## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
The Zhuxianzhuang Coal Mine is situated in the northern part of Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China, and lies within the northern segment of the Sudong syncline (Figure 1). This syncline is located at the southern end of the Xusuhu Arc Structure, bordered by the Xisipo and Dongsanpu thrust faults. It forms an asymmetric syncline with an axial direction stretching from 310\({}^{\circ}\) to 335\({}^{\circ}\). The eastern limb, influenced by east-west compressional stresses, exhibits tightly closed folds near both the hanging wall and the football of the thrust faults, with bedding dips ranging from 45\({}^{\circ}\) to 90\({}^{\circ}\). In certain areas, the local overturning of strata occurs. In contrast, the western limb is comparatively gentle, exhibiting dips typically between 15\({}^{\circ}\) and 25\({}^{\circ}\), and features secondary gentle folds.  
Figure 1: Map of location of study area.  
The main faults developed within the mining area are as follows: The F22 fault, a normal fault located in the northeastern part of the mining area, has an NNW strike and an NEE dip, with a dip angle of 50-70\({}^{\circ}\) and a displacement of 20-550 m. It extends 3100 m within the mining area, offsetting formations from Seam 3 to the Ordovician limestone, and poses the primary threat to Seam 10 mining. The F21 fault, a reverse fault located along the eastern boundary, has an NNW strike and an NEE dip, with a dip angle of 50-70\({}^{\circ}\) and a displacement exceeding 200 m, extending 2750 m within the mining area. The DF1 fault, a normal fault with an NNW strike and an NEE dip, has a dip angle of 65-80\({}^{\circ}\) and a displacement of 0-80 m, extending approximately 2700 m and continuing southward beyond the mining area. Finally, the F23 fault is a reverse fault located along the III1 mining area boundary, with a displacement exceeding 210 m (Figure 2).  
The mining area under investigation is the III3 Mining Area, located southeast of the Zhuxianzhuang Coal Mine, bordered to the south by the minefield boundary and to the north by the III1 Mining Area and adjacent to the Luling Coal Mine. The shallow section starts from the \(-\)700 m level and extends to the deep level of \(-\)1100 m (mine boundary). The mining area fault spans a dip width of approximately 0.64 to 0.93 km and a strike length of approximately 2.6 to 3.4 km and covers an area of approximately 3.11 km\({}^{2}\).  
Currently, the primary seam being mined is Seam 10, located within the middle of the Shanxi Formation, which is classified as a deep coal seam. The principal aquifer posing a threat is the karst-fractured limestone aquifer of the Taiyuan Formation. The maximum thickness of the aquifer is 60.39 m, primarily composed of limestone, siltstone, fine sandstone, and mudstone. The average thickness of the limestone is 22.92 m, exhibiting significant dissolution and strong water permeability. As the mining depth increases, the confined water levels and hydraulic pressures increase, thereby escalating the risk of water inrush and presenting significant safety hazards to the mine's operations. To investigate the hydrodynamic evolution under deep coal mining conditions and to provide theoretical support for the safe extraction of Seam 10 at the Zhuxianzhuang Coal Mine, this study incorporated data from 13 boreholes, including boreholes 2022-Taiguan1 and 2022-Taiguan2, within the III Mining Area of the Zhuxianzhuang Coal Mine.  
Figure 2: Geological profile map of study area.