## 3 Results
### Statistical Comparison against ISRs Data
**Arecibo ISR, Electron Temperature climatology, 510\(\pm\)20 km**  
**Millstone Hill ISR, Electron Temperature climatology, 510\(\pm\)20 km**  
**March Equinox = 35 \(\leq\) day \(\leq\) 125**  
**June Solstice = 126 \(\leq\) day \(\leq\) 217**  
**September Equinox = 218 \(\leq\) day \(\leq\) 309**  
**December Solstice = day \(\leq\) 34 AND day \(\geq\) 310**  
**No Solar Activity selection, Swarm and IRI data selected in the range [ISR lat \(\pm\) 5\", ISR Ion \(\pm\) 20\"]**  
**June Solstice = 126 \(\leq\) day \(\leq\) 217**  
**December Solstice = day \(\leq\) 34 AND day \(\geq\) 310**  
**No Solar Activity selection, Swarm and IRI data selected in the range [ISR lat \(\pm\) 5\", ISR Ion \(\pm\) 20\"]**  
**June Solstice = 126 \(\  
In summary, every ISR dataset was split in 384 (96 diurnal x 4 seasonal) bins and the following statistical metrics were calculated for the boxplot representation:  
* 5 th percentile, i.e., the lower whisker;
* 25 th percentile, i.e., the first quartile;
* 50 th percentile, i.e., the second quartile, representative of the median;
* 75 th percentile i.e., the third quartile;
* 95 th percentile, i.e., the upper whisker. For this kind of comparison, the median is the more appropriate statistical metric because it cuts off the outliers of the distribution. The difference between 75 th and 25 th percentiles defines the inter-quartile range (IQR), which provides a measure of the data dispersion around the median value, while the whiskers highlight the tails of the distribution. Figures 4-6 show the boxplots for the Jicamarca (Figure 4), Arecibo (Figure 5), and Millstone Hill (Figure 6) sites. For the comparison with ISRs results, both Swarm B-measured (original and corrected with [PERSON]) and IRI-modeled \(T_{\mathrm{e}}\) data were selected and binned as done for ISRs data. Specifically, from the Swarm B dataset, we selected those measurements falling inside a region centered at ISRs' geographic coordinates and extending \(\pm 5^{\circ}\) in latitude and \(\pm 20^{\circ}\) in longitude. We tested regions of different extension in both latitude and longitude around the ISRs' location. The choice we made is the one balancing the amount of data needed for the statistical comparison and the preservation of the characteristic trends at the ISRs locations. Then, the selected Swarm B (original and corrected with [PERSON]) and IRI data were binned as ISRs data and the corresponding median values are superposed to ISRs' boxplots in Figures 4-6. Figure 4 shows how equatorial values at Jicamarca are characterized by the presence of a remarkable morning peak between 5 and 8 MLT, with median values from ISR exceeding 3000 K; this phenomenon is often referred as morning overshoot [15; 16; 42; 17]. Overall, daytime values stand at about 1000-1300 K, while nighttime ones at about 700-1000 K, in a quite steady fashion. Differently from the dawn solar terminator hours, the ones related to the dusk solar terminator do not exhibit a peak but only a small ramp with \(T_{\mathrm{e}}\) smoothly stepping from the daytime to the nighttime behavior. Of course, the MLTs of both the morning overshoot and the dusk ramp slightly change according to the season. The MLTs characterized by the morning overshoot exhibit the highest dispersion of data as described by the IQRs and whiskers values. The seasonal variability is really weak at Jicamarca due to the illumination conditions that do not change significantly over the year. Both Swarm and IRI can catch the main diurnal features of \(T_{\mathrm{e}}\) for each season but with remarkable differences in the absolute values. IRI represents reliably nighttime values, while it slightly overestimates daytime values and underestimates values in the morning sector when the overshoot occurs. Differently, Swarm (both original and corrected with Lomidze) performs a general overestimation independently of the hour. Moreover, Swarm values do not exhibit differences between day and night, with the exception of the morning peak.