esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Pavements are basic infrastructure, on intercities roads (highways, roads, among others) and in the urban environment. The interventions in them, both new construction and rehabilitation and/or strengthening, have an impact on economic, environmental, and social aspects, i.e., on its sustainability, thereby requiring an evaluation of the sustainability of these interventions [1, 2].  
Whitetoppings and overlays are pavement restoration techniques which consist of extending a Portland cement concrete layer over either an existing asphalt concrete (whitetoppings) or a Portland cement concrete (overlays). Both techniques can be cost-effective, rapidly constructed, and sustainable solutions compared to full pavement reconstruction [3].  
The bond between the new concrete layer and the original pavement plays a key role in the structural response. When layers are bonded, the pavement resists in a monolithic manner and stresses in the materials due to external loads or indirect actions are diminished. Consequently, providing a proper bond allows the design of thinner overlays [4].  
In recent decades, many studies were carried out to understand the mechanisms of bonding and debonding [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] and to bring recommendations for the maximization of the interfacial strength between layers in the whitetopping and overlays [8, 14, 15, 16]. Moreover, some technical reports that give guidelines to select interfacial treatments and good construction practices were also published [4, 15, 17].  
Nevertheless, in service situations, debonding is a very common problem that arises even when appropriate design and construction methods are used [18]. This tends to cause a premature failure before reaching the design life because the increment on stresses in the pavement layers. Therefore, the development of techniques and mechanisms that ensure a monolithic behaviour of the layers after losing their adherence is of great interest.  
Techniques or mechanisms that guarantee post-cracking strength to the interface might help to eliminate the problem of loss of adhesion, as well as to dispense with adherence treatments at the interfaces. These would suppose a new approach in the conception of Portland cement concrete overlays in which interfacial debonding is admissible.  
The objective of the present paper is to study the use of mechanical connectors for sewing the interface of Portland cement overlays subjected to heavy risk of interfacial cracking. Initially, mechanisms of debonding are described along with some of the most common practices to minimize the risk of interfacial cracking. After that, pure tensile interfacial strength is studied in a whitetopping with screw anchors on the interface. Finally, two real-size concrete overlays are presented and subsequently analyzed under heavy traffic loads.
## 5 Advanced Tools for High Average Power Laser Developments  
### High Resolution Spectroscopy of Yb-Doped Materials  
The latest generation of the high energy class diode-pumped solid state lasers is mostly based on Yb-doped materials at a cryogenic temperature. Thus, the precise values of the absorption and emission cross-sections of Yb-doped materials at cryogenic temperatures are essential for designing and modeling these laser systems. Other crucial parameters are the small signal gain, the exact pump wavelength, their band width, _etc._ In this context, the absorption and emission on various Yb-doped materials in the 80-340 K range were measured, and the cross-sections were estimated based on the theoretical approach, as described in [6, 7]. An example of absorption and emission cross-sections based on Yb:YAG for various temperatures is shown in Figure 13. It is noted that the absorption and emission cross-sections increase with the temperature decrease, and at the same time, the bandwidth decreases with the decrease in temperature. Detailed information about the spectroscopy of various Yb-doped materials (Yb:YAG, Yb:LuAG, Yb:CaF\({}_{2}\)and Yb:FP15-glass) can be found in [6, 7].  
Since the emission band width of the Yb:YAG decreases from 8.13 nm at 300 K to 1.32 nm at 100 K, the generation of sub-picosecond pulses from the Yb:YAG is hindered at the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). To have a broader emission and to generate sub-picosecond pulses at cryogenic temperatures, a new material, namely Yb:YAG (Yb:Y\({}_{3}\)Ga\({}_{2}\)Al\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{12}\)) ceramic belonging to the mixed garnet family, was studied. When compared to the Yb:YAG, the emission cross-sections are 4-6-times larger than that of YAG at the cryogenic temperatures. We published the detailed information about the cryogenic spectroscopy of Yb:YAG in [49].  
In addition to this, we have also studied the continuous-wave laser characteristics of Yb:YAG at cryogenic temperatures if pumped by different pump sources: one at 940 nm [32] and another at the zero-phonon line from a VBG-stabilized narrow band diode at 969 nm [50]. The maximum power of 6.5 W at the slope efficiency as high as 65% has been achieved at 140 K when pumped with the narrow band 969-nm diode. Concerning the lasing characteristics of Yb:YAG material at room temperature and a cryogenic temperature, detailed information can be found in [49, 51].  
Figure 13: **(a)** Absorption \(\sigma_{a}\) and **(b)** emission \(\sigma_{e}\) cross-sections of Yb:YAG at various temperatures.
###### Abstract  
This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, and sensory profile of selected Greek wines made from _Vitis vinifera_ L. c.v. Moschofilero in two consecutive vintages, treated with powdered _Hippocampae rhamnoides_ L. Leaves (HRL). Radical Scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenol content (TPC), and color intensity increased in a linear manner in relation to HRL treatments. Indicatively the addition of 0.8 g/L of HRL increased the radical scavenging activity as determined via the inhibition of the 2,2-diphenyl-1- pricylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical from 28.4 to 55.8% in comparison to the initial values. Equally the reducing power as determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay increased from 35.3 to 62.1%, and total phenol content values increased from 11% to 23.7% and the color intensity increased from 39.9 to 50.7%. The main oenological attributes examined, remained unchanged after the HRL addition. The addition of up to 0.4 g/L of HRL did not have a major impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the wines tasted whereas concentrations higher than 0.8 g/L were not considered beneficial. Results denote that the addition of _H. rhamnoides_ leaves to white wines contributes positively to the overall antioxidant capacity and could be used if authorized as an antioxidant agent in wines vinified in the absence of or in synergy with sulphur dioxide.  
Keywords:white wine; antioxidant capacity; _Hippocampae rhamnoides_ L. Leaves; sulphur dioxide +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A New, Fast Pseudo-Random Pattern Generator for Advanced Logic Built-In Self-Test Structures
## 3 Classical Method to Design LBIST Circuits with the STUMPS Architecture
### Correlations between Binary Sequences at Outputs of T-type Flip-Flops Incorporated into DT-LFSRs  
Section 2 discloses the STD graph for the sequence of test vectors and the graph of the correlation coefficient for binary sequences appearing at outputs of a conventional 20-bit type I LFSR register. These parameters are deemed as the key quality indices for a register operated as a generator of pseudo-random sequences of test vectors. These two graphs for  
Figure 7: General structure of an \(n\)-bit DT-LFSR register.  
the DT-LFSR register with the D\({}^{3}\)T\({}^{17}\) structure (see Figure 8a), associated with the primitive polynomial: \(p(x)=1+x^{3}\cdot(1+x)^{17}=1+x^{3}+x^{4}+x^{19}+x^{20}\), are depicted in respective graphs in Figures 8b and 9.  
The STD graph for the aforementioned register is less regular than the graph for a conventional LFSR structure since oblique stripes, typical for conventional LFSR registers, are seen only in the areas that correspond to D-type flip-flops. Instead, in areas corresponding to T-type flip-flops, white triangle-shaped patterns can be seen at random locations. The foregoing observations are coherent with the findings reported in [38] with regard to test vector sequences generated by linear feedback registers with T-type flip-flops. In turn, the graphs for correlation coefficients clearly indicate that only the binary sequences appearing at outputs of D-type flip-flops are strongly correlated. On the other hand, the correlation coefficient for binary sequences produced at outputs of T-type flip-flops ranges from \(-0.02\) to \(0.02\) (see Figure 10); i.e., it is extremely low.  
Figure 8: The DT-LFSR register with the D\({}^{3}\)T\({}^{17}\) structure and associated with the primitive polynomial \(p(x)=1+x^{3}(1+x)^{17}=1+x^{3}+x^{4}+x^{19}+x^{20}\): (**a**) Internal structure of the register; (**b**) State–Time Diagram (STD) for that register.  
Figure 9: The graph for the correlation coefficient for the DT-LFSR with the D\({}^{3}\)T\({}^{17}\) structure.
## 4 Performance Evaluation and Analysis
### Efficiency Evaluation Result
#### 4.2.1 Service Availability Testing of the Proposed Orchestration System  
As proposed earlier, the result of the test of each node's CPU usage with the monitoring module and container clustering is as follows. The test was conducted by the master node's cluster service control module while setting many containers at a specific node to examine the increase in CPU usage above a critical value.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c|c} \hline
**SoC** & Broadcom BCM2836 \\ \hline
**CPU** & 900 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Quad-core \\ \hline
**RAM** & 1 GB LPDDR2 \\ \hline
**OS** & Hybrid OS \\ \hline
**Network Interface Card** & NEXT-301N USB—2.4 GHz \\ \hline
**Bluetooth** & NEXT-204 BT CSR4.0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Detailed network device information for the test bed.  
In order to check the continuity of service, Iperf was used to test the capability of the wireless link by checking the spectrum [25]. Figures 14 and 15 show the results of the test conducted at the same time. Iperf continuously sent TCP packets from the client to the server to check the spectrum. This continuity helped to evaluate the potential service availability and this can be replaced by network function, which constantly sends status information as in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).  
As seen in Figure 14, at 56 min, node-02's CPU usage increased above the critical value. After this, the Iperf client container was moved from node-02 to node-04, which had the lowest CPU usage. Node-02, which sent excessive data to the master node, was shut down four seconds after it finished sending its message.  
In Figure 15, the spectrum shows when the user used Iperf and this shows that the connection to the container was shut down and recovered when the container was moving between nodes.  
Figure 14: Result of CPU usage for each node in the proposed method.  
Figure 15: Result of wireless link bandwidth test to verify the proposed network  
This result shows that each node was able to send its CPU usage above the critical value to the master node through messaging and it was also shown that the exceeding amount of CPU usage was moved to the lowest container node. With the proposed method, constant messaging and monitoring was possible. In addition, the user was able to receive constant service without it being shut down thanks to container movement.  
From the network point of view, a user's Iperf server can be checked and monitored by an SNMP manager while an Iperf client can be seen through the SNMP agent. Similarly, if we were to analyze this from a user service point of view, this can provide constant support to service users in applications such as constant video streaming.
## 3 Organic Light Emitting Field Effect Transistors (OLEFETs)
The fabrication of n-type OLEFETs is particularly challenging due to their susceptibility to contamination from substances like H2O or O2 in the air, which contrasts with the more extensively studied p-type OLEFETs. Differences in charge carrier polarity, semiconductor energy levels, and other factors further complicate the development of n-type OLEFETs [51]. In summary, hybrid transistors between OLEDs and OFETs (OLEFETs) represent a promising frontier in organic electronics research. Recent advances in this area have demonstrated significant progress in terms of efficiency, stability, and scalability, opening up new possibilities for their application in a variety of emerging technologies. The combination of the unique properties of OLEDs and OFETs into a single device offers numerous advantages, such as mechanical flexibility, low power consumption, and the integration of light-emitting and control electronics functions. This positions them as ideal candidates for applications in flexible displays, wearable devices, organic solar panels, and integrated sensors, among others. Figure 9: (**a**) Electrical, (**b**) optical transfer and (**c**) output curves of OLEFETs for different devices built with an active layer composed of mCP:Flrpic:rubrene. Imagen taken from reference [50]. However, technical challenges persist and must be addressed, including improving efficiency and long-term stability, as well as optimizing manufacturing processes to increase performance and reduce costs. Despite these challenges, the future prospects of OLEFETs are highly promising. They are expected to continue revolutionizing various industries and play a crucial role in the evolution of organic electronics towards more advanced, flexible, and efficient devices. In summary, OLEFETs represent an exciting field of research with enormous potential to drive the next generation of electronic technologies.
## 4 Results
### Feature Importance
#### 4.3.2 Answering Q2: What Features Are Different Across Different AI Models?  
We observed that the features were most similar between GPT3 and ChatGPT, with these two models sharing nine out of their top fifteen features. Although GPT2 belongs to the GPT family, it only shares five of the nine common features between ChatGPT and GPT3. Furthermore, LLama2 shares just three of the nine common features found between ChatGPT and GPT3.  
Based on the fifteen top features for each of the four models, we note that there is no single feature common across all four models. Table 4 lists unique features for each model. These are features that do not appear in the top 15 features of any other model. More specifically, we found the following:  
* ChatGPT and GPT3 each have 4 unique features.
* GPT2 has 8 unique features.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Common Feature (GPT3 and Chat-GPT)** & **H-GPT3** & **H-ChatGPT** & **H-GPT2** & **H-Llama2** & **H-H** \\ \hline char\_distr\_xci & 0.16 & 0.16 & N.V. & 0.18 & N.V. \\ m\_stopwords\_t help but & 0.14 & 0.11 & N.V. & 0.12 & N.V. \\ char\_distr\_... & 0.11 & 0.09 & 0.05 & N.V. & 0.08 \\ m\_stopwords\_you, NNP & 0.08 & 0.11 & N.V. & N.V. & N.V. \\ m\_stopwords\_, and & 0.08 & 0.08 & 0.05 & N.V. & 0.05 \\ char\_distr\_... & 0.08 & 0.08 & 0.08 & N.V. & N.V. \\ char\_distr\_. & 0.08 & 0.08 & 0.08 & N.V. & N.V. \\ char\_distr\_twi & 0.08 & 0.11 & 0.08 & N.V. & N.V. \\ m\_stopwords\_VBD, his & 0.07 & 0.16 & N.V. & 0.22 & N.V. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Top features that were common between GPT3 and ChatGPT and their scores in other human–AI comparisons. m_stopwords_ represents the masked stop word features. N.V. represents no value indicating that the given feature was not among the top 15 features for the given comparison.  
* Llama2 has 11 unique features. These findings align with the AV scores of ChatGPT and GPT3, as well as with the fact that GPT2, despite being part of the GPT family, demonstrates distinct stylistic differences. The large number of unique features for Llama2 underscores its distinctiveness compared to the models of the GPT family.
## 1 Introduction
[8] recently conducted real-time prediction of the wave-induced hull girder load effect on container ships by adopting the RNN technique. Additionally, ultimate hull girder strength assessment-related studies [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17] and accidental, ageing effects including uncertainties [12; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22] are also conducted by several researchers, but hull girder load adjustment-related studies are still challenging to find. An alternative method is introduced by comparing existing methods with regard to adjustment methods and load distribution. After discussing existing methods, a method for adjusting all hull girder load components in three steps and a load distribution method using the stress field were derived. In the first step, VSF, HSF, and TM can be adjusted by shear force. In the second step, VBM and HBM can be updated by VSF and HSF, and in the third step, VBM, HBM, and AF can be adjusted by axial force. The load required for adjustment can be distributed using the linearly varying stress field in the beam cross-section and the directional cross-sectional area of the element. In addition, the hull girder load adjustment under various boundary conditions can be applied by offsetting or utilising the reaction force. The present study discusses the classification method for partial models with simply supported boundary conditions. In the following studies, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] proposed an alternative method for adjusting the hull girder load by considering the six components of the hull girder load, which can be applied to partial and whole ship models with various boundary conditions. In addition, the proposed technique was verified for container ships by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24]. It is important to note that research and reports on hull girder load adjustment are relatively limited. This study seeks to address this gap and provide valuable insights that will be beneficial to many ships and offshore structural engineers and designers. The objectives of the present study can be summarised as follows:  
* To introduce the method of adjusting the hull girder load according to the rule method;
* To identify the current practice and its limitation in adjusting the hull girder load;
* To propose the required technique and future technical development directions.
# Posterior Probability-Based Symbol Detection Algorithm for CPM in Underwater Acoustic Channels
## 2 System Model
### Received Signal  
The transmitted signal passes through the UWA channel. After undergoing time-frequency synchronization and Doppler compensation, the received signal can be mathematically expressed as follows:  
\[y(t)=\sum_{\eta=0}^{N_{c}-1}u(t-\eta T)h_{\eta}+z(t), \tag{8}\]  
where \(\mathbf{h}\) is the UWA channel impulse response function with the delay \(N_{d}\) given in terms of the symbol intervals, and \(z(t)\) is the zero-mean complex additive white Gaussian noise  
Figure 2: Complete frame structure of the transmitted signal.  
(AWGN) with variance \(N_{0}\). The matched filter comprises low-pass and correlation filters matched to \(c(t)\)[15]. The received signal after matched filtering with the \(q^{\text{th}}\)-matched filter is represented by the following equation:  
\[y_{n,q}=\sum_{\eta=0}^{N-1}u_{n-\eta,q}h_{\eta}+z_{n,q}, \tag{9}\]  
here  
\[u_{n,q}\triangleq\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}u(t)c_{q}(t-nT)dt \tag{10}\]  
\[z_{n,q}\triangleq\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}z(t)c_{q}(t-nT)dt. \tag{11}\]  
The discrete transmit signal \(u_{n,q}\) is reformulated based on (4):  
\[u_{n,q}=\sum_{p=0}^{K-1}\sum_{l=0}^{2L-1}\exp(j\pi l\alpha_{n-l,p})c(p,q;l), \tag{12}\]  
where the correlation function \(c(p,q;l)\) is  
\[c(p,q;l)\triangleq\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}c_{p}(t+lT)c_{q}(t)dt. \tag{13}\]
# Error Probability of a Coherent \(M\)-ary PSK FSO System Influenced by Phase Noise
## 4 Numerical Results
More precisely, this information is important in the design of the phase-locked loop circuit whose role is to compensate the phase error that occurs in the coherent receiver when the incoming optical signal and the local laser signal are mixed.
# Air Quality Improvement in Urban Street Canyons:
###### Abstract  
Constantly changing vehicle stock, modification of road infrastructure, and other conditions result in a need to update the knowledge on the effectiveness of individual traffic management strategies, which could form the basis for actions taken by local authorities to improve air quality in crowded city centers, especially in street canyons. The article presents research results that evaluate the theoretical effects of introducing select traffic reorganization scenarios in the example of four street canyons located in Krakow (Poland) that are different in terms of vehicle traffic volume and canyon geometry. These scenarios were based on a reduction in the average traffic speed, road capacity or the admission of cars meeting certain exhaust emission standards. The authors estimated changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO\({}_{2}\) and total NO\({}_{\rm x}\)) and particulate matter (PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{2.5}\)) as well as investigated the effect of these changes on air quality in the canyons using the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). Significant effects in terms of improving air quality were identified only in scenarios based on a significant reduction in traffic volume and the elimination of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles with internal combustion engines that did not meet the requirements of the Euro 4, Euro 5 or Euro 6 emission standards. For these scenarios, depending on the variant and canyon analyzed, the emission reduction was achieved at a level of approximately 36-66% for NO, 28-77% for NO\({}_{2}\), 35-67% for NO\({}_{\rm x}\) and 44-78% for both PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{2.5}\). The expected effect of improving air quality in individual street canyons for these substances was 15-44%, 5-14%, 11-36% and 3-14%, respectively. The differences obtained in the percentage reduction of emissions and pollutant concentrations in the air were the result of a relatively high background of pollutants that suppress the achieved effect of improving air quality to a large extent.  
urban areas; road transport; street canyon; traffic-related emissions; air pollution; air quality modeling; OSPM