## 2 General Background Review  
### Security Risk Assessment Standards  
Risk assessment is a crucial step in the broader process of risk management, as it relies on a variety of internationally recognized standards that offer structured methodologies for managing and mitigating risks. These standards facilitate effective risk management processes; therefore, investigating risk assessment requires a thorough examination of the body of knowledge in risk management to identify all established standards. Additionally, standards provide industry-specific and general frameworks that guide organizations in aligning their risk management practices with best practices and regulatory requirements [21; 38]. Table 1 presents a collection of widely recognized standards related to risk management.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Standard** & **Title** & **Description** & **Ref.** \\ \hline ISO 31000:2018 & Risk Management Guidelines & Principles and guidelines for effective risk management across all industries. & [23] \\ \hline ISO/TS 31050:2023 & Guidelines for managing an emerging risk to enhance resilience & This document complements ISO 31000. & [40] \\ \hline ISO 27005:2018 & Information Security Risk Management & Guidelines for managing information security risks within organizations. & [41] \\ \hline ISO/IEC 27001:2013 & Information Security Management Systems (ISMSs) & Requirements for establishing and maintaining an information security management system with risk management processes. & [42] \\ \hline ISO 22301:2019 & Business Continuity Management Systems (BCMS) & Framework for identifying and managing risks that could disrupt business operations. & [43] \\ \hline NIST SP 800-37 & Risk Management Framework (RMF) & Guidelines for applying risk management to federal information systems in the United States. & [44] \\ \hline COSO ERM Framework & Enterprise Risk Management & Integration of risk management into organizational strategy and performance. & [24; 25] \\ \hline IEC 31010:2019 & Risk Management—Risk Assessment Techniques & Guidance on various risk assessment techniques. & [45] \\ \hline ISO 22301, ISO 22313, ISO 22316 & Organizational Resilience & Principles for enhancing organizational resilience through risk management. & [46] \\ \hline ISO 14971:2019 & Application of Risk Management to Medical Devices & Guidelines for applying risk management throughout the life cycle of medical devices. & [47] \\ \hline ISO 37001:2016 & Anti-bribery Management Systems & Techniques for robust internal controls and compliance processes that are crucial for addressing cyber threats exploiting corruption. & [48] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Key risk management-related standards.  
These standards provide frameworks and guidelines applicable across various industries and domains. For instance, ISO 31000:2018 [23] offers general principles and guidelines for risk management applicable to any organizational context. On the other hand, the ISO/IEC 27001 [49] focuses on information security risk management, particularly in protecting sensitive information within organizations.