esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evaluation of the Urban Weather Generator on the City of Toulouse (France)
## 5 Conclusions  
This study thoroughly examined the Urban Weather Generator's application in simulating air temperatures over Toulouse, emphasizing an operational, non-specialist user context. The selection of the urban reference station (Carmes) and the impact of the rural station choice were scrutinized, showcasing the sensitivity of UWG to surface parameters and atmospheric factors. The model exhibited reliability in predicting hourly urban air temperatures in densely urbanized areas, such as Carmes, provided the rural station is judiciously chosen. Despite limitations in spatial variability due to a lack of sensitivity to surface parameter variations, the study suggests that a more refined parameterization or code tuning could improve results in less urbanized environments. In conclusion, UWG offers reliable simulations for densely urbanized regions, and further enhancements in surface parameter consideration could optimize spatialization in less urbanized areas, as suggested in [63].  
H.H.: Code Development Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Investigation, Writing--Original draft preparation. L.R.: Methodology, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing--Review & Editing, Supervision. T.C.: Methodology, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing--Review & Editing, Supervision. X.B.: Conceptualization,Writing--Review & Editing, Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project has been partly funded by ANRT.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to closed source data.  
We thank Meteorance [44] and Toulouse Metropole for the provided data and the UWG team for their help in correctly parameterizing UWG, especially [PERSON] and [PERSON]. We thank [PERSON] for the enriching discussions. We thank also the Kermap team for the support especially [PERSON] and [PERSON].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. [PERSON] is employed by the company Kermap.
# Effects of Aging on the Dry Shrinkage Cracking of Lime Soils with Different Proportions
## 3 Results
### Effect of Aging on the pH of the Samples
#### 3.4.2 Effect of the Lime Content on the pH of the Samples  
At the initial aging stage, the pH of the samples increased with increasing lime content (Figure 10a). The pH of the samples with 10 and 20% lime content reached a peak after 24 h, and the peak pH of the samples was 12.36 and 12.42, respectively. In addition, the sample with a lime content of 30% reached a pH peak of 12.52 after 48 h. With an increase in the lime content, the required aging time of the sample and the generation of Ca(OH)2 increased, resulting in an increase in the pH peak point of the sample. This may be attributed to the carbonation reaction of the increased Ca(OH)2 generated in the sample containing a lime content of 20%, which consumed a part of the OH^- in the sample, and rapidly reduced the pH value of the sample. With an increase in the aging time, the CaO hydration reaction of the sample containing a lime content of 30% progressed. In addition, although there was a continuous generation of carbonization products in the sample, there was no significant  
Figure 10: Changes in the pH of the samples under different influencing factors: (**a**) curve showing the relationship between the lime content, aging time, and pH rate of the samples; (**b**) curve showing the relationship between the lime particle size, aging time, and pH of the samples.  
difference between the generation and consumption of OH\({}^{-}\) in the sample, thus decreasing the reduction rate of the pH of the sample.  
At an aging time of 6-48 h, the pH of the samples decreased with increasing lime particle size (Figure 10b). In addition, the required aging time for the peak pH of the sample increased with an increase in the lime particle size, and the required aging times for the pH peak point of the samples with a lime particle size of 0.01-0.074, 0.074-0.5, and 0.5-2 mm were 24, 48, and 48 h, respectively. With an increase in the lime particle size, the specific surface area of the sample in contact with water decreased, the rate of the hydration reaction decreased, the required aging time increased, and the amount of OH\({}^{-}\) in the sample was generally low, resulting in a reduction in the pH peak point. At an aging time of 72-168 h, there was a significant decrease in the pH of the 20%-0.01-0.074 mm sample. This may be attributed to the small lime particle size of the sample, fast hydration reaction rate, increased Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) generation, occurrence of the carbonization reaction, consumption of some OH\({}^{-}\), and the high pH reduction rate.
# Securing Network Traffic Classification Models against Adversarial Examples Using Derived Variables
## 3 AE Impact on Network Traffic Classifiers
### The Target Models  
As previously stated, our goal is to secure ML-based network traffic classification models against adversarial attacks. Figure 3 provides an overview of the procedures involved in ML-based network traffic classification, also employed by the target models. We investigated three state-of-the-art ML-based network traffic classification models: DT, RF, and KNN. Throughout this study, these models will be referred to as target models. First, we used scikit-learn to build a multi-class classifier for each of these models. We preprocessed, scaled, and split the re-sampled dataset into 70:30 training and test samples, respectively. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of the classifiers were used to evaluate their performance.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Conceptualization of the Detachable Two-Way Propulsion System for a Manual Wheelchair  
To propel an existing manual wheelchair, users must push the pushrims forward, primarily engaging the muscles in the front of the upper body. The anterior deltoid contributes to generating propulsion force by facilitating arm flexion, while the pectoralis major, which is responsible for shoulder internal rotation, is activated to support the shoulder movement associated with pushing the pushrims forward. Prolonged use of a manual wheelchair may lead to excessive activation of these muscles, potentially resulting in shoulder imbalance and pain. To alleviate and prevent these issues, strengthening the back muscles--such as the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and posterior deltoid--is essential. The latissimus dorsi plays a key role in shoulder extension, the trapezius helps maintain shoulder stability, and the posterior deltoid is responsible for pulling the arms backward and facilitating shoulder external rotation. Exercises that incorporate movements aligned with these functions can effectively enhance back muscle strength.  
However, individuals with SCI often face difficulties in maintaining a consistent and regular exercise routine. Thus, a solution is needed to minimize the cost and time required for exercise while still providing exercise benefits. If a manual wheelchair could be propelled in a way that strengthens the back muscles, rather than the existing propulsion method (pushing method), it could help address shoulder imbalance and pain. At the same time, it could function not only as a means of mobility but also as a means of exercise for individuals with SCI. When pulling the pushrims backward, the arms move in a backward motion with shoulder external rotation, engaging the back muscles such as the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and posterior deltoid, as previously described. This suggests that incorporating the pulling method, as opposed to the existing propulsion method (pushing method), could provide exercise benefits for the back muscles. However, relying solely on one propulsion method could still lead to repetitive and unidirectional movements, potentially causing musculoskeletal issues. Based on this consideration, the concept of a two-way propulsion manual wheelchair was devised, integrating both the existing propulsion method (pushing method) and the newly proposed propulsion method (pulling method). Instead of designing an entirely new manual wheelchair, it was considered more efficient to develop a propulsion assistive device that can be utilized for existing manual wheelchairs. This approach was expected to simplify the design and manufacturing process while also potentially lowering the barrier to adoption for individuals with SCI and other manual wheelchair users. Consequently, the concept of a detachable two-way propulsion system for manual wheelchairs was formulated (Figure 1), enabling users to switch between the pushing and pulling propulsion methods as needed.
## 3 Discussion
The results show that _CpMYC2_ could increase the production of monoterpene such as linalool, and _CpbHLH13_ could increase the production of sesquiterpenes such as \(\beta\)-caryophyllene in transgenic plants by enhancing the activity of terpene-producing genes. The application of the MeJA with GA3 could promote the production of linalool and linalool-producing genes in arabidopsis. Taken together, the findings from this study reveal that bHLH transcription factors (_CpMYC2_ and _CpbHLH13_) play an essential role in the production of aroma in wintersweet. This study also indicates the future potential application of wintersweet as a valuable genomic material for the genetic modification of floral scent in other flowering plants that produce small amounts of volatile organic compounds.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Surface Morphology and Composition
Figure 3 displayed the SEM images of the bare AZ31B Mg alloy substrate and the superhydrophobic surface. It can be seen from Figure 3a that the magnesium alloy surfaces appear smooth except for several scratches by polishing. Figure 3b-d show the SEM images of the superhydrophobic surface at different magnification. Figure 3b show that the PVDF/PFOTES-SiO2 coating is uniformly and densely covered on the surface of the Mg alloy. It can be seen from Figure 3c,d that the aggregated PVDF and PFOTES-SiO2 form countless protrusions of different sizes, and the pore structure formed between these protrusions can trap air [23], thereby reducing the actual contact area with the droplets, thus covering the Mg alloy surface with PVDF/PFOTES-SiO2 coating exhibits superhydrophobicity, and the contact angle and sliding angle (SA) of the superhydrophobic surface reach 163.1\({}^{\circ}\) and 1.6\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. Figure 2: Influence of each variable on wettability of the surface: (**a**) PFOTES-SiO2, (**b**) PVDF. Based on the optimal solution ratio, the chemical composition of the composite coating was analyzed by FT-IR. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the peak at 3458 cm\({}^{-1}\) is attributed to the stretching vibration peak of the OH bond, and the 2971 and 2871 cm\({}^{-1}\) are attributed to the -CH\({}_{2}\)CH\({}_{3}\) absorption peaks [24], 462, 866 and 1150 cm\({}^{-1}\) are attributed to Si-O-Si symmetric stretching vibration, bending vibration and rocking vibration, respectively. The peaks at 574, 666, and 1206 cm\({}^{-1}\) are attributed to CF, CF\({}_{2}\) or CF\({}_{3}\), respectively [25]. The above peaks are derived from PFOTES-SiO\({}_{2}\), and the vibration peak at 1143 cm\({}^{-1}\) is the -CH\({}_{2}\) deformation swing vibration in PVDF [24]. The FTIR results indicate that the hydrophobically modified SiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles are successfully compounded into the coating.
# Organic Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Leading of Silver from End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Design: Response Surface Methodology  
Three different parameters in the hydrothermal leaching process were investigated: (i) temperature, (ii) time, and (iii) concentration of organic acid (CA or OA).  
The experiments were designed using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response surface methodology. Instead of altering one parameter at a time, this design simultaneously modifies all the investigated factors to examine their effects on leaching, detecting potential interactions among the factors. The BBD saves time and resources by avoiding the full experimental design, without loss of information. Each factor has three distinct levels: low, middle, and high [14; 17]. The experimental design was performed by the Minitab software (version 18.1), as displayed in Table 2. In the experiments, m-Si panels were leached with CA and p-Si panels with OA.  
The concentration of organic acid (CA or OA) ranged between 1 M (low level) and 2 M (high level), based on literature studies addressing organic acid leaching [12; 18]. [PERSON] et al. [12] studied Ag citric acid leaching by varying the concentration in range of 0.5-2.5 M; however, the best results were achieved when the organic acid concentration was in range of 1-2 M. Thus, this was the focus of the present study. To achieve hydrothermal conditions, temperatures higher than 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C are employed. The temperature was varied between 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C (low level) and 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C (high level), based on the hydrothermal leaching conditions with organic acids (citric and oxalic acid) of [PERSON] et al. [15]. Also, the time ranged from 60 min (low level) to 150 min (high level), because, as the (cold) hydrothermal reactor was placed in the hot furnace, there was a delay phase until the desired temperature was reached; so, shorter times were not chosen. However, it is obvious that the reaction time of the hydrothermal reactor at the desired temperature was shorter than the times reported.
# Study of Rock Crack Extension under Liquid Nitrogen Low-Temperature Fracturing
## 8 Conclusions  
1. Two different crack patterns were observed in the field test: horizontal plane cracks and vertical tensile cracks. The two different crack growth modes were horizontal plane radial propagation caused by longitudinal thermal shrinkage and vertical propagation caused by circumferential shrinkage. The cracks rapidly expanded in a short time, and a certain interval length could be observed between the horizontal cracks;
2. The crack propagation of the samples with different homogenization degrees was basically distributed in the direction of the vertical liquid nitrogen contact surface. When the homogenization degrees were m = 2 and 5, the crack surface was rough and the microcracks were disorderly and distributed in a point-like manner around the crack tip. When m \(\geq\) 10, the point-like damage around the crack tip did not appear, and the crack propagation was close to the results obtained using homogeneous materials;
3. Using homogeneous transparent materials to study rock low-temperature fracturing has high reliability and feasibility;
4. RFPA2D-Thermal has good feasibility for simulating rock liquid nitrogen cracking, and it can accurately predict crack initiation;
5. Under the other conditions, the larger the heat transfer coefficient was, the faster the temperature drop rate of the contact boundary, and the larger the temperature gradient generated by the cooling when the liquid nitrogen was cold-shocked for a certain time. This resulted in the increase in the tensile stress value and the range of the contact boundary, thus making the rock easier to crack, and the crack initiation effect better (the number of cracks was greater, the failure rate was faster, and the failure range was larger). Thus, increasing the liquid nitrogen flow rate and liquid nitrogen pressure or using nitrogen fixation and fracturing propppant as a solid suspension in liquid nitrogen are effective measures to reduce the Lyton Frost effect and improve the heat transfer coefficient;
6. The lateral stress coefficient affects the propagation direction of cracks. The propagation depths of low-temperature cracks are deeper in the direction of larger principal stress, and the cracks are concentrated in the direction of larger principal stress under different lateral stress coefficients. In the field application, the vertical stress can be changed by ground stacking or loading to control the direction of crack propagation;
7. Cold shock has instantaneous and long-term effects on rock crack transformation. According to the field practice, the combination of instantaneous high pressure and long-term low pressure can help in the design of a more economical and effective liquid nitrogen low-temperature fracturing scheme.  
Conceptualization, C.B. and M.Z.; methodology, C.B.; software, Y.C.; data curation, M.Z.; writing-original draft preparation, C.B., M.Z. and Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.
# BERT Models for Arabic Text Classification: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
### What BERT Models Were Used for Arabic Text Classification, and How Do They Differ?
While the model optimizes the BERT approach, it removes the NSP task and introduces a dynamic masking technique [67]. 7 QARiB:  
The model was developed for the Arabic language specifically, by researchers from the Qatar Computing Research Institute. Similar to MARBERT, QARiB was pretrained on text in both Modern Standard Arabic and various Arabic dialects. The Modern Standard Arabic text includes news and movie/TV subtitles, while the dialectical text includes tweets. The model has the same architecture as the Multilingual BERTB. The latest version of the model was pretrained on a corpus of 14 billion tokens, which makes up around 127 gigabyte of text [40]. This is the second largest pretraining corpora after MARBERT. 8 GigaBERT:  
The model was originally designed as a bilingual BERT for zero-shot transfer learning from English to Arabic. It was pretrained in both Arabic and English text. The English pretraining data have 6.1 billion tokens, while the Arabic data have 4.3 billion tokens. The Arabic data are on Modern Standard Arabic and are mostly comprised of news, Wikipedia articles, and Common Crawl data. Similar to Multilingual BERT, GigaBERT has 12 layers of transformers blocks with 768 hidden units each. It also contains 12 self-attention heads and around 110 million trainable parameters [68]. Arabic ALBERT:  
The model is the Arabic version of ALBERT, which stands for A Lite BERT. ALBERT implements two design changes to BERT's original architecture, i.e., parameter sharing and factorization of the embedding parameterization. These changes produced a model that has almost the same performance as the original BERT but has only a fraction of its parameters and computational cost. Arabic ALBERT has three different versions: the base one has 12 layers of transformers blocks, 768 hidden units each, 12 self-attention heads, and only 12 million trainable parameters. The model was pretrained on a Modern Standard Arabic corpus that has 4.4 billion tokens. The data are from Wikipedia articles and Common Crawl data [34; 69].
## 4 Privacy-Preserving Smart Metering with Authentication Capability
### Scheme Construction
#### Path Key Establishment  
When a set of smart meters are deployed on the aggregation path to the concentrator in the order \(s_{1},s_{2},\ldots,s_{n}\), the path key is constructed as follows:  
1. \(s_{1}\) randomly selects \(k_{init},k_{1}\in[0,M-1]\), where \(M\) is a large integer. Then, it securely sends \(k_{init}\) to the concentrator via a direct secure connection, and securely sends \(K_{1}=k_{init}+k_{1}\) to the next smart meter \(s_{2}\).
2. For \(1<i\leq n\), \(s_{i}\) randomly selects \(k_{i}\in[0,M-1]\), computes \(K_{i}=K_{i-1}+k_{i}=k_{init}+\sum_{j=1}^{i}k_{j}\), and forwards it to \(s_{i+1}\) securely. (For simplicity, we assume that \(s_{n+1}\) denotes the concentrator.)
3. When the concentrator receives \(K_{n}\) from \(s_{n}\), it computes \(PK=K_{n}-k_{init}=k_{1}+\cdots+k_{n}\) and stores \(PK\) as a path key for the aggregation path.  
For instance, in Figure 2, the concentrator would obtain the following path keys: \(k_{1}+k_{2}+k_{4}\), \(k_{3}+k_{2}+k_{4}\), and \(k_{5}+k_{6}+k_{7}+k_{8}\).  
In the above path key establishment procedure, we assume that the secure channels between each entity can be established using the existing secure protocols such as SSL/TLS. The secure channels between each entity are used only for the secret value transmission at the path key setup phase. After the path key establishment, the secure channels are not used during the metering data aggregation procedure for efficiency. We also assume that every smart meter on the aggregation path participates in the path key computation and delivery process exactly once for each path key establishment.  
The security of the path key establishment protocol is guaranteed by the randomly generated initial key \(k_{init}\) of the leaf smart meter (\(s_{1}\) in the above setting) in the aggregation tree. Since \(k_{init}\) is added with real secret keys, the possibility of guessing \(k_{init}\) and the real secret path keys depends on the length of the secret keys. Thus, it is impossible to determine either \(k_{init}\) or the path keys from their composed values when \(M\) is large. When an aggregation path consists of \(n\) intermediate meters to the concentrator and the attacker can compromise \(m\) meters, the attacker cannot guess the path key as long as \(m<n\), or the secret keys of non-compromised meters.
## 5 Future Work
### Combination with Earth-Space Microwave Links  
Similar to CMLs, microwave radiation from Earth-space links (ESLs), which connect satellites and ground receivers, will also be attenuated by rainfall [177; 200; 201]. Importantly, in contrast to CMLs, the downlink signal of ESLs can tilt through the rain area to obtain vertical information on precipitation [202; 203; 204]. Furthermore, with the development of satellite communications, a large number of satellites are expected to be launched in the near future [205]. Therefore, fusing opportunistic rainfall information from ESLs may be a topic for improving and expanding rainfall estimation based on CMLs [187; 206; 207]. However, most of the existing studies are still limited to examining rainfall measurement techniques based on CMLs and ESLs separately, and works on combining CMLs and ESLs have not yet been emphasized [208]. Future work could attempt the joint reconstruction of three-dimensional spatial rainfall fields using both ESLs and CMLs.