## 3 Technical Features and Socio-Legal Characteristics of Africa's Satellite Constellation
### Earth Observation and Remote Sensing in the Maritime Sectors
On the basis of these new compromises the parties developed a method for converting the available coordinates to WGS84 [67]. The field methodology for surveying and processing points adopted by the Working Group during its missions and operations are testaments to the utility of contemporary application of geoscientific ground investigation in African boundary demarcation. The precise methodology adopted is presented below and it may indeed be instructive to other teams working on similar delicate assignments in the African continent and elsewhere, See Fieldwork Methodology Annex III -I in Report of the Fifth Meeting (2006):  
1. Reference points above the surface of the sea on the 1994 edition of the British Admiralty chart 3433 were to be identified and approved by the parties. The coordinates for these points were to be extracted from chart 3433. The equipment to be used to carry out this field work was to be the equipment already being used by the Joint Technical Team (JTT) for the land boundary field assessment, namely the Trimble Pro XRS GPS equipment. 3. The agreed chart coordinates for the locations to be surveyed (provided from the points selected from Admiralty Chart 3433) were to be uploaded onto the Trimble Pro XRS GPS equipment already configured for WGS84 datum. 4. Using the agreed points as a guideline, the Mission was tasked with using the Trimble Pro XRS GPS equipment to navigate on the sea to the physical features identified from Admiralty Chart 3433. 5. Where the physical feature existed and is accessible, the JTT's task included recording the position using the Trimble Pro XRS GPS equipment (working with sub-meter accuracy) and with the observed position recorded onto the template developed for that purpose. 6. If a physical feature above the surface of the sea exists but the central point is not accessible then four points were observed and recorded on the feature using the Trimble Pro XRS GPS equipment from which the central point corresponding to the feature are then calculated. Each of these observed points and positions were recorded onto a prescribed template. 7. In all cases, twenty (20) epochs were to be used to record the data onto the Trimble Pro XRS GPS equipment and all measurements were in terms of the WGS84 datum in geographical coordinate format. 8. If a physical feature does not exist above the surface of the sea, the Mission's task was to move to the next position provided that a minimum of twenty (20) points were surveyed. 9. If there is a need to supplement the features identified for measurements, that is, if a minimum of twenty (20) physical features/locations are not available, the JTT could agree additional physical features above the surface of the sea and identifiable on the chart which may be surveyed in addition to those physical features listed in the Fieldwork Methodology (An agreed copy of the Admiralty Chart 3433 with physical features was attached as Annex III.). 10. Data collected by the mission were processed using GIS software adopted by the parties for purposes of geo-referencing the British Admiralty Chart 3433 into the WGS84 datum. The maximum geo-referencing errors were by agreement not to be allowed to exceed seven (7) meters. Coordinates of the twenty-one points on the maritime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria defined in the judgment of the International Court of Justice of 10 October 2002 were extracted digitally from the British Admiralty Chart 3433 and geo-referenced in WGS84 datum. Legal and Evidential Implications of Emerging Satellite Imagery of Ancient African Relict Treasures and Features  
Africa is the world's oldest continent and her nations, institutions and peoples are humanity's first. Ancient African civilisations are responsible for founding the original logic, structure and method of statecraft for which modern human civilisation is structured. Africa's contributions to human civilisation are indisputable and vast, spanning, for example, the areas of agriculture, arts, government, law, medicine, monotheistic religion and science [68].