esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Hybrid Remote Sensing Data  
Based on the hybrid remote sensing images (from passive, active, and elevation data), the morphology of the Rimaal structure is sketched (Figure 8). The spatial configurations of the paleorivers in the vicinity of the Rimaal structure show interesting patterns. The arrangements of these rivers can be used as indicators of the presence of the inferred crater at this locality. For example, the interior wall of the structure is incised with gullies that originate at or near the crater northern rim, implying a much steeper rim wall and erosion by precipitation-derived surface runoff in the past. The gullies clearly developed in a radial pattern and cut into radar-bright bedrock, providing evidence of the circularity of the structure. A few of these gullies flow southeast and joined together to form one water course. This course flows easterly to merge with a major paleoriver course (R1 in Figure 8). This eastern river, which is now dry, breaches the structure's northeastern rim and runs through its eastern annular trough. Although it has a general south flow trend in the plateau, the R1 river course shows an abrupt change to the west when it reaches the inferred crater basin. The course of the R1 river has an obvious narrowness as it enters and exits the putative crater periphery, inferring a more resistant rim material, whereas the river course becomes wider  
Figure 8: Hydrology and morphology of the Rimaal structure (**a**) SRTM-delineated paleorivers draining into the ancient mega-lake of Northern Darfur. The white box indicates the structure area shown in (**b**). (**b**) Morphometric elements mapped from hybrid spectral and roughness remote sensing data. The interior wall of the structure is incised with radial pattern gullies that originate at the crater’s northern rim, implying a much steeper rim wall in the past. The inner wall of the northern flank of the structure divulges traces of concentric faults. Whereas, to the west of the structure, the presence of a curved paleoriver course (marked as R2) indicates plausible presence of a concentric ring graben related to the inferred Rimaal structure.  
within the Rimaal formation itself. Moreover, to the west of the Rimaal structure, a circumferential of a second paleoriver (R2 in Figure 8) is clearly visible in the microwave data. The shape of the river course indicates the plausible presence of a concentric ring graben related to the inferred structure. In the DEM, this waterway appears to flow along a curved path parallel to the western periphery of the structure, suggesting a causal relationship. In view of that, it appears that there is an intriguing spatial association of the paleorivers' geomorphology with the inferred location of the structure. The geomorphological properties of the paleorivers provide additional evidence for the inferred crater and their presence suggests fluvial processes were among the key factors in the crater degradation.
## 1 Introduction
In terms of techniques used in urban areas for identifying sinkholes [1; 6; 19; 20; 21], the common practice includes explorations by boreholes and non-invasive techniques such as geophysical methods, e.g., electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetration radar and seismic refraction. In some cases, trenching is also used [22]. Regarding mitigation measures for sinkholes affecting buildings and infrastructures, injection of cement-based grouts or chemical grouts (e.g., polyurethane foams) is fairly common. This procedure enables filling the cavities and sealing joints and fissures while strengthening the ground [2; 8; 10]. Sinkhole hazards have a great economic impact in Spain, as shown by some recent works dealing with the identification and investigation of sinkholes in the Iberian Peninsula [20; 23; 24]. Particularly, the city of Zaragoza (NE Spain) and its surroundings are considered the highest sinkhole risk area in Europe [25]. The abundance of gypsum is the origin of such sinkholes, although the interstatral dissolution of halite and glauberite beds also contributes to their development [26; 27]. In such context, this paper presents a case study in Alcala de Ebro, a town located in a high-risk Spanish area [28]. The paper shows how to address the mitigation of this phenomenon using different techniques depending on the size of the sinkhole, the objectives pursued and the element affected. An area around a protective flood embankment built to defend the town against potential flooding from the Ebro River is analyzed. In this area, numerous sinkholes were observed. Those sinkholes caused serious economic and social issues, including affecting the main access street to the town, preventing the population access to some areas of the town and the structural affection of dwellings and the protective flood embankment itself. A geological-geotechnical investigation was carried out, including boreholes, field tests and cross-hole seismic tomography. Based on the geological-geotechnical analysis of the area, the use of geogrids, cement injections and polyurethane (PU) injections were proposed and applied to solve the problem. A FE model was performed to evaluate the possible impact that the presence of voids (due to karst dissolution) can have on the embankment stability after conducting the injection works. It should be noted that ensuring the stability of the embankment is vital since, otherwise, a strong flood event may have catastrophic consequences. Both empirical observance and numerical results showed that the ground treatment applied was successful in its purpose of filling-consolidating the undermined regions, not threatening the stability of the embankment and preventing future sinkholes in the area.
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Selective Encryption  
One of the potential techniques for ensuring image secrecy in resource-constrained devices is selective encryption. This technique selects and encrypts only significant parts of the images. If the selection is done properly, the encryption of the selected part results in the confidentiality of the whole image. The selection techniques can be performed in the spatial domain by selecting and manipulating pixel values directly or in the frequency domain by applying one of the transformations to represent the image in the frequency domain. One of the earliest contributions to selective encryption in the spatial domain demonstrated a significant reduction in computational overhead by encrypting only the most significant bits (MSBs) while leaving the least significant bits untouched [31]. Another study proposed a classification of the bit planes representing the pixels based on their significance [19]. The study encrypted only significant bits with a key stream sequence that is generated  
Figure 5: Periodic phenomenon of a cat map applied on a standard image. (**a**) aerial \(128\times 128\); (**b**) 3 iterations; (**c**) 50 iterations; (**d**) 96 iterations.  
Figure 6: Flowchart of the working of PRESENT block cipher.  
using a chaotic pseudo-random binary number generator to evaluate it. Ref. [21] proposed a technique that initially divides a plain-text image into blocks and then calculates the correlation coefficients of each block. The random numbers generated from a skew tent map based on a predetermined threshold value were pixel-wise XORed with the block with the highest correlation coefficient values. Similarly, a stenography algorithm was proposed that consists of selecting and encrypting only 4 MSBs of the secret image to be embedded into the cover [38]. This significantly reduces the computational overhead and results in a significant visual distortion of the cover image and security of the secret image. Studies have also used discrete cosine transform (DCT2) to transform the image into the frequency domain, and then selecting only AC and 25% of DC coefficients for encryption [30]. This reduces the number of coefficients to be encrypted, thereby reducing the computational overhead. Studies have also applied discrete wavelet transform (DWT2) to divide the image into an approximation coefficient and detail coefficients, and it encrypted only the approximation frequencies [39,40]. As the approximation coefficient contains the most critical information of the image, this led to the encryption of the entire image.
# Effects of Corner Set--Backs on Wind Loads and Wind Induced Responses of Rectangular Tall Buildings
## 3 Analysis of Test Results
### Local Wind Force
#### 3.2.1 Local Wind Force Coefficients  
Figure 9 illustrates the variations of the local wind coefficients for five corner set-back models along the height. In Figure 9a, the mean drag coefficients gradually increase along the model height and decrease sharply at the top of model, due to the effects of the three-dimensional flow [19]. The corner set-back modification can reduce mean drag coefficients of rectangular tall building model at different extent. The maximum reduction of the mean wind force is found when the rate of corner set-back is 10%. In Figure 9b, the RMS drag force coefficients are also reduced by the corner set-back modifications, which is because the RMS wind pressure coefficients on the leeward are reduced. Once the rate of corner set-back exceeds 5%, the reductions caused by corner set-backs are almost the same for different rate of corner set-back including 10%, 15%, and 20%. It is clear in Figure 9c that the RMS lift coefficient increases and then decreases along the height of the model, and the maximum value usually occurs around 0.7 H. Compared with the benchmark model, the RMS lift coefficients of other models are basically smaller than those of the benchmark model, except for the 5% corner set-back model, which is because the lateral RMS wind pressure coefficients are reduced. The overall RMS life coefficient decreases as the rate of corner set-back increases. This probably relates to the reduction of the separated shear layer thickness on the side walls caused by the corner set-back modifications. The RMS lift coefficients for the 5% corner set-back model are greater than those of the benchmark model at the middle height. This may be due to the formation of vortices on the corner set-back of the side walls.  
Figure 8: The definition of wind forces and wind attack angle.
## 3 Results
### Interactions between SPEI and Ecosystem Function Indicators
#### 3.3.2 SPEI and ET  
Figure 7c illustrates the impulse response of SPEI on ET for different vegetation types. When SPEI increased, the ET of mixed forest and deciduous broadleaf forest had the maximum positive response at the beginning of the shock. The responses decreased rapidly within the following month. Subsequently, the response value of ET in mixed forests tended to be 0, while the deciduous broadleaf forest started with the negative response trend. The change trends of grassland and cropland were basically synchronized, showing positive and negative fluctuations. The maximum positive responses were observed in August and September, and thereafter the response gradually stabilized. From the cumulative effect (Figure 8c,d), impulse coefficients in about 81.41% of the pixels were greater than 0 in the Songnen Plain, whereas the negative pixels were mainly found in the forests on the northeast border. In the direction of ET to SPEI, the response of grassland was greater than 0 in all 12 months, and peaked in June. Although cropland and mixed forest had the opposite responses compared with grassland, their ET were also the most sensitive to the impact of SPEI in the first month. Deciduous broadleaf forest showed no significant change in ET (Figure 7d). From Figures 7d and 8, positive accumulation in the direction of ET to SPEI dominated in the study area, but the pixels of negative response values accounted for 36.84% and were mainly found in forest land and the northern cropland. On the whole, when the regional wetness rose, evapotranspiration in most areas would increase accordingly. However, ET of forest land tended to decrease after experiencing an increasing response in the first two months. In turn, when ET increased, the northern and northeastern regions (mainly covered by forest land and cropland) had a trend toward drought, accounting for about 1/3 of the landscape, while the remaining regions were wetting.  
Figure 8: The cumulative impulse coefficients in 12 months after each group of variables were impacted with each other, i.e., SPEI and LAI (**a,b**), ET (**c,d**), GPP (**e,f**).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Association Rules  
Currently, there are two relatively developed association rule mining algorithms: Apriori algorithm and FP-Growth algorithm. This study uses the Apriori algorithm to mine association rules for rear-end accident data.  
The association rule algorithm can mine the intrinsic connection between elements, represented by \((X\cap Y)\), where X is the event that occurs in the preceding item and Y is the event that occurs in the following item. Generally, the association rule algorithm has three metrics: support, confidence, and lift. Support is the probability of event X and event Y occurring simultaneously, denoted \(\text{Support}(X\cap Y)\):  
\[\text{Support}(X\cap Y)= \frac{\text{Freq}(X\cap Y)}{\text{N}} \tag{2}\]  
where N is the total number of events and \(\text{Freq}(X\cap Y)\) is used to denote the number of events occurring at the same time as X and Y. Confidence is the probability of Y occurring after the occurrence of event X, denoted \(\text{Confidence}(X\cap Y)\):  
\[\text{Confidence}(X\cap Y)= \frac{\text{Freq}(X\cap Y)}{\text{Freq}(X)} \tag{3}\]  
The degree of elevation indicates the elevating effect that event X has on the probability of the occurrence of event Y. It is used to determine whether the rule has practical value and is denoted \(\text{Lift}(X\cap Y)\):  
\[\text{Lift}(X\cap Y)= \frac{\text{Support}(X\cap Y)}{\text{Support}(X)\times\text{ Support}(Y)} \tag{4}\]  
A higher support indicates a higher probability of occurrence of the antecedent. A higher confidence indicates a higher probability of occurrence of the antecedent and a higher probability of occurrence of the consequent. An elevation greater than one indicates a more positive correlation between the antecedent and the consequent. However, a lift \(>2\) is a recognizable correlation rule in practice. If lift = 1, it means that there is no significance, A and B are independent of each other and do not affect each other; if lift \(<1\), it means that there is an opposite effect. If A event occurs, B event is less likely to coincide.
## 4 Classification of MAC Protocols Based on Channel
### Distributed Multi-Channel MAC Protocols
#### 4.3.8 Cf Mac  
The main objective of the collision-free MAC protocol is to make collision-free transmissions, improving the performance and reliability of channel access. Here, an initial broadcast table (IBT) aligns MAC addresses of vehicles in ascending order for setting priorities for transmission. The IBT is updated and broadcast periodically to share the status of the channel. A receiver checks the IBT for the initiator from the first slot; if it wants to send it, it sends a WTS to the initiator. Upon reception, the WTS initiator adds 1 to the IBT. The priority in sending is highest in the vehicle that is at the first slot of BT,  
Figure 8: Illustration of hidden terminals [82].  
so the other vehicles synchronize themselves according to the information of a vehicle's priority received from BT [83].  
This protocol eliminates mergers and access collisions for better performance and reliable transmission. There is a delay in transmission caused during contention avoidance, as vehicles have to wait for a random amount of time before sending. Performance degrades in dense scenarios due to transmission delays.
# Effect of _Tinospora cordifolia_-Derived Phtocomponents on Cancer: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
### Phytocomponents and Its Mechanism of Action against Cancer Cells  
The active phytocomponents of _Tc_ include alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, aliphatic compounds, essential oils, a mixture of fatty acid, calcium, phosphorous, protein and polysaccharides [4]. The various phytocomponents identified from the studies analyzed in the systematic review included berberine, new clerodane furanodiptheringglycosidae, elligic acid, kaempfer, N-formylannonain, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine palmitate, 11-hydroxymustakone, cordinfolioside A, inocordiside, yangambin, anthraquinones, terpenoids, saponins and phenol, pyrrole-based small molecules, quercetin and rutin, arabinaglectian, palmitate, clerodane-derived diterpenoids and hexane fractions. Thesephotocomponents induced anticancer effect via mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, cytotoxic activity, mutagenic activity, reduction in tumor size, triggering reactive oxygen species, decreased gene expression of the cell cycle, effectively inhibiting cancer proliferation [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. The mechanism of action of _Tc_ depends on the phytocomponents used. The new clerodane furanodiptheringglycosidae exhibits anticancer activity through induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by triggering reactive oxygen species and autophagy [6]. Phenolic compounds have genoprotective and antioxidant effects on cancer cells [8]. _Tc_ ethanolic extracts induced apoptosis via. increased sub G0 phase without altering cell cycle [11]. Arabinogalactans present in aqueous extracts of _Tc_ shown to produce immunological activity and cytotoxic activity. Phenols have shown antimutagenic and anti-malignant effects. Flavanoids have a chemopre role in cancer. Pyrrole-based molecules induced apoptosis and cytotoxic effects [13]. Palmatine showed enhanced antioxidant activity by the increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes and also showed inhibition of lipid peroxidation showing role in detoxification pathway [20]. Berberine has shown to inhibit tumor cell growth by a reduction in the secretion of growth factors [5]. Hexane fractions have induced apoptosis via caspase 3-activated DNase [24]. [PERSON] et al. reported the polysaccharides in _Tc_ to show antineoplastic effect by reducing the protein levels [25]. Epoxy-clerodane-diiterpene blocks the carcinogen metabolic activation and enhances carcinogen detoxification. [PERSON] et al. reported _Tc_ extracts have shown anticancer effect by direct tumoricidal actions [28]. Thus, _Tc_ extracts have shown anti-carcinogenic properties through several mechanisms including induction of DNA damage, apoptosis, inhibiting topoisomerase II, clonogenicity, antioxidant activity, glutathione S transferase activity and increasing lipid peroxidase activity.
# Business Intelligence through Machine Learning from Satellite Remote Sensing Data
## 3 State of the Art and Related Products
### Peer Review Literature
#### 3.1.4 Site Selection for Renewable Energy Platforms via Satellite Imagery
The XGBoost performed better in the raster-based extraction of PV plants with 99.65% accuracy but was unable to identify distributed power plants due to the images' limiting spatial resolution. Apart from solar panel plantations, Greece has the appropriate topology for the installation of Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) and wind turbines in general for long-term energy production [49; 50; 51]. The fact is that there has been a growing interest in the installation of OWFs, since they offer available free space for large-scale construction, reduction, and avoidance of environmental disturbance due to noise, lights, and changes in topology. Greece has many uninhabited islands that could prove to be ideal for OFWs.Through observational activities and data from remote sensing, suitable locations across vast oceanic areas can be found, evaluated, and identified. Ref. [52] evaluates the potential of Sentinel-1 data to assess the wind source potential on the island of Sardinia using a machine learning forecasting model. The model blends wind speed assessment, mapping, and forecasting to identify offshore and nearshore wind potential through the use of image processing methods, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference, and the Bat algorithm. Ten hotspots have been recognized as being particularly intriguing due to their high energy potential, making them possible locations for the future installation of Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs). Please note that machine learning can be applied to almost any step of satellite remote sensing, already exhibiting several success stories in areas not directly connected to business intelligence.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, an adaptive fading-memory receding-horizon (AFMRH) filter is proposed by combining the receding-horizon structure and the adaptive fading-memory method. In the recent finite horizon, state error covariance is adapted with an adaptive fading factor; then the process noise covariance matrix adaption is realized by adjusting the properties of systems. An AFMRH fixed-lag smoother is also proposed by combining the proposed AFMRH filtering algorithm and a Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoothing algorithm to improve the estimation accuracy. Because the proposed AFMRH filter and smoother are reduced to the optimal receding-horizon (RH) filter and smoother when all measurements have the same weight, the proposed adaptive RH estimators could provide a more general solution than the optimal RH filter and smoother. To reduce the complexity and improve the estimation performance of the proposed RH estimators, an adaptive horizon adjustment method and a switching filtering algorithm based on an adaptive fading factor are also proposed. In particular, the proposed adaptive horizon adjustment method is designed to be computationally efficient, which makes it suitable for online and real-time applications. Through computer simulation, the performance and adaptiveness of the proposed approaches were verified by comparing them with existing fading-memory approaches.  
Adaptive Fading-Memory Receding-Horizon  
Filters and Smoother for Linear Discrete Time-Varying Systems. _Appl. Sci._**2022**, _12_, 6992. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136692](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136692)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136692](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136692))  
10.3390/app12136692
# Validating the Use of Smart Glasses in Industrial Quality Control: A Case Study
## 4 Results  
This case study delves into the practical application of smart glasses for quality control in pneumatic cylinder assembly. To assess its effectiveness in providing real-time feedback on assembly quality, a prototype was developed in a controlled laboratory setting, and the setup is illustrated in Figure 4.  
The prototype setup focused on assembling a pneumatic cylinder within a laboratory environment, employing the Microsoft HoloLens 2 smart glasses as the primary tool for the mixed reality-based quality control system [60]. The selection of these glasses was based on their advanced capabilities in capturing and overlaying mixed reality elements in a real-world setting.  
The pneumatic cylinder assembly process encompassed various components, such as the cylinder barrel, end caps, piston, tie rods, and nuts. Participants were guided to assemble the cylinder under different conditions, incorporating both correct and incorrect assembly scenarios.  
The primary objective was to evaluate the prototype system's effectiveness in accurately assessing the quality of the assembly process and providing real-time feedback to the assembler. Through analysis, the smart glasses displayed appropriate holographic overlays, indicating whether the assembly was correct or not. The results of this case study contribute valuable insights into the practical implementation of smart glasses for quality control in pneumatic cylinder assembly.