## 3 Results
### Laboratory versus Ambulatory Distribution of Subglottal Pressure  
One may question whether the laboratory recordings elicited vowel segments that spanned the appropriate spectrum of vocal intensity and Ps that individuals exhibit during daily life. A prior study documented the descriptive statistics of SPL,\(f_{\mathrm{o}}\), and Ps (reference Ps from intraoral pressure signals) to demonstrate the range of conditions elicited by the descending-loudness /p/-vowel protocol (Table 2 in [64]). In the laboratory setting, the highest values of Ps produced by participants typically reached 16-18 cm H\({}_{2}\)O. Figure 6 displays the overall Ps distribution for each study participant group when measured in the laboratory setting compared with the estimated Ps distribution in the ambulatory setting (Estimation Method 3). For the vocally typical speaker group, the ambulatory Ps mode was lower than the most frequent Ps elicited in the laboratory setting. Patients with UVFP, expected to exhibit low values of Ps due to glottal incompetence, also exhibited lower average values of Ps in their ambulatory settings relative to what was elicited in the laboratory. In contrast, patients with PVH and NPVH produced higher Ps distributions during their days of monitoring relative to Ps values produced in the laboratory. See Appendix B for split-violin plots displaying laboratory and ambulatory distributions of Ps for each study participant. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l r r r r} \hline \hline
**Ambulatory Statistic** & **PVH** & **NPVH** & **UVFP** & **Control** \\ \hline Monitoring duration & 11:27:43 & 10:24:52 & 10:21:54 & 10:51:05 \\ (hh:mm:ss) & (04:28:38) & (02:18:50) & (03:36:12) & (02:49:34) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Phonation time} \\ Cumulative (mm:ss) & 48:45 (32:39) & 52:56 (33:22) & 28:39 (23:22) & 44:43 (28:14) \\ Normalized (\%) & 7.1 (4.7) & 8.5 (5.3) & 4.6 (3.8) & 6.9 (4.3) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Ps (cm H\({}_{2}\)O)} \\ Mean & 11.7 (2.8) & 13.9 (8.1) & 8.2 (3.3) & 8.2 (3.6) \\ Mode & 9.2 (4.3) & 8.1 (4.0) & 5.8 (4.4) & 6.1 (2.7) \\ Standard deviation & 5.3 (1.9) & 6.4 (5.5) & 2.7 (2.0) & 3.9 (2.7) \\ Skewness & 1.957 (0.908) & 1.613 (0.540) & 2.474 (0.813) & 2.309 (1.017) \\ Minimum * & 5.8 (1.5) & 6.3 (2.5) & 5.6 (3.1) & 4.3 (1.3) \\ Maximum * & 21.5 (5.7) & 25.7 (18.0) & 13.3 (6.2) & 15.5 (9.1) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{SPL (dB SPL @ 15 cm)} \\ Mean & 87.0 (8.0) & 82.7 (11.5) & 85.8 (8.4) & 86.0 (8.6) \\ Standard deviation & 7.7 (2.3) & 7.2 (2.4) & 7.0 (3.0) & 7.2 (2.6) \\ Skewness & \(-\)0.448 & \(-\)0.459 & \(-\)0.073 & \(-\)0.187 \\  & (0.417) & (0.279) & (0.476) & (0.357) \\ Minimum * & 73.5 (4.2) & 73.1 (7.2) & 70.6 (11.5) & 64.8 (8.1) \\ Maximum * & 97.2 (4.8) & 98.0 (9.4) & 94.0 (12.8) & 93.7 (9.7) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{CPP (dB)} \\ Mean & 22.0 (1.3) & 18.8 (2.0) & 21.7 (1.7) & 18.7 (1.9) \\ Standard deviation & 4.2 (0.4) & 3.1 (0.7) & 3.9 (0.8) & 3.1 (0.7) \\ Skewness & \(-\)0.233 & \(-\)0.212 & \(-\)0.037 & \(-\)0.115 \\  & (0.219) & (0.209) & (0.180) & (0.281) \\ Minimum * & 14.9 (0.6) & 14.7 (0.7) & 13.5 (0.8) & 14.6 (0.8) \\ Maximum * & 28.6 (1.1) & 28.3 (1.5) & 23.7 (2.9) & 28.4 (1.7) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{H1\(-\)H2 (dB)} \\ Mean & 4.5 (2.1) & 8.3 (3.3) & 5.7 (4.0) & 8.3 (3.3) \\ Standard deviation & 7.6 (1.1) & 5.8 (1.1) & 6.8 (2.0) & 5.9 (1.0) \\ Skewness & 0.673 (0.433) & 0.669 (0.452) & 0.202 (0.394) & 0.552 (0.366) \\ Minimum * & \(-\)3.8 (1.6) & \(-\)5.8 (3.3) & \(-\)0.6 (3.7) & \(-\)3.7 (3.0) \\ Maximum * & 15.6 (2.7) & 18.5 (2.7) & 18.4 (2.9) & 18.1 (3.6) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Univariate statistics of daylong ambulatory estimates of subglottal pressure (Ps) using Estimation Method 3 (multiple regression model) for each participant group, along with other vocal function measures computed from the accelerometer signal: sound pressure level (SPL), cepstral peak prominence (CPP), and the difference between the first two harmonic magnitudes (H1\(-\)H2).