# Sustainable and Reliable Information and Communication Technology for Resilient Smart Cities
## 7 Technologies of Relevance for oupPLUS
### Quality Assurance Technologies and Principles
This is possible when the communication between the various components follows a prior agreed format for self-identification, peer discovery, device management and data transfer among other aspects. Typical protocols from this domain are given by CoAP, MQTT, LoRaWAN, ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4, NB-IoT, Sigfox [58] and 6 LowPAN, to name some examples. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5G / 6G} & 5G is the fifth generation of standards for cellular wireless communication. With the 5G infrastructure in place, the data transfer rates will multiply by about 100 times offering network latencies as low as 1-10 ms and 1000 times more capacity, while reducing the mobile data delivery costs by a factor of 10 in comparison to the current 4G networks [59, 60, 61]. A 5G infrastructure would also support a significantly larger number of concurrent connections, which implies that the same network has the potential to facilitate IoT infrastructures at a large scale suitable for smart cities. The development of 6G, the sixth generation of mobile communication has been started and will bring new features also for smart city solutions. & Public WiFi is a service offer, in which the cities offer free Internet access to their citizens and tourists usually at the most important and popular spots in the city. This indirectly helps retain the WiFi users for a longer period of time, which in turn helps the local businesses. Moreover, it also offers a platform for the city to share various tourist information and promote local events and businesses. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fiber Infrastructure} & Optical fibers are the fastest medium of data transmission that offer the highest efficiency and bandwidth. They also support communication over very long distances [62]. In addition to the benefits mentioned so far, the optical fibers are also resistant to electromagnetic interference; so more secured and reliable. They are also much lighter, thinner, flexible and corrosion resistant in comparison to copper wires. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cloud/Edge} & Cloud computing is a paradigm that makes automatic on-demand provisioning of various computing resources such as processing power and storage, without the active direct intervention from a user. With cloud computing the resources are physically placed and maintained within large data centers, while the computing resources are shared as per demand among various users over the Internet. Advantages of cloud computing are manifold; some of them are automatic resource provisioning, easy accessibility of resources, virtually unlimited availability of computing power and storage. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Edge computing on the other hand is a distributed computing paradigm where the computation is done at or pushed closer to the data source rather than moving the data to a remote centralized processing unit. Edge computing is highly relevant in the context of IoT and 5G. The benefits of this approach are bandwidth savings, improved response times for orchestration and feedback-based systems. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Open and/or big data data} & According to the European Open Data Portal, “Open data are data that anyone can access, use and share. Governments, businesses and individuals can use open data to bring about social, economic and environmental benefits” [63]. It also states that Open Data must be licensed and must allow people to transform, combine, share them for any purpose they deem without any binding restrictions, both commercially and non-commercially. The major sources for open data are, but not limited to, scientific communities, governments and non-profit organizations. On the site of disadvantages, open data might be biased, violate privacy unintentionally, misinterpreted and misused, lead to decisions because of the poor data quality and cause unclear accountability among other possibilities [64].