# Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review of Its Benefits and Challenges in E-learning Contexts
## 5 Discussion
### Benefits of AR in E-learning Contexts  
**RQ1: What Are the Advantages of AR in Academic Settings as Reported in the Research Literature? **  
This systematic review revealed that the affordances of AR in e-learning contexts were investigated and empirical and theory-based findings and conclusions were reported. In their study, [18] explored the influence of the introduction of AR on how medical students learned and interacted with a computer-generated 3D skull. The results suggest that one of the most fundamental advantages of AR in education lies in its ability to support kinesthetic learning. Ref. [34] define kinesthetic learning as a form of learning where learners carry out physical activities rather than listen to lectures or teachers' demonstrations. Using a cohort of 30 medical students, [18] demonstrated that AR could improve students' motivation to learn anatomy and their retention of knowledge, while also promoting an interactive environment for students to learn more effectively. Ref. [18] Also suggest that AR supports kinesthetic learning because it creates an interactive learning system that allows students to understand and memorize content through 3D visualizations. This can allow e-learning students to learn faster and more effectively, even in complex learning situations. The efficacy of this pedagogical strategy on student outcomes, performance, and motivation has been empirically examined and reported by [35]. Similarly, [36] agree that AR allows for the creation of learning aids that promote better interactions, adaptability, and creative engagement among learners. These researchers argue that AR can be implemented successfully in learning settings, including e-learning contexts, to create new pedagogical approaches that foster the development of human-centered learning environments. Essentially, [36] concluded that AR facilitates kinesthetic learning, also known as \"learning by doing,\" which enables faster mastery of the learning content. AR has also been found to be beneficial in academic settings, as it allows a more efficient visualization of abstract concepts, which in turn, facilitates students' engagement and learning intentions. The empirical evidence is the variety of benefits of AR in academics, particularly in subjects and topics that demand imaging abstractions. For instance, [31] reported the benefits of special visualization enabled by AR in enhancing the ability of students to understand and solve real-world problems. Ref. [37] Agree that the advantage of using AR in educational settings is that it provides better visualization even in complex academic situations, such as chemistry and biology. In most cases, important elements of visual-spatial abilities in e-learning contexts have depended on teachers' drawings or oral descriptions. However, [31] argue that special abilities should not be static, and as such, a dependence on teachers' drawings and oral lectures can negatively affect the learning outcomes and performance of students. The dynamic process of spatial ability can be fostered through AR, in particular, through the interactions of real and virtual objects. Ref. [31] found that AR applications could be used in a variety of academic settings to promote spatial visualization even in complex courses such as Calculus. In a similar study, [38] suggested that current strategies of knowledge delivery should move away from memory-based education toward motivating and creative technological innovations, such as AR. They proposed a paradigm for teaching chemistry called \"Augmented Chemistry,\" in a study, in which they emphasized the advantages of tangible interactions. They concluded that it is vital and academically beneficial for learners to view representations of actual molecules in 3D settings, which allow learning from a variety of viewpoints. Their findings provide a variety of ways through which educators in both land-based and e-learning environments can implement AR using a webcam and open-source software to teach chemistry and other complex subjects and topics.