shear force was recorded in the ET SBM group (17.14 N), followed by the TE SBM group (16.61 N), TE LPS (15.80 N), and the lowest in the ET LPS group (15.27 N). These values indicate that the LPS diet reduced shear force and thus improved tenderness, especially in the ET genotype. Similarly, the shear energy values were the highest in ET SBM (239.84 N \(\times\) mm) and TE SBM (245.71 N \(\times\) mm), while lower values were noted for TE LPS (220.22 N \(\times\) mm) and ET LPS (211.01 N \(\times\) mm), again confirming the beneficial effects of the lupin-based diet.  
For the thigh muscles, shear force was the highest in ET SBM (15.84 N), slightly higher in TE LPS (15.37 N) than ET LPS (15.06 N), and lowest in TE SBM (14.78 N). The differences were less distinct than in the breast muscles. The shear energy values followed a similar pattern, with the highest in ET SBM (204.66 N \(\times\) mm) and ET LPS (196.61 N \(\times\) mm), and the lowest in TE SBM (175.22 N \(\times\) mm) and TE LPS (176.01 N \(\times\) mm). These results suggest that both genotype and diet influenced the texture traits, with a more pronounced effect observed in the breast muscles.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Group** & **TE SBM** & **ET SBM** & **TE LPS** & **ET LPS** & **SEM** & **Genotype** & **Diet** & **G \(\times\) D** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Breast} & Forec [N] & 16.61 a & 17.14 c & 15.80 b & 15.27 a & 0.18810 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.734 \\ \cline{2-10}  & Shear energy [N \(\times\) mm] & 245.71 c & 239.84 c & 220.22 b & 211.01 a & 3.25253 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.391 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Legs} & Forec [N] & 14.78 a & 15.84 b & 15.37 ab & 15.06 a & 0.20403 & 0.035 & 0.523 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \cline{2-10}  & Shear energy [N \(\times\) mm] & 175.22 a & 204.66 b & 176.01 a & 196.61 b & 3.33572 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.762 & 0.211 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Means of genotype and dietary treatments on the shear force and shear energy of goose breast and thigh muscles.
###### Abstract  
The effect of different acid sulfite pretreatment conditions on released components in the hydrolysates and the pretreated solid residues' response to enzymatic hydrolysis for _Eucalyptus globulus_ chips was investigated. Sodium bisulfite (0-15%), and sulfuric acid (0-5%) were used to pretreat chips at 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 190 \({}^{\circ}\)C, for as long as 30 min. The hydrolysates were analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry. Overall porosity and pores larger than 2.65 nm (size of a typical cellulase) on the solid residues were estimated using glucose and two dextrans with different hydrodynamic radii as probes. The external specific surface area was analyzed by dynamic light scattering. The solid residues underwent enzymatic hydrolysis with an enzymatic cocktail. Very high (84-95%) carbohydrate conversion was achieved for either an extensively delignified biomass or a biomass with very high content of sulfonated residual lignin (23.4%), since internal porosity enables enzymes accessibility. At least 5% sodium bisulfite and 1% sulfuric acid was required to attain a carbohydrate release above 90% in the enzymatic hydrolysis. Results suggest that the presence of sulfonated lignin does not impair the enzymatic hydrolysis rate and extent. The increase of pretreatment temperature had a positive effect mainly on the initial rate of carbohydrates release in the enzymatic hydrolysis. The increase of the wood material dimensions from pins to conventional chips significantly decreased the hemicellulose removal in acid sulfite pretreatment but had a small effect on the enzymatic yield.  
acid sulfite pretreatment; _Eucalyptus globulus_; enzymatic hydrolysis; carbohydrates yield; internal porosity; lignin
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Raman Spectral of Biodiesel  
Raman spectra of pure diesel, pure biodiesel and pure soybean oil that have been baseline-corrected to reduce the linear variation across the in the 0-2000 cm\({}^{-1}\) range are shown in Figure 2a. It can be seen from the spectrogram that the characteristic peaks of the three oils were as follows: for diesel, the relevant vibrations were attributed to C\({}_{1}\)-C\({}_{2}\) stretching, in-plane CH\({}_{3}\) rocking, and C-O stretching (800-900 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C-C stretching (1050-1150 cm\({}^{-1}\)), =C-H bending (1245-1277 cm\({}^{-1}\)), and CH\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{3}\) bending vibrations (1400-1500 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [2]. In comparison to diesel, biodiesel exhibited characteristic bands related to CH\({}_{2}\) bending (1290-1320 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C=C stretching (1600-1700 cm\({}^{-1}\)), and C=O stretching vibrations (1700-1800 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [30]. As for soybean oil, its characteristic bands  
Figure 1: Research flow chart of the work.  
were highly similar to those of biodiesel, including C=C bending (968 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C-H bending (1245-1300 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C=C stretching (1600-1700 cm\({}^{-1}\)), and C=O stretching vibrations (1700-1800 cm\({}^{-1}\)) [46]. This is consistent with the conclusion drawn in the relevant literature. The Raman spectra of different fuels differed in their fingerprint region and range, enabling the compounds present in each sample to be identified. It can be seen from Figure 2b that the Raman spectra showed certain variations as the biodiesel content in the fuel increased: a change of Raman intensity occurred in the spectra of the different samples, but their Raman shifts of these spectral lines remained relatively constant. As can be seen from the gradual increase in the intensity of the characteristic peak of C=O (1700-1800 cm\({}^{-1}\)) in the samples, it is possible to obtain information about the biodiesel content by analyzing the characteristic region of the band of adulterated diesel.
# A Distributed Autonomous Mission Planning Method for the Low-Orbit Imaging Constellation
## 2 Problem Description
### Onboard Communication Topology  
Satellites carry communication payloads, such as radio or laser, which allow the satellite to establish ISLs to transmit data. The establishment of ISLs have many constraints, for example, the distance between the two satellites needs to be within a certain range and the line-of-sight vector between the two satellites needs to be above the earth's surface. Taking the Walker-\(\delta\) (30/3/1, 600 km, 60\({}^{\circ}\)) constellation (denoted as: Walker constellation, ten satellites uniformly distributed on each orbital plane, a total of three orbital planes, phase factor of 1, orbital inclination of 60\({}^{\circ}\), and orbital altitude of 600 km) as an example. Its constellation configuration is shown in Figure 2a, and the communication topology is shown in Figure 2b. Among them, satellites 1 to satellite 10 belong to the same orbital plane, and their communication topologies are sequentially connected to form a bidirectional closed loop.  
Figure 1: MSOOSP task planning process.  
When there are a large number of satellites on the same orbital plane, due to the smaller distance between satellites, satellites can not only establish links with adjacent satellites, but also with further satellites. Taking the Walker-\(\delta\) (20/1/1, 600 km, 60\({}^{\circ}\)) constellation as an example, the communication topology at a certain moment is shown in Figure 3.  
For a certain satellite, the satellite that can be linked to it is called the neighbor satellite. Taking Figure 3 as an example, the neighbors of satellite 1 are \(\{\texttt{s}_{2},\texttt{s}_{3},\texttt{s}_{19},\texttt{s}_{20}\}\).
# Design of a Compact Microstrip Decoupled Array
###### Abstract  
A one-dimensional mono-pulse microstrip antenna plays an important role in target detection, tracking, recognition and imaging. However, feeding and coupling are the main reasons for the large size of the mono-pulse antenna, which is not conducive to miniaturization and integration. A miniaturized mono-pulse antenna is proposed to reduce the size and improve the integration in antenna design. The proposed antenna has a more compact size and good isolation, with a well-maintained radiation pattern and zero depth. The antenna unit size is 0.19 \(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.19 \(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.006 \(\lambda_{0}\). The overall antenna size is 78 mm \(\times\) 78 mm \(\times\) 1.48 mm (0.63 \(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.63 \(\lambda_{0}\)\(\times\) 0.0012 \(\lambda_{0}\)). In this communication, a general decoupling feeding network for two-element microstrip array antennas is also designed. Experiment validations confirm that the operating frequency of the designed antenna system is at 2.45 GHz with a gain of 5.54 dBi. The return loss of the sum and difference ports is 16.14 dB and 15.2 dB, respectively. The isolation of the ports is 36.6 dB. The proposed miniaturized mono-pulse antenna is approximately 64% smaller in size compared to previous versions.  
array antenna; miniaturization; decoupling network; microstrip antenna +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Letters
# Partial Pre-Emphasis for Pluggable 400 G Short-Reach Coherent Systems
## 2 Silicon Photonics Modulators  
SiPh modulators are used at the front-end of the optical transponder to modulate a light beam produced by a tunable laser. The authors of this paper, in [2], investigated push-pull modulator SiPh MZM fabricated in an Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process with low resistivity. As discussed by the authors in [9], the length of the modulator transmission medium and the applied voltage bias determine the resulting frequency response (S\({}_{21}\)). It was shown that the shorter the modulator, the higher is the 3 dB bandwidth when measured using small signal electro-optics (EO) measurements. The resulting frequency response with a bias voltage of 4 V is shown in Figure 1. When modulator' RF drivers are used to boost the low voltage coming from CMOS digital to analog converter (DAC), a balanced RMS voltage is required. If the value is too high, it risks operating in the non-linear region of modulator (edges of the S-curve) and higher power consumption; if too low, it risks more carrier leak, which causes constellation to shift and degrades SNR.
## 3 System Model
### Propagation and Antenna Models  
To represent losses in the mmWave band, we use the 3 GPP \"Street-Canyon\" Urban Micro (UMi) path loss model [45], which is defined in a linear scale by  
\[L(y)=10^{2\log_{10}f_{\mathrm{C}}+3.24}y^{-\zeta}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(f_{\mathrm{C}}\) is the carrier frequency measured in GHz, \(y\) is the distance measured in meters, \(\zeta=2.1\) for line-of-sight conditions.  
Figure 1: The considered deployment for a time-dependent performance model with macro- and micro-mobility impairments.  
The received signal strength can be written as  
\[S(y)=\frac{P_{T}G_{A}G_{U}L(y)}{N_{0}+I_{M}}, \tag{6}\]  
where \(P_{T}\) is the emitted power, \(G_{A}\) and \(G_{U}\) are the BS and UE antenna gains, \(N_{0}\) is the noise, and \(I_{M}\) is the interference margin.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption measurements
#### 3.2.3 Reusability of the MCC  
For practical application in the joss paper industry, an adsorbent would need to be reusable in order to save the cost of material and to utilize as few resources as possible. Thus, the reusability of the MCC (0.6 g) for RR120 dye removal (100 mg L\({}^{-1}\), pH 5.5) was evaluated over 11 successive trials, each for 420 min, with the results shown in Figure 6. Complete dye removal was found up to the eighth successive adsorption cycle, where the level of dye removal obtained in 420 min decreased gradually with increasing removal cycles. However, note that complete dye removal was still obtained at 9 to 11 cycles, but just at longer times, requiring 10, 14, and 20 h for the 9 th, 10 th, and 11 th cycle, respectively. These results confirm that the MCC is an efficient and promising adsorbent for dye removal from the water used in the joss paper process.