# From Transactions to Transformations: A Bibliometric Study on Technology Convergence in E-Payments
## 4 Result Analysis
### Descriptive Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Description** & **Results** \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Obtained Data Metrics**} \\ \hline \hline
**Timespan** & 1990:2024 \\ \hline
**Sources (Journals, Books, etc.)** & 1742 \\ \hline
**Documents** & 6153 \\ \hline
**Annual Growth Rate, \%** & 8.69 \\ \hline
**Document Average Age** & 10.9 \\ \hline
**Average Citations per Doc** & 31.8 \\ \hline
**References** & 184,433 \\ \hline
**Document Contents** \\ \hline
**Keywords Plus (ID)** & 4225 \\ \hline
**Author’s Keywords (DE)** & 12,967 \\ \hline
**Authors** & 12,971 \\ \hline
**Authors of Single-Authored Docs** & 881 \\ \hline
**Authors Metrics** & \\ \hline
**Single-Authored Docs** & 1021 \\ \hline
**Co-Authors per Doc** & 2.88 \\ \hline
**International Co-Authorships, \%** & 24.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Data description. The flow of the diagram indicates the research volume and the connections between the place of research and the content. This shows trends, such as if a particular country's institutions focus heavily on a certain aspect of e-payment or if a topic is of global interest, signified by multiple countries' institutions connecting to the same keyword. Figure 3 shows the annual scientific production, specifically the number of research papers related to e-payment technology, over more than three decades from 1990 to 2024. The periods can be divided into four stages. From the early 1990s to the late 2000s, the number of e-payment research articles was quite low, starting close to a few articles and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Country** & **Affiliation** & **Keywords (Connected Themes)** \\ \hline
**USA** & State University System of Florida & electronic commerce, trust, model \\ \hline  & University of Texas System & model, adoption, impact \\ \hline  & University System of Georgia & trust, model, user acceptance \\ \hline  & University of California System & internet, technology, adoption \\ \hline  & University System of Maryland & acceptance, internet \\ \hline
**China** & Chinese Academy of Sciences & electronic commerce, technology \\ \hline  & City University of Hong Kong & information technology, model \\ \hline
**India** & Indian Institute of Management (IIM System) & trust, adoption, impact \\ \hline  & University System of Ohio & impact, acceptance \\ \hline
**UK** & University System of Georgia & user acceptance, trust \\ \hline
**Hong Kong** & City University of Hong Kong & internet, adoption \\ \hline
**Korea** & University of California System & technology, user acceptance \\ \hline
**Canada** & University of Texas System & model, trust \\ \hline
**Malaysia** & California State University System & impact, technology \\ \hline
**Australia** & University System of Maryland & acceptance, user acceptance \\ \hline
**Spain** & Unknown Spanish institution & trust, model, impact \\ \hline
**United Kingdom** & University System of the United Kingdom & electronic commerce, adoption, user acceptance \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Sankey diagram correlations with country, affiliation, and keywords. Figure 2: Sankey diagram correlations with country, affiliation, and keywords. gradually increasing. This suggests that e-payment was either a nascent field or not a focus of significant research at the time. A modest rise in articles from the late 2000s to the early 2010s indicates a growing interest in e-payment technology research. This could correspond with the broader adoption of the Internet and the beginning of online commerce during this period. There is a slight dip in the research articles in early 2010, whereas the period from the mid-2010s to early 2020s shows a sharp increase in research papers, which indicates a booming interest and possibly advancements in the field of e-payment technology. This period might align with the introduction of new technologies, increased e-commerce, and a shift towards mobile payments and digital wallets. Further, there is a very steep rise, reaching the chart's peak around 2022 and 2023.