## 2 Materials and Methods
### Landslide Conditioning Factors  
In this study, a comprehensive set of 14 landslide conditioning factors (LCFs) was compiled from diverse sources and systematically classified into four distinct categories: seismic and geological, topographical, hydrological, and anthropogenic, as detailed in Table 1 and described subsequently. Numerous previous studies, including the works of [22; 23; 24], have elucidated the critical importance of these LCFs within the context of landslide evaluations, wherein they serve an essential function in the formulation of landslide susceptibility maps. A digital elevation model (DEM) was downloaded from the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model, accessible through the official NASA website. The DEM resolution is approximately 30 \(\times\) 30 m, and it offers a precise depiction of the topography. Subsequently, utilizing DEM data, other supplementary topographic contributing factors were converted into raster data to enable a thorough analysis of the region within the ArcGIS Pro environment with Python-assisted model building. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Factors** & **Landslide Conditioning Factor** & **Data Type and Resolution** & **Data Source/Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Topographic factors} & Elevation (DEM) & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & ASTER available in NASA Earth \\  & Aspect & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Extracted from DEM \\ \cline{2-4}  & Slope & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Extracted from DEM \\ \cline{2-4}  & Curvature & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Extracted from DEM \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hydroologic factors} & Stream power index (SPI) & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Derived from DEM \\ \cline{2-4}  & Topographic wetness & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Derived from DEM \\ \cline{2-4}  & index (TWI) & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Derived from DEM \\ \cline{2-4}  & Distance to river & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Derived from DEM \\ \cline{2-4}  & Rainfall & Vector (converted to raster) & Derived from DHM rainfall data \\  & & 30 m \(\times\) 30 m & ([[http://www.dhm.gov.np](http://www.dhm.gov.np)]([http://www.dhm.gov.np](http://www.dhm.gov.np)) \\  & & 30 m \(\times\) 30 m & (accessed on 25 January 2025)) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Geological and seismic factors} & Distance to fault & Vector (converted to raster) & Derived from DMG PDF map ([[https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en](https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en)]([https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en](https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en)) (accessed on 20 January 2025)) \\  & Distance to fault & Vector (converted to raster) & Digitized from DMG PDF map ([[https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en](https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en)]([https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en](https://dmgnepal.gov.np/en)) (accessed on20 January)) and [20] \\  & & 30 m \(\times\) 30 m & USGS shake map \\ \cline{2-4}  & Peak ground acceleration (PGA) & Vector (converted to raster) & ([[https://www.usgs.gov](https://www.usgs.gov)]([https://www.usgs.gov](https://www.usgs.gov)) (accessed on 24 January 2025)) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Anthropogenic factors} & Distance to road & Vector (converted to raster) & ICMOD ([[http://www.icimod.org/](http://www.icimod.org/)]([http://www.icimod.org/](http://www.icimod.org/)) (accessed on 25 January 2025)) \\  & Distance to road & (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & FRCT [26] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Land use land cover (LULC) & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Calculated in GEE using Landsat -8 Images ([[https://www.usgs.gov/](https://www.usgs.gov/)]([https://www.usgs.gov/](https://www.usgs.gov/)) (accessed on 24 January 2025)) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Normalized Difference & & Calculated in GEE using Landsat -8 Images ([[https://www.usgs.gov/](https://www.usgs.gov/)]([https://www.usgs.gov/](https://www.usgs.gov/)) (accessed on 24 January 2025)) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Vegetation Index (NDVI) & Raster (30 m \(\times\) 30 m) & Calculated in GEE using Landsat -8 Images ([[https://www.usgs.gov/](https://www.usgs.gov/)]([https://www.usgs.gov/](https://www.usgs.gov/)) (accessed on 24 January 2025)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}